DOCSLIB.ORG

Diet of Salvator Merianae (Squamata: Teiidae): New Prey Item and Review of Predation Records

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diet of Salvator Merianae (Squamata: Teiidae): New Prey Item and Review of Predation Records Use the following type of citation: North-western Journal of Zoology 2021: e217504 *Handling editor: Yurii Kornilev *Manuscript Domain: Herpetology of the Americas *Manuscript code: NwJZ_20_HA_07 *Submission date: 19_04_ 2020 *Revised: 14_06_2021 *Accepted / Rejected: 01_08_2021 *No. of words (without abstract, acknowledgement, references, tables, captions): 1460 Title of the paper: Diet of Salvator merianae (Squamata: Teiidae): New prey item and review of predation records Running head: New prey item and a diet review of Salvator merianae Authors (First LAST - without institution name!): Heithor Simão DINIZ;Zoology Renato Neves FEIO; Clodoaldo of Lopes DE ASSIS; Jhonny José Magalhães GUEDES proofing Key Words (at least five keywords): Atlantic Forest, Dipsas, feeding behavior, prey-predator Journal interaction, Tegu lizard until No. of Tables: 1 No. of Figures: 0 paper No. of Files (landscape tables should be in separate file): 1 North-western Accepted Use the following type of citation: North-western Journal of Zoology 2021: e217504 1 Diet of Salvator merianae (Squamata: Teiidae): New prey 2 item and review of predation records 3 Heithor Simão DINIZ1,*, Renato Neves FEIO1, Clodoaldo Lopes DE ASSIS1 and Jhonny José 4 Magalhães GUEDES2 5 1. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Museu de Zoologia João Moojen, Universidade Federal 6 de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil. 7 2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Departamento de Ecologia, Campus 8 Samambaia – Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil. 9 *Corresponding author, H. S. Diniz, E-mail: [email protected] 10 Running title: Zoology 11 Abstract of 12 The Tegu lizard Salvator merianae is a large species proofingwith a wide geographic distribution 13 in South America. Regarding its feeding habits, this lizard is omnivorous, generalist and Journaluntil 14 opportunistic, preying upon a wide variety of food items, such as fruits and seeds, 15 invertebrates and vertebrates. In this study,paper we present the first predation event by the Tegu 16 on a snake from the genus Dipsas, which occurred in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We 17 also performed a comprehensiveNorth-western literature review, compiling data on published food items of 18 S. merianae. Here we demonstrateAccepted the diet of the Tegu lizard is dominated by plants, followed 19 by other reptiles, invertebrates, mammals, birds, and amphibians. Also, we discuss about the 20 generalist and opportunistic diet of S. merianae and its role in the ecosystem. 21 Key words: Atlantic Forest, Dipsas, feeding behavior, prey-predator interaction, Tegu 22 lizard. 23 24 The Tegu lizard Salvator merianae Duméril & Bibron, 1839 (Squamata: Teiidae) has 25 a wide geographical distribution, occurring from northern South America to northern 26 Argentine Patagonia (Barreto-Lima & Camilotti 2009). Recently, the species has been Use the following type of citation: North-western Journal of Zoology 2021: e217504 27 introduced in the USA, in the southern states of Florida and Georgia (Mazzotti et al. 2015, 28 Wood et al. 2018, Haro et al. 2020). It is found throughout most of Brazil (Costa & Bérnils 29 2018), inhabiting natural environments, such as open areas, clearings and forest edges (Avila- 30 Pires 1995), as well as urban areas (e. g., Costa et al. 2009, Guedes et al. 2017). Salvator 31 merianae is one of the largest Neotropical lizards, reaching up to 1.6 m in length and 32 weighing up to 5 kg (Fitzgerald 1992), which makes it an attractive food source for humans in 33 many regions (Avila-Pires 1995, Caldironi & Manes 2006). It is an active generalist and 34 omnivore, consuming a wide variety of invertebrates and vertebrates, carcasses, eggs, 35 mushrooms and plants (Kiefer & Sazima 2002). Despite the diverse known food items in the 36 diet of this species, records of new prey species are still being reported, indicating the 37 existence of knowledge gaps about its diet. Here, we i) reportZoology a predation on a new snake of 38 species of the genus Dipsas (Squamata: Dipsadidae) by S. merianae in the Atlantic Forest proofing 39 from the southeastern region of Minas Gerais State, and ii) perform a much needed literature Journal 40 review on the diet of this species, which data are sountil far scattered throughout the literature. 