A Forum for Natural, Cultural and Social Studies VOLUME 1 - Number 2 Parks Canada, Western Region FALL 1993 Place Names and Myths of Gwaii Haanas C./. Taylor

The Western Region's Gwaii lumbia Museum. Neary attempted to Haanas Ethnography project has consolidate the notes and maps made by focused on the cultural environ­ Charles F. Newcombe. We assisted this ment of the southern Haida. His­ project for one year and received a manu­ torically, two groups of Haida script that lists 500 Haida place names lived in the Gwaii Haanas area: along with historical and ethnographical the Kunghit, centred at Skun'gwai notes made for each site by Newcombe. (Ninstints), and another group The manuscript is currently being revised centred in the Laskeek Bay area. by linguist Dr. John Enrico to render the Although these two groups were place names as accurate as possible and to distinguished linguistically and add further place name data, which he has culturally, they merged during collected from elders in Old Massett. This the latter 19th century as disease revised copy will be incorporated with brought about the abandonment the most up-to-date geographical and ar­ of all the southern towns and vil­ chaeological information and included on lages. Eventually the survivors the GIS system currently being imple­ coalesced with other Haida groups mented at the Gwaii Haanas office in at Skidegate, which is now the prin­ Queen CharlotteCity. Eventually it is cipal town of the southern Haida. hoped to produce a series of inter­ The project has incorporated the pretive maps illustrating the cul­ aims and concerns of the Haida who, tural features of the area. through the Council of the Haida Nation, Related to the place names are equal partners with Parks Canada in study, John Enrico is rework­ the research and conservation of Gwaii ing some of the Haida myths Haanas. In particular Guujaaw, who is collected by James Swanton. also a member of the Gwaii Haanas Man­ Working from the original agement Board, has been a major partici­ a rendering of spoken Haida, pant in the design and implementation of Kunghit he is translating the texts this project. The Queen Charlotte Islands Haida according to his own un­ Museum is another key participant, coor­ who was surpassed knowledge of dinating the retrieval and archiving of one of the the language. The re­ materials collected for the project and man­ last chiefs of published Haida myths aging the research contracts. Skun'gwai, and texts will form an To date the project has endeavoured J.R. Swanton essential background to retrieve a broad spectrum of ethno­ and Charles for the cultural land­ graphic data relating to the southern ar­ Newcombe. They scape of Gwaii chipelago including songs, stories, recorded Haida Haanas. There are genealogies and cultural geography. An place names, language numerous story important initiative has been the Haida and stories and recon­ towns or mythical place name study. Place names, and the structed the world of the places throughout traditional information attached to them, Haida through maps and de­ the islands, but are a significant aspect of any cultural scriptive essays. Further work some of the most landscape, and in Gwaii Haanas, with its in this area was completed by important are in strong associations to Haida history and David Ellis and Solomon Wilson in Gwaii Haanas. So traditions, the place name study is espe­ the 1970s. More recently an ethno­ many places relate cially critical. Important work was car­ graphic place name study was initiated ried out in the 19th century by Tom Price, by Kevin Neary of the Royal British Co­ (continued on page 6) EDITORIAL Lv^YTcTvM]^

The response to our inaugural issue of Research Links is most hearten­ ARTICLES ing. Our initial mailing list was intentionally short; in addition to the 225 1 Place Names and Myths of Gwaii copies distributed within Parks Canada, it included 173 people whom we Haanas 3 Canadian AttitudesTowardsour National believed would be interested in receiving a copy. Of those 173,82 (47%) Parks of you returned our sheet saying yes you wanted to continue receiving 4 Identifying Stressed Wapiti and Moose future issues of Research Links, only one asked to be deleted from the 5 Uncovering the Past at the Bar U Ranch 10 Individual-Based Models of Ecological mailing list, and there were 52 additions. Systems 11 Using Satellite Imagery Analysis to Depict Coastal Ecosystems Your comments indicated you "like the look" of this publication, 12 Shrub Layer Dynamics: Elk Island remarking on its "well written articles", and applauding the initiative National Park "since so much good research in government never sees the light of day". 13 Contaminated Sites: Yesterday's solution/Today's Problem More than one of you asked if we will be seeking external contributions, 14 The Fight With Kicking Horse River- und and some of you indicated an interest in submitting an article or two. To der Fluss siegte doch! this we reply "Yes, yes"! For each issue we look for articles that are related to science and park management and the many issues that surround it. We DEPARTMENTS are receptive to short responses to past articles or to comments that may 8 Natural Region This section introduces all the new provoke dialog on any related topic. We are also looking for an external Ecosystem ManagementSpecialists in the academic advisor who is interested in volunteering as a member of our Western Region, Parks Canada. Research Links Editorial Board. 14 Reports This is a brief listing of reports focused on Western Region's Archaeological In this issue we are pleased to introduce the new Ecosystem Manage­ Resources. ment Specialists, and an interesting article from Dr. McCauley (from the 15 Podium University of Calgary) on the possible application of Individual-Based A place for researchers and resource man­ Models in resource management. We will continue to strive to earn your agers to analyze and debate current envi­ ronmental policies and approaches. In praise, and to be an excellent source of current and relevant information. this Podium article Paul Galbraith intro­ duces the need for an eco-centric out- side-in view of parks and protected areas. The establishment of regional or even global goals is the main substance of his argument. Patricia Benson 16 Meetings of Interest Editor A list of upcoming conferences, meetings and workshops which focuses on issues Parks Canada relevant to research and resource Western Region management in Western Region. Printed on rqcycled paper using vegetable based ink.

SUBMISSIONS WELCOME! Parks Canada aims to produce Research Link three times annually. We welcome submissions from people working within and outside Parks Canada Articles can be drawn from reports, presentations, material submitted to other pub­ Research Links was developed prior to the restructuring lications, or written from scratch. The next issue of the federal government announced by will appear in mid-January, and the submission deadline is November 5. Prime Minister Kim Campbell on June 29,1993. Under the restructuring, WRITE TO... For more information or a free copy of the programs administered by: Sport Canada, Research Links, contact: Multiculturalism and Citizenship, Parks Canada, Secretary of State, Editor, Research Links, #520, 220 - 4 Ave. S.E., P.O. Box 2989, Station M, Calgary, Alberta, T2P and Registrar General become part of the Canadian Heritage portfolio. 3H8. The Canadian Parks Service has also returned to our FRANCOPHONES! former and popular name "Parks Canada". Le texte de cette publication est of fert en francais. Vous pouvez l'obtenir en ecrivant a l'adresse ci- dessus.

>: Canadian Attitudes Towards our National Parks by Sylvanna Hegmatm with excerpts from a recent Angus Reid Group report

In early 1993, Parks Canada, Western Of the WR Strategic Plan objectives, When asked which cost-recovery Region (WR) commissioned the Angus "identifying and responding to future options for campgrounds should be con­ Reid Group, a well-known market re­ threats to park resources both within and sidered by Parks Canada, "closing sec­ search firm with experience in conduct­ outside of national parks boundaries", tions of campgrounds that are not suffi­ ing public opinion studies, to fill informa­ "promoting the benefits of environmen­ ciently used", "charging campers for spe­ tion gaps and allow managers to consider tal protection" and "managing the impact cific services in the campgrounds such as the views of the Canadian public. of visitors on national parks to ensure the the use of firewood or showers" and The study consisted of two phases. protection of the parks" were rated as the "charging higher camping fees" were the The first was a telephone interview to top three priorities. most popular. "Closing campgrounds recruit respondents and gather baseline information. The second was a self com­ pleted questionnaire that was mailed to all qualified participants. A total of 3719 telephone interviews were conducted across Canada; from which 2403 Canadians agreed to com­ plete the mailback survey. A total of 801 surveys were mailed in Alberta, 800 in British Columbia, 362 in Ontario, 263 in Quebec, 92 in the Atlantic provinces and 85 in Manitoba/Saskatchewan. A total of 1365 completed question­ naires were returned in May 1993, giving an overall response rate of 57%. This is considered excellent for a survey of the general public.

