Invasive Alien Flora of Harda District of Madhya Pradesh

Satpura ranges, Malwa plateau, Narmada River, Harda, invasive alien species, Keywords Biodiversity, Native flora Sainkhediya Jeetendra Department of Botany Govt.P. G. College Alirajpur, M. P.

ABSTRACT Intensive floristic survey has been carried out in different seasons from 2011 to 2015 by well planned schedule. A study was conducted to analyze the invasive alien species of Harda district of Madhya Pradesh. Harda district is located in south western part of Madhya Pradesh. Exotic species occurs outside their natural adapted ranges and dispersal potential.145 exotic plant species have been recorded in Harda district which are distributed in 42 families of angiosperms.These are naturalished in study area which accounts 16 % of total flora. Of these highest numbers of 93 plants are distributed in native of tropical and subtropical America followed by Africa (19), Eura- sia (16), Europian (6), China (2), Brazil (1) and others (8). Mentioning few of invasive plants in study area are Eichhornia crassipes (Mar.) Sol.; Senna uniflora (Mill.) Irw. & Bar.; Argemone mexicana L.; Ocimum americanum L.; Parthenium hysterophorus L.; Merremia aegyptica (L.) Urb. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp., Lantana aculeata L. etc.

Introduction species is recognized as the second worst threat to the exist- Harda district is situated in the eastern part of Madhya ence of biodiversity (CBD 2012).Invasive species homogenize Pradesh. Harda has been declared as a seprate district by the worlds biota reduce global biodiversity richness ( Mooney Government of Madhya Pradesh on 6th July, 1998. Earlier & Drake 1987). In India aproximetally 40% plant species are it was a part of Hoshangabad district. It lies in 21˚ 53` to exotic (Singh 2012). 145 exotic plant species have been re- 22˚36` longitude and 76˚47` to 77˚20`latitude. Total area corded in Harda district which are distributed in 42 families of the district is 2644.32 Sq. Km. of which forest covers of angiosperms (table-1). These are naturalished in study area 780.92 Sq. Km. It is bounded by Satpura ranges in the which accounts 16 % of total flora. These plants are suppress- north and southern part of the district is covered by Satpu- ing the growth and development and reprodution of native ra and extension of Malwa plateau. Soil of the Harda dis- flora. Of these highest numbers of 93 plants are distributed trict is an important arena of its natural wealth. The soil as in native of tropical and subtropical America followed by Af- chiefly belongs to ash of Deccan trap and it is also called rica (19), Eurasia (16), Europian (6), China (2), Brazil (1) and fertile black cotton soil. The study area is mainly drained others (8). Mentioning few of invasive plants in study area are by Narmada River and its tributaries are Ganjal, Anjal, Eichhornia crassipes (Mar.) Sol.; Senna uniflora (Mill.) Irw. & Sukni, Midkul, Dedra Machak, Syani, and Kalimachak riv- Bar.; Argemone mexicana L.; Ocimum americanum L.; Parthe- ers. The normal rainfall of Harda district is 1124.2 mm. The nium hysterophorus L.; Merremia aegyptica (L.) Urb. Gliricidia normal annual mean maximum temperature 32.8˚C and sepium (Jacq.) Walp., Lantana aculeata L. etc. minimum temperature is 19.8˚C. Conclusion Material and methods Present study is the first hand information towards documen- Intensive floristic survey has been carried out in different sea- tation of invasive alien flora of Harda district. It is well known sons from 2011 to 2015 by well planned schedule, covering that the invasive species compete with indigenous species for various vegetation types, altitudinal ranges, wastelands, and nutrition, light, water and space.Through allelopathic effects, weeds of cultivated fields, road side, river banks, streams invasive species alter the population structure and natural dy- beds and all other conceivable ecological niches. For plant namics of native biota. Distribution of notorious weeds has collaction and preservation of voucher specimens stand- placed a strong effect on native flora, since many of these ard methodology has been followed (Jain and Rao, 1977). replaced much of the indegenous species probably because Voucher specimen were collected in polybag and identified of their strong harmful effect. A total of 145 taxa have been in the laboratory with the help of flora (Hooker, 1892-1897; recorded from study area which exhibit, rich and varied as- Cook,1903; Gamble et al., 1915; Haines,1921-1924; Du- semblage of angiosperm plant diversity. This study will be thie,1960; Verma et.al.,1994; Mudgal et. al., 1997; Naik et helpful as a guide for identification of different invasive alien al.,1998; Singh et.al., 2001; Singh and Kartikeyan, 2000; ) and angiospermic taxa. Eradication of some exotic species Lan- other available literature were also consulted for identification tana aculeata L., Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC., Gliricidia sepium of plants. Photographs have been taken using digital camera. (Jacq.) Walp., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Pistia stratiotes L., Recent up-to-date nomenclature of ICBN was followed. For Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. is urgently required other- changed name of families or botanical names latest classifica- wise these species may uproot the several native species due tion of APG-III has been followed. Herbarium specimens were to their high invasiveness. deposited in PMB Gujarati Science College, Indore. Acknowledgement Result and discussion I would like to express my boundless and great respect to Naturalized species is defined as an introduced species, my supervisor Dr. Sudip Ray Department of Botany, P.M.B. that can consistently reproduce and sustain populations Gujarati Science College Indore for his guidance during over many generations without direct intervention by hu- this entire study. It gives me pleasure to record my deep mans (Richardson et al.,2000). The biological invasion of alien sense gratitude to Dr. K. Modi Principal, and Dr. S. Nagar,

