DOCSLIB.ORG

Are Domestic Cats Exterminating Wildlife?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Are Domestic Cats Exterminating Wildlife? Are Domestic Cats Exterminating Wildlife? „thecutout‟ All-free-download.com By Ben Isacat August 2016 It is asserted that cats are exterminating species and should be vigorously controlled. What truth is there to this allegation? ? Nature has made domestic cats superbly repeated so often that many people accept it adapted predators of small animals, like as fact: rodents and birds. Predators, being at the top of the food web, are normally rare; they cannot “Domestic cats have tremendous be more numerous than the prey they feed on impacts on wildlife and are or they would die off. However, domestic cats responsible for the extinction of are unlike any other mammal predator numerous mammals, reptiles, and at (domestic dogs excepted): humans have made least 33 bird species globally.” The cats super-abundant and spread them all over Wildlife Society (2011) the globe. Domestic cats are now counted in their millions. The claim that domestic cats exterminate species drums up public hate for cats. Given that domestic cats are such passionate Professional and supposedly objective and abundant predators, scientists are researchers are not immune to ailurophobia. exploring their predatory behaviour to Nico Dauphine, a bird researcher who worked understand how they affect wildlife. This has at the National Zoo, Washington DC, led some researchers to claim that cats are announced at a bird conference: exterminating species. It is important to understand this claim because many people “Historically, cats have been are now demanding that cats are eliminated or specifically implicated in at least 33 severely controlled. So what is the basis for bird extinctions, making them one of this claim? the most important causes of bird extinctions worldwide” And added that, Do Cats Exterminate Species? “…feral animal removal should A much publicised and often repeated become a permanent, regular feature assertion about domestic cats is that “Feral of wildlife management.” (Dauphine et cats are responsible for the extinction of at al 2009). least 33 bird species.” This quote is from Nogales and colleagues, a group of scientists „Removal‟ in wildlife conservation is usually a reviewing the effectiveness of eradicating feral euphemism for killing. Dauphiné came to hate cats (Nogales et al 2004). This claim has been cats, tried to poison them in her Page 1 Are Domestic Cats Exterminating Wildlife? neighbourhood and was given a suspended (www.iucnredlist.org) and Bird Life sentence in 2011 for attempted cruelty to (www.birdlife.org). I find that: animals. 1. Ziswiler does not actually list 33 So where does this claim that cats exterminate species purportedly exterminated by species originate and how true is it? cats but only 26 species, of which 18 are bird species and eight are Source 1 mammal species. I list the 18 bird Nogales and his colleagues state that their species in my Appendix, below. Of claim about cats exterminating “at least 33 bird these 18 bird species: species” comes from Lever (1994). 2. Two species are still extant (numbers Source 2 5 and 16). Lever (1994) is a book, Naturalized Animals: the ecology of successfully introduced species, 3. Four species (numbers 2, 7, 13, 18) in which he states that, are sub-species and one (number 1) is a sibling species. These do not count “According to Jackson (1977), as exterminated species because the naturalised predators have claim is for cats exterminating whole collectively been responsible for the species, not sub-varieties of species. extermination throughout the world of no fewer than 61 avian taxa, the 4. Number 14 is not recognised today as principal culprits being feral domestic a species. Cats which have caused 33 extinctions...” page 91 5. Number 17 consists of many related species. Apparently, some of these are extinct, but to keep things Source 3 uncomplicated I list them here as a So where did Jackson get his information? It single extinct species. comes from a talk he gave at a symposium about endangered birds. His talk was Thus, ten bird species listed by Ziswiler might published a year later in the book Endangered be extinct, not 33 species as claimed. But Birds (Jackson 1978) in which he presents a were any of these ten species, even including bar graph showing that cats have exterminated the sibling species and sub-species, really 33 species of birds and that the “data are exterminated by cats? summarized from Ziswiler (1967).” Degraded Ecosystems