IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 5, Issue 03, 2017 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Study and Evaluation of Water Quality of River Ganga at Different Ghats of Varanasi City Nusrat Ali11 Ugrasen Kumar2 1Assistant Professor 2M.Tech Student 1,2Department of Civil Engineering 1,2Integral University, Lucknow -226026, U.P., India Abstract— This paper is attempt to analyze the water quality Research Institute) Ganga water have an anti-bacterial of river Ganga in Varanasi city. The present investigation quality. reveals the seasonal changes in concentration of physico- C. Ganga River in Varanasi City chemical parameters in river Ganga at different Ghats of Varanasi city. Water samples were collected from the Ghats in Varanasi are river front steps leading to the banks of different sites viz: Santravidas Ghats, Assi Ghats, Harish the River Ganges. The city has 87 ghats. Most of the ghats are Chandra Ghats, Dasawamedha Ghats, Lalita Ghats, bathing and puja ceremony Ghats, while a few are used Mannmandir Ghats, Manikarnika Ghats of Varanasi during exclusively as cremation sites. Most Varanasi Ghats were Rainy & winter seasons in year 2016-2017. The physico- built after 1700 AD, when the city was part of Maratha. The chemical parameter such as pH-value , Temperature patrons of current Ghats are Marathas, Shindes ,Dissolved Oxygen (DO) , Biological Oxygen Demand (Scindias), Holkars, Bhonsles, and Peshwes (Peshwas).Many (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) , Total alkalinity Ghats are associated with legends or mythologies while many (TA) , Total Hardness (TH) , Total Dissolve Solids (T.D.S) Ghats are privately owned. Morning boat ride on the Ganges ,Turbidity , Chloride were used to analyses the pollution of across the Ghats is a popular visitor’s attraction. river Ganga at selected sites. Comparison of estimated values with WHO and standard quality management revealed that water of study area is polluted which may be harmful for both aquatic bio-system as well as human beings. This results also revealed that the water quality was severely polluted in monsoon and moderately polluted in winter season. Key words: Ganga River, Physico-chemical properties, water quality I. INTRODUCTION A. Ganga River The Ganga is the most sacred river to Hindus and it is also a lifeline to millions of Indian who live along its bank and depend on it for their daily need. Ganga is a trans- boundary river of INDIA & BANGALADESH. The Ganga is longest river in INDIA. They are 2,525 km river rise in western Himalayas and flow south and east through the Gangatic plain of north India into Bay of Bengal. The Ganges basin is the most heavily populated river basin in the world, with over 400 million people and a population density of about 1,000 inhabitants per square mile (390 /km2). The Ganga was ranked among the five most polluted rivers of the world in 2007. The Ganga Action Plan is an environmental initiative Fig. 1: Satellite view of Ganga River in Varanasi city to clean up the river has been a major failure due to lack of good environmental planning, Indian traditions and beliefs II. OBJECTIVE OF WORK and lack of support from religious authorities. Analysis the physico-chemical parameters of water of River Ganga in Varanasi city at different Ghats. B. Qualities Of Ganga River Study the change of physico-chemical properties of According to Hindu mythology a Ganga river have a great water with time medicinal qualities. A Ganga river present an ideal biodiversity area. It have over then 140 fish species, 90 III. METHODOLOGY amphibian species and five area hitch support bird found nowhere else in the world. Ganga River producing fertile soil The analysis of physico-chemical parameters started with in the world. According to studies report by environmental sample collection .The sampling was collected in Rainy engineers of IIT Roorkee, the Ganga decomposed the organic season and winter season in 2016-2017. waste 15 to 25 times faster than other river. A Ganga river Before a sampling programme in undertaken, a have a legendry medicinal qualities as compare to other detailed sampling protocol must be developed and as a HIMALAYA rivers'. According to NBRI (National Botanical minimum the following item must be specified. 