RESULT HIGHLIGHTS Figure t: Support/Resistance to Revenue Generation Options Parks Management Canadians overwhelmingly state that Respondents were also asked to rate and relying on private campgrounds out­ the main priority of Parks Canada is to their level of support for a number of side of the parks" was the least popular. "preserve and protect the natural envi­ revenue generation ideas. Figure 1 shows ronment within the existing national park the level of support and the level of resist­ Development in National Parks boundaries". "Creating new national ance to these ideas. Two of the most popu­ When comparing national park parks to protect ecologically significant lar options to generate revenue are based townsites (and service centres) in western areas" and "providing recreational op­ on voluntary donations followed by charg­ Canada, the Town of Banff is more often portunities for visitors" are the second ing a highway toll. "Charging seniors the seen as overdeveloped than Jasper, Field and third priorities. Table 1 shows the regular adult entry fee and closing facili­ or Waterton. 57% of Canadians feel that ranking of Parks Canada's priorities by all ties" or "reducing services (if this does not "townsites located within national parks Canadians, by western Canada residents pose a threat to public safety in national (e.g. Banff, Jasper) should not be permit­ and by the remaining provinces. parks)" are the least acceptable options. ted to expand or develop beyond their current levels". The two types of facilities which re­ Table h Ranking of Parks Canada Priorities spondents (approximately half of Cana­ CANADIAN BC/AB OTHER dians) feel are the least appropriate for PARKS CANADA PRIORITIES OVERALL ONLY PROV. national parks are airstrips and golf courses. This number drops slightly for Preserving/protecting environment within park boundaries 1 1 1 western Canada respondents. Hotels, gift Create new parks to protect ecologically significant areas 2 2 3 stores and downhill ski areas were ranked next as being considered inappropriate Provide recreational opportunities for visitors 3 3 2 (i.e., "should not be in a national park" or Work with groups/gov'ts on environmental issues 4 5 4 "currently too many of them"). Provide learning opportunities for visitors 5 4 5

Work with groups/gov'ts on tourism issues 6 6 6 (continued on page 6) 3 Identifying Stressed Wapiti and Moose by Normand L. Cool and Robert}. Hudson

sponding drop in FCP. Thus, FCP con­ In conclusion, FCP and the U/C ra­ centrations were not significantly related tios offer a reliable index of changes in to changes in body condition. nitrogen availability and diet quality dur­ Creatinine wasa satisfactory denomi­ ing winter. However, FCP is not a good nator for urinary metabolite ratios. Itsdaily indicator of changes in body condition. excretion was relatively constant, and was Low U/C ratios and/or the absence of not significantly affected by diet, ambient urea in snow urine followed by rising temperatures or daily urine volume. U/C ratios with the presence of Cortisol Urinary urea excretion and urea: in snow urine is a definite signal of stress. creatinine ratios (U/C) were positively U/C and C/C ratios over 30 and 10 re­ related to nitrogen intake over a wide spectively, clearly reflect a metabolic defi­ range of intakes. U/C ratios and FCP cit of energy and nitrogen for penned obtained from wild wapiti and moose wapiti and moose. Often visual signs also reflected changes in nitrogen avail­ such as pronounced angulation of the ability. A rise in urea excretion associated rump and emaciation are evident. How­ with tissuecatabolism was not detected in ever, field observations are subjective, not pen trials. always possible, and are often compli­ Elk Island National Park (located in When animals were fed a low protein cated by other causes such as winter tick central Alberta) is enclosed by a 2.2 metre diet, lean animals had elevated Cortisol induced hair loss. high fence, limiting animal dispersal excretion and cortisohcreatinine ratios Currently, in Elk Island, snow urine within the bounds of 195 square kilome­ (C/C). Cortisol excretion and C/C ratios samples from ungulates are being col­ tres. The park's largest predator is the declined to within normal range 14 days lected, on an annual basis, to determine coyote (Canis latrans) which is unable to after moose were fed a high protein diet. winter condition of these animals. This maintain the ungulate populations at or However, of the snow urine samples ob­ information will help in the management below the carrying capacity of the range. tained from free-ranging wapiti and of these ungulate populations. The resulting surplus of wapiti (Ccrvus moose only one out of 90 had measurable elaphus), moose (Alces alces) and wood amounts of Cortisol (adult males had lower For more detailed information contact: bison (Bison bison athabascae) are live- indices in general). Therefore, this index Normand L.Cool who is the Faunal and trapped to restock depleted areas in is limited in its ability to monitor progres­ Limnological Specialist in Elk Island National Canada. Plainsbison (Bison bison) are sold sive changes in body condition during Park. Office tel: (403) 992-6380. to the public. winter. To determine the yearly ungulate sur­ Robert ]. Hudson is a professor in the Animal plus, park staff have used annual aerial FIELD Science Department at the University of Alberta. and range surveys. However these tools APPLICATIONS have not been completely successful, and alternative methods to assess the balance Urinations must be distinguished ac­ of herbivores and their food supply were cording to species because of differences sought. The focus of this study was to in diet selection affecting digestive capac­ determine if the analysisof feces and urine ity, rumen efficiency and the inherent dif­ from ungulates can be used to identify ferences in nitrogen usage between spe­ animals under stress (a possible indicator cies. If possible the age and gender of of winter severity or carrying capacity). animals should be recorded because of Eight wapiti and eight moose calves differences in robustness and body condi­ were penned and fed a controlled diet. tion when entering winter. Feces and urine samples were collected The sequential collection of snow and metabolic end products such as fecal urine is important when nitrogen use is crudeprotein(FCP),creatinine (a by-prod­ being monitored through U/C ratios. uct of muscle metabolism), and urea; plus Nitrogen excretion reaches its lowest point Cortisol (a hormone which surges during in February (during normal winters) and times of stress) were measured. during this time urea may not be detected due to a decline in forage quality, avail­ RESULTS ability and high nitrogen recycling. For example, in 1992, a severe winter, about Fecal crude protein was positively 20% of the moose snow urine samples had related to nitrogen intake in both wapiti no detectable amounts of urea. Monitor­ (P=0.002) and moose (P=0.005). However ing for this low point reveals the period reducing the low protein (8.1 - 9.6% crude where there is an increased demand on protein) diet to 50% did not cause a corre­ body reserves.