Source 4 All the birds in Ziswiler‟s Appendix (except the So where did Ziswiler get his information? extant Eyrean Grass-wren of central Australia) Ziswiler lists several extinct species in the lived in tiny populations on small remote Appendix of his book, Extinct and Vanishing islands. This predisposed the birds to the Animals (1967). Next to each species he dangers of going extinct because a tiny marks the reasons for their extinction, such as population on a small island cannot evade through destruction of the forest or through heavy predation by colonising remoter regions. introduced species. Ziswiler states that he bases his bird extinction information on a book Cats did not originally exist on any of these by JC Greenway (1958), Extinct and Vanishing islands, but people introduced them. People Birds of the World, itself based on information made many changes to these islands and gleaned from yet earlier works, and on IUCN introducing cats was only a single factor in a Bulletins for 1964, which are brief complex web of relationships. For example, in announcements, so cannot provide detailed their species factsheet for the Samoa Wood information. Rail, Pareudiastes pacificus, (number 6) Bird Life state: Although Ziswiler states that he got his information from elsewhere, his Appendix is “Cats, rats, pigs and dogs have no the most compact source of information on doubt contributed to its bird species that cats are reputed to have disappearance, and hunting may exterminated. I reappraise his list in light of up also have been a factor as it was to date data, mainly from IUCN formerly a favoured food of the human... Slash-and-burn cultivation Page 2 Are Domestic Cats Exterminating Wildlife? threatens remaining areas of upland extinctions, particularly on islands.” forest… Wild cattle and pigs have Nogales et al (2004). browsed the understorey and ground-cover along the main The 33 bird species purportedly exterminated range…” by cats have now jumped to “a large percentage of global extinctions”. This is a Unreliable Evidence vague and sweeping assertion, made by Too many people place too much emphasis on supposedly meticulous and objective anecdote and indirect evidence to implicate scientists. An unfortunate fact is that cats solely in extinctions. For example, researchers do not always fully scrutinise the Europeans discovered the sub-Antarctic research papers published in their field. So at Macquarie Island in 1810. According to Taylor times they are tempted to rely on the (1979), even though people introduced cats presumed veracity of an author‟s statements and other predators there, the Macquarie and simply repeat what they say in their own Island Parakeet (or Kakariki) (number 10) reports. Thus, some researchers may pass on stuck around for the next 70 years. Then in a claim that is completely without foundation. 1879 people introduced rabbits. He Nogales and co-workers repeated a claim by conjectures this increased the cat population, Lever, who repeated a claim by Jackson, who leading to greater predation on the Parakeets repeated a claim by Ziswiler, who got his until the birds died out. So cats seem not to information from an even earlier claim... have killed them off by themselves. A mixture Shoddy research leads to sloppy conclusions. of humans, cats, rabbits and a small bird population with nowhere else to colonise are Ziswiler’s Extinct Mammals implicated; or was this coincidental to What of the eight mammal species in Ziswiler‟s something else that really killed off the birds? Appendix that he claims cats exterminated? The real reason for the disappearance of this The same carelessness and muddle of species has not been established. extinction applies to them as it does to the birds. Loose Language Badly chosen terminology by researchers in Conclusion their publications can prompt people to believe Statements that cats are exterminating bird or that cats have exterminated species. other species are false: there is no scientific Exterminate means make extinct: no more evidence that cats have exterminated any individuals of that species live anywhere in the species. world. Extirpate means a species is killed off in a region, like an island or part of a continent, So what really exterminated these species but the species survives elsewhere. Woods et supposedly killed off by cats? Domestic cats al (2003) provide an extinction-vs-extirpation are a super abundant predator. They can mix-up: therefore be expected to kill large numbers of prey. But this is because people have made “…the Socorro dove Zenaida them so numerous. The