41 On 30 December 2018 at 12:27 h, one of us (JJMG) witnessed a predation event of a 42 Brazilian Snail-eating snake (Dipsas sp.)paper by the Tegu (S. merianae) in the district of Barretos, 43 a rural area in the municipality of Alvinópolis, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil (20.05940S, 44 43.19308W; datum North-westernWGS84; 680 m a.s.l.). The Tegu was found digging a pre-existing hole in Accepted 45 a garden; after two minutes of digging, the lizard took the snake out of the soil by holding it in 46 its mouth. Prey subjugation began about three minutes after the snake was removed from its 47 refugium, with the lizard biting and shaking its prey laterally. The snake did not offer any 48 apparent resistance to its predator, being ingested head first. 49 We did not disturb or capture the individuals during the predation event. Species 50 identification was done based on color pattern and geographic distribution, and was 51 confirmed by Dr. Henrique Caldeira Costa, a specialist in reptile taxonomy. A video Use the following type of citation: North-western Journal of Zoology 2021: e217504 52 recording is available online at the audiovisual collection of the Fonoteca Neotropical Jacques 53 Vielliard (http://www2.ib.unicamp.br/fnjv/; ZUEC-VID 784). 54 A comprehensive literature review was made about the diet of S. merianae. We 55 searched through peer-reviewed articles, short notes and books available at online repositories 56 such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and websites such as ResearchGate and 57 Academia. We used the following keywords: “Tupinambis” (old genus name; see Harvey 58 2012, Murphy 2016) OR “Salvator” AND “merianae” AND “diet” OR “predat*” OR “prey*” 59 OR “food”. We also checked the references in the pertinent literature found to look for 60 possible reports missing from the online searches. Thus, we produced a list of published diet 61 items. Although more than one publication may have listed the same food item, we decided to 62 keep the review qualitative and to cite only the first mention Zoologyof a given food item. of 63 The literature review about the diet of S. merianae produced 43 publications with proofing 64 distinct records and 174 food items, distributed in 56 orders and 93 families, including plants, Journal 65 animals and fungi (Table 1). Most food items consisteduntil of plant contents (n = 70 records; 66 40.2%), followed by reptiles (n = 39; 22.4%), invertebrates (n = 27; 15.5%), mammals (n = 67 13; 7.5%), birds (n = 12; 6.9%), amphibianspaper (n = 11; 6.3%), fish (n = 1; 0.6%) and fungi (n = 68 1; 0.6%) (see Table 1). 69 Herein, we presentNorth-western the twentieth snake species as food item of S. merianae and the Accepted 70 first predation record upon a snake from the genus Dipsas (formerly Sibynomorphus; see 71 Arteaga et al. 2018). From all known defensive behaviors ascribed to the species of this 72 genus, a very common strategy is mimicking venomous snakes, such as Bothrops spp. 73 (Dell’Aglio et al. 2012). This snake species has a variegated color pattern and when 74 threatened displays a S-shaped posture and triangulation of the head. Other snakes in the diet 75 of S. merianae such as Xenodon neuwiedii also display a similar behavior and mimic viperids 76 (Tozetti et al. 2009). These data suggest that mimicking venomous snakes may not be entirely 77 effective against some predators (Guimarães & Sawaya 2011). It is worth mentioning that, so Use the following type of citation: North-western Journal of Zoology 2021: e217504 78 far, there is no record of viperids as prey of S. merianae in natural conditions. However, a 79 predation upon Bothrops sp. has been reported in captivity (Kasperoviczus et al. 2015). Also, 80 Silva et al. (2014), based on local people knowledge, presented a list with several tentative 81 items in the Tegu’s diet, including Bothrops spp. and Crotalus durissus. This finding indicates 82 that a predation event on venomous snakes by the Tegu could indeed occur in nature. The 83 tendency of generalist predators is to eat what they see first when dominant food sources are 84 not available (Ballinger & Ballinger 1979). Thus, we hypothesize that under stressfull 85 conditions (i.e., lack of food) the Tegu might risk attempting predation on viperid snakes. 