CY4Y) Uncovering the Past at The Bar U Ranch by Rod /. Heitzmann

The Bar U Ranch National Historic Site has been developed by Parks Canada to commemorate the significance of the ranching industry in the history of west­ ern Canada. Archaeological studies are an important part of the ground work necessary for new park establishment. These studies provide baseline data on site locations and a preliminary indica­ tion of their archaeological potential. They also assistsite planning and development, help to ensure protection of these re­ sources, and contribute to heritage com­ munication messages. In 1992, a prelimi­ nary inventory and assessment of the Bar U Ranch was undertaken by Rod Heitzmann and Bill Perry. In 1993, Dr. Gerald Oetelaar, from the University of Calgary, Department of Archaeology, directed a Field School which conducted a program to test and further assess ar­ chaeological significance of the Bar U Ranch. The Bar U Ranch circa 1947. Courtesy of Lee Alwood. The ranch is located in the Pekisko Valley which is southwest of Calgary near broad shallow valley floor. Several broad PRE-RANCH PERIOD Longview, Alberta. One can find the grassy terraces also exist along the creek ranch headquarters 30 metres below the valley and a wonderful view of the Rocky Prior to the establishment of the Bar U low rolling uplands and grass covered Mountain front ranges can be seen to the Ranch, the environment was ideally suited hills. The Pekisko Creek, bordered by west. for the herds of bison which occupied the cottonwood stands, meanders along the northwestern plains. Along Pekisko Creek native people established tipi camps, hunted game, possibly fished and used the other resources of the surrounding area. Evidence of native people's past use has been identified at five geographically separate locations on the Bar U Ranch. These were located utilizing small tests excavated with shovels. As of yet, none hasbeen investigated in detail and it is not possible to assign precise dating to these sites. In 1993, test excavations revealed that much of the ranch headquarters was used as a campsite by earlier people. Items recovered consist of by-products of stone tool production, fragments of rock used for stone boiling, and bison bone. To date, most of the stone flakes recovered are small "retouch" flakes indicating that stone tools were shaped into final form or were resharpened here, but early stages of tool production occurred elsewhere. At one locale east of the ranch headquarters the Field School carried out a surface collec­ tion, auger, and test excavation program. Cultural materials were found within and below the plough zone to depths of 90 cm. Figure 1: Locating a ham with the use of a metal detector (continued on page 7) Gwaii Haanas of Gwaii Haanas with a different perspec­ Concerned Enthusiasts (33% of the Cana­ (continued from page 1) tive from that of the 20th-century post- dian population, 27% of Four Mountain industrial world. Parks visitors) are very committed to pre­ to Haida myth and history that Nathalie serving the integrity of Canada's natural Macfarlane, Director of the Queen Char­ READINGS environment and enhancing itby creating lotte Islands Museum, describes Gwaii 1. Margaret B. Blackmail, "Haida: Tradition/A new parks. They are enthusiastic about Haanas as having a mythic resonance Culture," Handbook of North American Indians, Parks Canada, but they are also disap­ comparable to the Greek islands of the vol. 7, Northwest Coast (Washington, 1990). pointed in the perceived inability of Parks Aegean. Of the three principal mythic 2. George F. MacDonald, Haida Monumental Art Canada to create new parks or to ad­ villages to which Raven families trace (Vancouver, 1983). equately emphasize natural resource pro­ their origin, two are in Gwaii Haanas. 3. John R. Swanton, Contributions to the Ethnology tection. They are opposed to golf courses Perhaps the most important of these is of the Haida (New York, 1905). and most types of development, as they centred in the Skincuttle Inlet area. At believe the parks are close to full capacity 4. John R. Swanton, Haida Texts and Mi/ths Xa 'gi (Ha 'gi) the progenitors of the Raven (New York, 1905). with regard to development. They are the lineage emerged from the womb of Foam- most educated of all the segments. Woman. The story is part of a series detail­ C.J. Taylor is a historian in the Heritage Resource ing the beginning of the world and fol­ Conservation Directorate, Western Region and is Education Advocates (29% of the Ca­ lows stories describing the islands emerg­ the author of Negotiating the Past, the story of nadian population, 35% of Four Moun­ ing from the sea. In this instance the island National Historic Sites in Canada. Office tel. (403) tain Parks visitors) are very supportive of Ha'gi is described as a reef and therefore 292-4470. Parks Canada, but are more interested in is important as a transitional zone be­ activities that educate the public and pro­ tween the spiritual and physical worlds. mote the Parks Canada mandate or per­ It is described in a legend collected by J.R. suade the public to support Parks Canada. Swanton and recounted in his Contribu­ This segment is the most likely to have tions to the Ethnology of the Haida: Canadian Attitudes and travel with children. They want to (continued from page 3) pass along environmental education When Xa'gi emerged from the waters, messages to their children and thus, they Foam -Woman was sitting on it. Around enjoy park services such as movies and the edges of the reef were other super­ About the Respondents presentations. Although they view the natural beings, but she permitted none of Frequent users of parks differ signifi­ protection of natural resources as more them to come near. If any one attempted cantly in demographics from the general important than development or economic it, she looked at him and winked her population and from non-park users. Fre­ progress, they are more likely than Con­ eyes, when lightning shot forth and drove quent park users are typically males with cerned Enthusiasts to feel that room re­ him back. higher than average education and house­ hold incomes. mains for development in national parks.

Respondents were categorized into Uninformed (24% of the Canadian Foam-Woman had many breasts, some five distinct segments. Figure 2 illustrates population, 19% of Four Mountain Parks say as many as ten on a side, at each of the segment names and their proportion visitors) are much more likely than any which she nursed a grandmother of one of the Canadian population. other segment to feel that they do not ha ve of the various Raven families among the Haida. When her first child was born, foam came from its mouth and nearly produced a second flood.

Other myths and stories, associated with sites in Gwaii Haanas, tell of mythi­ cal figures such as Master Carpenter, and historical events such as the raids of the Kunghit Haida on their northern neigh­ bours. They also tell of the flora and fauna and describe characteristics of birds, fish and mammals. All serve to attach rich spiritual, social and historical associations to the landscape. It is these important links to the cultural landscape of Gwaii Haanas that the Ethnography project is trying to gather. Together with the natu­ ral and cultural resources these intangible intellectual resources form an invaluable part of the heritage of Gwaii Haanas. Eventually this knowledge may permit people to re-enter the physical landscape Figure 2: Attitudinal Segments

6 enough information to make environmen­ mended clay floors for horse barns per­ tal decisions. They are the least educated Bar U Ranch haps because it was partially resistant to of any of the segments, and their views are (contained from page 5) water, more durable than wood, yet pro­ less clearly defined on a variety of issues. vided some cushion for horse's hooves. They tend to be more traditional travelers, One significant surface find was the This kind of data will assist in the accurate returning to familiar places, and using midsection of a projectile point which telling of the story at the Bar U Ranch. their motor association for information probably dates to the Middle Prehistoric needs. Period (approx. 3300 - 2000 years ago). The pigsty was also investigated by the Field School. There were no surface Pragmatic Preservationists (9% of the THE RANCH PERIOD remains of pens available but archaeo­ Canadian population, 9% of Four Moun­ logical testing located several wooden sills tain Parks visitors) seek to balance their Ninety-eight historic archaeological outside the building foundation. A stu­ desire for high levels of service and acces­ features were identified in the 1992 inven­ dent, Amanda Dow, prepared a paper on sible recreation opportunities with their tory (Heitzmann 1993). These include the significance of this structure and re­ desire for preservation and protection of archaeological materials associated with lated it to the archaeological testing com­ natural resources. They therefore favour standing buildings, as well as the location pleted at the ranch. She discovered that user pay schemes and privatization of of former buildings, corrals and middens the Bar U Ranch pigsty is almost identical services to provide sufficient revenue to (refuse dumps). Most of these were lo­ to an Illinois hog barn described in a barn deliver both high service and environ­ cated by identifying surface features such building textbook (Sanders 1892). The mental protection. They are less likely as soil ridges, depressions and rough stone pigsty at the Bar U Ranch was constructed than any of the segments to believe that foundations. Many other features were by George Lane who travelled widely to science and technology can solve envi­ identified through analysis of historic agricultural fairs and exhibitions (Simon ronmental problems, and thus believe photographs. Evans, personal communication). This parks should still emphasize preserva­ building is an indication of the "state of tion rather than promotion for recrea­ In addition, metal detector surveys the art" agricultural practices that made tional activities. were conducted at the approximate loca­ the Bar U Ranch famous in the early part tion of several former buildings to more of this century. Recreation Boosters (4% of the Cana­ precisely locate these features. One such dian population, 10% of Four Mountain location was a barn or stable formerly at FUTURE RESEARCH Parks visitors) are the smallest of the five the east end of the ranch headquarters. POTENTIAL segments, yet they have a disproportion­ The general vicinity of this former build­ ately high impact on national parks. They ing was covered in long grass and no The results of these preliminary stud­ have a predisposition to take advantage surface indicators were present. The area ies indicate extensive archaeological re­ of recreational opportunities, and visit was gridded and a metal detector was sources at the Bar U Ranch. These re­ national parks more often than most used along systematic sweeps. Each sources can contribute significant infor­ other segments. They are also more likely "beep" indicated the presence of a metal mation about the evolution and use of the to return frequently to national parks, and object below ground and these were plot­ site by prehistoric and historic people. It place greater demands on Parks Canada ted on a map. The highest proportion of is anticipated that archaeological studies (in terms of services, facilities, etc.). They "beeps" most likely indicates former wall will continue to further identify and as­ believe in development of recreation re­ locations because of the nails used in its sess many of these resources, and will sources, including national parks (with construction. This information provided contribute to plans for site stabilization an emphasis on golf, skiing, hotels or a particularly clear definition of the barn's and restoration. shopping), and firmly believe there re­ precise location (Figure 1). At least part of mains room for development within na­ this building was disturbed by the con­ tional parks. In many respects, they do struction of the later "log dwelling" on the LITERATURE CITED not believe that there is an environmental west end of this feature. The Field School Dow, Amanda 1993 The Bar U Pigsty. Student Paper on file, problem. test excavated one of the areas of highest Archaeological Services, Parks Canada, metal concentrations and uncovered a Western Region, Calgary. narrow sandstone wall foundation. DISCUSSION Heitzmann, Rod j. 1993 Bar U Ranch National Historic Site Preliminary This study was the first of its kind for Students also investigated several Archaeological Inventory and Assessment. Parks Canada, Western Region. The in­ other buildings such as the Percheron Report on file, Archaeological Services, Parks formation gained will be used in the Four Barn. Investigations showed that this Canada, Western Region, Calgary. Mountain Parks Management Plan re­ building was initially constructed on a view, the next Strategic Plan review, the foundation of rough sandstone slabs. Later Sanders, ].H. 1892 operational review, and initiatives related Practical Hints About Barn Building. J.H.Sanders these were enhanced by applying con­ Publishing Co., Chicago, Illinois. to environmental citizenship. crete to the foundation exterior. Inside the individual stalls were multiple floors: thin Rod }. Heitzmann is the Archaeological Resource Sytvanna Hegmann is the Senior Market Analystclay , then wood, followed by 10 cm of Manager in Heritage Resource Conservation, in the Western Regional Office. Office tel: (403)"blue " clay. In the early part of this cen­ Western Region. Office tel: (403) 292-4294. 292-4503. tury, the animal husbandry school recom­

