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Alcohol and Dietary Choices Among College Students

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Alcohol and Dietary Choices Among College Students University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2001 Alcohol and Dietary Choices Among College Students Melanie Moyers University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Nutrition Commons Recommended Citation Moyers, Melanie, "Alcohol and Dietary Choices Among College Students. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2001. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3989 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Melanie Moyers entitled "Alcohol and Dietary Choices Among College Students." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Nutrition. Dileep Sachan, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Jean Skinner, James W. Bailey Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Melanie Moyers entitled "Alcohol and Dietary Choices Among College Students." I have exami�ed the final copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master's of Science, with a major in Nutrition. We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Council: CA� Interim Vice� and Dean of The Graduate School ALCOHOL AND DIETARY CHOICES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS A Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Melanie Moyers August 2001 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sincere appreciation is extended to my cormnittee, Dr. Dileep Sachan, major professor, Dr. Jean Skinner, and Dr. James Bailey for their professionalism, guidance, and patience. Special recognition is to Dr� John Schneider, Statistician, who was thorough, objective, and patient throughout the analytical phase. I would also like to thank Nobuko Hongu and Priscilla Samuel for their support, and special thanks to my parents for all of their help and encouragement. ii ABSTRACT A descriptive survey was distributed to a cross­ sectional sample of undergraduate students during the time period of April 1998 to May 1998 at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville. The purpose of the research was to compare prevalence of binge drinking with the national average, and to explore and identify relationships between alcohol consumption and nutritional risks. The student population had significantly lower prevalence of binge drinking (31.9%) than the national average (41%). However, binge drinking amo�g women in the population was lower than the national studies (22%) while binge drinking among men was higher (53%). The members of fraternities were more likely to be binge drinkers (85% vs. 24%), while sorority members had a similar prevalence of binge drinking as non-members (24% vs. 24%). Energy intake was higher among non-binge men, women, and binge men compared to the abstainers. The binge drinking men consumed more protein, less carbohydrate, and less fat than abstainers. The binge drinking women consumed less protein, more carbohydrate, and less fat than abstainers. Nutrition supplements were taken by 71% of binge drinkers, 54% of non-bi�ge drinkers, and 38% of abstainers. iii The most popular supplements were vitamin C, vitamin E, and multivitamins. More binge drinking men than women ate food before drinking alcohol. Group and individual counseling is recommended to increase awareness to food-alcohol effects, especially among women. This research provided a basis for further research aimed to identify prevalence of alcohol misuse and nutritional risks among college students with particular focus on energy intake, body mass index, and rnacronutrient composition of the diet. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE 1) INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1 2} LITERATURE REVIEW. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 Alcohol Metabolism ........•.......................... 4 Gender Differences ................................... 7 Al coho l , Diet , & Di seas e .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. : . 1 0 24 Hour Recall & Self Reported Weight ............... 13 Changes in Food Choices ............................. 15 Micronutrient Deficiency ............................ 21 Nutritional Supplements ............................. 28 Body Mass Index { BMI) .................•...........• : 2 9 Collegiate Binge Drinking ........................... 32 Monitoring the Future Project .................. 33 Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study .......................................... 36 Core Institute Alcohol & Drugs on American College Campuses ....................................... 37 Related Areas of Concern ............................ 40 Accidents .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 Economics ...................................... 4 0 Sexual behavior •..............•................ 4 0 Vulnerable age .....•........................... 41 · v Geographic location ............................ 41 Age . 4 2 Education level ................................ 43 Fraternity or sorority member .................. 44 Educational programs ........................... 44 3) RATIONALE ............................................. 47 Objectives .......................................... 49 Limitations ...................................•..... SO 4) METHODOLOGY .........•................................. 5 3 Research design : ..· .................................. 53 Pilot study ......................................... 53 Questionnaire ....................................... 5 4 Response rate ....................................... 5 7 Data analysis ....................................... 58 Binge drinking ...................................... 5 9 Energy intake ....................................... 60 Ethanol content of beverages ........................ 61 Macronutrients .• .................................... 61 Expression of macronutrient allowances per 1,000 calories ....................................... 62 Calculations for RDA Conversion to Amount per 1,000 calories ..............................•.. 63 Calculations for Student Nutrient Intake Conversion to Amount per 1,000 calories ........ 64 vi Index of Nutritional Quality ................... 64 BMI, Gender, & Drinking Level ....................... 65 Drinking and Food Choices ........................... 65 Nutritional Supplements ............................. 66 5) RESULTS ............................................... 67 Demographics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 Beverage preference ................................. 69 Binge drinking prevalence ...................· ........ 7 0 Gender differences ······························�··· 70 Binge drinking men ............................. 71 Non-binge men .................................. 73 Abstainers ..................................... 7 3 Binge drinking Women ........................... 73 Non-binge drinking women ....................... 7 5 Abstainers ..................................... 7 5 Energy Intake ....................................... 7 5 Men ...............·. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 5 Women .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 7 Macronu t r ien t s .. .. .. .. .. 8 2 Macronutrient Density of Dietary Intake ........ 82 Addition of Alcohol to Carbohydrate Intake .......... 86 BMI •. • • . • •. .. .. • .. .. .. •. .. • . .. .. • .. 8 7 Drinking and Food Choices ..................... ..... 91 Choices before drinking ............................. 91 vii Binge drinking men ............................. 91 Non-binge men .................................. 92 Binge drinking women ........................... 93 Non-binge women ................................ 93 Choices while drinking .............................. 95 Binge drinking men ............................. 95 Non-binge men .................................. 96 Binge drinking women ........................... 96 Non-binge drinking women ....................... 98 Choices after drinking .............................. 98 Binge drinking men ............................. 98 Non-binge men ..•............................... 99 Binge drinking women .......................... 100 Non-binge women •......................•....... 101 Nutritional supplements ...........•................ 103 Motivation to drink alcohol-containing beverages ... 104 6) DISCUSSION ........................................... 106 Demographics ....................................... 106 Prevalence of binge drinking .......•..........•.... 110 Beverage preference ................................ 115 Energy intake ...................................... 116 Energy ........................................ 116 Carbohydrate .. .. ... .. .. 119 Fat ........................................... 119 viii Protein ................... • ..................• 119 Nutritional supplements ..... • ...................... 120 Body Mass Index (BMI) .............................. 120 Drinking and
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