86 The diversity of food items observed in the diet of S. merianae highlights its highly 87 generalist eating habits, including opportunistic necrophagy (Kiefer & Sazima 2002, Machado 88 2007, Sazima & D'Angelo 2013). It is worth mentioning thatZoology the Tegu has a high voracity, of 89 being able to neutralize prey with the same, or even larger, body size (Vieira et al. 2018), in proofing 90 which the benefits of predation may be surpassed by the energy expenditure and risk of Journal 91 injuries. The diet and foraging behavior of this speciesuntil indicate a possible advantage of the 92 Tegu to adapt to different environmental conditions, and hence, to a rapid changing 93 landscape. Indeed, the recent establishmentpaper and spread of this species in the states of Florida 94 and Georgia, USA, seems to corroborate that (Kaiser et al. 2013, Wood et al. 2018, Haro et al. 95 2020). The invasionNorth-western by the large, generalist , and opportunistic S. merianae into new habitats Accepted 96 warrants attention because of the potential severe harmful effects upon a large proportion the 97 native fauna (Jarnevich et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Approved Plant List 10/04/12
    FLORIDA The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time to plant a tree is today. City of Sunrise Approved Plant List 10/04/12 Appendix A 10/4/12 APPROVED PLANT LIST FOR SINGLE FAMILY HOMES SG xx Slow Growing “xx” = minimum height in Small Mature tree height of less than 20 feet at time of planting feet OH Trees adjacent to overhead power lines Medium Mature tree height of between 21 – 40 feet U Trees within Utility Easements Large Mature tree height greater than 41 N Not acceptable for use as a replacement feet * Native Florida Species Varies Mature tree height depends on variety Mature size information based on Betrock’s Florida Landscape Plants Published 2001 GROUP “A” TREES Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Avocado Persea Americana L Bahama Strongbark Bourreria orata * U, SG 6 S Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum * L Black Olive Shady Bucida buceras ‘Shady Lady’ L Lady Black Olive Bucida buceras L Brazil Beautyleaf Calophyllum brasiliense L Blolly Guapira discolor* M Bridalveil Tree Caesalpinia granadillo M Bulnesia Bulnesia arboria M Cinnecord Acacia choriophylla * U, SG 6 S Group ‘A’ Plant List for Single Family Homes Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Citrus: Lemon, Citrus spp. OH S (except orange, Lime ect. Grapefruit) Citrus: Grapefruit Citrus paradisi M Trees Copperpod Peltophorum pterocarpum L Fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum * U, SG 8 S Floss Silk Tree Chorisia speciosa L Golden – Shower Cassia fistula L Green Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus * L Gumbo Limbo Bursera simaruba * L
    [Show full text]
  • Syagrus Romanzoffiana [Cham.] Glassman
    SCIENTIFIC note Doi: https://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2019v13i3.8363 Pre-depulping and depulping treatments and the emergence of queen palm seeds (Syagrus romanzoffiana [Cham.] Glassman) Tratamiento de pre-despulpado y despulpado sobre la emergencia de semillas de palma reina (Syagrus romanzoffiana [Cham.] Glassman) LUCAS MARQUEZAN NASCIMENTO1 EDUARDO PRADI VENDRUSCOLO2, 4 LUIZ FERNANDES CARDOSO CAMPOS1 LISMAÍRA GONÇALVES CAIXETA GARCIA1 LARISSA LEANDRO PIRES1 ALEXANDER SELEGUINI3 Syagrus romanzoffiana under conditions of Brazilian Cerrado. Photo: L.M. Nascimento ABSTRACT The propagation of the palm Syagrus romanzoffiano is done sexually with seeds, making the process of obtai- ning new plants slow and difficult, especially on large scales. In addition, seed germination is slow, uneven and susceptible to degradation and loss of vigor because of embryo deterioration, even under laboratory conditions. As a result of the lack of information on efficient depulping methods for queen palm fruits, the present study aimed to establish a depulping methodology that is less aggressive to embryos, maintaining emergence quality. This experiment was carried out in Goiânia, Brazil, using fruits from eight stock plants submitted to three pre-depulping treatments (control, fermentation and drying) and two depulping me- thods (industrial depulping and concrete-mixer with the addition of gravel). After the different pre-sowing processes, the fresh and dry pyrenes mass, remaining fibers adhered to the pyrene and seedling emergence were evaluated. The pulper removed an average of 45% more pyrene pulp than the concrete mixer. However, these methodologies did not result in differences in the emergence of plants, which was affected only by the pre-depulping treatment, with superiority in the use of fresh fruits.