CK7T) NATURAL RECKON ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT SPECIALISTS

Sensing) at U of C. No newcomer to Parks Canada, Alan joined the warden service in 1982 and has worked in all functional areas. Prior, he worked for several years in visitor services and interpretation.

The start of Alan's job as Ecosystem Management Specialist in Kootenay co­ incided with the initiation of two impor­ tant land-use planning processes in British Columbia: the Commission on Re­ sources and the Environment (CORE) and the Protected Areas Strategy (PAS). Consequently, Alan has spent much of his time over the past year working in both of these processes, as well as working with local industry and government agencies up monitoring. She spent two years in CHARLES (CHUCK) BLYTH has a B.Sc. on local issues. in Botany from the University of Calgary Yellowknife developing sectorial environ­ (U of C) and a M.Sc. in Animal Science mental assessment guidelines. Before from the University of Alberta (U of A). Yellowknife, she worked in the Maritimes, He also has a Renewable Resource Tech­ reviewing various potentially disastrous nology Diploma and a Land Assessment energy projects (Hibernia oil), and devel­ Diploma from Lakeland College and Al­ oping forestry guidelines to protect the berta Municipal Affairs respectively. In diminishing stocks of Atlantic salmon. the summer of 1977 he was exposed to the warden service when he was a contracted Sue came to Parks Canada six years researcher in the Banff National Park Griz­ ago to pilot the specialist position devel­ zly Bear Project. This exposure encour­ oping MountRevelstoke/Glacier National aged a career in Parks Canada. From 1979 Park's (MRGNP) ecosystem manage­ to present he has filled numerous posi­ ment program. This formerly controver­ tions from seasonal warden to Chief Park sial work has assured Parks Canada a role Warden at Elk Island and Nahanni Na­ in land-use decision-making in the Co­ tional Park. He was also a resource man­ lumbia Mountains. Sue's work has in­ agement planner in Western Region and volved forestry reviews, with the aim of the National Warden Service Coordina­ maintaining caribou and grizzly populations that occupy the larger area tor in Ottawa. His other responsibilities include on­ surrounding the parks. More recently, going assessment of the ecological com­ she has been exhaustingly involved in ponents of the "State of Kootenay Na­ In May, Chuck assumed the official BC's new land-use planning processes: tional Park", and coordinating the Geo­ title of Ecosystem Management Special­ CORE, and the Kootenay Region's Pro­ graphic Information System and associ­ ist in Elk Island. Currently, Chuck is tected Areas Planning Team. Potential ated databases for the park. Alan's goals involved with several projects: ecosys­ gains from these processes include an include establishing an integrated system tem management modeling, climate expanded network of protected areas for ecological monitoring and research in change research, the annual ecosystem aimed at achieving conservation goals, and around thepark,and negotiations are status report and the Beaver Hills ecosys­ and adjacent lands zoned for special man­ already underway with several agencies tem research program, just naming a few. agement of biodiversity. and universities.

ALAN DIBB holds a B.Sc. in Geological JOHNMcINTOSHcame to Parks Canada Sciences from the University of British SUSAN HALL'S Department of Environ­ in 1984 as a Seasonal Park Warden at Columbia (UBC); with additional speciali­ ment experiences began in Conservation Pacific Pcim National Park with a degree in zation in Botany and Forestry. On top of and Protection (E.P.S.) to which she Natural Resource Management from the all his work and family commitments, he brought a B.Sc. in Zoology and an M.Sc. in Forestry Faculty at UBC. He worked is currently working on the completion of Ecology. Her work there was in environ­ previously for the Canadian Wildlife Serv­ his M.Sc. in Computer Science (Remote mental assessment, forestry, and follow- ice, the University of New Brunswick, (xtx) and Macmillan Bloedel Limited. While included postings at Prince Albert, He has worked in Western Region na­ still a Seasonal Warden at Pacific Rim, Nahanni, and Jasper National Park. Most tional parks since 1975. From 1977 until John was sent to Queensland, Australia, recently, he was assigned to develop an 1984, he served with the Canadian Wild­ as a Rotary International Scholar on a ecosystem management strategy and co­ life Service on a series of biophysical (eco­ ordinate integration with the Green Plan logical) resource inventories in Jasper, Model Forest Program for Jasper. Banff, Mount Revelstoke, Glacier, Elk Is­ land and Kootenay National Parks. Since Derek's position in Yoho National 1985, he has worked in interpretation and, Park is tasked with increasing liaisons more recently, Heritage Communications and co-operation with the adjacent land in Jasper, Yoho and the Western Regional managers. This has included involve­ Office. ment with several BC Provincial pro­ grams: CORE, Forestry reviews (access To become oriented with Waterton management planning and five year Lakes National Park and to help during plans), and PAS. In response to the the peak summer months Kevin is cur­ upcoming Management Plan Review, rently performing Operational Warden Derek is also involved with a four moun­ duties. In the fall, he plans to develop a tain park ecosystem strategy. long-term ecosystem strategy for the park.

