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Home , Aglaonema, Alocasia cucullata, Alocasia odora, Amorphophallus, Book of Liang, Philodendron erubescens

Liu, Li, Jarvis and Long, 2015 Aroid crops in Aroid crops in China Yujing Liu, Heng Li, Devra Jarvis, Chunlin Long*

Yujing Liu University No.301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China [email protected] Minzu University of China 27 Zhong-guan-cun South Ave, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China

Heng Li Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China Email: [email protected]

Devra Jarvis Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese, Rome, Italy [email protected]

Chunlin Long* Author for correspondings. Minzu University of China 27 Zhong-guan-cun South Ave, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China Email: [email protected], Tel/fax: +86–10–68930381

ABSTRACT in Chinese history and nowadays. They are The history of aroid cultivation in China (Colocasia esculenta, a common food was briefly introduced in the present paper. crop), (Amorphophallus konjac, a Based on the approaches of literature study medicinal and industrial crop), and Ban Xia and field investigation, 16 in the ( ternata, an important herbal family were recognized as crops medicinal crop). The taxonomic issues at cultivated in the country. Among them, species and levels were argued and three species are with very high values both

Aroideana VOL 38E NO 1, 2015 116 Liu, Li, Jarvis and Long, 2015 Aroid crops in China discussed. Suggestions for future studies World tropics, Old World tropics and north were proposed for aroid crop development. temperate regions (Li et al., 2010).

In China, there are 26 genera and 181 KEY WORDS species of aroids, in which 72 species are Araceae, Aroid, Colocasia esculenta, endemic to the country. Cultivation of Amorphophallus konjac, Pinellia ternata, aroids in China is a common phenomenon Classification, Cultivation in the southern regions. The ornamental aroids, for example, have been grown in gardens, residential areas, and even in the INTRODUCTION northern indoors. Some aroids have been Aroid is not a common name which cultivated as crops for more than 2000 everybody knows. It refers to the members years. in the family Araceae, a group of monocots. A few aroid members, however, are very Unfortunately, nobody can tell how many famous for their values or unusual aroid crops have been cultivated in China. morphology. People know taro (Colocasia The history, evaluation, classification and esculenta) for its big and starchy tubers, nomenclature of cultivated aroids in China which feed about 400 million people in the are still in question marks. This paper will world (Bown, 2000). Other aroids are also try to answer these questions, focusing on cultivated for food, such as members in the aroid crops. Xanthosoma and Amorphophallus. The value of aroids is not limited to the edible. The flamingo flower (Anthurium andraeanum) has MATERIALS AND METHODS become a symbol of many exotic locations, Literatures had been collected and even in the north temperature areas. Aroids studied, including the ancient Chinese are now entering homes, hotels, restaurants, books which recorded aroids. Over 30 conference halls and other indoors very volumes of ancient books have been often. The calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopia), checked. Recent publications were also giant taro ( odora and A. studied in terms of the , macrorrhizos), red- cultivation, agronomy and horticulture of (Philodendron erubescens) and elephant’s ear (P. Chinese aroids. domesticum), Swiss cheese (Monstera deliciosa), Dieffenbachia, Aglaonema, and many The cultivated aroids were investigated in others are fashionable decorative . the past twenty years, including those Aroid members are also known as the growing in farming fields, outdoors, indoors family, which consists of 111 genera and and pots. The wild types of these cultivated over 3500 species occurring in the New aroids have been surveyed. Voucher

Aroideana VOL 38E NO 1, 2015 117 Liu, Li, Jarvis and Long, 2015 Aroid crops in China specimens and living plants of unconfirmed RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS taxa were collected and conserved in A brief history of aroid cultivation in Kunming Botanical Garden. China

The taxonomical methods had been To understand the history of aroid applied to identify the specimens and living cultivation in China, we investigated the collections. Other specimens deposited in ancient Chinese literatures. Three members Kunming (KUN) and Beijing (PE) had been of aroids, taro (Colocasia esculenta), konjac examined in the last three years. (Amorphophallus konjac) and Ban Xia (Pinellia ternata) are the most frequent species to be recorded in old literatures. For example, the names for taro changed from one dynasty to another (Table 1).