    [Show full text]
  • Students' Attitudes Toward and Knowledge About Snakes in The
    Alves et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2014, 10:30 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/10/1/30 JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE RESEARCH Open Access Students’ attitudes toward and knowledge about snakes in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil Rômulo RN Alves1*, Vanessa N Silva1, Dilma MBM Trovão1, José V Oliveira1, José S Mourão1, Thelma LP Dias1, Ângelo GC Alves2, Reinaldo FP Lucena3, Raynner RD Barboza4, Paulo FGP Montenegro4, Washington LS Vieira4 and Wedson MS Souto4 Abstract Background: Humans in various cultures have feared snakes, provoking an aversion and persecution that hinders conservation efforts for these reptiles. Such fact suggests that conservation strategies for snakes should consider the interactions and perceptions of the local population towards these animals. The aim of this study was to investigate students' perception of snakes and if attitudes and knowledge may differ according to gender and local residence (urban or rural). Methods: Data was collected in the second half of 2012 and consisted of questionnaires applied to 108 students in the Basic Education School in the municipality of Sumé, located in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. Results: The male respondents recognized more species than female did. Part of the students affirmed to have a fear of snakes, especially women. Nearly half of respondents (49%) showed negative behaviour towards these animals, reflecting the influence of potential risk and myths associated with snakes, and supported by a limited knowledge about these animals and their ecological and utilitarian role. We find that the rural students recognized significantly more species than the urban students. Conclusions: Our results point to the need for educational interventions in order to increase knowledge about the positive aspects associated with snakes, seeking to minimize the influence of myths and beliefs that contribute to a strong aversion to snakes by the locals.
    [Show full text]
  • Aberrant Colourations in Wild Snakes: Case Study in Neotropical Taxa and a Review of Terminology
    SALAMANDRA 57(1): 124–138 Claudio Borteiro et al. SALAMANDRA 15 February 2021 ISSN 0036–3375 German Journal of Herpetology Aberrant colourations in wild snakes: case study in Neotropical taxa and a review of terminology Claudio Borteiro1, Arthur Diesel Abegg2,3, Fabrício Hirouki Oda4, Darío Cardozo5, Francisco Kolenc1, Ignacio Etchandy6, Irasema Bisaiz6, Carlos Prigioni1 & Diego Baldo5 1) Sección Herpetología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Miguelete 1825, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay 2) Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, CEP 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil 3) Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Travessa 14, Rua do Matão, 321, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 4) Universidade Regional do Cariri, Departamento de Química Biológica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioprospecção Molecular, Rua Coronel Antônio Luiz 1161, Pimenta, Crato, Ceará 63105-000, CE, Brazil 5) Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Felix de Azara 1552, CP 3300, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina 6) Alternatus Uruguay, Ruta 37, km 1.4, Piriápolis, Uruguay Corresponding author: Claudio Borteiro, e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript received: 2 April 2020 Accepted: 18 August 2020 by Arne Schulze Abstract. The criteria used by previous authors to define colour aberrancies of snakes, particularly albinism, are varied and terms have widely been used ambiguously. The aim of this work was to review genetically based aberrant colour morphs of wild Neotropical snakes and associated terminology. We compiled a total of 115 cases of conspicuous defective expressions of pigmentations in snakes, including melanin (black/brown colour), xanthins (yellow), and erythrins (red), which in- volved 47 species of Aniliidae, Boidae, Colubridae, Elapidae, Leptotyphlopidae, Typhlopidae, and Viperidae.
