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14 Novembre 2018 La Recherche Sur La Technologie 14 Novembre 2018 La recherche sur la technologie "gene drive" peut bénéficier la conservation et la santé publique La communauté internationale est confrontée à des défis existentiels qui compromettent notre future, de la perte catastrophique de la biodiversité à de graves menaces pour la santé publique. Les cas de paludisme sont à nouveau à la hausse après des décennies de progrès, et les écosystèmes fragiles connaissent une intensification croissante des extinctions. Ces défis nécessitent des outils nouveaux et complémentaires si nous voulons atteindre les Objectifs de Développement Durable et les Objectifs d'Aichi.i. Alors que la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CDB) se réunit pour la 14ème Conférence des Parties (COP14) en Égypte en novembre, les autorités des pays du monde entier auront l'occasion de réaffirmer l'importance de permettre la recherche pour soutenir l'innovation responsable et la prise de décision basée sur des évidences. Fermer la porte à la recherche en créant des barrières arbitraires, une forte incertitude, et des retards indéterminés limitera considérablement notre capacité à fournir des réponses aux questions que les responsables politiques, les régulateurs, et le public sont en train de poser. Le moratoire proposé au sein du CDB sur les lâchers expérimentaux empêcherait l’évaluation complète des utilisations potentielles du « gene drive ». La faisabilité et les modalités de tout lâcher expérimental devrait plutôt être évaluées au cas par cas. Une grande partie des progrès que nous avons réalisés au cours du siècle dernier en matière d’amélioration des moyens de subsistance et du bien-être des communautés du monde entier est le résultat de l’accroissement des connaissances acquises grâce à la recherche scientifique. La science n'a pas apporté des solutions à tous nos problèmes, mais l’amélioration de nos connaissances a été essentielle au progrès. L’innovation dans le domaine des vaccins, par exemple, a sauvé des millions de vies: la réduction de 74% des décès infantiles dus à la rougeole au cours de la dernière décennie témoigne du pouvoir décisif de la recherche scientifiqueii. "Gene drive" est un domaine de recherche bien établi. Observé pour la première fois dans les années 1920 chez les souris et les drosophiles, "gene drive" est un phénomène naturel qui fait l'objet de recherches depuis de nombreuses années. Des avancées récentes vis-à-vis des outils de modification génétique ont permis des progrès notables au cours des deux années écoulées depuis le premier débat au sein de la CDB sur le "gene drive", ce qui a permis d'approfondir les connaissances et de mieux comprendre les applications possibles du "gene drive", tout en apportant un éclairage supplémentaire sur ses risques, ses limites et son potentiel. Bien que ces progrès soient importants, il reste encore beaucoup à faire avant de pouvoir soumettre un organisme "gene drive" à une évaluation réglementaire. Des institutions clés, telles que l'Union Africaine, ont appelé à continuer les travaux dans ce domaine, soulignant la valeur de l'opportunité que cette recherche représente et la nécessité d'une évaluation au cas-par-cas de ces technologies par les autorités nationales.iii. Les scientifiques, aux côtés des experts en règlementation, des bailleurs de fonds et des promoteurs de la recherche, travaillent ensemble pour garantir que la recherche est menée de manière sûre et responsable, en s'appuyant sur les expériences précédentes, en utilisant les politiques et les informations déjà publiées, et en mettant en place des systèmes de surveillance et de confinement afin de prévenir les disséminations accidentelles.iv v. Des discussions sont également en cours pour déterminer les conditions propices aux évaluations de terrain. Les États Membres peuvent permettre à la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique d’être une plateforme pour le partage des connaissances et des expériences. Nous ne devrions pas nous opposer à l'utilisation d'un outil avant que les risques et les avantages potentiels puissent être entièrement évalués. Nous exhortons les gouvernements à veiller à ce que les décisions prises lors de la réunion de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique ne constituent pas un moratoire sur la recherche "gene drive", mais offrent plutôt aux Parties une voie équitable et constructive pour comprendre et surveiller ce domaine de recherche. Signée1: Prof. Austin Burt David Hartwell Professor of Evolutionary Genetics Acting Board Chair Imperial College London, Wildlife Land Trust (Humane Society of the US) UK Board Vice Chair National Audubon Society Principal Investigator, Target Malaria USA 1 Affiliation fournie à des fins d'identification uniquement Prof. Anne Dell CBE FRS FMedSci Tim Allard Head Acting Chief