Derek gives several field level research projects attention such as: cumulative ef­ MIKE WESBROOK graduated from the Group Study Exchange where he worked fects analysis with Banff National Park University of Guelph in 1984, with a B.Sc. with the Queensland National Parks and and MRGNP, biodiversity research with in Physical Geography with emphasis in Wildlife Service. Kootenay National Park and UBC, gap the biological sciences and geology. Since analyses with Banff, and grizzly bear re­ 1987, he has been a warden in Banff, Jas­ After spending four years in the West­ search at Lake O'Hara. per, and Kootenay National Parks. He ern Regional Office, as the Regional For­ has also worked at Prairie and Northern ester and as a Resource Management Tech­ Since the Ecosystem position fits Regional Office. His work experience has nician, John returned to Pacific Rim to within the structure of the warden serv­ included two seasons as a research assist­ take up the position of Ecosystem Man­ ice, park ecologists are required to main­ ant, and he has been involved in environ­ agement Specialist (EMS). The EMS posi­ tain skills to meet operational needs. This mental assessments for Parks Canada for tion in Pacific Rim is proving to be an is often difficult with existing work loads four years. exciting one involving many cooperative and time constraints, but will be a goal for efforts with outside agencies. The Long Derek in Yoho. Presently, Mike is on the project steer­ Beach Model Forest, PAS, and the Barkley ing committee and is coordinating research Sound Sustainable Development Initia­ projects for the Foothills Model Forest tive all promise increasing opportunities Program in Jasper. He also set up a River for Pacific Rim to promote the concept of Use Study in conjunction with Peter ecosystem management on a regional Williams from Simon Fraser University. basis. The project is currently overseen by Peter Clarkson. This fall, Mike is involved with a Database Workshop to provide a frame­ DEREK PETERSEN has a Diploma in work for long-term ecosystem monitor­ Renewable Resources Technology and a ing. B.Sc. in Environmental Studies. His ten year tenure within the warden service has

KEVIN VAN TIGHEM has a B.Sc. (Dis­ tinction) in Plant Biology from the U of C, specializing in grassland ecology and grasses taxonomy. He has authored nu­ merous magazine articles and books on conservation subjects, and is the three- time recipient of Outdoor Writers of Canada Environmental Writing Awards. The Ecosystem Management Specialist positions in Banff National Park and Gwaii Haanas/Sonth Moresby are not staffed. We hope to feature these people in future issues.

9 Individual-Based Models of Ecological Systems by Edward McCauley

It is easy to paint an unhealthy picture term effects of environmental pertur­ allocation) or to specify rules for indi­ of the interaction between applied and bations on individual biology. Thatis,we vidual movement and behaviour in spa­ theoretical ecologists. Applied ecologists can conduct experiments to measure the tially heterogeneous environments or and resource planners frequently reject effects of short-term exposure of toxicants landscapes. Indeed, the application of the utility of mathematical models be­ on individual growth or reproduction, these models is often limited by the avail­ cause of their extreme simplicity, whereas but assessing the chronic effects on popu­ ability of "process" oriented data on age(or theoreticians view this simplicity as a vir­ lation dynamics may be prohibitive. Indi­ stage)-specific rates of energy acquisition, tue enabling analytically tractable solu­ vidual-based models can be used to assess utilization or allocation. One surprising tions. However, during the last decade the consequences of these effects on indi­ and productive offshoot of this problem much effort has been expended on trying vidual energetics for population-level is the necessity for the development of to reconcile this dilemma through the de­ phenomena (several examples can be close collaborations between biologists velopment of alternative modelling frame­ found in articles contained in edited vol­ and theoreticians interested in structured works for ecological systems that can be umes by Metz & Diekmann 1986, models of biological systems. These col­ used to investigate strategic questions as­ Ebemann & Persson 1988, or DeAngeles laborations serve to narrow the gap be­ sociated with environmental concerns & Gross 1992 or references therein). These tween applied biologists and theoreticians. such as habitat fragmentation, global models enable us to connect phenomena warming, or the effects of contaminants. at different levels of biological organiza­ tion by providing, for example, explicit LITERATURE CITED Individual-based models represent an links between physiological ecology and DeAngeles, D & L.]. Cross (Editors). 1992 exciting alternative to classical theoretical population dynamics. Individual-Based Models and Approaches in approaches based on modelling popula­ Ecology. Chapman & Hall, New York. tion dynamics or population level eco­ Second, these models can be used to de Roos, A., McCauley, E. & W. Wilson. 1991 logical interactions (e.g. Metz & Diekmann understand how individual states affect Mobility versus density limited predator-prey 1986; Huston et al. 1988; DeAngeles & behavioural and ecological interactions, dynamicson different spatial scale. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London) B246. Gross 1992). (Space is too short to provide individual movement or dispersal, that a detailed description of individual-based lead to larger scale spatial pattern (e.g. de Ebemann, B. & L. Persson (Editors). 1988 models and their applications; interested Roos et al. 1991; McCauley et al. 1993). Size-Structured Populations: Ecology and Evolution. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. individuals are encouraged to read the For example, an individual's response may recent edited volume by DeAngeles & depend on a combination of factors such Huston, M., DeAngeles, D. & W. Post. 1988 Gross (1992).) In this modelling frame­ as its age, feeding history, or genotype. In New computer models unify ecological theory. BioScience 38. work, the individual is the fundamental environments that vary spatially and tem­ modelling unit. Rules for the growth, porally, individual histories may be rela­ Karieva, P. 1990 reproduction, survivorship, interactions Population dynamics in spatially complex tively unique and ecological interactions environments: theory and data. Philosophical with other individuals, or movement in may take on a local character. Individual- Transactions of the Royal Society (London) B330. space are specified at the individual level. based models, which take into account These models treat the population as a Metz, /. & O. Diekmann (Editors). 1986 these local state-dependent responses, The Dynamics of Physiologically Structured collection or ensemble of individuals with enable us to study how habitat fragmen­ Populations. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. explicit rules governing individual biol­ tation might affect the genetic structure, ogy and interactions with their environ­ McCauley, E., Wilson, W. & A. de Roos. 1993 persistence, or stability of populations of Dynamics of age-structured and spatially- ment, and there is a diversity of model interacting individuals. These models of structured predator-prey interactions: formulations that include both analytical spatial dynamics compliment alternative Individual-based models and population level and simulation approaches (Metz & approaches, such as metapopulation mod­ formulations. American Naturalist 142. Diekmann 1986; Huston et al. 1988; els (see Taylor 1990 or Karieva 1990 for Taylor, A. D. 1990 DeAngeles & Gross 1992; Wilson et al. recent reviews) in which the population is Metapopulations, dispersal, and predator-prey 1993). Population-level phenomena (e.g. typically sub-divided into a number of dynamics: an overview. Ecology 71. spatial or temporal dynamics) are inferred explicit patches, which imposes a spatial Wilson, W., de Roos, A. & E. McCauley, 1993 from the interactions among these indi­ scale on the system. Spatial instabilities within the diffusive Lotka- viduals. Volterra system: individual-based simulation results. Theoretical Population Biology 43. Of course the added realism associ­ The added realism of these models ated with these individual based models Edward McCauley is an Associate Professor in offers advantages in studying applied does not come without a substantial pen­ the Ecology Division, Department of Biological problems such as predicting the effects of alty; it creates a voracious appetite for Sciences, University of Calgary. Calgary,Alberta. contaminants on ecological systems or biological data in order to parameterize T2N 1N4. Office tel: (403) 220-5583, fax: (403) biological functions (e.g. age-specific in­ habitat fragmentation. First, biologists 289-9311. often can only obtain data on the short- gestion rates, maintenance costs, energy

