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Coral Community Composition and Reef Development at the Similan Islands, Andaman Sea, in Response to Strong Environmental Variations

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Coral Community Composition and Reef Development at the Similan Islands, Andaman Sea, in Response to Strong Environmental Variations Vol. 456: 113–126, 2012 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published June 7 doi: 10.3354/meps09682 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Coral community composition and reef development at the Similan Islands, Andaman Sea, in response to strong environmental variations Gertraud M. Schmidt1,*, Niphon Phongsuwan2, Carin Jantzen1, Cornelia Roder3, Somkiat Khokiattiwong2, Claudio Richter1 1Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany 2Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Sakdidet Road, 83000 Phuket, Thailand 34700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT: The Similan Islands, a Thai archipelago in the Andaman Sea located near the shelf break, are subjected to frequent (up to several events per hour) and abrupt changes in physico- chemical conditions, particularly during the dry season (NE monsoon, January through April) and to an intense monsoon season with strong surface wave action (May to October). The exposed west slopes of the islands feature more coral species, but lack a carbonate reef framework. By contrast, the sheltered east sides show a complex reef framework dominated by massive Porites. Our results suggest that the sudden changes in temperature, pH and nutrients (drops of up to 10°C and 0.6 U −1 and increases of up to 9.4 µmol NOx l , respectively) due to pulsed upwelling events may rival the importance of surface waves and storms in shaping coral distribution and reef development. KEY WORDS: Benthic−pelagic coupling · Coral community · Similan Islands · Andaman Sea · Upwelling · Internal waves Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION welling is strong, positive fertilizing effects may be counteracted by the negative effects of low tempera- Coral reefs are highly diverse and productive ben- ture, low pH and high nutrient loads favouring algal thic ecosystems thriving in shallow, clear, warm, rather than coral growth (McCook et al. 2001). nutrient-poor, tropical waters (Veron 2000). Many Reef growth is commonly most vigorous on the ex- reefs, however, are subjected to natural disturbances posed offshore (or windward) side of an island (Veron that affect hydrodynamics, light, temperature, nutri- 2000). Along the offshore islands in the Anda man Sea, ents and pH on various scales, e.g. monsoon-driven however, satellite images (www. reefgis. reefbase . org) rainfall, mixing by storms and upwelling of cold, and monitoring studies (Phongsuwan et al. 2008) sug- deep waters (Leichter et al. 1996). Surface gravity gest that reef development is re stricted to the shel- waves can strongly affect coral morphologies and tered east sides, while the west sides appear to be de- reef development in exposed areas (Storlazzi et al. void of reef formations (Fig. 1). 2001). Internal waves have been shown to play an The Andaman Sea features 2 major climatic and important role in the cross-shore exchange of nutri- oceanographic phenomena: a strong SW monsoon ents, larvae and particulate food (Pineda 1991) and from May to October, with strong swell and heavy can be a source of nutrition for coral reefs (Leichter et rain (Wu & Zhang 1998), and the occurrence of large- al. 2003, Wolanski et al. 2004). However, when up - amplitude internal waves (LAIW) of >60 m amplitude *Email: [email protected] © Inter-Research 2012 · www.int-res.com 114 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 456: 113–126, 2012 Fig. 1. Typical substrate conditions at about 12 m depth on the (A) west (W 4.1) and (B) east (E 7.1) side of the Similan Islands. See Fig. 2 for site locations (Osborne & Burch 1980, Jackson 2004) generated by and pH (Levitus & O’Brian 1998), they may select for tidal currents across the shallow ridges of the An- corals adapted to cope with large fluc tuations in these daman−Nicobar island arc and the reefs NW of Suma- parameters. Further corals may benefit from en- tra (Jackson 2004). The LAIWs travel as waves of de- hanced nutrient supply due to in creasing zooxanthel- pression in packets of 5 to 8 waves eastward across lae densities (Muscatine et al. 1989, Ferrier-Pagès et the deep Andaman basin at speeds of 2 m s−1 al. 2001) and photosynthetic efficiency (Muscatine et (Osborne & Burch 1980) and are observable as rip al. 1989). But higher nutrient concentrations also bands on the ocean surface (Jackson 2004). Near the favour the growth of competitively superior macroal- continental shelf break, the rip bands align with the gae (McCook et al. 2001) and enhance bioerosion isobaths and proceed in water shallower than 90 m (Chazottes et al. 2002). Tropical shallow platforms (Jackson 2004), suggesting transformation into waves subjected to intense (wind-driven) up welling have of elevation, breaking and generation of turbulent thus been shown to be devoid of coral reefs (Hallock bores spilling onto the shelf (Vlasenko & Hutter 2002). & Schlager 1986), but moderate and/ or intermittent The resulting diapycnal mixing was shown to enhance upwelling may allow for moderate to extensive reef pelagic production near the shelf break (Jackson development (Andrews & Gentien 1982). 