Executive Department of Life Sciences Australian Wildlife Conservancy Imperial College London Australia UK Malaria No More Dr. Karen Poiani USA CEO Island Conservation Dr. Charles Mbogo Yacine Diop Djibo Chief Research Scientist Executive Director Kemri-Wellcome Trust Research Programme Speak Up Africa Kenya Dr. Daniel Masiga Dr. Fred Aboagye-Antwi Principal Scientist, Human and Animal Health Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology School of Biological Sciences Kenya College of Basic and Applied Sciences University of Ghana Ghana Angus Parker Dr. Hirotaka Kanuka Board Chair Professor and Chair Island Conservation Department of Tropical Medicine Jikei University School of Medicine Japan Prof. Pontiano Kaleebu Professor Sir Brian Greenwood CBE, FRS Director, Manson Professor of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Uganda Virus Research Institute London School of Health and Tropical Medicine Uganda UK Dr. Suresh Subramani Dr. Abraham Mnzava Distinguished Professor Senior Malaria Coordinator Division of Biological Sciences African Leaders Malaria Alliance University of California, San Diego USA Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ruth Müller Dr. Laurence Slutsker, MD, MPH Head of the Unit Director Medical Entomology Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Department of Biomedical Sciences Center for Malaria Control and Elimination Institute of Tropical Medicine PATH Belgium Chief Manager Genetics and Ecology Platform PoloGGB Italy Prof. Claudia Emerson, PhD Prof. Lizette L. Koekemoer Director, Institute on Ethics & Policy for Innovation, Research Professor/Director Associate Professor, Philosophy Wits Research Institute for Malaria McMaster University, University of the Witwatersrand Canada South Africa Dr. Charles Mugoya Victoria Seaver Dean Chairperson, President National Biosafety Committee Seaver Institute Uganda National Council for Science and Technology USA Uganda Brian B. Tarimo Dr. Laurie Zoloth Research Scientist-Vector Biology & Parasitology Margaret E. Burton Professor Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Senior Advisor to the Provost Ifakara Health Institute Programs in Social Ethics Tanzania University of Chicago USA Prof. Neil Ferguson Prof. Abdallah Daar Director, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis Professor of Clinical Public Health and Global Health Head, Dept. of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Dalla Lana School of Public Health Vice-Dean (Academic Development), Faculty of Medicine Professor of Surgery Imperial College London University of Toronto, UK Canada Dr. Mamadou Coulibaly Prof. Steven Russell University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Professor of Genome Biology Bamako, Department of Genetics Mali University of Cambridge, UK Prof. Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena Dr. Diabate Abdoulaye Professor Chef de Bureau liaison recherche développement de la Johns Hopkins University Direction Régionale de l’Ouest de l’IRSS, Burkina Faso Maitre Bloomberg School of Public Health de Recherche Chevalier de l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Principal Investigator, Target Malaria Burkina Faso Malaria Research Institute Burkina Faso USA Dr. John Godwin Prof. Anthony A. James Department of Biological Sciences University of California Irvine Malaria Initiative North Carolina State University, Tata Institute for Genetics and Society USA USA Prof. Nora J. Besansky Dr. Leonard Mboera O'Hara Professor of Biology Southern African Center for Infectious Disease Surveillance Department of Biological Sciences & Eck Institute of Global Tanzania Health University of Notre Dame, USA Dr. Jonathan Kayondo Prof. Andrea Crisanti Senior Research Officer/ Ag HoD Division of Entomology Professor of Molecular Parasitology Uganda Virus Research Institute, Imperial College London Uganda UK Prof. Sir Charles Godfray FRS Prof. Luke Alphey Oxford University Group Leader, Arthropod Genetics UK Pirbright Institute UK Dr. Alekos Simoni Prof. Tom Burkot Research Associate, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine Imperial College London, James Cook University UK Australia Prof Raymond J. Monnat, Jr. M.D. Dr. Omar S. Akbari Professor of Pathology and Genome Sciences Division of Biological Sciences Adjunct Professor of Bioengineering Section of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Washington, University of California San Diego, USA USA Prof. Barry Stoddard Jerome Amir Singh Member Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Ethical, Legal, Social Issues Advisory Services on Global Health USA Research and Development South Africa Greta Immobile Molaro Prof. David Threadgill Chief Executive Officer Distinguished Professor of Molecular and Cellular Medicine Polo d’Innovazione Genomica, Genetica e Biologia, Texas
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