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The Relationship Among Alcohol Consumption, Dietary Intake, and Body Mass Index in Young Adults

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The Relationship Among Alcohol Consumption, Dietary Intake, and Body Mass Index in Young Adults Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2004 The elr ationship among alcohol consumption, dietary intake, and body mass index in young adults Mary C. May Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Human Ecology Commons Recommended Citation May, Mary C., "The er lationship among alcohol consumption, dietary intake, and body mass index in young adults" (2004). LSU Master's Theses. 934. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/934 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, DIETARY INTAKE, AND BODY MASS INDEX IN YOUNG ADULTS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The School of Human Ecology by Mary C. May B.S., Louisiana State University, 2002 May 2004 DEDICATION This manual is dedicated with love to my dearest friend and husband, Robert R. May, who has selflessly supported me through my undergraduate and graduate studies. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Dr. Carol O’Neil who served as my major professor on this project. She is an excellent mentor for whom my respect has grown tremendously over the past semesters. She has taken the time to help me do my best work as an undergraduate and as a graduate student. Her dedication to her work and to the students is extraordinary. I would also like to thank Dr. Mary E. “Betsy” Garrsion who took the time out of her busy schedule to help me with this project. She has given me tremendous support and encouragement when I needed it the most. A sincere expression of appreciation goes to Dr. Pamela Monroe, a committee member whose guidance and understanding has been a tremendous comfort to me. I would also like to thank Su-Jau Yang, a statistician at Baylor College of Medicine, who patiently led me through the evolutionary process of this project. She was always willing to take time out of her busy schedule to answer my incessant questions. I would also like to thank Dr. Theresa A. Nicklas, Director of Dietary Studies for the Bogalusa Heart Study, Professor of Pediatrics at Baylor College of Medicine, who conceptualized and initiated this project. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Gerald S. Berenson, Director of the Bogalusa Heart Study, Tulane Medical Center and all of the participants in the Bogalusa Heart Study without whom this study would not have been possible. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION……………………………………………………………... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………….. iii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………….. vi LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………… ix ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………... x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION………………………………………….. 1 Justification………………………………………………………..... 2 Study Objective……………………………………………………... 3 Hypotheses………………………………………………………….. 3 Assumptions………………………………………………………… 3 Limitations………………………………………………………….. 4 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………. 5 Bogalusa Heart Study……………………………………………….. 5 Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption in Young Adults……………... 7 Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Young Adults…………... 10 Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease………………… 15 Energy and Nutrient Intake of Alcohol Drinkers and Non-drinkers... 19 Alcohol Metabolism………………………………………………… 35 Alcohol and Appetite Regulation…………………………………… 39 Alcohol Consumption and Socioeconomic Status………………….. 40 CHAPTER 3: METHODS…………………………………………………. 43 Overview……………………………………………………………. 43 Collection of Data…………………………………………………… 44 Participants………………………………………………………….. 44 Dietary Intakes and Alcohol Consumption…………………………. 44 Weight and Height………………………………………………….. 46 Waist Circumference……………………………………………….. 47 Statistical Analyses…………………………………………………. 47 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS…………………………………………………… 49 Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption………………………………… 49 Energy Intake………………………………………………………... 50 Energy from Alcohol………………………………………… 50 Total Energy Intake of Drinkers……………………………… 51 Non-alcohol Energy…………………………………………. 53 Body Mass Index……………………………………………………. 55 Waist Circumference………………………………………………... 56 iv Macronutrient Intake……………………………………………….. 58 Carbohydrate……………………………………………….. 58 Protein………………………………………………………. 60 Total Fat……………………………………………………... 63 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION…………………………………………….... 66 Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption……………………………….. 66 Energy from Alcohol……………………………………………….. 