10 Using Satellite Imagery Analysis to Depict Coastal Ecosystems by Dennis jaques and John Mcintosh

Like many of our national parks, Pa­ old-growth forests. Upland forest and in bog environments, to transitional for­ cific Rim National Park has not obtained non-forest vegetation types have been ests of cedar/hemlock, to sitka spruce upland vegetation and forest inventory mapped as well as near-shore interridal coastal fringe forests, to cedar/hemlock/ information for some time. Mapping ob­ and coastal cover types. Eel grass beds, spruce/amabilis fir types in well-drained, tained in 1972 was general in nature and large kelp stands and intertidal commu­ upland areas. The volume of the standing useful for the purpose of setting the origi­ nities have received special attention to timber ranges from about 550 cubic me­ nal direction for resource management in date. tres per hectare to over 1400 mVha. the park 21 years ago. However, recog­ Forest cover mapping has divided Much of the old-growth forest sur­ nizing that a more detailed and up-to- stands into broad age classes and rounding the Park had been harvested, date inventory was needed for both compositional types. Young stands origi­ giving way to younger stands regener­ within-park purposes and to assist in eco­ nated by clear-cut forest harvesting (up to ated mainly by the planting of nursery system management planning on a re­ 1972), blow-down or slumping on the sea stock. Therefore, the Park plays an impor­ gional basis, the Park contracted Ecosat coast have all been identified. Character­ tant role as a sanctuary of biological diver­ Geobotanical Surveys to analyze the ap­ istic assemblages of forest cover on these sity and genetic stock for the tree species propriate satellite imagery. sites have been mapped and show the of the region. Park visitors can easily To complete the task, Dennis Jaques regenera tion of deciduous and coniferous observe examples of their old-growth her­ is working with recent LANDSAT The­ tree species. Older stands of timber (25 to itage in the Long Beach Unit of the Park. matic Mapper (TM) imagery which is 100 years old) are biologically less diverse At Schooner Cove, a 450 year old stand of merged with SPOT (Systeme Pour than the younger ones, but also vary sig­ 185 foot tall hemlock/cedar/sitka spruce 1'Observation de a Terre) Panchromatic nificantly in types of vegetation that can exemplifies the cathedral-like dimensions imagery. This innovative technique al­ be identified by satellite imagery. of many old-growth stands found within lows him to take advantage of the strong Satellite imagery has also differenti­ the Park. Special effort is being made to points of each imagery before he per­ ated a great diversity of vegetation types determine the level to which the satellite forms his analysis. TM has a 30 m pixel in stands over 100 years old. Old-growth imagery can be used to document and resolution in six spectral bands, as well as coastal stands of sitka spruce and western monitor the characteristics of all old- a low resolution (120 m pixel) thermal hemlock found at or near the shoreline growth stands remaining in the Park and infrared band for a broad digital range. are, for example, differentiated from adja­ its surrounding environments. SPOT Panchromatic mode provides a cent transitional old-growth cedar/hem­ The satellite data will be available to higher, 10 m pixel resolution though in a lock forests by composition, biomass and park staff to use with our own computer single band. structural make-up. Twelve general geographic information system (GIS) to Preliminary analysis has provided up- classes of old growth forest were mapped assist in monitoring resources, impact as­ to-date information on vegetation cover, by the satellite imagery and they vary in sessment work, and interpretation to visi­ composition and structural diversity of composition from lodgepole/cedar stands tors. Both public and private land man­ agement agencies have expressed consid­ erable interest in the project as well. Since satellite imagery is generally obtained every two weeks and the seven satellites which have been launched are planned to continue well into the 21st century, im- portantmonitoringworkcanbeconducted in the future to aid in management deci­ sions throughout the Park and the sur­ rounding region. Some satellite data is also available from 1972. Thus, it could be used with currentdata toevaluatechanges which have occurred over the past 21 years.

Dennis Jaques is a satellite imagery specialist with Ecosat Geobotanical Surveys Inc. in North Vancouver, B.C. Office tel: (604) 980-8840.

John Mcintosh is the Ecosystem Management Specialist with Pacific Rim National Park Reserve. S.P.O.T. Panchromatic Image of Tofino area, 17 July 1992 Office tel: (604) 726-4712. (M) Shrub Layer Dynamics: Elk Island National Park by Charles Blyth

Resource specialists, managing for and VanCamp (1974) of the ecological integrity, commonly measure Canadian Wildlife Service growth and reproductive rates of indi­ served as the basis for one of viduals, population dynamics of selected the first regularized monitor­ species, species composition of commu­ ing programs in the park. nities, and primary productivity of land­ These surveys measured key scapes. Perhaps more important, but species that were available as rarely available, is long-term monitoring browse to ungulates. After of these attributes. These repeated meas­ using this survey for several urements provide an understanding of years, park staff (Olson and Blyth 1986) developed a new method which focused on all woody species comprising the shrub layer, not just those used by ungu­ lates. This was the first comprehensive moni­ Figure 2: Stem height (cm) in the main park area toring program of from 1985 to 1993 woody plant species comprising the entire shrub layer. last nine years (Fig. 1). Correlated with Although there are 21 years this, is a general increase in the percent of of data available, difficulties were twigs browsed on average from each plant, encountered when comparing data and a slight decrease in height of the entire obtained from different method­ shrub layer (Fig. 2). ologies. The following results are Corylus cormtta, Rosa spp. and Rubus based only on the data collected spp. have continued to be the most abun­ from 1985 to the present. Figure 1: Stem density (live stems/m2) in the main park dant shrub species in the park. Species area from 1985 to 1993 such as Populus tremuloides, P. balsamifera, RESULTS andAmelanchieralnifoliahavesigmficantly trends and random variability which fore­ declined in abundance compared to other shadows ecosystem sus-tainability. Stem density, a measure of the shrub layer shrub species. However, all species con­ At Elk Island, the woody plant spe­ dynamics, has increased steadily over the tinue to be represented in the park and cies, comprising the shrub layer, most appear to be stable in play a significant functional and terms of their order of magni­ structural role in nearly every tude. Therefore, there has plant community. These species been no loss of biodiversity in are an essential winter food source this functional group at Elk and provide protective cover for Island. the park's ungulates. Some Browse rates (total twigs woody plant species, capable of browsed/total twigs avail­ becoming trees, are also key de­ able) appear to be generally terminants of forest succession. associated with ungulate den­ Since park formation in 1906, sity (Figure 3); the exceptions subjective judgements concern­ being those years when win­ ing ungulate use of the shrub ter conditions affects the avail- layer have served as a basis for ability of alternative food ungulate population manage­ sources. For example, high ment. In 1959, the first formal browse rates were evident in scientific measurement of woody 1991 and 1992 when severe plant use and shrub layer species winters limited access toother composition was conducted by food sources, forcing the Holsworth (1959). Further stud­ park's moose, elk and deer to forage almost exclusively on ies conducted by Bouckhout Figure 3: Ungulate population dynamics and browse utilization (1971), Telfer (1972) and Telfer in main park area from 1985 to 1993 browse.

(12) MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS ungulate populations remains. As one of Olson, W.&C.B.Blyth. 1986 the longest uninterrupted monitoring ac­ Browse survey and herd recommendations In 1987, Elk Island began to replace its tivities of a functional group in the park, it report, Elk Island National Park. Parks Canada. traditional 'game farm' style of manage­ Unpublished Report. Nat. Doc. Centre Library. will provide a benchmark by which to 131pp. ment with that of an ecological carrying judge future ecosystem change. capacity - a state where the resource limi- tationsoftheecosystem and notjust man's Telfer,E.S. 1972 LITERATURE CITED Report on the establishment of range trend actions of shooting and trapping deter­ transects at Elk Island National Park. mine the ungulate population levels. Al­ Bouckhout.L. 1971 Unpublished C.W.S. Report No. CWS-30-72. though 'heavily browsed' in appearance Assessmentof browsing conditions in Elk Island 20pp and Appx. the shrub layer at Elk Island has remained National Park, central Alberta. Unpublished Telfer, E.S. &}. VanCamp. 1974 relatively stable in its species composition C.W.S. Report. C.W.S. Library Edmonton. and has seen an increase in the total shrub 55pp. Browse yield and use by ungulates in Elk Island National Park, 1973-74. Unpublished C.W.S. population (as measured by stem den­ Report No. CWS(WR)-68-75,42pp. sity) despite the increase in ungulate den­ Holsworth, W.N. 1959 Interactions between moose, elk and buffalo in sity. Continued yearly monitoring will be Charles Blyth is the Ecosystem Management Elk Island National Park, Alberta. Unpublished necessary to determine if this current bal­ Thesis. UBC. 92pp. Specialist in Elk Island National Park. Office tel: ance between the shrub layer and the (403) 992-6380. Contaminated Sites: Yesterday's Solution / Today's Problem by Bill Yeo