1) Sampling plan All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 678 Study and Evaluation of Water Quality of River Ganga at Different Ghats of Varanasi City (IJSRD/Vol. 5/Issue 03/2017/178) 2) Sample labelling TDS 500 mg/l 2000 mg/l 3) Sample storage CHLORIDE 250 mg/l 1000 mg/l 4) Sample testing Table 2: Sampling will be collected from the different Ghats whose location is maintained below. The sample is collected A. Source Of Pollution in the closed bottle and store in environmental engineering There are two types of pollution lab refrigerator. 1) Point source The water sample is subjected to analysis within 24 2) Non-point source hrs. of collection for the physic-chemical parameter like PH, 1) Point Source TEMPARATURE, BOD, COD, DO, TDS, TSS, A point source is a single, identifiable source of pollution, ALKALINITY, TURBIDITY, CHLORIDE, TOTAL such as a pipe or a drain. Industrial wastes are commonly HARDNESS, etc. In this project the various parameter of discharged to rivers and the sea in this way. water Location of sampling sites are following. 1) Sewage effluent discharge 2) Domestic waste IV. STUDY AREA 3) Industrial effluents 4) Leather industries The present study thus evaluates the effect of water quality of 2) Non-Point Source Ganga River in Varanasi city. Eleven necessary Non-point sources of pollution are often termed ‘diffuse’ physiochemical parameters are estimated as per standard pollution and refer to those inputs and impacts which occur method. The sample was collected from the 7 most popular over a wide area and are not easily attributed to a single Ghats of Varanasi city (from Sant Ravidas ghat to source. They are often associated with particular land uses, as Manikarnika ghat) the water sample to be collected through opposed to individual point source discharges. the study period i.e. after Rainy and winter season 2017.the 1) Solid waste the physico chemical parameter are analysed in the 2) Bathing and washing on Ghats laboratory. 3) Runoff from agricultural field Water sample collected from the following site 4) Human and cattle excreta & Fecal matter Sample 1 collected at Sant Ravidas Ghat 5) Cremation Sample 2 collected at Assi Ghat Sample 3 collected at Harish Chandra Ghat Sample 4 collected at Dasawamedha Ghat Sample 5 collected at Lalita Ghat Sample 6 collected at Mannmandir Ghat Sample 7 collected at Manikarnika Ghat Fig. 3: Cremation at Harishchand Ghat Fig. 2: Satellite view of Ganga River Ghats in Varanasi city V. DRINKING WATER STANDARD: BIS 10500; 2012 MAX. DESIRABLE PARAMETER PERMISSIBLE LIMITS LIMITS PH-VALUE 6.5 8.5 Fig. 4: Remove soil from ghat with the help of water D.O 2 mg/l 6 mg/l pressure BOD 6 mg/L ALKALINITY 200 mg/l 600 mg/l VI. RESULTS & DISCUSSION TURBIDITY 1 NTU 5 NTU Variation in physico-chemical properties of Ganga river in CALCIUM 75 mg/l 200 mg/l rainy and winter seasons at all the considering sites are FLUORIDE 1 mg/l 1.5 mg/l presented in table1 and table2. All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 679 Study and Evaluation of Water Quality of River Ganga at Different Ghats of Varanasi City (IJSRD/Vol. 5/Issue 03/2017/178) BO CO SAMPLING TE TDS TSS DO HARDN ALKALI TURBIDI CHLORI S.N p D D SITE MP (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ ESS NTY TY DE O H (mg/ (mg/ LOCATION (°C) l) l) l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (NTU) (mg/l) l) l) SANT RAVI 7. 1 52 225 5.32 5.21 6.43 245 DAS GHAT 3 29.2 182 11.32 135 7. 2 ASSI GHAT 45 268 4.53 4.56 6.98 253 4 29.2 174 11.94 129 HARISCHAN 7. 3 67 283 4.54 5.86 7.84 268 D GHAT 2 30.4 194 13.45 141 DASASWAM 7. 4 56 240 5.96 4.65 7.11 251 ADH GHAT 4 30.8 178 12.84 136 LALITA 7. 5 42 268 5.46 3.89 6.76 273 GHAT 1 31.2 175 12.24 142 MANN 7. 6 MANDIR 46 245 6.54 3.76 6.56 261 5 GHAT 31.6 169 11.54 134 MANIKARNI 7. 7 58 264 7.43 3.43 5.43 254 KA GHAT 1 31.9 155 11.10 130 Table 1: Physico-chemical data table of river Ganga in Varanasi city (During Rainy Season) BO CO SAMPLING TE TDS TSS DO HARDN ALKALN TURBIDI CHLORI S.N p D D SITE MP (mg/ (mg/ (mg/ ESS TY TY DE O H (mg/ (mg/ LOCATION (°C) l) l) l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (NTU) (mg/l) l) l) SANT RAVI 7. 1 48 218 5.98 4.21 5.56 265 DAS GHAT 6 11.5 145 9.54 121 7. 2 ASSI GHAT 41 245 5.76 4.12 5.38 260 9 11.6 138 9.24 118 HARISCHAN 7. 3 62 264 4.96 4.96 6.10 276 D GHAT 4 11.6 131 10.22 124 DASASWAM 7. 4 53 229 6.06 3.54 5.98 266 ADH GHAT 7 12.1 146 9.29 120 LALITA 7. 5 38 248 5.65 3.23 5.19 279 GHAT 8 14.4 128 9.54 130 MANN 7. 6 MANDIR 41 238 6.54 3.54 5.64 268 9 GHAT 14.8 136 9.08 116 MANIKARNI 7.