Spring 2009

PSY 640: Foundations of Developmental Psychology

Thursdays, 4 - 6:30 pm Webster 103

Instructor: Catherine Sophian Gartley Hall 105B Office phone: (808) 956-2554 [email protected] Office hours: Tu 1:30-3, Th 2-3:30

Teaching Assistant: Katrin Tovote, Gartley Hall 216 D [email protected] Office hours: TBA

Goals The principal goal of this course is to familiarize students with the nature of developmental inquiry in psychology. Students will learn about historically important theories in developmental psychology and their impact on current research, and will acquire knowledge about methodological issues in developmental research and the ability to read and critically evaluate research papers in the field. They will also gain understanding of how a developmental perspective can enrich our understanding in other subfields of psychology.

The course is recommended as the introductory course in the field for all graduate students in developmental psychology, and it fills one of the "foundations" requirements for students in other programs within the psychology department.

Readings We will read a substantial portion of Durkin’s (1995) Developmental Social Psychology textbook in this course. It is available for purchase at the bookstore. Additional readings— journal articles and excerpts from books—are indicated on the course schedule. These will be distributed via email, whenever possible.

Assignments and Grading Grades will be based primarily on two short papers and two class presentations. Attendance and class participation, including discussion question contributions (see below), will also be a factor in grading.

Discussion questions. As a contribution to class discussions, students are encouraged to identify issues they would like to see discussed in class. These should be questions that either (a) explore interrelations between one or more readings for the current week and either other current readings or prior readings; (b) explore the implications of one or more developmental ideas that play a prominent role in the current readings for other topics of interest to you. These questions must be emailed to [email protected] no later than 48 hours before class. I will integrate and/or select among them, and circulate a list of discussion topics to the class, whenever possible by the evening preceding our class meeting.

1 Spring 2009

Papers. In the papers, you will be asked to reflect upon and integrate the course material in response to specific questions. These are indicated on the course schedule along with their due dates. There is a strict 800-word limit for each of these papers. Please use your word processor to determine the number of words in your paper (excluding references) and record that at the top of your paper.

Presentation #1: Assigned paper. One presentation will consist of leading class discussion of one of the assigned readings outside of our textbook. The leader’s goal is to facilitate a discussion that will deepen the class’ understanding of the research reported in the article and its significance. Handouts or powerpoint slides providing an outline of the discussion and/or presenting key information to be referenced in the discussion are highly recommended. However, the presentation should not be so scripted by the handout as to preclude open discussion. Likewise, while it will often be appropriate, in preparation for these presentations, to familiarize yourself with related work beyond the materials the rest of the class is reading, the presentation should not be a lecture in which the student who is presenting does all or most of the talking. The instructor will be actively supporting the student leaders in making these discussions as productive as possible; hence, substantial instructor participation should be expected and it should not be interpreted as implied criticism of the student leader’s performance. The amount of time we spend on these presentations may vary, depending in part on how much other material there is to be covered. Feel free to consult with the instructor after the class period preceding your presentation for clarification as to how your presentation will fit into the overall plan for the next class period.

Presentation #2: Paper not on syllabus. A second presentation (not necessarily later in time than the first, as the timing will depend on the topics chosen) will be based on a research article you select (a primary-source research report, NOT a review or discussion paper) that looks developmentally at a research problem of interest to you. You will have a maximum of 20 minutes to tell the class about a specific finding from the article you have chosen and why you think it is important. Your presentation does not need to describe the entire article but should include enough information about the research project that is reported that we can understand and evaluate the empirical basis for the conclusion that you are discussing. It is highly recommended that the presentation be supported by a handout or powerpoint presentation that provides a complete reference and one or more figures and/or tables summarizing aspects of the data on which you want to focus. These presentations should still be interactive, although more oriented toward presenting information and correspondingly less oriented toward promoting discussion than the presentations based on papers the whole class has read.

Powerpoint Slides I will circulate my powerpoint slides before we meet when possible (provided it does not have a detrimental effect on class attendance or preparedness), otherwise shortly afterward.

2 Spring 2009

Course Schedule

1/15 First class

1/22 Cognitive development and learning Durkin, pp. 14-21 (cognitive developmental theory), 199-206 (learning theory and language, biological theory of language) Chomsky, N. (1959). A review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior. Language, 35, 26-58. Piaget, J. (1964). Development and learning. Reprinted from R. Ripple & V. Rockcastle (Eds.), Piaget rediscovered. (Pp. 38-46). Tomasello, M., & Carpenter, M. (2007). Shared intentionality. Developmental Science, 10, 121-125.

