DOCSLIB.ORG

Emotional Arousal to Novel Sounds Is Reflected in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emotional Arousal to Novel Sounds Is Reflected in The bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/250084; this version posted January 18, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 2 3 Emotion lies in the eye of the listener: emotional arousal to novel sounds is reflected in the 4 sympathetic contribution to the pupil dilation response and the P3 5 6 Andreas Widmann1, Erich Schröger1, & Nicole Wetzel1,2,3 7 8 1Cognitive and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, 9 Germany 10 2CBBS Research Group Neurocognitive Development, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 11 Magdeburg, Germany 12 3Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Germany 13 14 15 16 17 Corresponding author: 18 Andreas Widmann 19 Institute of Psychology 20 University of Leipzig 21 Neumarkt 9−19 22 D-04109 Leipzig Germany 23 E-mail: [email protected] 24 25 26 27 28 Keywords: Pupillometry, emotional arousal, novelty, P3a, pupil dilation, autonomic nervous 29 system 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/250084; this version posted January 18, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 30 Abstract 31 Novel sounds in the auditory oddball paradigm elicit a biphasic dilation of the pupil (PDR) 32 and P3a as well as novelty P3 event-related potentials (ERPs). The biphasic PDR has been 33 hypothesized to reflect the relaxation of the iris sphincter muscle due to parasympathetic 34 inhibition and the constriction of the iris dilator muscle due to sympathetic activation. We 35 measured the PDR and the P3 to neutral and to emotionally arousing negative novels in dark 36 and moderate lighting conditions. By means of principal component analysis (PCA) of the 37 PDR data we extracted two components: the early one was absent in darkness and, thus, 38 presumably reflects parasympathetic inhibition, whereas the late component occurred in 39 darkness and light and presumably reflects sympathetic activation. Importantly, only this 40 sympathetic late component was enhanced for emotionally arousing (as compared to neutral) 41 sounds supporting the hypothesis that emotional arousal specifically activates the sympathetic 42 nervous system. In the ERPs we observed P3a and novelty P3 in response to novel sounds. 43 Both components were enhanced for emotionally arousing (as compared to neutral) novels. 44 Our results demonstrate that sympathetic and parasympathetic contributions to the PDR can 45 be separated and link emotional arousal to sympathetic nervous system activation. 46 47 Highlights 48 • PDR and ERP effects of novel emotional and neutral oddball sounds were studied. 49 • Parasympathetic and sympathetic contributions to the PDR were dissociated by PCA. 50 • The parasympathetic PDR component was absent in darkness. 51 • Emotional arousal enhanced the sympathetic contribution to the PDR and the P3 ERP. 52 • Effects of emotional arousal are mediated by the sympathetic pathway. 53 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/250084; this version posted January 18, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 54 Introduction 55 The pupil diameter is controlled by both autonomic nervous systems via two muscles. The 56 ring-shaped iris sphincter muscle is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system while 57 the radial iris dilator muscle is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (Einhäuser, 58 2017; McDougal & Gamlin, 2008). Both nervous systems closely couple the pupil to the 59 locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system (via an inhibitory projection to the Edinger- 60 Westphal nucleus in case of the parasympathetic system). The LC-NE system is a 61 neuromodulatory system that is central for various functions, in particular attention, emotion, 62 motivation, decision making, and memory (Aston-Jones & Cohen, 2005; Murphy, O'Connell, 63 O'Sullivan, Robertson, & Balsters, 2014; Murphy, Robertson, Balsters, & O'Connell, 2011; 64 Preuschoff, ’t Hart, & Einhäuser, 2011; for review see, Laeng, Sirois, & Gredebäck, 2012; 65 Einhäuser, 2017). The LC-NE system shows a phasic activation in response to task-relevant, 66 salient, or arousing stimuli (for review see e.g.,Sara & Bouret, 2012). Rare or novel events 67 presented within a sequence of frequently repeated standard events (the oddball paradigm) do 68 elicit a pupil dilation response (PDR; Friedman, Hakerem, Sutton, & Fleiss, 1973; Hochmann 69 & Papeo, 2014; Liao, Kidani, Yoneya, Kashino, & Furukawa, 2016; Liao, Yoneya, Kidani, 70 Kashino, & Furukawa, 2016; Murphy et al., 2014; Murphy et al., 2011; Qiyuan, Richer, 71 Wagoner, & Beatty, 1985; Steinhauer & Hakerem, 1992; Wetzel, Buttelmann, Schieler, & 72 Widmann, 2016). 