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South African Historical Journal Biko, Black Consciousness This article was downloaded by: [Canadian Research Knowledge Network] On: 12 August 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 783016864] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK South African Historical Journal Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t793706093 Biko, Black Consciousness, and 'the System' eZinyoka: Oral History and Black Consciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village Leslie Hadfielda a Michigan State University, USA Online publication date: 25 May 2010 To cite this Article Hadfield, Leslie(2010) 'Biko, Black Consciousness, and 'the System' eZinyoka: Oral History and Black Consciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village', South African Historical Journal, 62: 1, 78 — 99 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/02582471003778342 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582471003778342 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. 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Biko, Black Consciousness, and ‘the System’ eZinyoka: Oral History and Black Consciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village1 LESLIE HADFIELD* Michigan State University Abstract: 3DUW RI D ODUJHU UHVHDUFK SURMHFW RQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ GHYHORSPHQW SURJUDPPHV RIWKH%ODFN&RQVFLRXVQHVVPRYHPHQW ± WKLVDUWLFOHIRFXVHVRQWKH UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH=DQHPSLOR&RPPXQLW\+HDOWK&HQWUHDQGWKHSHRSOH RI=LQ\RNDWKHYLOODJHZKHUH=DQHPSLORRSHUDWHG7KHDUWLFOHEHJLQVZLWKDQ RYHUYLHZRIFRPPXQLW\ZRUNZLWKLQWKH%ODFN&RQVFLRXVQHVVPRYHPHQWDQG WKHIRUPDWLRQRIWKH%ODFN&RPPXQLW\3URJUDPPHV %&3 RUJDQLVDWLRQ,WWKHQ IROORZV6WHYH%LNRWR.LQJ:LOOLDP¶V7RZQZKHUHKHHVWDEOLVKHGDEUDQFKRI WKH%&37KHDUWLFOHWXUQVWR=LQ\RNDDVLWH[SODLQVZK\DQGZKHQ=DQHPSLOR ZDV EXLOW WKHUH DQG DQDO\VHV LWV LQÀXHQFH RQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ 'UDZLQJ XSRQ RUDOKLVWRU\LQWHUYLHZVRI=LQ\RNDUHVLGHQWVDQG%&3HPSOR\HHVLWDUJXHVWKDW %ODFN&RQVFLRXVQHVVDFWLRQLQWKHIRUPRIWKHFOLQLFSK\VLFDOO\DQGHFRQRPLFDOO\ LPSURYHG=LQ\RNDLIRQO\WHPSRUDULO\DQGLQVWLOOHGDVHQVHRIKXPDQGLJQLW\LQ 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Democracy in South Africa9ROXPH 1970– 1980 3UHWRULD8QLVD3UHVV ±DQG%0DDEDµ$Q(DVWHUQ&DSH9LOODJHLQ7UDQVLWLRQ7KH 3ROLWLFVRI0VRERPYX¶LQ8&7+LVWRULFDO6WXGLHV'HSDUWPHQWFrom Apartheid to Democracy: Localities and Liberation &DSH7RZQ8QLYHUVLW\RI&DSH7RZQ+LVWRULFDO6WXGLHV'HSDUWPHQW ± ,QQHNH YDQ .HVVHO PDNHV D VLPLODU DUJXPHQW DERXW WKH G\QDPLFV EHWZHHQ ORFDO DQG QDWLRQDO OLEHUDWLRQ Downloaded By: [Canadian Research Knowledge Network] At: 21:43 12 August 2010 PRYHPHQWVLQ‘Beyond Our Wildest Dreams’: The United Democratic Front and the Transformation of South Africa &KDUORWWHVYLOOHDQG/RQGRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI9LUJLQLD /XYX\R:RWVKHODDOVRDUJXHV WKLVZKLOHOLQNLQJXUEDQDQGUXUDOLQµ,QVXUUHFWLRQDQG/RFDOO\1HJRWLDWHG7UDQVLWLRQLQ6WXWWHUKHLP(DVWHUQ &DSH±¶LQ8&7+LVWRULFDO6WXGLHV'HSDUWPHQWFrom Apartheid to Democracy, 49–68. See also :%HLQDUWDQG&%XQG\Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the Transkei and Eastern Cape 1890–1930 /RQGRQ-DPHV&XUUH\ +%UDGIRUGA Taste of Freedom: The ICU in Rural South Africa, 1924–1930 1HZ+DYHQ<DOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV DQG3'HOLXVA Lion amongst the Cattle: Reconstruction and Resistance in the Northern Transvaal 3RUWVPRXWK 1+ +HLQHPDQQ 6RPHRIWKHZRUNVWKDWGHDOZLWKWKH&LVNHLLQWKHV DQGUHODWHGWLPHSHULRGV LQ DGGLWLRQWRWKRVHFLWHGHOVHZKHUHLQWKHDUWLFOHLQFOXGH6%HNNHU3%ODFNDQG$5RX[Development Issues in Ciskei *UDKDPVWRZQ 5KRGHV 8QLYHUVLW\ 1 &KDUWRQ HGCiskei: Economics and Politics of Dependence in a South African Homeland /RQGRQ&URRP+HOP $0DJHUGender and the Making of a South African Bantustan 3RUWVPRXWK1++HLQHPDQQ 80 LESLIE HADFIELD 2UDOKLVWRU\GHVSLWHLWVOLPLWDWLRQVLVFUXFLDOWRFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHKLVWRU\RIWKH=DQHPSLOR &RPPXQLW\+HDOWK&HQWUH7KHZULWWHQUHFRUGRIIHUVOLWWOHHYLGHQFHIRUVXFKDKLVWRU\DVPDQ\ GRFXPHQWV FRQ¿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ommunity Development and the Black Consciousness Movement 7KH =DQHPSLOR FOLQLF7 KDG D KHULWDJH &RPPXQLW\ ZRUN ZDV DQ LQWHJUDO SDUW RI WKH %ODFN &RQVFLRXVQHVVPRYHPHQWEHJXQE\6WHYH%LNR%DUQH\3LW\DQDDQGRWKHUEODFNVWXGHQWVZKR IRUPHGWKH6RXWK$IULFDQ6WXGHQW2UJDQLVDWLRQ 6$62 LQ6$62FRPPXQLW\GHYHORSPHQW
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