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Ekologi Regenerasi Tumbuhan Berkayu Pada Sistem Agroforest Karet

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Ekologi Regenerasi Tumbuhan Berkayu Pada Sistem Agroforest Karet EKOLOGI REGENERASI TUMBUHAN BERKAYU PADA SISTEM AGROFOREST KARET SAIDA RASNOVI SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR BOGOR 2006 PERNYATAAN MENGENAI DISERTASI DAN SUMBER INFORMASI Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa Disertasi Ekologi Regenerasi Tumbuhan Berkayu pada Sistem Agroforest Karet adalah karya saya sendiri di bawah bimbingan Cecep Kusmana, Gregoire Vincent dan Soekisman Tjitrosemito. Disertasi ini belum pernah diajukan dalam bentuk apapun kepada perguruan tinggi manapun. Sumber informasi yang berasal atau dikutip dari karya yang diterbitkan maupun yang tidak diterbitkan dari penulis lain telah disebutkan dalam teks dan dicantumkan dalam daftar pustaka di bagian akhir disertasi ini. Bogor, November 2006 Saida Rasnovi NRP E016010011 ABSTRAK SAIDA RASNOVI. Ekologi Regenerasi Tumbuhan Berkayu pada Sistem Agroforest Karet. Dibimbing oleh CECEP KUSMANA, GREGOIRE VINCENT dan SOEKISMAN TJITROSEMITO Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kemampuan agroforest karet dalam menampung jenis tumbuhan berkayu dari hutan yang ada di sekitarnya. Kajian difokuskan pada beberapa aspek ekologi regenerasi anakan tumbuhan berkayu pada tingkat lanskap. Penelitian ini dilakukan dari Agustus 2002 hingga Agustus 2005 di Kabupaten Bungo dan Tebo Provinsi Jambi. Survei jenis anakan tumbuhan berkayu (tinggi ≥ 1 m, diameter ≤ 3 cm) tidak termasuk liana, dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode transek sepanjang 60 m yang dikombinasikan dengan subplot berbentuk lingkaran berdiameter 6 m. Faktor lain yang diukur dan ditentukan adalah struktur tegakan berupa luas penampang batang (BA), kerapatan, cahaya, tanah, kelompok pemencar biji, umur, manajemen dan vegetasi asal agroforest karet. Hasil survei jenis anakan tumbuhan berkayu pada agroforest karet didapatkan sebanyak 689 jenis anakan dengan indeks probabilitas Simpson sebesar 0.897 dan rarefaction Coleman sebesar 53 jenis dalam 200 individu. Sedangkan di hutan sebanyak 646 jenis anakan dengan indeks probabilitas Simpson sebesar 0.935 dan rarefaction Coleman sebesar 68 jenis dalam 200 individu. Sebanyak 62.69% dari seluruh jenis anakan yang terdapat di hutan ditemukan beregenerasi di kebun agroforest karet dengan nilai indeks kemiripan jenis Morishita-Horn (IMH) mulai dari jenis, marga dan suku berturut-turut adalah 0.185, 0.34 dan 0.84. Baik di hutan maupun di kebun agroforest karet terdapat beberapa jenis anakan yang termasuk jenis yang dilindungi oleh Perundang- undangan Indonesia dan jenis yang terancam menurut IUCN/SSC. Indeks kekayaan dan keragaman jenis anakan lebih rendah di agroforest karet dibandingkan hutan. Struktur tegakan, cahaya, umur, intensitas manajemen dan asal vegetasi tidak mempengaruhi kekayaan dan keragaman jenis anakan di agroforest karet. IMH tidak meningkat secara linear dengan meningkatnya kelas umur, IMH turun dengan meningkatnya intensitas manajemen dan lebih tinggi pada agroforest karet yang dibuat dari hutan dibandingkan belukar. Tingkat kekayaan dan keragaman jenis serta komposisi jenis anakan tumbuhan berkayu di hutan mempengaruhi tingkat kekayaan dan keragaman jenis serta komposisi jenis anakan di agroforest karet yang ada di dekatnya. Namun tingkat keragaman beta di hutan tidak mempengaruhi tingkat keragaman beta di agroforest karet. Tingkat keragaman alpha berkorelasi dengan tingkat keragaman beta pada agroforest karet, namun tidak ada korelasi antara keragaman alpha dengan keragaman beta pada hutan. Beberapa jenis anakan memperlihatkan distribusi kelimpahan yang sangat nyata menurut kelas cahaya di bawah kanopi. Analisa preferensi anakan terhadap jenis tekstur tanah tidak dapat dipakai karena terkait dengan jumlah dan kualitas data tanah yang didapatkan. Anemokhori dan zookhori dekat lebih berperan pada jenis anakan yang hanya ditemukan di agroforest karet, autokhori lebih berperan pada jenis anakan yang hanya ditemukan pada hutan, dan zookhori jauh lebih berperan pada jenis anakan yang ditemukan pada kedua tipe vegetasi hutan dan agroforest karet. ABSTRACT SAIDA RASNOVI. Ecological Regeneration of Woody Species in Rubber Agroforest System. Under the direction of CECEP KUSMANA, GREGOIRE VINCENT and SOEKISMAN TJITROSEMITO. The aim of this research was to investigate the potential of rubber agroforest (RAF) as a refuge area for woody species. Understorey data was collected from RAF and its adjacent forest at a landscape level from seven village territories in Bungo and Tebo districts, Jambi province. This research was conducted from August 2002 until August 2005. Woody sapling species exclude liana (≥ 1 m height and ≤ 3 cm in diameter) were surveyed using standard plots combined with circular elementary subplots laid along 60 m transect line. Data of age, previous