Dynasty Author Book title The name for Taro in different book Warring Qu Yuan Songs of Chu Yu he(芋荷); States Han Qian Han Shu Qun chi(踆鸱); Dynasty Western Si Maqian Shih Chih Cun chi(蹲鸱); Han Dynasty Eastern Xu Shen Shuo Wen Yu(芋,芌); Han Dynasty Han-Jin Tao Supplementary Yu(芋), Tu zhi (土芝), Cun chi(蹲鸱); Dynasty Hongjing Records of Famous Physicians Liang Tao Annotation of Yu(芋), lü yu(梠芋); Dynasty Hongjing Materia Medica Three Zhang Yi Guang ya Yu(芋), Wu yu(乌芋); Kingdom Period, Wei Dynasty

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Northern Jia Sixie Arts for the Yu(芋), Niao yu(鳥芋), Gu shui yu(姑水芋), Che gu Wei People yu(车毂芋), Man yu(蔓芋), Jiu Mian yu (九面芋), Jun Dynasty zi yu(君子芋), Bai guo yu(百果芋), Su yu(素芋), Bai zi yu(百子芋), Da yu(大芋), Bo shi yu(博士芋), Jun zi yu(锯子芋), Pang ju yu(旁巨芋), Qing bian yu(青 边芋), Tan shan yu(谈善芋), Chang wei yu(长味芋), Ji zi yu(鸡子芋), Han yu(旱芋), Jiu mian yu(九靣芋), Xiang kong yu(象空芋) , Qing yu(青芋), Su yu(素 芋); Tang Su Gong Xin Xiu Ben Qing yu(青芋), Zi yu(紫芋), Zhen yu(真芋), Bai Dynasty Cao, Tang yu(白芋), Lian chan yu(连禅芋); Materia Medica Song Luo Yuan Er Ya Yi Yu kui(芋魁), Yu qu(芋渠), Bai guoyu(白果芋), Bai Dynasty ziyu(百子芋), Qing yu(青芋), Zi yu(紫芋), Bai yu(白 芋), Ye yu(野芋), Che gu yu(车毂芋), Ju yu(君芋), Yu zi(芋子); Song Wang Zhi Shao Tao Lu Shui Yu tou(水芋头); Dynasty Song Yi Bu Fang Bu Zhan yu(鸇芋), man yu(蠻芋), fu yu(榑芋), Lue Ji yu(青芋), Zi yu(紫芋), Lian chan yu(连禅芋), Lian chan yu(连禅芋), Bai yu(白芋); Song Xie Weixin Gu Jin He Bi Shi Jun zi yu(君子芋), Qing bian yu(青边芋), Dan shan Dynasty Lei Bei Yao yu(淡善芋), Geng yu(羹芋), Dou yu(豆芋), Cun chi(蹲鸱), Yu(芋), Tu zhi(土芝); Song Dai Tong Liu Shu Gu Yu(芋, 芌); Dynasty Song Li Fang Tai Ping Yu Lan Bei yu(卑芋); Dynasty Song Luo Yuan Er Ya Yi Yu(芋, 芌); Dynasty Song Tang Zheng Lei Ben Yu(芋), Tu zhi(土芝); Dynasty Shenwei Cao Ming Yang Shen Gu Yin Pian Zi Cun chi(蹲鸱), Qun chi(踆鸱); Dynasty Ming Chen Pian Zhi Yu(芋), Jun zi yu(君子芋), Bai guo yu(百果芋), Bo Dynasty Yumo shi yu(博士芋);

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Ming Cao Shu Zhong Yu(芋), Cun chi(蹲鸱), Man yu(蔓芋), Jun zi yu(锯子 Dynasty Xuequan Guang Ji 芋), Qing yu(青芋), Zi yu(紫芋), Bai yu(白芋), Zhen yu(真芋), Lian chan yu(连禅芋), Ming Li Shizhen Compendium of Yu(芋), Tu zhi(土芝), Yu tou(芋头), Cun chi(蹲鸱), Dynasty Materia Medica Jun zi yu(君子芋), Lian chan yu(连禅芋), Bai guo yu(百果芋), Qing bian yu(青边芋), Pang ju yu(旁巨 芋), Che gu yu(车毂芋), Chang wei yu(长味芋) , Ji zi yu(鸡子芋), Jiu mian yu(九靣芋), Qing yu(青芋), Cao yu(曹芋), Xiang yu(象芋) , Shui yu(水芋), Han yu(旱芋), Man yu(蔓芋); Ming Peng Sunyi Ming Zhai Ji Yu he(芋荷); Dynasty Ming Chen Ge Zhi Jing Yuan Cun chi(蹲鸱), Tu zhi(土芝), Qing dao yu(青岛芋), Dynasty Yuanlong Qing yu(青芋), Zi yu(紫芋), Bai yu(白芋), Yu tou(芋 头), Tian he sheng(天河生); Qing Gui An, Li Dai Shi Hua Ju yu(莒芋); Dynasty Wu Jingxu Qing Wu Qijun Zhi Wu Ming Da yu(大芋), mian yu(麫芋）, Gou zhua yu(狗爪芋), Dynasty Shi Tu Kao Shui yu(水芋), Pu yu(璞芋), Shao yu(韶芋), Zong yu(棕芋), Bai yu(白芋), Ma yu(麻芋), Dong yu(冬芋), Shui li hong(水黎红), Da tou feng yu(大头风芋), Ji mu yu(鸡母芋), Dong yu(东芋), Qing zhu yu(青竹 芋), Huang yu(黄芋), Fan yu(番芋), Er yu(儿芋), Dian yu(滇芋); Table 1. Collected old names for taro (Colocasia esculenta)

