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Hunt Allocation Modeling for Migrating Animals: the Case of Baffin Bay Narwhal, Monodon Monoceros

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Hunt Allocation Modeling for Migrating Animals: the Case of Baffin Bay Narwhal, Monodon Monoceros Hunt Allocation Modeling for Migrating Animals: The Case of Baffin Bay Narwhal, Monodon monoceros CORTNEY A. WATT, THOMAS DONIOL-VALCROZE, LARS WITTING, RODERICK C. HOBBS, RIKKE GULDBORG HANSEN, DAVID S. LEE, MARIANNE MARCOUX, VERONIQUE LESAGE, EVA GARDE, STEVEN H. FERGUSON, and MADS PETER HEIDE-JØRGENSEN Introduction rison et al., 2018). Migration patterns particular challenge for ensuring in- follow predictable routes and seasonal dividual stocks are managed sustain- Marine mammal populations or timing such that the exposure to po- ably (Allen and Singh, 2016); thus, a stocks often have large spatial distri- tential interactions with anthropogenic modeling approach that accounts for butions and follow seasonal migration activities may occur at a number of lo- this movement and mixing of stocks patterns that expose them to taking by cations annually each for a short pe- is needed (Ogburn et al., 2017). In this hunters or other risks at different times riod of time (Rosenbaum et al., 2013; way, removals can be attributed to the and locations throughout the year O’Corry-Crowe et al., 2016; Forney stock of origin, regardless of the time (Heide-Jørgensen et al., 2003; Valen- et al., 2017; Watt et al., 2017). Un- of year or location of the hunt. zuela et al., 2009; Foote et al., 2010; derstanding migration of animals and In many cases, genetic samples and Horton et al., 2017), and often across residency time becomes particularly phenology of catches are used to esti- many international jurisdictions (Har- important for sustainable manage- mate the portion of each stock avail- ment of hunted species (Harrison et able to hunters at different hunting Cortney A. Watt, Marianne Marcoux, and Ste- al., 2018). Movement of animals has sites, across seasons (de March and ven H. Ferguson are with the Department of been considered particularly important Postma, 2003; Shafer et al., 2014; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University 1 Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. for developing and implementing con- Doniol-Valcroze et al. ). However, Thomas Doniol-Valcroze is with Fisheries and servation measures (Cooke, 2008; Mc- in cases such as narwhals, Monodon Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Gowan et al., 2017), but there are few monoceros, where genetic variation is Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada. Lars Witting is with Greenland Institute examples where movement and harvest very low (Palsbøll et al., 1997; West- of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK-3900, data have been integrated for sustain- bury et al., 2019; Louis et al., 2020; Nuuk, Greenland. Roderick C. Hobbs is with the able management of hunted species Petersen et al.2) other methods such North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission, recently retired from the NOAA’s NMFS Marine (although see Nichols et al., 1995). as telemetry, diet, behavioral studies, Mammal Laboratory, and his current address Sustainable management of hunting or local knowledge may be used to as- is 6130 NE 204th Street, Kenmore, WA 98028 USA. Rikke G. Hansen, Eva Garde, and Mads typically divides species into manage- Peter Heide-Jørgensen are with the Greenland ment units, or stocks (hereafter re- 1Doniol-Valcroze, T., J.-F. Gosselin, and M. O. Institute of Natural Resources, Strandgade 91, ferred to as stocks) that are thought to Hammill. 2012. Population modeling and har- 2. DK 1401 Copenhagen K, Denmark. David vest advice under the precautionary approach S. Lee is with the Nunavut Tunngavik Incorpo- be self-sustaining, and often defined for eastern Hudson Bay beluga (Delphinapterus rated, Department of Wildlife and Environment, based on genetic indicators, residen- leucas). DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. Ottawa ON K1P 5E7, Canada. Véronique Les- cy time, site-fidelity, or other life his- 2012/168:iii + 31 p. (http://waves-vagues.dfo- age is with the Department of Fisheries and mpo.gc.ca/). Oceans, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, 850, tory characteristics (Begg et al., 1999; 2Petersen, S. D., D. Tenkula, and S. H. Ferguson. Route de la Mer, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, QC Hobbs et al., 2019). Movement of 2011. Population genetic structure of narwhal G5H 3Z4, Canada. Corresponding author is C. animals among hunting regions and (Monodon monoceros). DFO Can. Sci. Advis. A. Watt ([email protected]). Sec. Res. Doc. 2011/021:vi + 20 p. (https:// hunting regions in which hunters have waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/343698. doi: https://doi.org/10.7755/MFR.81.3–4.8 access to more than one stock pose a pdf). ABSTRACT— Hunted animals are often North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commis- stock that are available to hunters in differ- managed as static management units, or sion (NAMMCO) and the Canada-Green- ent regions and