1/29 Social development and learning Durkin, pp. 21-32 (social learing theory, ethology, sociobiology) Begley, S. (2008). But I did everything right! Newsweek, Aug. 18/August25, pp. 40-41. Grusec, J. E. (1992). Learning theory and developmental psychology: The legacies of Robert Sears and Albert Bandura. Developmental Psychology, 28, 776-786. Ge, X., Conger, R. D., Codoret, R. J., Neiderhisen, J. M., Yates, W., Troughton, E., & Stewart, M. A. (1996). The developmental interface between nature and nurture: A mutual influence model of child antisocial behavior and parent behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 574-589. Dodge, K. A. (2004). The nature-nurture debate and public policy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 418-427.

2/5 Culture and development Durkin, pp. 368-374 (Vygotsky) Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Pp. 38-57, 79-91. Keller, H., & Greenfield, P. M. (2000). History and future of development in cross-cultural psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 52-62. Saltaris, C., Serbin, L. A., Stack, D. M., Karp, J. A., & Schwartzman, A. E. (2004). Nurturing cognitive competence in preschoolers: A longitudinal study of intergenerational continuity and risk. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 105-115.

3 Spring 2009

2/12 Attachment Durkin, Chapter 3: Attachment to others (pp. 77-110). Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Pp. 177-180, 265-268, 303-309. Johnson, S. C., Dweck, C. S., & Chen, F. S. (2007). Evidence for infants’ internal working models of attachment. Psychological Science, 18, 501-502. Tronick, E. Z., Morelli, G. A., & Ivey, P. K. (1992). The Efe forager infant and toddler’s pattern of social relationships: Multiple and simultaneous. Developmental Psychology, 28, 568-577.

DUE 2/16: Reflecting on the kinds of developmental analyses offered by Chomsky, Piaget, Bowlby, and Vygotsky, which two theorists strike you as the most similar in the stances they take on the nature/nurture issue (irrespective of differences among them in the aspects of development they focus on, i.e., language, cognition, attachment)? Explain the similarity you see between the two theorists you have chosen, and how it contrasts with the positions each of the other two theorists promulgate.

2/19 Beyond Nature Vs. Nurture Pinker, S. (2004). Why nature & nurture won’t go away. Daedalus, Fall 2004, 1-13. Gottlieb, G. (2007). Probabilistic epigenesis. Developmental Science, 10, 1-11. McLafferty, C. I. (2006). Examining unproven assumptions of Galton’s nature-nurture paradigm. American Psychologist, 61, 177-178. Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2007). Atypical epigenesis. Developmental Science, 10, 84-88.

2/26 Language development Durkin, review pp. 199-206 Durkin, pp. 206-222 (child language; cognition & language) & pp. 224-230 (social context of language acquisition) Pinker, S. Rules of language. Science, 253, 530-535. Bates, E. (1994). Modularity, domain specificity, and the development of language. In D. C. Gajdusek, G. M. McKhann, & L. C. Bolis (Eds.), Evolution and neurology of language, X, 136-149. Senghas, A., & Coppola, M. (2001). Children creating language: how Nicaraguan sign language acquired a spatial grammar. Psychological Science, 21, 323-328.

4 Spring 2009

3/5 Origins of Knowledge Spelke, E., & Kinzler, K. D. (2007). Core knowledge. Developmental Science, 10, 89-96. Gelman, S. A. (1994). Competence versus performance. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human intelligence, Vol. 1 (pp. 283-286). New York: Macmillan. Siegler, R. S. (2007). Cognitive variability. Developmental Science, 10, 104-109. Sophian, C. (1997). Beyond competence: The significance of performance for conceptual development. Cognitive Development, 12, 281-303. Dixon, J. A., & Kelley, E. (2007). Theory revision and redescription: Complementary processes in knowledge acquisition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 111-115.

3/12 Contexts of Socialization Durkin, pp. 116-123 (childrearing styles), 130-135 (day care) Belsky, J., Vandell, D. L., Burchinal, M., Clarke-Stewart, K. A., McCartney, K., Owen, M. T., & the NICHD Child Care Research Network. (2007). Are there long-term effects of early child care? Child Development, 78, 681-701. Kohen, D. E., Leventhal, T., Dahinten, V. S., & McIntosh, C. N. (2008). Neighborhood disadvantage: Pathways of effects for young children. Child Development, 79, 156-169. Maikovich, A. K., Jaffee, S. R., Odgers, C. L., & Gallop, R.. (2008). Effects of family violence on psychopathology symptoms in children previously exposed to maltreatment. Child Development, 79, 1498-1512.

