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The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School School of Visual Arts USER EXPERIENCE WITH ARCHIVES AND FEMINIST TEACHING CONVERSATIONS WITH THE JUDY CHICAGO ART EDUCATION COLLECTION A Dissertation in Art Education by Ann E. Holt © 2015 Ann E. Holt Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2015 The dissertation of Ann E. Holt was reviewed and approved* by the following: Karen Keifer-Boyd Professor of Art Education and Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies Dissertation Co-Advisor Dissertation Co-Chair Patricia Amburgy Associate Professor Emerita of Art Education Dissertation Co-Advisor Dissertation Co-Chair Wanda B. Knight Associate Professor of Art Education and Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies Grace Hampton Professor Emerita of Art, Art Education, and Integrative Arts Michelle Rodino-Colocino Associate Professor of Media Studies and Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies Jacqueline Esposito Professor, University Archivist and Head of Records Management Services Special Member Graeme Sullivan Department Head Professor of Art Education, Director of the School of Visual Arts *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT This is a case study of three university professors’ archival experience with the Judy Chicago Art Education Collection through their participation in feminist Teaching Conversations. The Judy Chicago Art Education Collection is a living archive of materials on feminist art pedagogy. Teaching Conversations is a feminist orientation to archives that is ongoing and involves participatory engagement and transdisciplinary dialogue to support teaching and using the collection for creating living curricula. The professors are situated in different disciplines and, differ in their teaching and research foci. Using theories of archival experience (Ellsworth, 2005; Latham, 2007; 2011), I analyze conversational interviews for the purpose of understanding archival user experiences of feminist Teaching Conversations with the Judy Chicago Art Education Collection. From conversations with the participants in this study, I present insights on dialogic, feminist, archival orientations that enhance access to archives for teaching and learning. My study reveals the use and engagement with archives as a social practice, where outreach, both on a personal and public level is vital to creating and sustaining a living archive. Through the exploration of three individual journeys with the Judy Chicago Art Education Collection, the study reveals the impact of the invitation to an archive as a sustaining and transformative force for teaching, learning, and community around collections. The participants’ accounts reflect the complexities in the way information, ideas, and ways of approaching a subject in archives can be put into practice. As the three iii participants engage and meaningfully learn about the Judy Chicago Art Education Collection in different ways, they prove that there are many ways of being in archives and many ways of using and engaging with archives. In the case of one participant (Ginny), her attraction to the Judy Chicago Art Education Collection and the feminist Teaching Conversations project is for the purposes of finding a community for feminist dialogue about teaching and intersecting disciplines to see new possibilities in teaching and in promoting social change. Her archival process is a social process as she learns about and engages with the collection through dialogue with her faculty peers and through her students. She contributes to the living archive by setting up the opportunity for students to be teachers with the materials. Another participant (Margo) comes to the collection looking for opportunities for scholarly activity with others, and to explore what feminist pedagogy is in practice. In Teaching Conversations, she seeks answers to the question of how best to apply the collection to her own practice and has difficulty finding direction. However, when she turns this process around and meaningfully applies herself to the collection from the standpoint of her own personal interests, she comes to a deep appreciation of the Judy Chicago Art Education Collection and Chicago’s feminist work. Through combined social and personal archival processes, she finds her own contribution to the living archive and the added bonus of a potential opportunity to create work with another colleague outside her discipline. The third participant (Rebecca), is a story of transformation through feminist Teaching Conversations, where she slowly finds a sense of empowerment as a teacher and renewed vision for her work. Through her experience of working on her own, to then sharing curriculum, and dialoguing