problem therefore lies graysoni has also been driven to with humanity, as does many other problems extinction primarily by cats…“ besetting nature today. To regulate our impact on nature we have to take the responsibility of The Socorro Dove lived only on Socorro regulating ourselves and not of just blaming Island, west of Mexico. As well as introducing scapegoats. According to the World Wildlife themselves, people introduced cats, rodents Fund, humanity may be exterminating a and sheep. However, although no longer living species every five minutes or at least one on the island today, about 200 doves survive every two days. Cats cannot match this. in captivity. So the Socorro dove was extirpated on Socorro, not exterminated. Sloppiness Another quote by Nogales and co-researchers: “Feral cats are directly responsible for a large percentage of global Page 3 Are Domestic Cats Exterminating Wildlife? References 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Daftar Pustaka
    DAFTAR PUSTAKA Adam, Aulia. (2017, Februari 19). Mengenal Akar dari Hak Asasi Binatang. Tirto.id. Diperoleh tanggal 30 Oktober 2019, dari https://tirto.id/mengenal-akar-dari-hak- asasi-binatang-cjkt. Adams, Benjamin & Larson, Jean. (2007, September). Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Act: Introduction. National Agricultural Library. Diperoleh tanggal 3 November 2019, dari https://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislative-history- animal-welfare-act-introduction. Al Amin, M. (2017). Klasifikasi Kelompok Umur Manusia Berdasarkan Analisis Dimensifraktal Box Counting Dari Citra Wajah Dengan Deteksi Tepi Canny. MATHunesa, 2(6). Arrosid, Takun. (2016). Brodo Legacy : Goodyear Welted Shoes. Diambil dari https://youtu.be/XfMCu_AfbLk. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Barat, (2019). Indikator Statistik Terkini Provinsi Jawa Barat 2019, Edisi Desember, Bandung: BPS Jawa Barat Bradshaw, J. W., Horsfield, G. F., Allen, J. A., & Robinson, I. H. (1999). Feral cats: their role in the population dynamics of Felis catus. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 65(3), 273-283. Caviola, L., Everett, J. A., & Faber, N. S. (2018). The moral standing of animals: Towards a psychology of speciesism. Journal of personality and social psychology. Effendy, Heru (2009). Mari Membuat Film: Panduan Menjadi Produser. Jakarta: Erlangga. Farnworth, M. J., Campbell, J., & Adams, N. J. (2011). What's in a name? Perceptions of stray and feral cat welfare and control in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 14(1), 59-74. Gihyun, Gu. (2019). Bodam-Live A Better Life. Diambil dari https://www.viddsee .com/video/bodam-live-a-better-life/d9m1m. Hildreth, A. M., Vantassel, S. M., & Hygnstrom, S. E. (2010). Feral cats and their management.
    [Show full text]
  • A Classification of the Rallidae
    A CLASSIFICATION OF THE RALLIDAE STARRY L. OLSON HE family Rallidae, containing over 150 living or recently extinct species T and having one of the widest distributions of any family of terrestrial vertebrates, has, in proportion to its size and interest, received less study than perhaps any other major group of birds. The only two attempts at a classifi- cation of all of the recent rallid genera are those of Sharpe (1894) and Peters (1934). Although each of these lists has some merit, neither is satisfactory in reflecting relationships between the genera and both often separate closely related groups. In the past, no attempt has been made to identify the more primitive members of the Rallidae or to illuminate evolutionary trends in the family. Lists almost invariably begin with the genus Rdus which is actually one of the most specialized genera of the family and does not represent an ancestral or primitive stock. One of the difficulties of rallid taxonomy arises from the relative homo- geneity of the family, rails for the most part being rather generalized birds with few groups having morphological modifications that clearly define them. As a consequence, particularly well-marked genera have been elevated to subfamily rank on the basis of characters that in more diverse families would not be considered as significant. Another weakness of former classifications of the family arose from what Mayr (194933) referred to as the “instability of the morphology of rails.” This “instability of morphology,” while seeming to belie what I have just said about homogeneity, refers only to the characteristics associated with flightlessness-a condition that appears with great regularity in island rails and which has evolved many times.