3/19 Self Regulation Durkin, pp. 287-302 (concept of self) Block, J., & Block, J. H. (2006). Venturing a 30-year longitudinal study. American Psychologist, 61, 315-327. Davis-Kean, P. E., Huesmann, L. R., Jager, J., Collins, W. A., Bates, J. E., & Lansford, J. E. (2008). Changes in the relation of self-efficacy beliefs and behaviors across development. Child Development, 79, 1257-1269. Eigsti, I., Zayas, V., Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., Ayduk, O., Dadlani, M. B., Davidson, M. C., Aber, J. L., & Casey, B. J. (2006). Predictive cognitive control from preschool to late adolescence and young adulthood. Psychological Science, 17, 478-484. Menon, M., Tobin, D. D., Corby, B. C., Menon, M., Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G. (2007). The developmental costs of high self esteem. Child Development, 78, 1627-1639. Steinberg, L. (2007). Risk taking in adolescence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 55-59.

5 Spring 2009

4/2 Social Cognition & Relationships with Peers Durkin, pp. 144-145 (peer group formation); 302-317 (knowledge of others) Meltzoff, A. N. (2007). ‘Like me’: A foundation for social cognition. Developmental Science, 10, 126-134. Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1996). Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67, 597-615. Pedersen, S., Vitaro, F., Barker, E. D., & Borge, A. I. H. (2007). The timing of middle- childhood peer rejection and friendship: Linking early behavior to early-adolescent adjustment. Child Development, 78, 1037-1051.

4/9 Theory of Mind Wellman, H. M. (2002). Understanding the psychological world: Developing a theory of mind. In U. Goswami (Ed.), Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development, pp. 167-187. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Taumoepeau, M., & Ruffman, T. (2008). Stepping stones to others’ minds: Maternal talk relates to child mental state language and emotion understanding at 15, 24, and 33 months. Child Development, 79, 284-302. Aschersleben, G., Hofer, T., & Jovanovic, B. (2008). The link between infant attention to goal-directed action and later theory of mind abilities. Developmental Science, 11, 862- 868. Sabbagh, M. A., Xu, F., Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Lee, K. (2006). The development of executive functioning and theory of mind. Psychological Science, 17, 74-81.

4/16 Developmental Changes in Cognitive Processes Deloache, J. S., & Burns, N. M. (1993). Symbolic development in young children: Understanding models and pictures. In C. Pratt & A. F. Garton (Eds.), Systems of representation in children (pp. 91-112). New York: Wiley. Siegler, R. S., & Stern, E. (1998). Conscious and unconscious strategy discoveries: A microgenetic analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 377-397.

4/23 Development of Aggression Durkin, Chapter 12: The Development of Aggression (pp. 391-427) Williams, S. T., Conger, K. J., & Blozis, S. A. (2007). The development of interpersonal aggression during adolescence: The importance of parents, siblings, and family economics. Child Development, 78,1526-1542. Pepler, D., Jiang, D., Craig, W., & Connolly, J. (2008). Developmental trajectories of bullying and associated factors. Child Development, 79, 325-338.

6 Spring 2009

4/30 Moral Development Durkin, pp. 463-486 (moral development—biological and cognitive-developmental theories) Pinker, S. A. (2008). The moral instinct. New York Times Magazine, Jan. 13, 2008. www.nytimes.com/20008/1/13/magazine/13Psychology- t.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin, accessed 10/26/2008. Kochanska, G., & Aksan, N. (2004). Conscience in childhood: Past, present, and future. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 50, 299-310. Posada, R., & Wainryb, C. (2008). Moral development in a violent society: Columbian children’s judgments in the context of survival and revenge. Child Development, 79, 882- 898.

DUE 5/4: Characterizations of cognitive development as, in part, a matter of socialization and of social development as, in part, a matter of cognitive change suggest that each subfield might benefit from ideas in the other. The assignment for this paper is to develop a specific proposal for this sort of cross-fertilization. Specifically, either: (a) Choose a specific theoretical construct that has been used in research on cognitive development (e.g., modularity, strategy choice) and propose a way in which it might be fruitfully extended to research in social development, or (b) Choose a specific theoretical construct that has been used in research on social development (e.g., attachment, self efficacy) and propose a way in which it might be fruitfully extended to research in cognitive development.

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