73 74 Independently from sounds' novelty, the PDR has also been shown to be highly sensitive to 75 emotional arousal. For example, Partala and Surakka (2003) reported enhanced PDRs in 76 response to sounds with positive or negative valence compared to neutral sounds. Also in the 77 visual modality, Bradley, Miccoli, Escrig, and Lang (2008) observed larger pupil dilation 78 responses for pleasant and unpleasant emotionally arousing pictures compared to emotionally 79 neutral pictures. In their study Bradley and colleagues observed a co-variation of the PDR and 80 skin conductance changes but no co-variation of PDR and cardiac deceleration. Based on this 81 indirect evidence Bradley and colleagues (2008) suggested that the emotion-related PDR 82 effects are supposed to be specific for sympathetic nervous system activity. However, this has 83 not yet been directly shown on the basis of the PDR itself. Both nervous systems 84 antagonistically contribute to the observed pupil dilation: relaxation of the iris sphincter 85 muscle by parasympathetic inhibition and constriction of the iris dilator muscle by 86 sympathetic activation. Attempts to non-invasively dissociate their contributions have not yet 87 been successful (Einhäuser, 2017). The possibility to separate the differential contributions of 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/250084; this version posted January 18, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 88 the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems to the PDR is therefore of high 89 relevance. 90 91 Frequently, the observed pupil dilation in response to rare events is biphasic and it has been 92 suggested that the two peaks reflect the overlapping contributions of the sphincter muscle 93 relaxation by parasympathetic inhibition and of the dilator muscle constriction by sympathetic 94 activation (Steinhauer & Hakerem, 1992). Steinhauer and Hakerem (1992) hypothesized that 95 overlapping sympathetic and parasympathetic contributions should be separable by means of 96 factor analysis. A biphasic response to several environmental distractor sounds was also 97 observed in infants and adults (Wetzel et al., 2016). Two main components were extracted 98 using a principal component analysis (PCA), however, the attribution of components to 99 changes in parasympathetic and sympathetic activity remained unclear. A PCA was also 100 applied to pupillary data by Geuter, Gamer, Onat, and Büchel (2014). The components were, 101 however, not related to pupil physiology but used to predict pain ratings by a regression based 102 approach. Together with their original hypothesis Steinhauer and Hakerem (1992) already 103 suggested a possible validation of this attribution by variation of lighting conditions: the 104 parasympathetic tone, but not sympathetic tone, is minimal in darkness (Loewenfeld, 1958; 105 and the sphincter muscle maximally relaxed). Thus, in darkness, a component related to 106 parasympathetic inhibition should be reduced in comparison to bright lighting conditions, 107 while a component related to sympathetic activation is not supposed to be modulated by 108 lighting conditions. The contributions of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic pathway to 109 pupil dilation during sustained processing have already been successfully separated by the 110 variation of ambient lighting as well as by pharmacological manipulations (Steinhauer, 111 Siegle, Condray, & Pless, 2004). However, for the phasic PDR observed in response to rare 112 (sound) events the separation of the contributions of parasympathetic inhibition and 113 sympathetic activation by means of factor analysis or PCA including a validation by lighting 114 conditions has−to our knowledge−not yet been empirically tested. 115 116 Also the P3-family of event-related potential (ERP) responses associated with processes of 117 attention and memory (for review see, e.g., Alho, Escera, & Schröger, 2003; Polich, 2007) 118 has been suggested to be related to LC-NE system activity. More specifically, a current theory 119 postulates that P3 and the autonomic component of the orienting response do reflect the co- 120 activation of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system and the peripheral 121 sympathetic nervous system (SNS; Nieuwenhuis, De Geus, & Aston-Jones, 2011). The P3a 4 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/250084; this version posted January 18, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • AD Singh1, PA Rundle1, a Berry-Brincat1, MA Parsons2 and and Accommodation Were Considered Normal