with other teachers ivi also interested in the collection, she discovers her own potential—that her work is a valuable contribution to teaching the Judy Chicago Art Education Collection, and a valuable contribution to the teaching profession that even transcends her own discipline. Overall, this study broadens understanding about using art education archival records for transdisciplinary purposes and demonstrates the value of art education archives. It also contributes to current archival scholarship that seeks to expand on notions of art education archival materials as forms of information and things to experience (Latham, 2007; 2011), and archives as spaces for experiential pedagogy (Ellsworth, 2005), feminist scholarship, and activism (Eichorn, 2010; 2013). Based on the participants’ individual perspectives of the living archive, I suggest emerging qualities of a feminist archival orientation and a feminist archival sensibility. A feminist archival orientation involves flexible, iterative, dialogic, comprehensive, user-centered, and inviting methods, and frames the archive as living, participatory, and transdisciplinary. Feminist archival sensibilities conceptualize the archive as social, inclusive, democratic, and living. ii v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii Chapter One: Archival Experience Case Study Introduction 1 Statement of the Problem 2 Significance of the Study 4 Structure of the Dissertation 6 Chapter Two: The Conceptual and Historical Framework for this Study 9 Research Question: Experiencing the Judy Chicago Art Education and Teaching Conversations 9 Theoretical Frame 10 Archives and Pedagogy: The Experience of the Learning Self 11 What are Archives? 14 Contemporary Perspectives on Archives 15 Relevance to Art Education: Understanding Archival Experiences 18 Informing the Field of Art Education: The Use of Art-Related Archives 21 Feminist Perspectives on Archives 23 Feminist Archives as Social Sites for Activism and Pedagogy 25 Feminist Archives as Living Archival Practice 27 Chapter Three: Judy Chicago and the Judy Chicago Art Education Collection 30 vi Background Context 31 Judy Chicago: a Biographical Summary 32 Contents of the Judy Chicago Art Education Collection 36 The Judy Chicago Art Education Collection: A Feminist Living Archive 41 What does it Mean for an Archive to Live? 43 Enhanced Curation: Capturing Living Processes 43 The Judy Chicago Art Education Collection: A Living Curriculum 47 Feminist Teaching Conversations 48 Feminist Teaching Conversations: Towards a Transdisciplinary Practice 49 Chapter Four: Methodology 53 Qualitative Research 53 Role of the Researcher: Mixed Methods 55 Strategy of Inquiry 55 Research Site 57 Identifying Study Participants: Rebecca, Ginny, and Margo 58 Ethical Standards 60 Data Collection 61 Managing the Data 63 Methodological Issues Encountered in the Study 65 The Research Process: Personal Perspectives 66 Expanding my own Perspectives on Using Archives 69 Flexibility in Methodology 71 Conversation as Method 72 vii Data Analysis 73 Specific Methodological Applications in this Study: Coding and Mapping 74 Coding 74 Mapping 79 Chapter Five: Findings 84 Conversations with Participants 84 Rebecca 85 Ginny 89 Margo 91 Participant Conversations: What the Content Map Revealed 93 Participant Conversations: What the Coding Revealed 95 Themes within Dialogue: Archives, Teaching and Social 96 Chapter Six: Dialogue about Archives 97 Situating the Self within an Archive 97 Engaging with Archives 98 Engaging with the Judy Chicago Art Education Collection 102 Processes of Understanding an Archive through Feminist Teaching Conversations 103 An Archive as a Living Curriculum 106 Chapter Seven: Dialogue about Teaching 109 Self as Teacher 110 Archives in the Classroom 112 viii Archives as Feminist Pedagogy 116 Breaking Boundaries in Creating Spaces for Pedagogy 119 Feminist Teaching Conversations Transforming Teaching 124 Chapter Eight: Dialogue about Social Interaction 126 Feminist Teaching Conversations as an Invitation to the Archive 126 Feminist Teaching Conversations: Community and Dialogue in the Archive 127 Feminist Teaching Conversations: As a Site for Feminist Pedagogy 129 Feminist Teaching Conversations and Archival Experience 131 Meaningful Inquiry as a Way of Being in the Archive through Feminist Teaching Conversations 134 Dialogue as a Way of Using the Archive through Feminist Teaching Conversations 135 Speculation as a Way of Using the Archive through Feminist Teaching Conversations 137 Feminist Teaching Conversations Transforming the Archive 140 Living Curriculum through Feminist Teaching Conversations 142 Chapter Nine: Conclusions and Implications for Art Education and Archives for Feminist Teaching Conversations with the Judy Chicago Art Education 144 Dialogue