seasons. This matrix can stocks, specific to hunting regions. How- land Joint Commission on Conservation be informed by quantitative data on stock ever, movement of animals between regions and Management of Narwhal and Beluga structure (e.g., genetics, telemetry) or qual- poses a particular challenge for manage- (JCNB) has developed a model that allo- itative information (local knowledge, expert ment to ensure that the hunt of individual cates catches in different hunting regions opinion, etc.). Uncertainty in the availabil- stocks is sustainable. The incorporation of and seasons to different stocks based on ity of animals and individual stock sizes is genetic information in stock assessments movement data, local knowledge, and ex- incorporated in a stochastic version. The can improve management decisions, but the pert opinion. The model uses information model is presented using a case study of resolution of genetics may not differentiate on stock size, catches in different hunt- narwhals, which are managed as stocks stocks, making the use of movement data ing areas/seasons, and a matrix which es- based on their summer distribution in Can- necessary. The Joint Working Group of the timates the proportion of animals in each ada and Greenland. 81(3–4) 125 et al., 2004; Dietz et al., 2008). Nar- whals show site fidelity to their sum- mering region (Heide-Jørgensen et al., 2002, 2003), with nearly all of the few animals tracked by satellite telemetry for a year, returning to the summer- ing aggregation where they were cap- tured (but see Watt et al.3). To avoid local depletion, management of the hunt has been based on these individ- ual summer aggregations of the Baffin Bay population, referred to as stocks (Hobbs et al., 2019). There are six defined narwhal stocks in the Baffin Bay population in north- ern Canada: the Admiralty Inlet, Somerset Island, Eclipse Sound, East Baffin Island, Smith Sound, and Jones Sound stocks (Doniol-Valcroze et al.4) (Fig. 1). In West Greenland there are two defined stocks from the Baffin Bay population: the Melville Bay and Inglefield Bredning stocks (Heide-Jør- gensen et al., 2013) (Fig. 1). Narwhals are hunted in a number of regions across the Canadian Arc- tic and West Greenland (based on lo- cal knowledge; Fig. 2). In Canada, the hunt occurs primarily during summer, but individuals hunted from the Baf- fin Bay population spend the winter in Figure 1.—Summer distribution of narwhal stocks in the Canadian high Arctic Davis Strait and Baffin Bay and pass and in West Greenland. NSIDC_Sea_Ice_Polar_Stereographic_North projection is through a number of hunting areas on used. the migration to and from their sum- mering area (Heide-Jørgensen et al., sign removals to the stock of origin. In eas and seasons. The model has broad 2013). In addition, whales from some either case, when all takes cannot be application to estimating removals in of the Canadian stocks are also avail- assigned positively to a single stock other migrating marine or terrestrial able to hunters in West Greenland on there will be uncertainty in the assign- species impacted by anthropogenic the fall and winter hunting grounds ments and a need for a probabilistic activities (e.g., hunting, exposure to (Heide-Jørgensen et al., 2013). assignment scheme. noise, fishery bycatch) in multiple Narwhal stocks have been managed The Joint Working Group consisting locations and seasons where mixed independently of one another, but be- of the North Atlantic Marine Mam- stocks are present. We developed the cause of the mixing of stocks during mal Commission (NAMMCO) Sci- model and used it in a case study fo- the migration and on the fall and win- entific Committee Working Group on cused on narwhals. the Population Status of Narwhal and Narwhals from the Baffin Bay popu- 3Watt, C. A., J. Orr, B. LeBlanc, P. Richard, and Beluga in the North Atlantic and the lation are part of the subsistence hunt S. H. Ferguson. 2012. Satellite tracking of nar- Canada-Greenland Joint Commission by a number of communities in the whals (Monodon monoceros) from Admiralty Inlet (2009) and Eclipse Sound (2010-2011). on Conservation and Management of Arctic in Canada and Greenland. This DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2012/046. Narwhal and Beluga (JCNB) Scientif- population of narwhals is estimated iii + 17 p. (https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/ ic Working Group developed a model at approximately 140,000 individuals Library/347206.pdf). that estimates the number of animals (Doniol-Valcroze et al.1), and spends 4Doniol-Valcroze, T., J.-F. Gosselin, D. Pike, J. Lawson, N. Asselin, K. Hedges, and S. Fer- removed from each stock, using infor- summers in the inlets and fjords of guson. 2015. Abundance estimates of nar- mation on movements of each stock northeastern Canada and western whal stocks in the Canadian High Arctic in 2013. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. to determine which stocks are avail- Greenland (Dietz et al., 2001; Heide- 2015/060:v + 36 p. (http://waves-vagues.dfo- able to hunters in different hunting ar- Jørgensen et al., 2002, 2003; Laidre mpo.gc.ca/Library/362110.pdf).
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