2004, Nielsen et al. 2004) in the swash zone of break- Nevertheless, it cannot be ruled out that physical ing solitons (Vlasenko & Hutter 2002, Jackson 2004). forcing due to storms, mainly during the monsoon The further transport of cold, deep waters due to season, or caused by tsunamis, impacts reef develop- LAIW up to shallow shelf areas, however, has not ment on the exposed western sides of these islands as been proven yet. But 2 recent investigations at the well (Allen & Stone 2005); although the recent Similan Islands, an offshore archipelago in the An- tsunami in 2004 showed only moderate impact on daman Sea located near the shelf break, found Andaman Sea offshore coral reefs (Allen & Stone strong-pulsed upwelling at the exposed western side 2005, Plathong 2005), with <13% of the reefs signifi- of the islands (Roder et al. 2010, 2011), suggesting that cantly damaged, and this damage affecting mostly those LAIW may reach the island chain. These studies the narrow north and south passages between showed differences in the nutritional status of corals islands and not the broad west island faces. growing on the exposed west and sheltered east sides The present study explores the coral abundance during a period of intense, pulsed upwelling. and diversity in coral communities of the Similan This pulsed upwelling might be an important factor Islands subjected to marked differences in tempera- affecting not only the physiology of the corals but also ture fluctuations and monsoonal storm exposure. We the ecology of the coral communities. Low tempera- propose that the pulsed fluctuations due to upwelled tures have been shown to limit reef development waters and the impact of surface waves differentially (Kleypas et al. 1999) and may select for species toler- affect shallow (~7 m) and deep (~20 m), west and east ant to low temperatures in areas subjected to up- coral communities and carbonate framework devel- welling of cold water (Brown 1997). Because up - opment. This was tested by comparing coral commu- welled waters can be low in oxygen (Levin et al. 1991) nity composition, cover and framework development Schmidt et al.: Coral community response to upwelling and surface wave impact 115 on the west, east, shallow and deep faces of the rocky islands composing the archipelago are aligned islands and relating the biological findings to the from north to south over a distance of about 24 km, physico-chemical characteristics of these habitats. almost perfectly perpendicular to the direction of the LAIW (coming mainly from the west; Jackson 2004), and at an oblique angle (45°) to the SW monsoon MATERIALS AND METHODS (Fig. 2). Their topography and surrounding bathyme- try are characterized by a generally steep slope Study area (>40°) down to 20 m depth along the western sides and a slightly gentler slope (<35°) in the east, with The Similan Islands in the Andaman Sea, Thailand, broad sandy beaches and shallow reefs. The upper are located about 60 km west of the Thai coast and western slope features large boulders until about 400 km east of the Andaman−Nicobar Islands. The 9 15 m depth before giving away to rubble and coarse sand. The average depth around and between the islands is 70 m (Fig. 2). In the east, the upper slope is shallow (5 to 10 m), with reefs and fine carbonate sands extending about 30 m from the island shores. The deeper slope is steep and covered with corals to a depth of about 30 m. Annual rainfall is 3560 mm and mostly restricted to the SW monsoon between May and October. Benthic sampling For the coral community study, 16 localities were selected: 9 were distributed along the eastern sides of the Similan Islands (E 1.1 to E 9.1; Fig. 2) and shel- tered from direct upwelling and monsoon impact; 7 were distributed along the western sides (W 2.1 to W 9.1; Fig. 2) and exposed to the full impact of deep waters and monsoon. Although precaution was taken to obtain a representative dataset, logistical constraints caused some sites to be more clustered (W 8.2. and W 8.3, E 8.1 and E 8.2) than preferable on theoretical grounds. To explore the west–east differ- ences in the benthic composition, one 100 m line transect was established at 14 m depth at each of the 16 localities (marked in each case with W 14 m and E 14 m, respectively) and marked with steel stakes, one at either end. The line-point-intercept method (LPI; Loya 1972) was adopted with measuring points every 50 cm (n = 200 data points transect−1). At each point the benthic component (i.e.
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