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Kilmartin, Men's Violence Against Women 00_8139_FM 2/21/07 9:21 AM Page i Men’s Violence Against Women Theory, Research, and Activism 00_8139_FM 2/21/07 9:21 AM Page iii Men’s Violence Against Women Theory, Research, and Activism Christopher Kilmartin University of Mary Washington Julie Allison Pittsburg State University LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS 2007 Mahwah, New Jersey London 00_8139_FM 2/21/07 9:21 AM Page iv Senior Acquisitions Editor: Debra Riegert Editorial Assistant: Rebecca Larsen Cover Design: Tomai Maridou Full-Service Compositor: MidAtlantic Books & Journals, Inc. This book was typeset in 11/13 pt. Garamond Book, Italic, Bold, and Bold Italic with Zapf Humanist. Copyright ©2007 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 10 Industrial Avenue Mahwah, New Jersey 07430 www.erlbaum.com CIP information for this volume can be obtained by contacting the Library of Congress. ISBN 978–0–8058–5770–2 — 0–8058–5770–2 (case) ISBN 978–0–8058–5771–9 — 0–8058–5771–0 (paper) ISBN 978–1–4106–1752–1 — 1–4106–1752–1 (e book) Books published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates are printed on acid-free paper, and their bindings are chosen for strength and durability. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 00_8139_FM 2/21/07 9:21 AM Page v For all the courageous women and men who work tirelessly to bring an end to gender-based violence And for those of you willing to join the efforts 00_8139_FM 2/21/07 9:21 AM Page vii Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii About Language xx PART I: THE PROBLEM, THE PERPETRATOR, THE VICTIM 1 1 Understanding Gender-Based Violence 3 Gender-Based Violence 5 Power 6 Rape and Sexual Assault 9 The Prevalence of Rape and Sexual Assault 10 Intimate Partner Violence 11 The Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence 12 Box 1.1: Joel Steinberg: A Violent Offender 13 The Cycle of Violence 16 Box 1.2: The Power and Control Wheel 18 Sexual Harassment 23 The Prevalence of Sexual Harassment 25 Stalking 27 vii 00_8139_FM 2/21/07 9:21 AM Page viii viii • CONTENTS The Definition of Stalking 28 Stalking: Incidence and Prevalence Rates 28 Cyberstalking 29 Male Victims of Gender-Based Violence 30 Homophobia and Gender-Based Violence 30 Box 1.3: The Murder of Matthew Sheppard 31 Summary 32 Key Terms 34 Critical Thinking Questions 35 2 Understanding the Offender 37 A Model for Understanding Offenders 37 Box 2.1: Perspectives on the Claim: “All Males are Potential Rapists” 39 Component #1: Pathology of the Perpetrator 41 Sexual Assault and Rape 41 Box 2.2: The Role of Alcohol in Gender-based Violence 42 Box 2.3: Interview with a Rapist 47 Intimate Partner Violence 46 Box 2.4: Letter from a Batterer 52 Stalkers 53 Simple Obsessional 54 Erotomanic 54 Love Obsessional 55 Sexual Harassment 55 Component #2: Decision to Act Violently 56 Component #3: Means to Do Harm 57 Component #4: Social Support for Violence 58 Summary 61 Key Terms 62 Critical Thinking Questions 63 3 The Survivors: Consequences of Gender-Based Violence 65 A Survivor’s Story 65 Who are the Survivors 67 The Financial Costs of Victimizing 69 Psychological Consequences of Victimizing 70 Shattered Assumptions 70 00_8139_FM 2/21/07 9:21 AM Page ix Contents • ix Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 72 Consequences of Sexual Assault and Rape 72 Box 3.1: Rape Trauma Syndrome 73 Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence 74 Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence and Stalking 75 Consequences of Sexual Harassment 75 Box 3.2: “Battered Woman Syndrome” 76 Factors Related to PTSD Symptomology or Diagnosis 77 Characteristics of the Abuse 78 Sex of Victim 79 Revictimization 79 Depression 80 Recovering from Gendered Violence 81 Social Cognitions 82 Social Support 82 Summary 83 Key Terms 83 Box 3.3: An Interview with Katie Koestner 84 Critical Thinking Questions 87 PART II: THEORY 89 4 Social Perspectives: Attitudinal Foundations of Gender-based Violence 91 Attitudes 92 Box 4.1: Learning from Dad 93 Cognitively Based Attitudes 93 Behaviorally Based Attitudes 94 Affectively Based Attitudes 94 Classically conditioned attitudes 94 Operantly conditioned attitudes 94 Explicit versus implicit attitudes 96 Box 4.2: Modern Sexism 96 Prejudice 96 Stereotypes 97 Levels of Processing: Automatic and Controlled 97 Gender Stereotypes 98 Masculinity 98 00_8139_FM 2/21/07 9:21 AM Page x x•CONTENTS Box 4.3: On Girly Men 99 Femininity 100 Box 4.4: Being Powerful vs. Feeling Powerful 101 Hypermasculinity 100 Box 4.5: Of Stereotypes and Substereotypes 102 Hyperfemininity 103 Box 4.6: Chivalry 105 Cognitive Dissonance Theory 108 Summary 110 Key Terms 111 Critical Thinking Questions 112 5 The Big Picture 113 The