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Aroid Crops in China Aroid Crops in China Yujing Liu, Heng Li, Devra Jarvis, Chunlin Long*

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Aroid Crops in China Aroid Crops in China Yujing Liu, Heng Li, Devra Jarvis, Chunlin Long* Liu, Li, Jarvis and Long, 2015 Aroid crops in China Aroid crops in China Yujing Liu, Heng Li, Devra Jarvis, Chunlin Long* Yujing Liu Jiangsu University No.301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China [email protected] Minzu University of China 27 Zhong-guan-cun South Ave, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China Heng Li Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China Email: [email protected] Devra Jarvis Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese, Rome, Italy [email protected] Chunlin Long* Author for correspondings. Minzu University of China 27 Zhong-guan-cun South Ave, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China Email: [email protected], Tel/fax: +86–10–68930381 ABSTRACT in Chinese history and nowadays. They are The history of aroid cultivation in China taro (Colocasia esculenta, a common food was briefly introduced in the present paper. crop), konjac (Amorphophallus konjac, a Based on the approaches of literature study medicinal and industrial crop), and Ban Xia and field investigation, 16 species in the (Pinellia ternata, an important herbal family Araceae were recognized as crops medicinal crop). The taxonomic issues at cultivated in the country. Among them, species and cultivar levels were argued and three species are with very high values both Aroideana VOL 38E NO 1, 2015 116 Liu, Li, Jarvis and Long, 2015 Aroid crops in China discussed. Suggestions for future studies World tropics, Old World tropics and north were proposed for aroid crop development. temperate regions (Li et al., 2010). In China, there are 26 genera and 181 KEY WORDS species of aroids, in which 72 species are Araceae, Aroid, Colocasia esculenta, endemic to the country. Cultivation of Amorphophallus konjac, Pinellia ternata, aroids in China is a common phenomenon Classification, Cultivation in the southern regions. The ornamental aroids, for example, have been grown in gardens, residential areas, and even in the INTRODUCTION northern indoors. Some aroids have been Aroid is not a common name which cultivated as crops for more than 2000 everybody knows. It refers to the members years. in the family Araceae, a group of monocots. A few aroid members, however, are very Unfortunately, nobody can tell how many famous for their values or unusual aroid crops have been cultivated in China. morphology. People know taro (Colocasia The history, evaluation, classification and esculenta) for its big leaves and starchy tubers, nomenclature of cultivated aroids in China which feed about 400 million people in the are still in question marks. This paper will world (Bown, 2000). Other aroids are also try to answer these questions, focusing on cultivated for food, such as members in the aroid crops. Xanthosoma and Amorphophallus. The value of aroids is not limited to the edible. The flamingo flower (Anthurium andraeanum) has MATERIALS AND METHODS become a symbol of many exotic locations, Literatures had been collected and even in the north temperature areas. Aroids studied, including the ancient Chinese are now entering homes, hotels, restaurants, books which recorded aroids. Over 30 conference halls and other indoors very volumes of ancient books have been often. The calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopia), checked. Recent publications were also giant taro (Alocasia odora and A. studied in terms of the taxonomy, macrorrhizos), red-leaf philodendron cultivation, agronomy and horticulture of (Philodendron erubescens) and elephant’s ear (P. Chinese aroids. domesticum), Swiss cheese plant (Monstera deliciosa), Dieffenbachia, Aglaonema, and many The cultivated aroids were investigated in others are fashionable decorative plants. the past twenty years, including those Aroid members are also known as the Arum growing in farming fields, outdoors, indoors family, which consists of 111 genera and and pots. The wild types of these cultivated over 3500 species occurring in the New aroids have been surveyed. Voucher Aroideana VOL 38E NO 1, 2015 117 Liu, Li, Jarvis and Long, 2015 Aroid crops in China specimens and living plants of unconfirmed RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS taxa were collected and conserved in A brief history of aroid cultivation in Kunming Botanical Garden. China The