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Crustasea; Decapoda; Brachyura; Calappidae) sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Oseana, Volume XXX, Nomor 4, 2005 : 11 - 17 ISSN 0216-1877 BEBERAPA ASPEK BIOLOGI CALAPPA HEPATICA (Linnaeus, 1758) (CRUSTASEA; DECAPODA; BRACHYURA; CALAPPIDAE) Oleh Ernawati Widyastuti 1) ABSTRACT SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CALAPPA HEPATICA (Linnaeus, 1758) (CRUSTACEA; DECAPODA; BRACHYURA; CALAPPIDAE). Calappa hepatica is one of crab species of genus Calappa. family Calappidae and known as a "box crabs " or "shame-faced crabs ". This crab is commonly found on sandy substrate in intertidal and shallow waters and has a wide distribution area along "Indo-West Pacific ". Some biological aspects such as systematic, morphology, respiration and others are discussed in this paper. PENDAHULUAN & JUWANA, 2005). Kelompok kepiting (Brachyura) terdiri dari Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara yang banyak jenis, marga dan suku. Salah satu jenis dari mempunyai keanekaragaman hayati yang tinggi, baik kelompok kepiting adalah Calappa hepatica dari yang hidup di darat maupun di laut. Salah satu marga Calappa, suku Calappidae. Calappidae sumberdaya hayati yang hidup di laut adalah sering dikenal dengan istilah "Box Crabs", kelompok kepiting. Kepiting dalam taksonomi khususnya untuk anak suku Calappinae. Istilah dikenal dengan infraordo Brachyura dan merupakan tersebut disebabkan karena kepiting dari suku kelompok hewan yang termasuk dalam bangsa Calappidae dapat menyembunyikan kaki- (ordo) Decapoda, induk kelas Krustasea dari filum kakinya ke bawah tubuhnya, sehingga Arthropoda. Secara umum, kepiting dapat dikenal mempunyai bentuk tubuh yang unik menyerupai dari bentuk tubuhnya yang lebar-melintang. Seperti sebuah kotak (box) dengan rapi. Selain itu, umumnya hewan dalam kelompok krustasea, biota tersebut juga dikenal dengan istilah kepiting mempunyai kulit atau bagian tubuh yang "shame-faced crabs", karena memiliki kebiasaan keras di bagian luar tubuhnya yang tersusun dari menyembunyikan kaki-kakinya di bagian depan bahan kapur dan dikenal dengan sebutan karapas. dari karapas, sehingga terlihat seperti sedang Kelompok kepiting juga mempunyai bagian perut malu-malu (BOYCE et al, 2001). Oleh karena (abdomen) yang tidak terlihat, karena melipat ke bentuk tubuh yang khusus tersebut, maka kepiting- bagian dadanya (NG, 1998; ROMIMOHTARTO kepiting dari suku Calappidae lebih mudah dikenali. l) Bidang Sumberdaya Laut, Pusat Peneiitian Oseanografi-LIPI, Jakarta 11 Oseana, Volume XXX No. 4, 2005 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Menurut BALSS (1957) Calappidae dengan nama yang berbeda, yaitu Cancer he- terdiri dari 3 anak suku yaitu Calappinae Alcock, patica Linnaeus 1758. Jenis ini mempunyai 1896; Matutinae Alcock, 1896 dan Orithyiinae sinonim yaitu Cancer tuberculatus Herbst 1785; Ihle, 1918. Akan tetapi berdasarkan ALCOCK Calappa tuberculosa Guerin-Meneville, 1829 (1896); SAKAI (1976) dan (GUINOT, 1978 dan Calappa spinosissima H. Milne Edwards, dalam STEVCIC, 1983) hanya terbagi dalam 1837. Sistematika dari Calappa hepatica secara 2 anak suku yaitu Calappinae Alcock, lengkap sebagai berikut: 1896 dan Matutinae Alcock, 1896. Kedua anak suku tersebut dapat dibedakan berdasarkan