Historical Foundations of Gender Inequality 114 A History of Gender and Labor 114 Box 5.1: Imagining the Self as a Person of the Other Sex 117 Culture and Violence 120 Toward Solutions 124 Summary 125 Key Terms 126 Critical Thinking Questions 126 PART III: INTERVENTION AND PREVENTION 127 6 Responding to Gender-Based Violence: Intervention 129 Intervention for Survivors 130 Personal Intervention 130 Public Intervention 136 Box 6.1: Reducing the Risk of Rape and Sexual Assault 138 Intervention with Perpetrators 137 Box 6.2: The Criminal Justice System 140 Criminal Justice Intervention 140 Reporting Gender-based Violence 141 From Arrest to Conviction 141 00_8139_FM 2/21/07 9:21 AM Page xi Contents • xi Box 6.3: Denying the Reality of Gender-Based Crime 142 Box 6.4: Reporting Rates for Gender-Based Violent Crime 143 Box 6.5: Police Response Advocacy Intervention Programming 146 Treatment for Perpetrators 148 Box 6.6: Sex Offender Community Notification 149 Box 6.7: Recidivism Rates Among Sex Offenders 151 Treating Offenders of Intimate Partner Violence 153 Effectiveness of Intimate Partner Violence Programs 154 Box 6.8: The Duluth Model Control Log 155 Summary 157 Key Terms 157 Critical Thinking Questions 158 7 Gender-based Violence: Towards Prevention 159 Box 7.1: On Blame and Responsibility 160 Moving Towards Violence Prevention 162 The Involvement of Men 162 Box 7.2: Resistance Awareness vs. Prevention 163 Box 7.3: An Interview with Don McPherson 165 Box 7.4: Safe Dates: A Dating Violence Prevention Curriculum 172 Types of Gender-based Violence-Prevention Programs 173 Men and Women Doing Prevention Work 174 Women as Active Participants in the Movement 175 Goals of Violence-Prevention Programming for Men 175 Box 7.5: “The Box” of Masculinity 177 Box 7.6: Having Healthy Relationships 181 Box 7.7: On Privilege 182 Summary 183 Key Terms 184 Critical Thinking Questions 184 8 Model Prevention Programs 187 The Social Norms Approach 188 00_8139_FM 2/21/07 9:21 AM Page xii xii • CONTENTS Box 8.1: An Interview with Alan Berkowitz 190 Mentors in Violence Prevention 199 Box 8.2: 10 Things Men Can Do to Prevent Gender Violence 200 Men Can Stop Rape 201 The White Ribbon Campaign 202 One in Four 203 The Fraternity Violence Education Project 204 Use of Theatre 205 Community Efforts 207 Summary 208 Key Terms 209 Critical Thinking Questions 209 9 Developing Violence Prevention Programs 211 A Brief History 214 Program Structure 215 Box 9.1: Start-up Suggestions 216 Theoretical Foundations 218 Obtaining Effective Members 219 Box 9.2: Membership Commitment 221 Educational Programming for Men Interested in Violence Prevention 220 Discussions 223 Activities 224 Using Media 225 Experts in the Community 227 Providing Education 227 Raising Awareness 228 Box 9.3: Protocol for Presenting to Schools 229 Summary 231 Box 9.4: A Peer Educator Experience 232 Critical Thinking Questions 233 Epilogue: Final Thoughts 235 Testimonials from Women Activists 236 Testimonials from Men Activists 237 Glossary 239 References 247 00A_8139_Preface.qxd 2/21/07 9:28 AM Page xiii Preface It is an open secret around the world that men’s violence against women is an all-too-frequent occurrence that takes many forms such as rape, intimate partner violence, stalking, and sexual harass- ment. Only in the past few decades have legislators, educators, activists, and researchers directed concerted efforts at ending this scourge of victimization that undermines women’s quality of life. As we will also argue, it also has demonstrable negative effects on men, even when they are not victims or victimizers. Men’s Violence Against Women: Theory, Research, and Activism is an attempt to provide a snapshot-in-time of the state of the art in prevention of and intervention for this nearly ubiquitous social problem. We have tried throughout to offer a balance of theory, research, and first-person narratives that will help the reader under- stand the issues from multiple viewpoints. This book can be used as a primary text in college and university courses on gender-based vio- lence from the perspectives of a wide variety of academic disciplines. It can also serve as a secondary text in courses such as psychology or sociology of women, men, or gender, similar courses taught in other traditional departments, or in interdisciplinary areas like women’s, men’s, or gender studies. In addition, it can be a valuable xiii 00A_8139_Preface.qxd 2/21/07 9:28 AM Page xiv xiv • I. PROBLEM PERPETRATOR, VICTIM resource for professionals working in prevention of and interven- tion for men’s violence against women. Part I (chapters 1-3) is a basic description of the problem. In chapter 1, we describe the prevalence and patterns of men’s vio- lence against women in its many forms.
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