    [Show full text]
  • Herp. Bulletin 100.Qxd
    Opportunities and hazards affecting endemic skink Schoener, T. W. (1968) The Anolis lizards of Vitt, L. J. & Pianka, E. R. (2005). Deep history Bimini: resource partitioning in a complex impacts pr esent day ecology and biodiversity. fauna. Ecology 49, 704–726. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . 102, 7877–7881. Schoener, T. W. & Toft, C. A. (1983). Spider Whiting, A. S. Sites-Jr, J. W. Pellegrino, K. C. M. populations: Extraordinarily high densities on & Rodrigues, M. T. (2005). Comparing islands without top predators. Science 219, alignment methods for inferring the history of 1353–1355. the new world lizard genus Mabuya (Squamata: Silva-Jr, J. M. Péres-Jr., A. K. & Sazima, I. (2005). Scincidae). Molec. Phylogen. Evol . 38, Euprepis atlanticus (Noronha skink). Predation. 719–730. Herpetol. Rev . 36, 62–63. NATURAL HISTORY NOTES TRITURUS ALPESTRIS (Alpine newt): To record coloration after metamorphosis, all HYPOMELANISM. Various colour aberrations larvae were transported to the laboratory and then have been described in many species of caudate placed in an aquarium at 17°C. The aquarium was amphibians including Triturus newts (Dyrkacz, filled with soft water (conductivity 100 µS/cm) up 1981; Bechtel, 1995; Grossenbacher & to 5 cm, and equipped with a clump of Java moss Thiesmeier, 2003; Thiesmeier & Grossenbacher, and a piece of Styrofoam. Larvae were fed with 2004). Although the terminology is sometimes live Tubifex worms every second day. Under these confusing, the most frequently reported colour conditions all typically pigmented larvae aberrations are albinism – absence of melanin metamorphosed within one week. However, the including eyes, hypomelanism or partial albinism aberrant individual remained at the climax stage – partial absence of melanin, and leucism – without any sign of metamorphosis (i.e., tail fin lacking of all integumentary pigments except of and gill reduction) for two months after capture, eyes (Bechtel, 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Fragment Size and Microhabitat Effects on Palm Seed Predation
    BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 131 (2006) 1– 13 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Forest fragment size and microhabitat effects on palm seed predation Marina Fleurya,b,c,*, Mauro Galettib,c aLaborato´rio de Ecologia e Restaurac¸a˜ o Florestal (LERF), Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘‘Luiz de Queiroz’’, Universidade de Sa˜ o Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Brazil bLaborato´rio de Biologia da Conservac¸a˜ o, Grupo de Fenologia e Dispersa˜ o de Sementes, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), C.P. 199, 13506-900, Rio Claro, Sa˜ o Paulo, Brazil cInstituto de Biologia da Conservac¸a˜ o (IBC), Av.P-13, 293, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The establishment of plant species depends crucially on where the seeds are deposited. How- Received 11 January 2005 ever, since most studies have been conducted in continuous forests, not much is known about Received in revised form the effects of forest fragmentation on the maintenance of abiotic and biotic characteristics in 19 October 2005 microhabitats and their effects on seed survival. In this study, we evaluated the effects of for- Accepted 24 October 2005 est fragmentation on the predation upon the seeds of the palm Syagrus romanzoffiana in three Available online 3 April 2006 microhabitats (interior forest, forest edge and gaps) in eight fragments of semi-deciduous Atlantic forest ranging in size from 9.5 ha to 33,845 ha in southeastern Brazil. Specifically, Keywords: we examined the influence of the microhabitat structure, fauna and fragment size on the pat- Arecaceae tern of seed predation.