The earliest record of aroid in China was (501–521). A monograph on taro called Yu Chu Ci, a book written by Qu Yuan, the Jing (Book of Taro) was issued in Ming most famous poet in Warring States Period Dynasty (16th century, 1368–1644) by (BC 475–221), in which he recorded the Huang Sheng Zheng. In Huang’s first for taro (Colocasia monograph, he provided information of esculenta Schott). In Supplementary Records of classification (types of taro), cultivation Famous Physicians, a medicinal book issued in methods, and the value of taro to Han-Jin Period (220–450), taro was preventing famine in his time. recorded as an herbal medicine for the first time. The earliest cultivation record was Ban Xia (or Fa Ban Xia, Pinellia ternata discovered in a book of Ten. ex Breitenb.) firstly appeared in Huang

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Di Nei Jing, an ancient medicinal book vegetable gardens as a food crop. Therefore, issued after Zhan-guo Period (BC 475–221). the cultivation of konjac in China happened It was regarded as a medicinal plant, at least 1700 years ago (Li & Long, 1989). collected from the wild. Ban Xia was artificially cultivated as a crop after 1970s. Species of aroid crops in China

The earliest record of konjac As crops to be cultivated in farming (Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch) was Xi Han systems, there are only 16 species in China. Dynasty (BC 202-AD 9) in Er Ya, a famous They are listed in Table 2. We did not book in ancient China. As a medicinal plant, include Acorus calamus L. in the list, although konjac was recorded in Ming Yi Bie Lu, an it was a member of Araceae but has been ancient medical book issued in BC 50. In Jin moved to another family, Acoraceae, which Dynasty (AD 250–260), it was firstly is far from Araceae based on molecular described in Shu Du Fu (a book written by phylogenic evidence (Nauheimer et al., Zuo Si) that konjac was cultivated in 2012).

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Table 2. List of Aroid Crops in China

Scientific Chinese Use & Parts Area of Cultivation Reference Name Name Used Origin places Alocasia cucullata Laohuyu, Whole plant South Yunnan, Bown, 2000; Li, D. Don Damayu, for green China, Hainan, 1996, Li et al., Dafuzi, fencing and , Guangxi 2011 Zhubugong, gardening. NE Indian Jianweiyu, Stems for to Jiahaiyu, medicine Jianweicao Alocasia Haiyu Whole plant Tropical Tropical Bown 2000; Li macrorrhizos D. as Asia region et al., 2011 Don horticultural and medicinal purposes Alocasia odora K. Haiyu, Whole plant Tropical Most areas in Bown 2000; Li Koch Dishuiguanyin for Asia China et al., 2011 horticultural purpose Amorphophallus Baimoyu Tuber for Valleys Southern Long, 1998; albus P. Y. Liu et making between China Dong & Liu, J. F. Chen refined Yunnan and 2008; Li et al., powder as Sichuan 2011 industrial materials, or directly as vegetable Amorphophallus Zhuyamoyu, Tuber as South Asia, Southern Long, 1998; bulbifer Blume Hongmoyu vegetable Myanmar, Yunnan Dong & Liu, SW Yunnan 2008; Li et al., 2011