    Tadpole pupil KL Koay et al 93 5 Currie ZI, Rennie IG, Talbot JF. Retinal vascular changes associated with transpupillary thermotherapy for choroidal melanomas. Retina 2000; 20: 620–626. 6 Shields CL, Cater J, Shields JA, Singh AD, Santos MCM, Carvalho C. Combination of clinical factors predictive of growth of small choroidal melanocytic tumors. Arch Ophthalmol 2000; 118: 360–364. 7 Journee-de Korver JG, Oosterhuis JA, de Wolff-Rouendaal D, Kemme H. Histopathological findings in human choroidal melanomas after transpupillary thermotherapy. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81: 234–239. 8 Anonymous. Histopathologic characteristics of uveal melanomas in eyes enucleated from the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study. COMS report no. 6. Am J Figure 1 Ophthalmol 1998; 125: 745–766. Tadpole-shaped pupil. 9 Diaz CE, Capone Jr A, Grossniklaus HE. Clinicopathologic findings in recurrent choroidal melanoma after transpupillary thermotherapy. Ophthalmology 1998; 105: 1419–1424. periocular sensation. The symptom occurred 10 Singh AD, Eagle Jr RC, Shields CL, Shields JA. Enucleation sporadically, sometimes with several weeks in between following transpupillary thermotherapy of choroidal episodes, but occasionally happening several times on melanoma :clinicopathologic correlations. Arch Ophthalmol the same day. There were no other visual symptoms and (in press). 11 Seregard S, Landau I. Transpupillary thermotherapy as an no significant past ocular history. General health was adjunct to ruthenium plaque radiotherapy for choroidal good and no regular medications were taken. melanoma. Acta Ophthalmologica Scand 2001; 79: 19–22. On examination, visual acuity was normal bilaterally. 12 Keunen JE, Journee-de Korver JG, Oosterhuis JA. There was a 1 mm right ptosis with mild anisocoria, the Transpupillary thermotherapy of choroidal melanoma with right pupil being 1 mm smaller in normal room or without brachytherapy: a dilemma.
    [Show full text]
  • Pupillary Disorders LAURA J
    13 Pupillary Disorders LAURA J. BALCER Pupillary disorders usually fall into one of three major cat- cortex generally do not affect pupillary size or reactivity. egories: (1) abnormally shaped pupils, (2) abnormal pupillary Efferent parasympathetic fibers, arising from the Edinger– reaction to light, or (3) unequally sized pupils (anisocoria). Westphal nucleus, exit the midbrain within the third nerve Occasionally pupillary abnormalities are isolated findings, (efferent arc). Within the subarachnoid portion of the third but in many cases they are manifestations of more serious nerve, pupillary fibers tend to run on the external surface, intracranial pathology. making them more vulnerable to compression or infiltration The pupillary examination is discussed in detail in and less susceptible to vascular insult. Within the anterior Chapter 2. Pupillary neuroanatomy and physiology are cavernous sinus, the third nerve divides into two portions. reviewed here, and then the various pupillary disorders, The pupillary fibers follow the inferior division into the orbit, grouped roughly into one of the three listed categories, are where they then synapse at the ciliary ganglion, which lies discussed. in the posterior part of the orbit between the optic nerve and lateral rectus muscle (Fig. 13.3). The ciliary ganglion issues postganglionic cholinergic short ciliary nerves, which Neuroanatomy and Physiology initially travel to the globe with the nerve to the inferior oblique muscle, then between the sclera and choroid, to The major functions of the pupil are to vary the quantity of innervate the ciliary body and iris sphincter muscle. Fibers light reaching the retina, to minimize the spherical aberra- to the ciliary body outnumber those to the iris sphincter tions of the peripheral cornea and lens, and to increase the muscle by 30 : 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Chromatic Pupillometry Protocol for Assessing Melanopsin-Driven Post-Illumination Pupil Response in Basic Science and Clinical Investigations
    TOWARDS A CHROMATIC PUPILLOMETRY PROTOCOL FOR ASSESSING MELANOPSIN-DRIVEN POST-ILLUMINATION PUPIL RESPONSE IN BASIC SCIENCE AND CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS by Shaobo Lei A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Shaobo Lei 2016 Towards a Chromatic Pupillometry Protocol for Assessing Melanopsin-Driven Post-Illumination Pupil Response in Basic Science and Clinical Investigations Shaobo Lei Master of Science Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto 2016 Abstract The pupillary light reflex (PLR) is mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglions cells (ipRGCs), a sub-group of retinal ganglion cells that contain photopigment melanopsin. Melanopsin activation drives a sustained pupil constriction after the offset of light stimulus, this so-called post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) is an in vivo index of melanopsin-driven ipRGC photoactivity. PIPR can be assessed by chromatic pupillometry, but consensus on a standardized PIPR testing protocol has not been reached yet. The purpose of this thesis is to develop an optimized PIPR testing methodology, and to use it to investigate clinical and basic science questions related to melanopsin and ipRGCs. Based on previous pilot work on full-field chromatic pupillometry, a new and repeatable method was developed to measure PIPR induced by hemifield, central-field and full-field light stimulation. This chromatic pupillometry system was then used to investigate a series of basic science and clinical questions related to melanopsin and ipRGCs. ii Acknowledgments I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to a number of people who have helped me to see through this thesis project.