    [Show full text]
  • Mysore Raspberry Rubus Niveus Thimbleberry Rubus Rosifolius
    Big Island Invasive Species Committee (BIISC) Hawaii‘i Island Weed ID Card – DRAFT– v20030508 • Local/Common Name: None • Scientific Name: Rubus glaucus • Family : Rosaceae (Rose Family) • Origin and Status: – Invasive weed in Hawai‘i – Native to ? – First introduced to into Hawai‘i in ? • Description: Rubus glaucus is a raspberry plant with long thorny vines. Its leaves are compound, consisting of 3 oblong-shaped leaflets that have a pointy tip. The stems are white, almost as if coated with flour, and have sparse long thorns. The flowers are white, with 5 tiny petals, and tending to occur in clusters along the stems. Its fruits are red when ripe and are about 1” long. • Distribution: R. glaucus is currently found in the Volcano area along disturbed roadsides and abandoned fields. • Other Information: R. glaucus is a rambling vine. This means, like other vines, that it tends to grow up and over other plants. It ends up smothering whatever is growing beneath it. It can also grow out and along the ground instead of erect. Birds have been witnessed eating the berries from this plant. • Contact: Rubus glaucus Prepared by MLC/KFB Big Island Invasive Species Committee (BIISC) Local/Common Name: Hill or Mysore Raspberry Hawaii‘i Island Weed ID Card – DRAFT– v20030508 Scientific Name: Rubus niveus Family : Rosaceae (Rose Family) Origin and Status: ?Invasive weed in Hawai‘i ?Native from India, southeastern Asia, the Philippines, and Indonesia ?First introduced to into Hawai‘i in 1965 Description: Rubus niveus is a stout shrub that grows up to 6 ½ ft. tall . The compound leaves have 5 to 9 leaflets that are oval- shaped with pointed tips and thorns located on the underside.
    [Show full text]
  • Cocoa Beach Maritime Hammock Preserve Management Plan
    MANAGEMENT PLAN Cocoa Beach’s Maritime Hammock Preserve City of Cocoa Beach, Florida Florida Communities Trust Project No. 03 – 035 –FF3 Adopted March 18, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE I. Introduction ……………………………………………………………. 1 II. Purpose …………………………………………………………….……. 2 a. Future Uses ………….………………………………….…….…… 2 b. Management Objectives ………………………………………….... 2 c. Major Comprehensive Plan Directives ………………………..….... 2 III. Site Development and Improvement ………………………………… 3 a. Existing Physical Improvements ……….…………………………. 3 b. Proposed Physical Improvements…………………………………… 3 c. Wetland Buffer ………...………….………………………………… 4 d. Acknowledgment Sign …………………………………..………… 4 e. Parking ………………………….………………………………… 5 f. Stormwater Facilities …………….………………………………… 5 g. Hazard Mitigation ………………………………………………… 5 h. Permits ………………………….………………………………… 5 i. Easements, Concessions, and Leases …………………………..… 5 IV. Natural Resources ……………………………………………..……… 6 a. Natural Communities ………………………..……………………. 6 b. Listed Animal Species ………………………….…………….……. 7 c. Listed Plant Species …………………………..…………………... 8 d. Inventory of the Natural Communities ………………..………….... 10 e. Water Quality …………..………………………….…..…………... 10 f. Unique Geological Features ………………………………………. 10 g. Trail Network ………………………………….…..………..……... 10 h. Greenways ………………………………….…..……………..……. 11 i Adopted March 18, 2004 V. Resources Enhancement …………………………..…………………… 11 a. Upland Restoration ………………………..………………………. 11 b. Wetland Restoration ………………………….…………….………. 13 c. Invasive Exotic Plants …………………………..…………………... 13 d. Feral
    [Show full text]
  • The Reptile Collection of the Museu De Zoologia, Pecies