Yoho National Park and the Gulf of the national parks, and the possibility that and pattern of land disturbance) may re­ Georgia Cannery National Historic Site past management tolerated practices such veal the nature of processes, activities that have at least one thing in common: a as open dumping of wastes and on-site oil took place, who was involved and for contamination problem. In both places disposal, may start a search for hard to how long, and the conditions, legal or this situation results from a long history of find contaminated sites. otherwise, imposed on the operation. industrial activity. In Yoho, the yard and To complicate matters further, ques­ repair facilities of the Canadian Pacific tions can arise about how a contamination Bill Yeo is Chief of Historical Services in the Railway havebeen in operation since 1884. problem was allowed to happen in the Heritage Resource Conservation Directorate, Petroleum deposits under the railway first place. Who, if anyone, is liable for the Western Region. Office tel: (403) 292-4475. yards are now being tracked down and cost of clean-up? Will the proposed removed partly because of the potential clean-up procedure contamination of the Kicking Horse River. result in an unac­ On the other hand, at the Gulf of Georgia, ceptable impact to the processing offish and fish by-products, cultural resources? including blending of vitamin oils, oc­ What information curred from 1940 to the early 1980's. Sig­ is available about nificant levels of Vitamin A in the blend­ the site which can ing room of the Gulf of Georgia Cannery help to answer represent a concern now that the site is these questions? being adapted for public use. Contami­ Involving his­ nated sites such as these can be perceived torians or archae­ as a problem when the use of the land ologists (or both) at changes, or when the contamination an early stage in the threatens the surrounding environment. site investigation However, some situations are more will contribute to a difficult to pin down. For example, a more thorough un­ situation may arise when a site exhibits derstanding of the evidence of contamination (unusual soil site's history. staining, odour, buried waste material, or Documentary apparent secondary effects involving sources (business health or injury) without a ready answer and administrative as to how, why or when the site was records, maps, affected. In contrast, an equally frustrat­ photographs) and ing situation is the search for contami­ data from "read­ ing" the cultural nated sites formed in the past. Awareness Belinda Riehl-Filzsimmons drawing a stratigraphic profile near the Field raihvay. of past activity, such as road building in landscape (extent She is wearing a canister mask to prevent inhalation ofdieset and bunker C fumes

(13) The Fight with the Kicking Horse River - und der Fluss siegte doch! by Christopher Weaver

As the summer came to a close, Yoho Valley; and assessing the environ­ ing he gazed upon them while eating Thomas Heinriech reflected on the ad­ mental impact of the campgrounds in this breakfast. Yet, Mount Burgess was the ventures and challenges of Yoho National region. These activities have exposed the summit that he conquered. The German Park. Thomas is one of three German volunteers to the practical side of their volunteers also followed in James Hec­ volunteers working on the Limits of Ac­ studies. Encountering and solving new tor's historical footsteps. The canoe, rather ceptable Change (LAC) program in the problems has been especially beneficial than the pack horse, sent them into the Yoho Valley. Presently attending for Thomas. For example, Thomas had to chilling Kicking Horse River. Being res­ Nuetingen Polytechnic, Thomas is study­ compensate for discrepancies in aerial cued by the Warden Service, the volun­ ing environmental design. His arrival in photos when mapping campgrounds. teers assured themselves a place in con­ Yoho came about after consultation with Overall, Thomas believes that foreign stu­ temporary Yoho history. Thomas con­ his professors and past volunteers. Under dents are an asset to Parks Canada, be­ cluded that, "There is nothing like plung­ the supervision of Susan Krys, the Ger­ cause the exchange of different view­ ing into a glacial-fed-river after a long day man volunteers collected data for LAC. points allows for the development of in­ of hiking in the Yoho Valley!" This project included mapping back coun­ novative plans. try campgrounds from aerial photos; The Van Home Range left a lasting Christopher Weaver is a summer employee with drawing up an inventory of trails in the impression upon Thomas. Every morn­ Technical Services in Yoho National Park. l?EPOI?IS Focus on Archaeological services

Fedirchuk, McCullough, Assoc. 1992 Langemann, E. Gun/n. 1991 Sumpter, Ian. 1992 Archaeological Resource Impact Assess­ Archaeological Resource Impact Assess­ 1991 Test Excavations at the Gitaus Site ment, Olive Lake Picnic Area. Microfiche ment, Alberta Power Limited 144kV (559T) Kitselas I.R. 1, Kitselas Canyon, B.C. Report Series 469. Overhead Transmission Line, Jasper N.P. Microfiche Report Series 447. Sumpter, Ian. 1991 Fedje,D. & White J.H. 1988 A.R.I.A. - Interpretive Trails at the Proposed Vermilion Lakes Archaeology and Pale- Langemann, E. Gwyn. 1990 Kitselas Canyon National Historic Site, oecology: Trans-Canada Highway Mitiga­ Archaeological Sensitivity Classification of November 1990. Submitted for publication tion in Banff National Park. Microfiche the Jasper Park Lodge Leasehold, Jasper in the Microfiche Report Series. Report Series 463. N.P. Microfiche Report Series 448. Sumpter, Ian. 1990 Fedje.DarylE. 1993 Light, James. A. 1993 1989 Salvage Archaeology Programme Sea-Levels and Prehistory in Gwaii Haanas. Archaeological Mitigations of Three Sites in Western Region National Parks and Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Department of Waterton Lakes N.P. National Historic Parks and Sites. Archaeology, the University of Calgary. Microfiche Report Series 432. Light, James A. 1990 Francis, Peter D. & Langemann, E. Gwyn. 1992 Archaeological Excavations at 1340R, The Wilson, l.R. (Consultants Inc.) 1990 Cultural Resource Management and Roche Miette Site, Jasper N.P. Microfiche R.B. McLean Lumber Company Millsite Archaeological Research Initiatives at the Report Series 467. Heritage Resource Inventory and Assess­ Christensen Site, Banff N.P. Awaiting ment. Microfiche Report Series 476. publication in the Research Bulletin. Pickard, Rod & Swayze, Ken. 1989 Archaeological Resource Inventory, Elk Zacharias, Sandra K. & Wanagun. 1991 Gryba, Eugene. 1989 Island National Park, 1989. Microfiche Gwaii Haanas 1991 Archaeology-1991 Archaeological Resources Impact Assess­ Report Series 437. Archaeological Resource Inventory. ment of Four Proposed Development Submitted for publication in the Microfiche Projects on Jasper Park Lodge Lease in Sumpter, Ian., Langemann, E. Gwyn, & Report Series. Jasper N.P. Microfiche Report Series 450. HeitzmannR. 1991 1990/91 EARP (Salvage) Archaeology Gryba, Eugene M. 1989 Programme - Western Region National For information and further listings contact Archaeological Resources Impact Assess­ Parks and National Historic Sites. Phyllis Kennedy, Administrative Assistant in ment of Proposed Trans-Alta Utilities Microfiche Report Series 474. Heritage Resource Conservation, Western Realignment in Waterton Lakes N.P. Region. Office tel: (403) 292-6472. Microfiche Report Series 449.