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Scientific Chinese Use & Parts Area of Cultivation Reference Name Name Used Origin places Amorphophallus Nanshebang Tuber as Tropical Southern Long, 1998; dunnii Tutcher vegetable Asia Yunnan and Dong & Liu, Guangxi 2008; Li et al., 2011 Amorphophallus Menghaimoyu Tuber as Tropical Southern Long, 1998; kachinensis vegetable Asia Yunnan Dong & Liu, Engler & 2008; Li et al., Gehrmann 2011 Amorphophallus Moyu, Tuber for Southern Most areas in Long, 1998; konjac K. Koch Huagannanxin making China China Dong & Liu, g, Huamashe, refine 2008; Li et al., Huamoyu, powder as 2011 Maoyu, Juruo industrial materials, or directly as vegetable. Tuber and as medicine Colocasia esculenta Yu, Yutou, Tuber as Tropical Most areas in Dong & Liu, Schott Maoyutou, food and Asia China 2008; Li et al., Yunai, medicine. 2011 Zhiwuyu Leaves as food, medicine and forage. Whole plant as Horticultural purpose. Stolon as food Colocasia fallax Jiayu, Wangen Stolon as SE Asia Southern Dong & Liu, Schott food. Leaves Yunnan 2008; Li et al., as forage 2011

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Scientific Chinese Use & Parts Area of Cultivation Reference Name Name Used Origin places Dayeyu, Whole plant SE Asia Yunnan, Li et al., 2011 J. D. Hooker Dishuiyu, as Guangxi, Yucai, horticultural Guizhou, Guangyu, purpose. , Guangcai as Hainan vegetable Pinnellia ternata Banxia Tuber as Eastern Most areas in Li et al., 2011 Tenore ex medicine Asia China Breitenbach Pinnellia Huzhang Tuber as China, Southern Li et al., 2011 pedatisecta Schott medicine China Pistia stratiotes L. Dapiao, Whole plant Pantropical Southern Li et al., 2011 Shuibaicai, as aquatic areas in China Shuifulian ornamental purpose and as forage Xanthosoma Jianyelanyu Whole plant Tropical Southern Li et al., 2011 sagittifolia Schott for America China horticultural purpose. Tuber as food Xanthosoma Lanyu Whole plant Tropical Southern Li et al., 2011 violaceum Schott for America China horticultural purpose. Tuber as food Zantedeschia Matilian, Inflorescence Eastern and Southern Li et al., 2011 aethiopica Spreng Shuiyu, as cutting southern China Ciguhua, flower Africa Guanyinlian

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Among these aroid crops, 13 species are Significance of aroid crops in China native to China. The ancient Chinese people acclimatized most of these plants and Some aroid species are very important passed the cultivation knowledge to next crops in China. They are food crops, herbal generations. One native species, Alocasia medicines, or ornamental plants. Two odora did not become a crop until last two species are very significant cash crops in decades. It has, however, been very southern China. They are taro (Colocasia commonly used as an indoor ornamental esculenta) and konjac (Amorphophallus konjac). plant in the whole country. In addition, Ban Xia (Pinellia ternata) is widely cultivated as a medicinal plant in Only three aroid crop species, calla lily China. (Zantedeschia aethiopica), tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolia) and violet tinnia (X. violaceum), are Recent researches revealed that wet recently introduced into China. The calla lily cultivation of taro is among the most was introduced as an ornamental crop in productive traditional agricultural 1950s. It has become a common cutting techniques in the world, revealed only by flower in China since 1980s. Two the homologous systems based on rice Xanthosoma species were introduced from (Oryza sativa) (Matthews & Spriggs, 2012). China’s tropical neighbors (, Myanmar In Asian and Pacific regions, over 40 and Vietnam) and cultivated as fodder millions of people take taro as their staple plants. Their cultivation area is now food. This crop is related to not only food spreading in the warm and remote villages security and agricultural production, but in southern China. also social and political systems including wars and human population. Some species of aroids are cultivated for aesthetic purposes occasionally or in a small Taro is also the most important aroid scale. In particular, they are used as pot crop in China. The cultivation area in China flowers or for gardening in a few areas. reached 85,210 hm2 and the yield was They do not become a crop. These aroid 14,580,000t in 2010. The selling price of plants include those from different genera: fresh tuber is 1–1.6 RMB/kg Aglaonema, Alocasia, Anthurium, Caladium, (http://www.shucai123.com/yutou/). Thus, Dieffenbachia, Monstera, Philodendron, the total value could be 18,954,000,000 Spathiphyllum and Syngonium. There are a lot RMB per year. of introduced from tropical countries. Three genera, Anthurium, Konjac takes the second position in terms Dieffenbachia and Philodendron, possess the of its economic values. The cultivation area most horticultural cultivars in China. in China reached about 40,000 hm2 and the yield was 200,000t in 2010. The enterprises