    Check List 9(2): 257–262, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution The Reptile Collection of the Museu de Zoologia, PECIES S Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil OF Breno Hamdan 1,2*, Daniela Pinto Coelho 1 1, Eduardo José dos Reis Dias3 ISTS 1 L and Rejâne Maria Lira-da-Silva , Annelise Batista D’Angiolella 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil. 1 Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Núcleo Regional de Ofiologia e Animais Peçonhentos. CEP Sala A0-92 (subsolo), Laboratório de Répteis, Ilha do Fundão, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, N° 373. CEP 21941-902. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Museu Nacional/UFRJ. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco A, Carvalho. CEP 49500-000. Itabaian, SE, Brazil. * 3 CorrUniversidadeesponding Federal author. de E-mail: Sergipe, [email protected] Departamento de Biociências, Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Vertebrados (LABEV), Campus Alberto de Abstract: to its history. The Reptile Collection of the Museu de Zoologia from Universidade Federal da Bahia (CRMZUFBA) has 5,206 specimens and Brazilian 185 species scientific (13 collections endemic to represent Brazil and an 9important threatened) sample with of one the quarter country’s of biodiversitythe known reptile and are species a testament listed in Brazil, from over 175 municipalities. Although the CRMZUFBA houses species from all Brazilian biomes there is a strong regional presence. Knowledge of the species housed in smaller collections could avoid unrepresentative species descriptions and provide information concerning intraspecific variation, ecological features and geographic coverage.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol45n3p127-135
    PALMS Smith: Leafletbv Leaflet Volume 45(3) 2001 Leaflet by Lucv T. Svrrn Leaflet Collegeof Music, Visual Arts and Theatre PO Box 25 Painting the lames Cook University Townsville,Q\d,4811, Palmsof North Australia Queensland 1.Oraniopsis appendiculota growing on the mossybank of a crystal-clearcreek at high altitude.on Mount Lewis. ln 1997, Lucy Smith embarked on a two-year Master of Creative Arts degree in illustration, designed to research and portray in detail the palm flora of North Queensland. The resulting collection of paintings captures eighteen of these palms in their natural habitats and forms, highlighting the diversity and beauty of both the palms and the environments in which they grow. PALMS4s(3): 127-135 127 PALMS Smith: Leafletby Leaflet Volume45(3) 200'l Images of palms in Australian art history The palms of Australia were painted and drawn for many purposesin the last two centuries.They appear in drawings for the description of new species,as elements in the painted landscape,and are also mentioned in the accounts of European exploration and settlement of the country. The palms that were most often mentioned and illustratedby early Europeanexplorers and settlers in Australia, from the 18th century onwards, were from the genera Livistona, Archontophoenix and Ptychosperma.Beginning with Joseph Banks' first observations of the Australian vegetation in 1 788 (in fact the only plant to which he could attribute a name), many accounts by early settlers and explorers "cabbage contained referencesto the palm." The cabbagepalm in question, Livistonaaustralis, indeed once grew quite extensively around Botany Bay, site of the first European landing, and Sydney Harbor, site of the first fleets of settlers.Those people keeping accountsof settlement were mostly interested in the palms' immedlate and potential practical usesin providing food and construction material.