    [Show full text]
  • Feline and Canine Rabies in New York State, USA
    viruses Article Feline and Canine Rabies in New York State, USA Scott Brunt † , Heather Solomon † , Kathleen Brown and April Davis * Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (K.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-518-485-6464 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: In New York State, domestic animals are no longer considered rabies vector species, but given their ubiquity with humans, rabies cases in dogs and cats often result in multiple individuals requiring post-exposure prophylaxis. For over a decade, the New York State rabies laboratory has variant-typed these domestic animals to aid in epidemiological investigations, determine exposures, and generate demographic data. We produced a data set that outlined vaccination status, ownership, and rabies results. Our data demonstrate that a large percentage of felines submitted for rabies testing were not vaccinated or did not have a current rabies vaccination, while canines were largely vaccinated. Despite massive vaccination campaigns, free clinics, and education, these companion animals still occasionally contract rabies. Barring translocation events, we note that rabies-positive cats and dogs in New York State have exclusively contracted a raccoon variant. While the United States has made tremendous strides in reducing its rabies burden, we hope these data will encourage responsible pet ownership including rabies vaccinations to reduce unnecessary animal mortality, long quarantines, and post-exposure prophylaxis in humans. Keywords: rabies; vaccination; feline; canine; raccoon variant; epidemiology; New York; USA Citation: Brunt, S.; Solomon, H.; Brown, K.; Davis, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Therisksofupperrespiratoryinfe
    ® Expert information on medicine, behavior andhealth from a world leader in veterinary medicine INSIDE The Risks ofUpper Respiratory Infedions Short Takes 2 Ocean-going farewells; ahealth They're often ultimately harmless, but kittens are especially bene~\t \)~ pet \)\fm~C)h\p. vulnerable, and secondary diseases can have serious effects ADeadly Threat to Outdoor Cats 3 Hypothermia can cause adrop in igns that your cat • The infections can be blood pressure and cardiac arrest. Shas an infection of highly communicable in his upper respiratory multi-cat households. The first Oue: a Persistent Cough 4 tract can mimic the Unfortunately, vac­ Wheezing and breathing through the ones you suffer with cines for respiratory tract mouth are also hallmarks of asthma. a cold: watery eyes, infections don't provide Ask Elizabeth 8 runny nose, wheezing, total protection, although sneezing and coughing. they can reduce the illness' Chewing and scratching hot spots Just as you're likely to length and severity. About will perpetuate the damage. rebound in a few days, 80 percent of feline up­ ------------4 in most instances a cat per respiratory infections IN THE NEWS ••• will, too. ~ are caused by one of two In some cases, how­ ~ viruses: feline herpesvirus 'Kitty cams' reveal ever, bacterial and viral in (FRV), also known as their hidden world respiratory infections can carry Significant risks: feline rhinotracheitis virus (FRV), and feline • Complications such as pneumonia, calicivirus (FCV). A third and far less fre­ Two thousand hours of video blindness or chronic breathing problems quent cause of upper respiratory infections in recorded by "kitty cams" from the can develop.
    [Show full text]
  • GARC and WRD WRD in Madagascar This Year, World Rabies Day Was Celebrated for the First Time in Madagascar, with the Focus on Raising Public Awareness of Rabies
    WRD in Madagascar ................. 1 CARe Project ............................. 2 Rabies Awareness on WRD ...... 2 WRD Webinar ............................ 3 WRD Vaccination Clinic ............. 3 Human monoclonals for PEP ..... 4 RITA in Puerto Rico ................... 5 Community-based Rabies Control in Kenya.................... 6 Global Surveys on Rabies ......... 7 Upcoming Conferences ............. 7 NOVEMBER 2011 • Issue 25 EDITORIAL With the end of the year almost upon us, it seems like a good opportunity to let all of you know what we have accomplished by working together in 2011 and to take a look at what we hope to achieve in 2012. Time has passed so quickly since the Global Alliance launched World Rabies Day over five years ago, but clearly this initiative has changed the world of rabies and continues to serve as an excellent platform for individuals and countries to focus more attention on programs aimed at preventing rabies (www.worldrabiesday.org). We have managed to create a large network of public health professionals located in various locations around the world that are willing to share experiences and, where possible, resources to help in the fight against rabies. We have seen countries begin rabies prevention programs that would never have even considering to do so a few years ago. Through the Partners for Rabies Prevention, we have developed a freely accessible on-line resource that provides step by step strategic assistance for countries and individuals that want to make a difference in the rabies situation in their country. Thanks to Dr Katie Hampson and the University of Glasgow team, we are in the final stages of completing an overview of the global burden of rabies.