(W PODIUM An Outside-in View of Park Management by Paul A. Galbraith

You've probably heard itbefore: Parks In a biological sense National Parks must address the issues of the entire sys­ Canada is devoted to protecting Canada's are not large enough or significantly di­ tem if we are to achieve our mandate. natural ecosystems and cultural heritage verse to guarantee long term survival of Parks are a means to an end. The desired for the benefit of future generations. It is species that have evolved over half a con­ result is healthy regional ecosystems of a noble mandate, with a long history. tinent and are now largely confined to which Parks are an important part. However, it simply is not enough mountain retreats. If present attitudes anymore. Regional integration has been and trends continue, the protected areas "The fortress approach to outward looking and usually addressed will be little more than temporary pauses preserving wilderness will in a calculating, fragmented fashion, con­ along the road to oblivion for many sensi­ not work. The only firm centrating on specific issues such as trans- tive species. foundation for wilderness boundary movements of large herbivores, preservation is psychologi­ carnivores or tourism. This fragmented cal and attitudinal." and park-centred approach has solved Stan Rowe some problems, at least temporarily. Fail­ ures were attributed to lack of science or lack of effort. In simpler times, most of the We need an eco-centric Paul A. Galbraith is Chief, Heritage Resource land use outside the Park was similar to Conservation, ]asper National Park. Office tel: that inside. The practice of establishing (403) 852-6161. Park level goals seemed reasonable. As outside - in view of changing land use throughout the natural regions continued to isolate the Parks as parks and protected islands the "heritage fortress" response seemed appropriate, bu t the fundamental areas and far reaching question remains; how can we deal with threats to the ecological integrity of the Park? Minimizing threats at the Park boundary will have limited success. More than 70 threats to the wil­ We need an eco-centric outside-in derness have been identified and most of view of parks and protected areas. In these originate outside the Parks. How contrast to the inside-out view, which is can we mitigate against global climate fragmented, cool and calculating, the out­ change or airborne pollution at the Park side-in or "regional ecosystem" approach boundary or by setting Park level goals? to parks management is inclusive, inte­ grating and inviting. It deals with issues Part of the problem and much of the in a holistic manner transcending juris­ solution is related to the way we think dictions and individual interests. This about parks and protected areas. If these makes the eco-centric view of reality and areas are considered as "set-asides" or the necessity of establishing goals at a separate from the regional landscape, then regional level, reasonable goals to which the impact of Parks on thehealth of the protected areas (along with others) can larger landscape and over a longer time contribute. The proper context for ecosys­ period may in fact be counter-productive. tem integrity, environmental citizenship, It would be unfortunate indeed if national and indeed merging ecological values and parks and protected areas were seen as a economic values is regional (in some cases solution to problem issues such as large global). carnivores, vermin, caribou or old growth forests. To some, the set-aside concept Parks and other protected areas play removes a certain level of societal guilt an instrumental role in this emerging con­ concerning the disruption of regional eco­ text. They act as vivid reminders of the systems. Cause and effect relationships need for responding to the deterioration suggest our attitudes towards the natural of regional ecosystems. They restore our world have caused ecosystems and spe­ public will to act. They remind us that cies to become threatened. natural boundaries are permeable and we (M) MEETINGS OS INTEREST September 23-25,1993. Science and Research Issues in Canadian National Parks Workshop. University of Regina. Goals: to facilitate productive and positive dialogue on appropriate research and mechanisms for cooperative research opportunities in Western and Prairie and Northern Region National Parks. Contact Patricia Benson, Western Region, Parks Canada. Box 2989 Station M. Calgary, Alberta. T2P 3H8. Tel: (403) 292-4519, fax: (403) 292-4404.

October 24-29,1993 - Valuing Natural Resources. The Banff Centre for Management. Topics: policy development and analysis, resource valuation and allocation, land management and land use, and the reconciliation of user/special interest group conflicts. Contact Debbie Stephan, The Banff Centre for Management, Box 1020, Station 45. Banff, Alberta. T0L 0C0. Tel: (403) 762-6133, fax: (403) 762-6422.

November 11-14,1993. Chacmool Conference. University of Calgary. Topics: complexity in Archaeology - cultural complexity, social stratification, culture change, "complex" societies, ethnicity, gender, style, and broader theoretical questions. Contact The Chacmool Conference Committee, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary. Calgary, Alberta. T2N 1N4. Tel: (403) 220-5227, fax: (403) 282-9567.

January 17-20 & 21-22,1994. Ecological Monitoring Workshop and Advanced Recource Management Workshop. University of Waterloo. Purpose: ideas for monitoring strategies and implementation, peer review, quality control of monitoring science, on- site infrastructure, staff needs for science and management. Contact David Welch, ParksCanada. Jules Leger Bldg. 25 Eddy Street 3rd Floor. Hull, Quebec. K1A 0H3. Tel: (819) 994-5532.

February 10-14,1994. National Chief Park Warden Workshop. Hecla, Manitoba. Agenda: TBA. Contact your Regional Chiefs for details.

February 21-24,1994. Eighth Annual Symposium and Exposition on Geographic Information Systems. Vancouver, BC. Features: workshops, tutorials, demonstrations, panels, plenary sessions, keynote speakers, a job market, technical paper and poster sessions, plus a major trade show - GISExpo. Contact Brenda. Corby Suite 207 -1102 Homer Street. Vancouver, BC. V6B 2X6. Tel: (604) 688-0188, fax toll free: 1-800-661-0044.

March 18-23,1994. North America Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference. Anchorage Alaska. Theme: a management oriented conference with sessions on national refuges, biodiversity and sustainable ecological systems. Contact The International Partnership for Fish and Wildlife Management Institute, Suite 725,1101-14 Street N.W. Washington D.C. 20005.

May 5-7,1994. Bull Trout Task Force. Calgary, Alberta. Topics: bull trout biology, ecology, and life history; management strategies for recovery such as angling and land use regulations, results of creel censuses, role of enforcement, and culture and habitat enhancement projects; and identifying the attitudes of user groups such as anglers, industry, native groups and nonconsumptive users. Contact Percy Wiebe, Western Region, Parks Canada P.O. Box 2989 Station M. Calgary, Alberta. T2P 3H8. Tel: (403) 292-4512, fax: (403) 292-4404.

May 16-20,1994. Ecosystem Monitoring and Protected Areas. Halifax, Nova Scotia. Focus: the role of research and monitoring in the management of the protected areas, and the role of protected areas as hosts for research and monitoring for the broader social good. Contact Neil Munro, Atlantic Region, Parks Canada. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. B3J 1S9. Fax: (902) 426-7012.

June 7-10,1994. The Fifth International Symposium on Society and Resource Management. Fort Collins, Colorado. Focus: successful infegration of scientific knowledge about humans with information about natural science, which will lead to more effective agricultural and natural resource practices and policies. Contact Jennifer Pate, College of Natural Resources, Human Dimensions in Natural Resources Unit, 245 Forestry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. CO 80523. Tel: (303) 491-2077, fax: (393) 491-2255.

September 12-16,1994. Second Global Conference: Building a Sustainable World Through Tourism. Montreal, Quebec. Purpose: to identify and promote concrete actions that can be taken by the diverse sectors of the travel and tourism industry in contributing to a sustainable world. Contact L.J.D'Amore, 3680 rue de la Montagne, Montreal, Quebec. H3G 2A8. Tel: (514) 281-1822, fax: (514) 848-1099.

Editorial Board: Dr. Bemie Lieff - Chief, Ecosystem Management Services, Western Regional Office Dr. Simon Evans - Project Historian, Historical Services, Western Regional Office Kevin Van Tighem - Ecosystem Management Specialist, Waterton Lakes National Park External Academic Advisor to be announced Production Team: Robin Weaver - Issue Editor Rob Storeshaw - Artistic Advisor Margaret Zielinski - Graphic Artist Editor Patricia Benson, Editor: #520, 220-4Ave. S.E., P.O. Box 2989, Station M, Calgary, Alberta, T2P 3H8

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