Aroideana VOL 38E NO 1, 2015 125 Liu, Li, Jarvis and Long, 2015 Aroid crops in China produced 10000t of refined powder each (e.g. var. aquatilis, var. antiquorum) (Li et al., year. The selling price of refined konjac 2010). They are also regarded as wild powder was 80–120 RMB/kg. The total populations or genetic resources of value could be 1,000,000,000 RMB per year cultivated taro (Colocasia esculenta). The reality (Dong & Liu, 2008). Most importantly, the is that there are morphological variations konjac powder has become an industrial among different specimens. Sometimes the material, and has been used widely in food differences are very distinguished. Whether industry, pharmaceutical industry, petroleum do they represent one species or not? industry, textile industry, and environmental Molecular approaches including DNA protection enterprises based on its miracle barcoding and molecular markers should be features of glucomannan containing in used to solve the taxonomical issues. konjac tubers. The nomenclature of Colocasia gigantea Ban Xia (Pinnellia ternata) is a common should be reconsidered. Molecular crop used as herbal medicine in traditional evidences showed its phylogenic Chinese medicine (TCM) or ethnomedicine relationship with Alocasia (Nauheimer et al., in China. The dry tuber is an important 2012). We prefer to resurrect Colocasia ingredient in TCM combination products. gigantea back to Leucocasia gigantea (Blume) Pinellia has to be processed prior to use, to Schott. remove toxic elements through the traditional method of cooking it with The cultivated species number of ginger, vinegar and/or alum. Many of these Amorphophallus, for example, is not clear. products are used for preventing vomiting, Probably the cultivated A. xiei H. Li & Z. L. influenza (flu), swine flu, nausea, morning Dao is not be a good species although it has sickness, cough, birth control, pain and been accepted in the (Li & swelling (inflammation). Dao, 2006; Li & Hetterscheid, 2010). It may be a cultivar of A. bulbifer (Long & Yang, Taxonomic issues at species level 2004).

The taxonomy of aroid crops occurring Taxonomic issues at variety/cultivar in China is not clear yet. There are level nomenclatural and classification arguments at species level. There are many cultivars and landraces among cultivated taro (Colocasia esculenta). In The wild types of taro (Colocasia esculenta) China more than 300 accessions of taro were taxonomically treated as another have been collected. They are classified into species (e.g. C. antiquorum Schott, C. tonoimo 3 types and 11 sub-types (Dong & Liu, Nakai) or sub-level taxa of Colocasia esculenta 2008). However, there is no record about

Aroideana VOL 38E NO 1, 2015 126 Liu, Li, Jarvis and Long, 2015 Aroid crops in China the cultivar numbers or names. It was characteristics and generally said the major cultivars reached bioactivities/pharmacology of glucomanan more than 60 in China. This number is far or other chemical components, prolonging from the reality. For example, in Fujian photosynthesis of Ban Xia, and many others Province, only 33 cultivars of cultivated taro are important scientific issues. have been recorded and documented. Over 10 provinces in China cultivate taro on a There are a lot of landraces and other large scale and they have rich taro genetic resources of aroid crops in China. germplasm resources. It is still a big job to The wild relatives are distributed in remote investigate and document the whole areas but threatened or ignored. The country’s cultivars and landraces of investigation, collection, preservation (in situ cultivated taro. and ex situ), evaluation, innovation and application of these germplasm resources The elephant yam (Amorphophallus become urgent, because of the fast loss of paeoniifolius Nicolson) has been regarded as a these resources. tuber crop and serving as an important food for humans and as animal feed (Li et al., New varieties breeding, especially 2010). Especially in , it is widely molecular breeding and improvement will cultivated as a food crop. In China, be the major development orientation in however, this species has never been aroid production in China. Pathological cultivated, neither used for food because it studies will focus on the root rots of konjac is poisonous. Taxonomically, the genetic and taro. resources are from the same species, i.e. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius. Whether are they The origins of aroid crops are interesting different varieties or cultivars or landraces? topics. Taro, for example, keeps many Further explorations should be conducted, secrets in its origin, development, evolution including its taxonomy, phytochemistry, and traditional uses. Anthropological, agronomy and others. ethnobotanical, taxonomic, molecular biological, genomic, and many other Prospective studies on aroid crops in approaches should be applied to study this China magic aroid crop.

Many biological and biochemical The ornamental aroids will be developed mysteries are kept in the aroid crops. For in the near future to be huge products for instance, inflorescence odor and gardening, cutting flowers and pot-flowers biology of konjac, synthesis and gene in the tropics and temperate as well. regulation of calcium oxalate (or other Horticultural, aesthetic and architectural compounds) in aroids, biological

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