    [Show full text]
  • Ophiophagy and Egg-Eating in Mannophryne Cf. Trinitatis
    ©Österreichische Gesellschaft für Herpetologie e.V., Wien, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at SHORT NOTE HERPETOZOA 18 (1/2) Wien, 30. Juni 2005 SHORT NOTE 69 Ophiophagy and egg-eating in Predator specimens of the egg-eating case Mannophryne cf. trinitatis were deposited in the herpetological collec- tion of the "Laboratorio de Biogeografìa, (GARMAN, 1888) Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezu- Amphibians are considered to be feed- ela (ULABG). Digital photos were taken ing opportunists with their diets reflecting with a Sony Mavica® camera. Poor resolu- the availability of food of appropriate size tion pictures for printing were used to make which seems to be a basic constraint in ink-draw pictures at scale, and original pho- amphibian diet (DUELLMAN & TRUEB 1986). tographic documentation was deposited in As to cases of snake-eating (ophiophagy), the "Museo del Intituto de Zoologia Agrico- Leptodactylus pentadactylus (LAURENTI, la" (MIZA), "Universidad Central de Vene- 1768) has been reported to predate on adult zuela". Technical equipment for measure- Imantodes cenchoa (LINNAEUS, 1758), Rana ments: GPS Garmin® 12, Texas Instruments® catesbeiana SHAW, 1802 on Micrurus, Pyxi- digital thermohygrometer, Casio® digital alti- cephalus adspersus TSCHUDI, 1838 on He- meter, Mitutoyo® digital caliper for lengths machatus and some Malaysian toads of the < 30 mm, and a calibrated ruler for lengths genus Bufo commonly feed on Flowerpot > 30 mm. Blind Snakes, Rhamphotyphlops braminus On May 7th, 2002, between 10:15 and (DAUDIN, 1803) (GREEN 1997). Dendro- 12:35 after heavy rainfall, we watched M. batid diet has been studied for some species cf. trinitatis at a stream located at 10°43'N; (e.g., PRADERIO 1985; PINERO & DURANT 62°48'W, at an elevation of 186 m a.s.l., 1993; PINERO & LA MARCA 1995), however, approximately 4.2 km airline from San Juan to our knowledge, no case of ophiophagy de Las Galdonas (Muncipio Arismendi) on has been reported for members of the fami- the road to Aroa, in Sucre State, Venezuela.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeochemical Relationships of a Subtropical Dry Forest on Karst
    2017 CARIBBEANCaribbean Naturalist NATURALIST No. 41:1–24No. 41 E. Medina, E. Cuevas, H. Marcano-Vega, E. Meléndez-Ackerman, and E.H. Helmer Biogeochemical Relationships of a Subtropical Dry Forest on Karst Ernesto Medina1,2,*, Elvira Cuevas3, Humfredo Marcano-Vega4, Elvia Meléndez-Ackerman3, and Eileen H. Helmer1 Abstract - Tropical dry forests on calcareous substrate constitute the main vegetation cover in many islands of the Caribbean. Dry climate and nutrient scarcity in those environments are ideal to investigate the potential role of high levels of soil calcium (Ca) in regulating plant selection and productivity. We analyzed the elemental composition of soil, loose lit- ter, and leaf samples of the woody vegetation on the plateau of Mona Island, an emergent block of carbonate rock in the Caribbean located between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, to explore the nutrient relationships of plants growing on calcareous substrates. The mineral soil has an elemental composition characterized by high levels of aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) in agreement with the hypothesis that it derives in part from sediments transported by rivers eroding plutonic rocks, and deposited before the massive lifting of biological limestone. Calcium concentration varied within sites, and Ca–Al and Ca–Fe cor- relations were negative in soils and positive in plant material, implying that element uptake from these soils depends on acidification of the rhizosphere. This acidification should be high enough to extract carbonate-bound elements and solubilize Al, Fe, and probably phos- phate (P) compounds. The most abundant cation in leaves was Ca, followed by potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg); Ca/K and Ca/Mg molar ratios averaged 2 and 3, respectively, in- dicating that most species maintain K and Mg uptake in the presence of high Ca levels.
    [Show full text]