vegetation types and management intensity of rubber agroforest as well as dispersal mode, light percentage under canopy, soil and stand structure were also collected from both rubber agroforest and its adjacent forest. The survey found 686 woody species from 77 plots covering 2.35 ha regenerating in RAF comparing with its adjacent natural forest which has 646 woody species from 31 plots covering 0.88 ha. Rarefaction Coleman and Simpson probability indices in RAF plots were lower significantly than forest plots. Observed shared species between RAF and forest were 405 species while Morishita-Horn’s similarity index (MHSI) of species, genus and family between forest and RAF were 0.185, 0.34 and 0.84 respectively. As many as five of seven in total protected species by Indonesian law as well as six of seventeen in total IUCN critically endangered and endangered category species were found regenerated in the RAF. Stand structure and light percentage under canopy not have significantly effect to woody sapling species richness and diversity index nor age, management intensity and previous vegetation types. Soil data were worthless due to data interchange among plots. There was no clear pattern of MHSI values among age class gradient comparing with its adjacent forest. MHSI decreases as management intensity increase and MHSI was higher in rubber agroforest which made initially from natural forest than bush. Beta diversity index was lower significantly in RAF than its adjacent forest. This index correlated with alpha diversity level in RAF but it is not in the forest. Abundance of seven woody sapling species showed significantly distributed to the high light class and abundance of nine woody sapling species showed significantly disributed to the low light class in RAF. Both in RAF and forest, the important seed dispersal agent was zoochory-distance group. Dispersal seed agent for woody plant species which found only in RAF was dispersed by anemochory and zoochory- short groups, and for woody plant species which found only in forest was dispersed by autochory. While shared woody plant species which found both in RAF and forest was dispersed by zoochory-distance. EKOLOGI REGENERASI TUMBUHAN BERKAYU PADA SISTEM AGROFOREST KARET SAIDA RASNOVI Disertasi Sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor pada Departemen lmu Pengetahuan Kehutanan SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR 2006 Judul Disertasi : Ekologi Regenerasi Tumbuhan Berkayu pada Sistem Agroforest Karet Nama : Saida Rasnovi NIM : E 016010011 Disetujui: Komisi Pembimbing Prof. Dr. Ir. Cecep Kusmana, M.S. Ketua Dr. Grégoire Vincent Dr. Ir. Soekisman Tjitrosemito, M.Sc. Anggota Anggota Ketua Program Studi Dekan Sekolah Pascasarjana Ilmu Pengetahuan Kehutanan Dr. Ir. Rinekso Soekmadi, M.Sc.F. Prof. Dr. Ir. Khairil Anwar Notodiputro, M.Sc. Tanggal ujian: 9 November 2006 Tanggal lulus: PRAKATA Syukur Alhamdulillah penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Allah swt dengan Rahmat-Nya disertasi yang berjudul Ekologi Regenerasi Tumbuhan Berkayu Pada Sistem Agroforest Karet telah dapat penulis selesaikan. Disertasi ini merupakan salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor pada Program Studi Ilmu Pengetahuan Kehutanan Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. Dengan selesainya disertasi ini penulis menyampaikan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada Bapak Prof. Dr. Ir. Cecep Kusmana M.S. selaku ketua komisi pembimbing yang telah meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing dan mengarahkan penulis mulai dari masa penelitian hingga penulisan disertasi ini selesai. Rasa terima kasih yang tak terhingga dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya juga disampaikan kepada Bapak Dr. Grégoire Vincent selaku anggota komisi pembimbing atas sumbangan tenaga, pikiran, arahan dan bimbingan dari awal rencana penelitian ini disusun, tahap analisa data hingga penulisan disertasi. Kepada Bapak Dr. Ir. Soekisman Tjitrosemito, M.Sc. selaku anggota komisi pembimbing juga disampaikan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya untuk bimbingan, masukan dan arahan Beliau selama ini sehingga tulisan ini selesai ditulis. Terima kasih dan penghargaan juga penulis ucapkan untuk Bapak DR. Hubert de Foresta dari IRD dan Bapak DR. Meine van Noordwijk dari ICRAF Bogor yang telah menyumbangkan waktu, tenaga, saran dan pengarahan yang sangat berguna untuk kesempurnaan disertasi ini. Penelitian ini terlaksana dengan adanya bantuan dana dari beberapa pihak. Di sini penulis ingin menyampaikan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) Southeast Asia yang telah memberikan kesempatan kepada penulis untuk melakukan sebagian penelitian dari proyek The role of Agroforest in Conserving Forest Diversity in cultivated Landscape di bawah supervisi Bapak DR. Grégoire Vincent; International Foundation Science (IFS) yang telah membantu sebagian dana untuk
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