    [Show full text]
  • Rabies Background and General Virus Information Rabies Prevention and Control in Florida
    Rabies Background and General Virus Information Rabies Prevention and Control in Florida Rabies Background and General Virus Information This individual chapter is part of the Rabies Prevention and Control in Florida guidance documents. The purpose of this compendium is to provide recommended policies and procedures for rabies prevention and control in Florida. It is intended primarily for use by county health department (CHD) staff, animal control specialists, veterinarians, health care providers and others with related responsibilities or interests. This publication, while produced and distributed by the Florida Department of Health (DOH) Division of Disease Control and Health Protection, has been developed by a multidisciplinary Florida Rabies Advisory Committee that represents the major agencies, institutions and organizations involved with rabies prevention and control in the state. The individual chapters and associated resources are routinely updated and posted on the following website: *www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/rabies/professionals.html. A. Background—United States Human exposure to rabies most frequently involves the bite of a rabid animal. Exact figures are not available, but bites from some type of domestic or wild animal to Florida residents and visitors (especially children) are common each year. Dogs are the major source of animal bites in Florida, followed by cats, rodents, raccoons, bats, and other species. The threat of rabies transmission from animals to humans warrants the maintenance of a statewide
    [Show full text]
  • A Trait Dataset for Taiwan's Breeding Birds
    Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49735 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e49735 Data Paper A trait dataset for Taiwan's breeding birds Pei-Yu Tsai‡, Chie-Jen Ko §,|, Chia Hsieh¶#, Yi-Ting Su , Ya-Jung Lu‡, Ruey-Shing Lin§, Mao-Ning Tuanmu¤ ‡ Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan § Endemic Species Research Institute, Jiji, Nantou, Taiwan | Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ¶ BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, United States of America # Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ¤ Thematic Center for Systematics and Biodiversity Informatics, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Corresponding author: Mao-Ning Tuanmu ([email protected]) Academic editor: Cynthia Parr Received: 30 Dec 2019 | Accepted: 08 May 2020 | Published: 19 May 2020 Citation: Tsai P-Y, Ko C-J, Hsieh C, Su Y-T, Lu Y-J, Lin R-S, Tuanmu M-N (2020) A trait dataset for Taiwan's breeding birds. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49735. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49735 Abstract Background Species traits affect how a species interacts with the environment and other species and thus determine the role of the species in an ecosystem. They affect not only population dynamics of a species across space and over time, but also community structure and function through their key role in the community assembly processes. Information on species traits is also highly relevant for conservation planning as they determine the adaptive ability of a species in the face of environmental changes. However, information on species traits is usually scarce and sparsely distributed amongst diverse types of literature and sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Feral Cats: Impacts of an Invasive Species