Ex-Principal, P. M. B. Gujarati Science College Indore for 32 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Legumi- Trop. providing research and library facilities.I also thank Dr. J. S. nosae America Senna uniflora (Mill.) Irwin Legumi- Trop. Sikka, Head, Department of Botany for their kind coopera- 33 and Barn. nosae America tion and valuable suggestions. My sincere thanks are due Chamaecrista pumila Legumi- Trop. to forest officials for their co-operation and allowing me to 34 (Lam.) Larsen nosae America carry out plant exploration work in Harda forest division. I 35 Cassia fistula L. Legumi- Trop. extend my profound thanks to Dr. V.B. Diwanjee Ex-Head, nosae America Department of Botany, Holkar Science College, Indore; Dr. Amaran- 36 Celosia argentea L. thaceae Trop. Africa B. K. Shukla Senior Scientist, Botanical Survey of India, Al- 37 Chloris barbata Sw. Poaceae Trop. lahabad and Dr. S. R. Yadav, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, America Maharashtra, for their help in identifying some plant speci- 38 Chrozophora rottleri Euphorbi- Trop. mens. (Geis.) Juss. ex Spren. aceae America 39 Cichorium intybus L. Compositae Europe Table – 1: Exotic flora of the Harda districtof Madhya 40 Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Cucurbita- West Africa Pradesh, India Schrad. ceae 41 Cleome chelidonii L.f. Cleomaceae Trop. S.N. Botanical name Family Nativity Africa 1 Acanthospermum hispi- Compositae Brazil Trop. dum DC. 42 Cleome gynandra L. Cleomaceae Africa 2 Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Amaran- Trop. Cleome simplicifolia Trop. thaceae America 43 (Camb.) Hook & Thoms Cleomaceae America 3 Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Amaran- Trop. Trop. Blume thaceae America 44 Cleome viscosa L. Cleomaceae America 4 Aeschynomene aspera L. Legumi- Trop. Convolvu- nosae America 45 Convolvulus arvensis L. laceae Europe Alternanthera paronych- Amaran- Trop. 46 Corchorus aestuans L. Malvaceae Trop. Africa 5 ioides A.St.-Hil. thaceae America 47 Corchorus fascicularis Malvaceae Trop. 6 Alternanthera pungens Amaran- Trop. Lam. America Kunth thaceae America 48 Corchorus olitorius L. Malvaceae Trop. Africa 7 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) Amaran- Trop. 49 Corchorus trilocularis L. Malvaceae Trop. Africa R.Br. ex DC. thaceae America Legumi- Trop. Amaran- Trop. 50 Crotalaria pallida Aiton nosae America 8 Amaranthus spinosus L. thaceae America 51 Crotalaria retusa L. Legumi- Trop. 9 Semecarpus anacardium Anacardi- West nosae America L.f. aceae Indies Crotalaria medicaginea Legumi- South 10 Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae Eurasia 52 Lam. nosae Europe 11 Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Trop. Croton bonplandianus Euphorbi- South America 53 Baill. aceae America 12 Argemone mexicana L. Papaver- Trop. Cryptostegia grandiflora Apocyn- Trop. aceae America 54 Roxb. ex R.Br. aceae America 13 Argemone ochrolecuca Papaver- Trop. Convolvu- Mediter- Sweet aceae America 55 Cuscuta chinensis Lam. laceae ranean 14 Asparagus racemosus Aspara- Sri Lanka Convolvu- Mediter- Willd. gaceae 56 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. laceae ranean 15 Asphodelus tenuifolius Xanthor- Trop. Cynodon barberi Rang. Trop. Cav. rhoeaceae America 57 & Tadul. Poaceae America 16 Bidens biternata (Lour.) Compositae Trop. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Trop. Merr. and Sherff America 58 Pers. Poaceae America 17 Blainvillea acmella (L.) Compositae Trop. Trop. Philipson America 59 Cyperus difformis L. Cyperaceae America 18 Blumea eriantha DC. Compositae Trop. Trop. America 60 Cyperus iria L Cyperaceae America Trop. 61 Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Eurasia 19 Blumea obliqua (L.) Druce Compositae America 62 Datura ferox L. Solanaceae Trop. 20 Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) Compositae Trop. America DC America Trop. Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Legumi- 63 Datura innoxia Mill. Solanaceae America 21 Thouars nosae Africa 64 Datura metel L. Solanaceae Trop. 22 Calotropis gigantea (L.) Apocyn- America Dryand. aceae Africa 65 Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Amaran- South Asia 23 Calotropis procera (Aiton) Apocyn- thaceae Dryand. aceae Africa 66 Echinochloa colona (L.) Poaceae Trop. 24 Cardamine trichocarpa Trop. Link America Hecht ex. Rich Brassicaceae America 67 Echinochloa stagnina Poaceae Trop. 25 Carissa carandas L. Apocyn- South (Retz.) Beauv. America aceae Africa Trop. Chamaecrista absus (L.) Legumi- Trop. 68 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Compositae America 26 Irwin and Barn. nosae America 69 Eichhornia crassipes Pontede- Trop. 27 Senna hirsuta (L.) Irwin Legumi- Trop. (Mart.) Solms riaceae America and Barneby nosae America Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Trop. Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin Legumi- Trop. 70 ex DC. Compositae Africa 28 and Barneby nosae America 71 Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbi- Trop. 29 Senna occidentalis (L.) Legumi- Trop. aceae America Link nosae America Euphorbi- Trop. Senna siamea (Lam.) Legumi- Trop. 72 Euphorbia hirta L. 30 aceae America H.S.Irwin and Barn. nosae America Euphorbi- Trop. Legumi- Trop. 73 Euphorbia hypericifolia L. aceae America 31 Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. nosae America

