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Process and Reaction Vessel for Production of Alkyl Nitrite

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Process and Reaction Vessel for Production of Alkyl Nitrite :uropaisches Patentamt D 310 191 2) European Patent Office J) Publication number: Dffice europeen des brevets 2) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION 76/00 © Application number: 88202116.5 © Int. "CI.4-. C07C 77/00 , C07C , B01D 3/00 © Date of filing: 28.09.88 © Priority: 29.09.87 US 102367 © Applicant: UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION 39 Old Ridgebury Road © Date of publication of application: Danbury Connecticut 06817(US) 05.04.89 Bulletin 89/14 @ Inventor: Nelson, James Russell © Designated Contracting States: 1002 Dell Way BE DE FR GB IT NL South Charleston West Virginia 25309(US) 0 Representative: Smulders, Theodorus A.H.J. etal Vereenigde Octrooibureaux Nieuwe Parkiaan 107 NL-2587 BP 's-Gravenhage(NL) © Process and reaction vessel for production of alkyl nitrite. © A process and reaction vessel for producing aikyl nitrite is disclosed, the process comprising (a) contacting nitric oxide, lower alcohol and oxygen in a reaction zone such that alkyl nitrite is formed, said reaction zone comprising a reactor section and a rectification section, (b) supplying a liquid scrubbing agent to an upper portion of the rectification section, (c) withdrawing a gaseous alkyl nitrite product stream from the upper portion of the rectification section, and (d) withdrawing a liquid stream from a lower portion of the reactor section. The reactor section provides intimate vapor-liquid contact sufficient to enhance the conversion of nitric oxide to alkyl nitrite and the rectification section provides sufficient vapor residence time to enhance conversion of oxygen, as well as sufficient rectification capabilities to reduce the amounts of water and nitric acid in the gaseous alkyl nitrite product stream. F I G. 2 Xerox Copy Centre EP 0 310 191 A2 PROCESS AND REACTION VESSEL FOR PRODUCTION OF ALKYL NITRITE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 5 1 . Field of the Invention The subject invention is directed to a process for preparing alkyl nitrites, particularly methyl nitrite, and a reaction vessel for carrying out the process. w 2. Description of Related Art Alkyl nitrites, i.e. esters of nitrous acid, have been found useful in a variety of areas including additives to motor fuels, stabilizers for vinyl compounds such as spasmolytic agents, reagents for diazotization and 75 reagents for chemical synthesis. Processes for preparing alkyl nitrites can be found, inter alia, in U.S. Patents 4,229,591; 4,353,843 and 4,629,806 and in Japanese Application No. 53-8268. The process for forming alkyl nitrites (referred to herein as the nitrite process) may be understood more fully by reference to the following equations: 20 (1 ) 2NO + 02 - 2N02 (2) N02 + NO N2O3 (3) ROH + N203 - RONO + HONO (4) ROH + HONO - RONO + H20 (5) N2O3 + H20 - 2HONO 25 (6) 2N02 5= N20* (7) ROH + N2O4 - RONO + HNO3 (8) N20<l + H20 - HONO + HNO3 wherein R represents a methyl or ethyl group. 30 The desired reaction sequence for the formation of alkyl nitrite occurs via Reactions (1)-<4). The sum of these reactions yields as the overall process reaction: (1) 2ROH + 2NO + 1 202 — 2RONO + H20 Reaction (5) takes place because the water formed in Reaction (4) can react with dinitrogen trioxide 35 (N203). Reaction (5) can be tolerated provided enough alcohol is supplied to react with substantially all of the nitrous acid formed in Reaction (5) according to Reaction (4) yielding alkyl nitrite and additional water. Reactions (6) through (8) are undesired since they lead to the formation of nitric acid, a compound which subsequently must be separated from product alkyl nitrite. Further, these reactions consume nitric oxide in forming undesired nitric acid. In order to reduce production of dinitrogen tetroxide (N20t), via 40 Reaction (6), the gas phase concentration of N02 should be minimized relative to that of NO. In this way N2O3 is preferentially formed instead of N2Oi. A relatively high NO to N02 can be maintained by initially supplying a molar excess of NO relative to 02, as indicated by the stoichiometry of Reaction (I), i.e., greater than 4 moles NO per mole O2. In other words, to enhance production of alkyl nitrites such as methyl nitrite or ethyl nitrite, it generally is preferable to provide NO in a molar excess, preferably in such an amount that 45 substantially all 02 is consumed. Vapor state formation of alkyl nitrite (nitrite process) by the general procedure described above @* preferably is coupled and correlated with vapor state formation of dialkyl oxalate from alkyl nitrite and carbon monoxide (oxalate process) in an integrated production cycle so as to provide an overall vapor state process (nitrite-oxalate process) that is cyclic in operation, e.g., see U.S. Patent 4,629,806. Such a process 50 is advantageous with regard to limiting the formation of by-products, ease of operation and production efficiency. Vapor state formation of dialkyl oxalate is conducted by contacting carbon monoxide and alkyl nitrite in a carbonyiation reaction zone in the presence of a solid catalyst. The main reaction is