    Feral Cats: Impacts of an Invasive Species The domestic cat (Felis catus) is the most prevalent pet in the U.S., numbering between 148 and 188 million individuals.1 Originally bred from wild cats (Felis silvestris) in the Near East approximately 10,000 years ago,2 domestic cats are now con- sidered a distinct species. As a domesticated animal, cats have no native range and are considered a non-native, invasive, feral species when allowed outdoors to interact with native ecosystems. An invasive species is an organism that causes or is likely to cause ecological or economic harm, or endanger human health in an environment where it is not native.3 Reproduction While indoor cats pose little threat Domestic cats can reproduce proli- to native wildlife, free-ranging and fically. Individuals become sexually feral cats cause severe ecological mature as early as six months of impacts. Domestic cats are respon- age, and reproduction can occur sible for the extinction of numerous throughout the year.4 A single fe- mammals, reptiles, and at least 33 8 male may produce as many as bird species globally. A study pub- three litters each year with two to lished in 2013 estimated be- A domestic cat carries its prey. Free-ranging and 5, 6 tween1.4–3.7 billion birds and 6.9– feral cats kill billions of animals each year four kittens per litter, with the (Credit: Wikimedia Commons User Lxowle). capacity to successfully raise as 20.7 billion mammals are killed many as 12 offspring each year. annually in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementing a Community Trap-Neuter-Return Program S T a C D O O H R O B H G I E N , S S I E W H T I D E R E M
    MEREDITH WEISS, NEIGHBORHOOD CATS elemental chlorine free, withsoy-basedink. elemental chlorinefree, and acidfree paper, Printed onrecycled ©2007 TheHSUS.Allrightsreserved. by BryanKortis Trap-Neuter-Return Program Trap-Neuter-Return Implementing aCommunity S T A C D O O H R O B Table of H G I E N , S S I E W H T I D E R E Contents M Introduction . .1 Chapter 1: The Need for Collaboration . .5 TNR as a Cooperative Effort . 5 Forms of Collaboration. 6 Working with Municipal Officials . 7 Working with Wildlife Officials and Agencies . 8 Chapter 2: Defining the Program’s Mission . .11 The Mission . .11 Steps Toward Accomplishing the Mission . .13 Chapter 3: Local Laws and Policies . .15 Unfavorable Municipal Laws and Policies. 16 A State and Federal Laws . 17 V , E L L I V S E T Abandonment Laws . 18 T O L R A H C , Legally Neutral Environments . 19 S L A M I N A R TNR Ordinances . 19 O F S E C I O V : Y H P A R G O T O H P R E V O C Chapter 4: Administration . .21 Lead Agency . 21 Separating TNR from Rescue . 22 Liability Concerns . 24 Funding . 27 Chapter 5: Forming a Strategic Plan . .29 Expert and Grassroots Models . 29 Protocols . 31 Allocating Resources Effectively . 32 Selecting Initial Projects. 33 Chapter 6: Fieldwork . .35 Training Workshops . 35 Free or Subsidized Spay/Neuter Services . 36 Veterinary Protocol . 38 Equipment. 39 Trap Banks . 41 Holding Space . 41 Postsurgery Recovery Time . 42 Trappers . 42 Transport. 43 Food Drives and Giveaways .
    [Show full text]
  • Feral Cat Frequently Asked Questions
    Kern County Animal Services Feral Cat Frequently Asked Questions Learn more about feral cats and Trap-Neuter-Return What is a feral cat? What is the difference between a stray cat and a feral cat? Where do feral cats come from? What is Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR)? How Does TNR Help Feral Cats? How Does TNR Benefit the Community? What is the actual cost savings of TNR over the traditional trap-and-kill method of animal control? What is an ‘eartip’? Isn’t it unsafe for feral cats to live outside? Why can’t feral cats be socialized and then adopted into homes? What happens to feral cats when they are brought to most shelters? Why doesn't removing feral cats from an area work? What Is relocation and why doesn't It work? Is relocation ever an option? How do I deal with difficult neighbors? How can I educate my neighbors about feral cats and TNR? Does TNR encourage the abandonment of cats? Learn more about caring for outdoor cats I found a friendly outdoor cat, how do I find her a home? I have found feral kittens. What do I do? I want to get some stray and feral cats neutered, how do I conduct Trap-Neuter-Return? How do I trap hard to trap cats? I can't find anyone to help me with TNR. What do I do? I don’t want cats in my yard. How can I deter cats and peacefully live with them in my neighborhood? Don't Feral Cats Kill Birds? I am looking for low-cost neutering or financial help for the cats I care for.