bentuk merus pada maksiliped ketiga dan pada kaki-kaki jalannya. Calappinae mempunyai bentuk merus pada maksiliped luar (maksiliped ketiga), tidak memanjang atau tidak meruncing dan kaki-kaki jalan berbentuk normal atau beradaptasi untuk merayap, sedangkan Matutinae mempunyai bentuk merus, pada maksiliped luar memanjang dan kaki-kaki jalan berbentuk seperti dayung atau beradaptasi untuk berenang (SAKAI, 1976). Khusus untuk jenis Calappa hepatica, sering dikenal pula dengan istilah "reef box crabs". Hal ini disebabkan karena kepiting yang berbentuk kotak ini seringkali ditemukan bersembunyi di karang-karang (NG, 1998). Secara ekonomis, kepiting jenis Calappa hepatica kurang begitu dikenal di In- donesia. Akan tetapi, berdasarkan NG (1998), Calappa hepatica merupakan salah satu jenis kepiting yang juga penting dalam bidang perikanan di "Western Central Pacific". Umumnya kepiting tersebut ditangkap oleh masyarakat setempat untuk dikonsumsi. Tulisan ini merupakan tinjauan (review) dari berbagai sumber yang masih terbatas. Penulis mencoba memberikan informasi Calappa hepatica mempunyai bentuk mengenai beberapa aspek biologi dari karapas oval melebar, cembung pada kedua Calappa hepatica Linnaeus, 1758, dan sisinya (Gambar 1). Karapas di bagian punggung diharapkan dengan tulisan ini, masyarakat akan sebelah atas dipenuhi oleh tonjolan-tonjolan lebih mudah mengenali jenis kepiting tersebut. seperti kutil dalam berbagai ukuran, sedangkan pada punggung bagian bawah terdapat SISTEMATIKA tonjolan-tonjolan berbentuk lajur-lajur melintang yang memanjang dengan enam duri Berdasarkan SAKAI (1976), NG (1998), di bagian samping belakang (postero-lateral). dan NG & DAVIE (2002), Calappa hepatica Karapas lebih lebar daripada panjangnya, pertama kali ditemukan tahun 1758, akan tetapi 12 Oseana, Volume XXX No. 4, 2005 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id sehingga bentuknya menyerupai telur. Panjang menutupi sebagian besar kaki-kakinya dan karapasnya sedikit lebih panjang dari setengah dilengkapi dengan 5 gigi, bergerigi di sebelah lebarnya. Pada bagian tepi dari karapas atas, sedangkan di sebelah bawah tanpa duri atau bentuknya agak melengkung, dengan lebih gigi (GOSLINER et al,. 1966; NG 1998; NG et al., kurang terdapat 10 gigi kecil yang tersembunyi di 1988; and TAKEDA et al, 2000). Antenula bawah bulu-bulu pendek. Di bagian tepi sebagai alat pengindra pertama, umumnya miring belakang dari karapas pada jenis ini, terdapat dan melipat. Sedangkan antena sebagai alat bagian yang melebar seperti sayap yang pengindra kedua berukuran kecil. Gambar 1. Calappa hepatica (HEALY & YALDWYN, 1970) 13 Oseana, Volume XXX No. 4, 2005 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Pasangan kaki pertama berkembang mengubur badannya dengan menggunakan menjadi capit yang kuat, capit ini disebut "che- capitnya. Sebagian badannya akan terkubur, liped". Capit sebelah kanan mempunyai dua namun bagian depan (anterior) dari tubuh tonjolan di bagian dasar dari kedua jarinya yang kelihatan menonjol keluar dari dasar substrat, dipergunakan untuk memecahkan cangkang terutama pasir (STEVCIC, 1983). kerang-kerangan maupun kelomang dan Kepiting jantan dapat dibedakan dari selanjutnya mengambil isinya untuk dimakan kepiting betina, yaitu dengan cara melihat dari (Gambar 2). Pasangan kaki