illustrated by the following equation: 2 =P 0 310 191 A2 (II) 2CO + 2RONO ~ COOR + 2NO COOR wherein R represents a methyl or ethyl group. Preparation of dialkyl oxalates is of particular interest to the chemical industry because of the varied jses of these compounds. These diesters may serve as starting materials for the preparation of alkylene glycols such as ethylene glycol, a valuable commercial chemical which finds application in deicing fluids, antifreeze, hydraulic fluids and in the manufacture of alkyd resins, solvents, and polyester fibers. These diesters also are useful as intermediates in preparing dyes, pharmaceuticals, and the like. As evident from the equation representing Reaction (II), for every mole of alkyl nitrite consumed, a mole of nitric oxide is generated. Nitric oxide thus formed may be recycled and used as a starting material for forming alkyl nitrites according to Reaction (I), thus completing the nitrite-oxalate reaction cycle. Dialkyl oxalate produced in the carbonylation reaction zone can be purified and recovered as product or further reacted, for example, by contacting it with hydrogen in a hydrogenation reaction zone to produce ethylene glycol. To provide an efficient process for preparing alkyl nitrites, a number of performance criteria must be considered and satisfied. First, oxygen conversion preferably should be as close to 100 percent as is possible (i.e., the amount of oxygen exiting the alkyl nitrite reactor preferably is minimized) without significantly adversely affecting other reactor performance characteristics. It also is preferred that substantially all higher nitrogen oxides, i.e., oxides of nitrogen other than nitric oxide, be consumed in alkyl nitrite reactor. Second, the efficiency of converting nitric oxide to alkyl nitrite, i.e., the percentage of nitric oxide converted to alkyl nitrite, the desired product, is maximized in the alkyl nitrite reactor while formation of undesired products such as nitric acid is minimized. It also is preferred that substantially all water and nitric acid produced in the alkyl nitrite reactor be removed in a liquid tails stream by providing a scrubbing agent which scrubs water and nitric acid from the gaseous product stream. The amounts of water and nitric acid present in the gaseous product stream from the alkyl nitrite reactor thus are minimized. Conversely, the amount of alkyl nitrite, the preferred product, present in the liquid tails stream from the alkyl nitrite reactor similarly is minimized. The amount of scrubbing agent required to provide the separation necessary to satisfy the above discussed requirements preferably is minimized since the use of excess scrubbing agent material is uneconomical. Finally, Reaction I is highly exothermic, and it is necessary to remove heat from the alkyl nitrite reactor. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a flow chart of an alkyl nitrite-dialkyl oxalate production cycle; and Figure 2 is a schematic drawing of a preferred alkyl nitrite reactor in accordance with the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to an alkyl nitrite manufacturing process, including a reaction vessel, which substantially meets the above-noted performance criteria comprising: (a) contacting nitric oxide, a lower alcohol and oxygen in a reaction zone under conditions wherein at least a portion of the nitric oxide, lower alcohol and oxygen react to form alkyl nitrite; said reaction zone comprising at least two sections, a reactor section and a rectification section; (b) supplying a liquid scrubbing agent to an upper portion of the rectification section; (c) withdrawing from the rectification section a gaseous reaction product steam comprising alkyl nitrite; and (d) withdrawing from a lower portion of the reactor section a liquid stream comprising scrubbing agent and water; wherein the reactor section provides intimate vapor-liquid contact and cooling sufficient to enhance the conversion of nitric oxide to alkyl nitrite and wherein the rectification section provides sufficient vapor 3 EP 0 310 191 A2 residence time to enhance conversion of oxygen, and sufficient rectification capabilities to reduce the amounts of water and nitric acid in the gaseous reaction product stream and the amount of alkyl nitrite in the liquid stream. The present invention also is directed to a preferred reaction vessel for producing alkyl nitrite by 5 contacting nitric oxide, a lower alcohol and oxygen. The reaction vessel comprises (a) a lower packed bed section, (b) an upper rectification section, (c) means for supplying a liquid scrubbing agent to the upper rectification section, (d) means for withdrawing a gaseous stream from the upper rectification section, and (e) means for withdrawing a liquid bottoms stream from the lower packed bed section. The lower packed bed section provides intimate vapor-liquid contact sufficient to enhance the conversion of nitric oxide to io alkyl nitrite, and the upper rectification section provides sufficient vapor residence time to enhance conversion of oxygen and sufficient rectification capabilities to reduce the amounts of water and nitric acid in the gaseous reaction product stream and the amount of alkyl nitrite in the liquid bottoms stream.
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