    [Show full text]
  • Eton Range Realignment Project ATTACHMENT 2 to EPBC Ref: 2015/7552 Preliminary Documentation Residual Impact Assessment and Offset Proposal - 37
    APPENDIX 3: KSAT RESULTS – PELLET COUNTS Table 5: KSAT results per habitat tree. Species Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Total Eucalyptus tereticornis 9 30 16 - 42 7 104 Eucalyptus crebra 91 16 29 2 0 25 163 Corymbia clarksoniana 11 0 0 1 4 5 21 Corymbia tessellaris 5 0 0 0 0 20 25 Corymbia dallachiana - 12 - - - - 12 Corymbia intermedia - 3 1 0 11 - 15 Corymbia erythrophloia - - 0 - 0 - 0 Eucalyptus platyphylla - - - 0 0 0 0 Lophostemon - - - 0 0 - 0 suaveolens Total 116 61 46 3 57 57 Ref: NCA15R30439 Page 22 27 November 2015 Copyright 2015 Kleinfelder APPENDIX 4: SITE PHOTOS The following images were taken from the centre of each BioCondition quadrat and represent a north east south west aspect, top left to bottom right. Ref: NCA15R30439 Page 23 27 November 2015 Copyright 2015 Kleinfelder Plate 3: BioCondition quadrat 1 (RE11.3.4/11.12.3) Ref: NCA15R30439 Page 24 27 November 2015 Copyright 2015 Kleinfelder Plate 4: BioCondition quadrat 2 (RE11.3.4/11.12.3) Ref: NCA15R30439 Page 25 27 November 2015 Copyright 2015 Kleinfelder Plate 5: BioCondition quadrat 3 (RE11.12.3) Ref: NCA15R30439 Page 26 27 November 2015 Copyright 2015 Kleinfelder Plate 6: BioCondition quadrat 4 (RE11.3.9) Ref: NCA15R30439 Page 27 27 November 2015 Copyright 2015 Kleinfelder Plate 7: BioCondition quadrat 5 (RE11.3.25) Ref: NCA15R30439 Page 28 27 November 2015 Copyright 2015 Kleinfelder Plate 8: BioCondition quadrat 6 (RE11.12.3/11.3.4/11.3.9) Ref: NCA15R30439 Page 29 27 November 2015 Copyright 2015 Kleinfelder Appendix E: Desktop Assessment for Potential
    [Show full text]
  • Food & Nutrition Feral Cats
    FOOD & NUTRITION FERAL CATS & ELDERS Food: A good quality of food, both dry and canned is always recommended. We recommend the book, “The New Natural Cat”, by Anitra Frazier as an excellent guidebook for cats in general. The many recipes and nutritional information will be a worthwhile investment in your feral cats. Your financial circumstances will probaBly determine what type of food you are able to provide your colony. We want the best for our feral cats. Being informed about negative ingredients in certain types of cat food and how it is manufactured is important information everyone should know about. Most of us are familiar with the ingredients label – i.e. the first ingredient is the major portion of the food and so on. Even with inexpensive food, the first ingredient can be a factor to consider such as a by-product instead of corn meal as the first ingredient in dry and wet food. Your choices will be determined by how many feral cats you feed and what you can afford! Food Banks can also be a resource for food. You can mix sardines, Makerel and other products into the wet food and some banks carry cat food. Poultry can also be mixed into the food. Be creative if you are on a tight budget. Go to meat markets and bring home scraps to cook and mix. Feral Cat Health on a budget: 1. Cleanliness of Bowls is number one. I wash all of the food bowls in the dishwasher to destroy bacteria. If you feed in plastic containers, either discard or use soap and water for cleaning.
    [Show full text]