taxonomical methods had been To understand the history of aroid applied to identify the specimens and living cultivation in China, we investigated the collections. Other specimens deposited in ancient Chinese literatures. Three members Kunming (KUN) and Beijing (PE) had been of aroids, taro (Colocasia esculenta), konjac examined in the last three years. (Amorphophallus konjac) and Ban Xia (Pinellia ternata) are the most frequent species to be recorded in old literatures. For example, the names for taro changed from one dynasty to another (Table 1). Dynasty Author Book title The name for Taro in different book Warring Qu Yuan Songs of Chu Yu he(芋荷); States Han Ban Gu Qian Han Shu Qun chi(踆鸱); Dynasty Western Si Maqian Shih Chih Cun chi(蹲鸱); Han Dynasty Eastern Xu Shen Shuo Wen Yu(芋,芌); Han Dynasty Han-Jin Tao Supplementary Yu(芋), Tu zhi (土芝), Cun chi(蹲鸱); Dynasty Hongjing Records of Famous Physicians Liang Tao Annotation of Yu(芋), lü yu(梠芋); Dynasty Hongjing Materia Medica Three Zhang Yi Guang ya Yu(芋), Wu yu(乌芋); Kingdom Period, Wei Dynasty Aroideana VOL 38E NO 1, 2015 118 Liu, Li, Jarvis and Long, 2015 Aroid crops in China Northern Jia Sixie Arts for the Yu(芋), Niao yu(鳥芋), Gu shui yu(姑水芋), Che gu Wei People yu(车毂芋), Man yu(蔓芋), Jiu Mian yu (九面芋), Jun Dynasty zi yu(君子芋), Bai guo yu(百果芋), Su yu(素芋), Bai zi yu(百子芋), Da yu(大芋), Bo shi yu(博士芋), Jun zi yu(锯子芋), Pang ju yu(旁巨芋), Qing bian yu(青 边芋), Tan shan yu(谈善芋), Chang wei yu(长味芋), Ji zi yu(鸡子芋), Han yu(旱芋), Jiu mian yu(九靣芋), Xiang kong yu(象空芋) , Qing yu(青芋), Su yu(素 芋); Tang Su Gong Xin Xiu Ben Qing yu(青芋), Zi yu(紫芋), Zhen yu(真芋), Bai Dynasty Cao, Tang yu(白芋), Lian chan yu(连禅芋); Materia Medica Song Luo Yuan Er Ya Yi Yu kui(芋魁), Yu qu(芋渠), Bai guoyu(白果芋), Bai Dynasty ziyu(百子芋), Qing yu(青芋), Zi yu(紫芋), Bai yu(白 芋), Ye yu(野芋), Che gu yu(车毂芋), Ju yu(君芋), Yu zi(芋子); Song Wang Zhi Shao Tao Lu Shui Yu tou(水芋头); Dynasty Song Song Qi Yi Bu Fang Bu Zhan yu(鸇芋), man yu(蠻芋), fu yu(榑芋), Qing Dynasty Lue Ji yu(青芋), Zi yu(紫芋), Lian chan yu(连禅芋), Lian chan yu(连禅芋), Bai yu(白芋); Song Xie Weixin Gu Jin He Bi Shi Jun zi yu(君子芋), Qing bian yu(青边芋), Dan shan Dynasty Lei Bei Yao yu(淡善芋), Geng yu(羹芋), Dou yu(豆芋), Cun chi(蹲鸱), Yu(芋), Tu zhi(土芝); Song Dai Tong Liu Shu Gu Yu(芋, 芌); Dynasty Song Li Fang Tai Ping Yu Lan Bei yu(卑芋); Dynasty Song Luo Yuan Er Ya Yi Yu(芋, 芌); Dynasty Song Tang Zheng Lei Ben Yu(芋), Tu zhi(土芝); Dynasty Shenwei Cao Ming Yang Shen Gu Yin Pian Zi Cun chi(蹲鸱), Qun chi(踆鸱); Dynasty Ming Chen Pian Zhi Yu(芋), Jun zi yu(君子芋), Bai guo yu(百果芋), Bo Dynasty Yumo shi yu(博士芋); Aroideana VOL 38E NO 1, 2015 119 Liu, Li, Jarvis and Long, 2015 Aroid crops in China Ming Cao Shu Zhong Yu(芋), Cun chi(蹲鸱), Man yu(蔓芋), Jun zi yu(锯子 Dynasty Xuequan Guang Ji 芋), Qing yu(青芋), Zi yu(紫芋), Bai yu(白芋), Zhen yu(真芋), Lian chan yu(连禅芋), Ming Li Shizhen Compendium of Yu(芋), Tu zhi(土芝), Yu tou(芋头), Cun chi(蹲鸱), Dynasty Materia Medica Jun zi yu(君子芋), Lian chan yu(连禅芋), Bai guo yu(百果芋), Qing bian yu(青边芋), Pang ju yu(旁巨 芋), Che gu yu(车毂芋), Chang wei yu(长味芋) , Ji zi yu(鸡子芋), Jiu mian yu(九靣芋), Qing yu(青芋), Cao yu(曹芋), Xiang yu(象芋) , Shui yu(水芋), Han yu(旱芋), Man yu(蔓芋); Ming Peng Sunyi Ming Zhai Ji Yu he(芋荷); Dynasty Ming Chen Ge Zhi Jing Yuan Cun chi(蹲鸱), Tu zhi(土芝), Qing dao yu(青岛芋), Dynasty Yuanlong Qing yu(青芋), Zi yu(紫芋), Bai yu(白芋), Yu tou(芋 头), Tian he sheng(天河生); Qing Gui An, Li Dai Shi Hua Ju yu(莒芋); Dynasty Wu Jingxu Qing Wu Qijun Zhi Wu Ming Da yu(大芋), mian yu(麫芋）, Gou zhua yu(狗爪芋), Dynasty Shi Tu Kao Shui yu(水芋), Pu yu(璞芋), Shao yu(韶芋), Zong yu(棕芋), Bai yu(白芋), Ma yu(麻芋), Dong yu(冬芋), Shui li hong(水黎红), Da tou feng yu(大头风芋), Ji mu yu(鸡母芋), Dong yu(东芋), Qing zhu yu(青竹 芋), Huang yu(黄芋), Fan yu(番芋), Er yu(儿芋), Dian yu(滇芋); Table 1. Collected old names for taro (Colocasia esculenta) The earliest record of aroid in China was (501–521). A monograph on taro called Yu Chu Ci, a book written by Qu Yuan, the Jing (Book of Taro) was issued in Ming most famous poet in Warring States Period Dynasty (16th century, 1368–1644) by (BC 475–221), in which he recorded the Huang Sheng Zheng. In Huang’s first Chinese name for taro (Colocasia monograph, he provided information of esculenta Schott). In Supplementary Records of classification (types of taro), cultivation Famous Physicians, a medicinal book issued in methods, and the value of taro to Han-Jin Period (220–450), taro was preventing famine in his time. recorded as an herbal medicine for the first time. The earliest cultivation record was Ban Xia (or Fa Ban Xia, Pinellia ternata discovered in a book of Liang Dynasty Ten.
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