kedua dan berikutnya bentuk bagian perutnya (abdomen). Bentuk berbentuk pipih memanjang, meruncing dan abdomen jantan umumnya sempit dan halus, termasuk kaki terakhir. Hal ini menandakan meruncing ke depan atau berbentuk segitiga, bahwa Calappa hepatica merupakan jenis sedangkan bentuk abdomen kepiting betina kepiting yang dapat merayap. Pada C. hepatica berbentuk segitiga yang melebar sampai dactylus sebagai segmen atau bagian terakhir dari berbentuk agak bulat atau semicircular masing-masing kaki berbentuk normal atau tidak (MCLAUGHLIN, 1980; NG, 1998; ROMI- seperti dayung (NG, 1998). Hal ini berbeda bila MOHTARTO & JUWANA, 2005). dibandingkan dengan kepiting-kepiting suku Dalam pertumbuhannya, Calappa he- Calappidae dari anak suku Matutinae dan suku patica dan kelompok kepiting lainnya, umumnya Portunidae yang mempunyai kaki terakhir berbentuk mengalami pergantian kulit (molting). Kulit seperti dayung, yang berfungsi untuk berenang kerangka luar (eksoskeleton) yang terbuat dari (SAKAI, 1976; ROMIMOHTARTO & JUWANA, bahan berkapur, tidak dapat terus tumbuh 2005). Karapas berwarna putih dengan mengikuti pertumbuhan tubuh kepiting. Jika bercak-bercak berwarna emas dan coklat atau kepiting akan tumbuh besar, maka kulit tersebut akan abu-abu kekuning-kuningan sampai abu-abu retak dan pecah, kemudian akan keluar individu (NG et al,. 1988). Calappa hepatica juga yang lebih besar dengan keadaan kulit yang masih mempunyai keistimewaan yaitu dapat lunak (NONTJI, 2005). Gambar 2. Capit bagian kanan Calappa hepatica (HEALY & YALDWYN, 1970) 14 Oseana, Volume XXX No. 4, 2005 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id SISTEM PERNAFASAN berpasir, seringkali bersembunyi di karang- karang dan di daerah padang lamun. Kepiting Kepiting dan krustasea lainnya bernapas ini dapat ditemukan dari daerah pasang surut dengan insang. Kebanyakan hewan ini (intertidal zone) perairan dangkal sampai pada memerlukan oksigen (O2) dan mengeluarkan kedalaman laut kurang lebih 100 meter (NG karbondioksida (CO2), melalui jaringan insang. 1998; TAKEDA et al., 2000). Arus pernapasan atau aliran air yang membawa Kepiting jenis ini mempunyai daerah O2 untuk kepiting suku Calappidae sangat penyebaran yang luas, yakni di sepanjang rumit. Bagian pertama yang berhubungan daerah "Indo-West Pacific", dari Hawaii sampai dengan pernafasan tersebut adalah capit (che- ke Jepang, ke arah pantai Timur Afrika dan Laut liped). Capit-capit yang keras dan pipih tertekan Merah (TAKEDA et al, 2000). Umumnya C. dengan rapat pada daerah "pterygostomial" hepatica ditemukan di daerah intertidal (pasang (bagian yang berbentuk segitiga pada surut) yang memiliki substrat pasir. Kepiting permukaan bawah karapas), menutup bagian- tersebut juga ditemukan di berbagai perairan bagian mulut secara lengkap, namun yang tersebar di Indonesia, seperti di Laut menyisakan satu celah antara tepi anterolateral Arafura (Maluku), Pulau Komodo (Nusa (samping depan) bagian atas dari karapas dan Tenggara Barat), Pulau Jinatu (Kepulauan Taka tepi atas capit yang bergerigi. Bagian tepi atas Bona Rate), Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah serta di yang bergerigi tersebut membentuk suatu Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. saringan yang berguna
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