67 Total Energy Intake………………………………………………… 67 Non-alcohol Energy………………………………………………… 69 Body Mass Index…………………………………………………… 70 Waist Circumference……………………………………………….. 71 Macronutrients……....……………………………………………… 73 Carbohydrate………………………………………………... 73 Protein………………………………………………………. 74 Total Fat…………………………………………………….. 74 Conclusions…………………………………………………………. 74 Future Directions……………………………………………………. 75 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………… 77 VITA………………………………………………………………………… 88 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Adjusted mean energy intake (kcal/d) by level of alcohol intake, in women and men………………………………………... 22 Table 2 Mean daily intake of energy (kcal/d) and selected dietary components (g/d, mg/d) according to level of alcohol consumption for 164 men…………………………………… 26 Table 3 Age-standardized daily energy intakes and BMIs for men and women by alcohol consumption…………………………… 29 Table 4 Mean total energy intake and energy sources at three levels of alcohol consumption……………………………………… 32 Table 5 Relation of health-related behaviors at three levels of alcohol intake………………………………………………………… 33 Table 6 Hypothesis, dependent variables, independent variables, and covariates used in the univariate ANOVA..………………… 48 Table 7a Frequencies and percentages of non-drinkers and drinkers by gender………………………………………………………. 49 Table 7b Frequencies and percentages of non-drinkers and drinkers by race…………………………………………………………. 49 Table 7c Frequencies and percentages of non-drinkers and drinkers by race and gender…………………………………………….. 50 Table 8a Adjusted means (+ SE) for alcohol in grams per day (g/d) and percentages (%) of total energy intake from alcohol by gender, race, and gender/race………………………………………. 50 Table 8b Adjusted means (+ SE) for alcohol intake (g/d) and the percentages (%) of total energy from alcohol by level of alcohol consumption………………………………………………... 51 Table 9a Adjusted means (+ SE) for total energy intake in kilocalories per day (kcal/d) for drinkers by gender, race, and gender/race. 52 Table 9b Adjusted means (+ SE) for total energy intake (kcal/d) for non-drinkers and drinkers…………………………………… 52 Table 9c Adjusted mean intake (+ SE) for total energy (kcal/d) by level of alcohol consumption……………………………………… 53 vi Table 10a Adjusted means (+ SE) for non-alcohol energy (kcal/d) for drinkers by gender, race, and gender/race…………………… 53 Table 10b Adjusted means (+ SE) for non-alcohol energy (kcal/d) for non-drinkers and drinkers........................................................ 54 Table 10c Adjusted means (+ SE) for non-alcohol energy (kcal/d) by level of alcohol consumption………………………………. 54 Table 11a Adjusted means (+ SE) for BMI (kg/m2) of drinkers by gender, race, and race/gender……..………………………… 55 Table 11b Adjusted means (+ SE) for BMI (kg/m2) for non-drinkers and drinkers…………………………………………………. 56 Table 11c Adjusted means (+ SE) for BMI (kg/m2) by level of alcohol consumption………………………………………………… 56 Table 12a Adjusted means (+ SE) for waist circumference (cm) of drinkers by gender, race and race/gender…………………… 56 Table 12b Adjusted means (+ SE) for waist circumference (cm) for non-drinkers and drinkers…………………………………… 57 Table 12c Adjusted means (+ SE) for waist circumference (cm) by level of alcohol consumption……………………………….. 57 Table 13a Adjusted means (+ SE) for carbohydrate (g/d) and percentages (%) of total energy from carbohydrate for drinkers by gender, race, and race/gender………………………………………… 58 Table 13b Adjusted means (+ SE) for carbohydrate intake (g/d) and percentages (%) of total energy from carbohydrate for non-drinkers and drinkers……………………………………. 59 Table 13c Adjusted means (+ SE) for carbohydrate intake (g/d) and percentages (%) of total energy intake from carbohydrate by level of alcohol consumption…………………………………. 60 Table 14a Adjusted means (+ SE) for protein (g) and percentages (%) of total energy from protein for drinkers by gender, race, and race/gender…………………………………………………… 61 vii Table 14b Adjusted means (+ SE) for protein intake (g/d) and percentages (%) of total energy from protein for non-drinkers and drinkers.. 62 Table 14c Adjusted means (+ SE) for protein intake (g/d) and percentages (%) of total energy intake from protein by level of alcohol consumption…………………………………………………… 62 Table 15a Adjusted means (+ SE) for total fat (g) and percentages (%) of energy from total fat for drinkers by gender, race, and race and gender………………………………………………………… 63 Table 15b Adjusted means (+ SE) for total fat (g) and percentages (%) of energy from total fat for non-drinkers and drinkers…………… 64 Table 15c Adjusted means (+ SE) for total fat intake (g) and percentages (%) of total energy from fat (%) by level of alcohol consumption. 64 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Past alcohol use by age: 2001………………………………. 8 ix ABSTRACT This study was
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