344 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH Research Paper Volume : 6 | Issue : 4 | April 2016 | ISSN - 2249-555X | IF : 3.919 | IC Value : 74.50 Euphorbi- Trop. Trop. 74 Euphorbia thymifolia L. aceae America 116 Pistia stratiotes L. Araceae America Convolvu- Trop. Pithecellobium dulce Legumi- South 75 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. laceae America 117 (Roxb.) Benth. nosae America 76 Grewia asiatica L. Malvaceae Sri Lanka 118 Portulaca oleraceae L. Portulacace- Trop. Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Trop. ae America 77 Cass. Compositae America Portulacace- Trop. 119 Portulaca quadrifida L. ae America 78 Heliotropium ellipticum Boragi- South Ledeb. naceae America 120 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Legumi- Cent. Holoptelea integrifolia Pacific nosae America 79 Planch. Ulmaceae islands Euphorbi- 121 Ricinus communis L. aceae Africa 80 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Lamiaceae Trop. Poit. America 122 Ruellia tuberosa L. Acanthaceae Trop. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Trop. America 81 Raeusch. Poaceae America 123 Saccharum spontaneum L. Poaceae Trop. Asia Legumi- Trop. Plantagi- Trop. 82 Indigofera astragalina DC nosae Africa 124 Scoparia dulcis L. naceae America Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Legumi- Trop. Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) Legumi- Trop. 83 Retz. nosae America 125 W.Wight nosae America Legumi- Trop. Sesbania sesban (Linn.) Legumi- South 84 Indigofera linnaei Ali nosae Africa 126 Merr. nosae Africa Leonotis nepetiifolia (L.) Trop. Trop. 85 R. Br. Lamiaceae Africa 127 Sida acuta Burm. f. Malvaceae America Ludwigia octovalvis Trop. Trop. 86 (Jacq.) Raven Onagraceae America 128 Solanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae America Lysiloma latisiliquum (L.) Legumi- Trop. Trop. 87 Benth.) nosae America 129 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae America 88 Ludwigia octovalvis Onagraceae Trop. 130 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Compositae Europe (Jacq.) Raven Africa 131 Sonchus brachyotus DC. Compositae Europe Trop. 132 Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. Compositae Europe 89 Ludwigia perennis L. 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