    [Show full text]
  • Pupils and Near Vision
    PUPILS AND NEAR VISION Akilesh Gokul PhD Research Fellow Department of Ophthalmology Iris Anatomy Two muscles: • Radially oriented dilator (actually a myo-epithelium) - like the spokes of a wagon wheel • Sphincter/constrictor Pupillary Reflex • Size of pupil determined by balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic input • Parasympathetic constricts the pupil via sphincter muscle • Sympathetic dilates the pupil via dilator muscle • Response to light mediated by parasympathetic; • Increased innervation = pupil constriction • Decreased innervation = pupil dilation Parasympathetic Pathway 1. Three major divisions of neurons: • Afferent division 2. • Interneuron division • Efferent division Near response: • Convergence 3. • Accommodation • Pupillary constriction Pupil Light Parasympathetic – Afferent Pathway 1. • Retinal ganglion cells travel via the optic nerve leaving the optic tracts 2. before the LGB, and synapse in the pre-tectal nucleus. 3. Pupil Light Parasympathetic – Efferent Pathway 1. • Pre-tectal nucleus nerve fibres partially decussate to innervate both Edinger- 2. Westphal (EW) nuclei. • E-W nucleus to ipsilateral ciliary ganglion. Fibres travel via inferior division of III cranial nerve to ciliary ganglion via nerve to inferior oblique muscle. 3. • Ciliary ganglion via short ciliary nerves to innervate sphincter pupillae muscle. Near response: 1. Increased accommodation Pupil 2. Convergence 3. Pupillary constriction Sympathetic pathway • From hypothalamus uncrossed fibres 1. down brainstem to terminate in ciliospinal centre
    [Show full text]
  • Presynaptic Effects of Botulinum Toxin Type a on the Neuronally Evoked Response of Albino and Pigmented Rabbit Iris Sphincter and Dilator Muscles
    Presynaptic Effects of Botulinum Toxin Type A on the Neuronally Evoked Response of Albino and Pigmented Rabbit Iris Sphincter and Dilator Muscles Hitoshi Ishikawa,* Yoshihisa Mitsui,* Takeshi Yoshitomi,* Kimiyo Mashimo,* Shigeru Aoki,† Kazuo Mukuno† and Kimiya Shimizu* *Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan; †Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University, School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan Purpose: To investigate the effects of botulinum toxin type A (botulinum A toxin) on the autonomic and other nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve terminals. Methods: The effects of botulinum A toxin on twitch contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) were studied in isolated albino and pigmented rabbit iris sphincter and di- lator muscles using the isometric tension recording method. Results: Botulinum A toxin inhibited the fast cholinergic and slow substance P-ergic compo- nent of the contraction evoked by EFS in the rabbit iris sphincter muscle without affecting the response to carbachol and substance P. These inhibitory effects were more marked in the albino rabbit than in the pigmented rabbit. Botulinum A toxin (150 nmol/L) did not affect the twitch contraction evoked by EFS in the rabbit iris dilator muscle. Conclusions: These data indicated that botulinum A toxin may inhibit not only the acetyl- choline release in the cholinergic nerve terminals, but also substance P release from the trigeminal nerve terminals of the rabbit iris sphincter muscle. However, the neurotoxin has little effect on the adrenergic nerve terminals of the rabbit iris dilator muscle. Furthermore, the botulinum A toxin binding to the pigment melanin appears to influence the response quantitatively in the two types of irides.
    [Show full text]
  • Pupillometry: Psychology, Physiology, and Function
    journal of cognition Mathôt, S. 2018 Pupillometry: Psychology, Physiology, and Function. Journal of Cognition, 1(1): 16, pp. 1–23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.18 REVIEW ARTICLE Pupillometry: Psychology, Physiology, and Function Sebastiaan Mathôt Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, NL [email protected] Pupils respond to three distinct kinds of stimuli: they constrict in response to brightness (the pupil light response), constrict in response to near fixation (the pupil near response), and dilate in response to increases in arousal and mental effort, either triggered by an external stimulus or spontaneously. In this review, I describe these three pupil responses, how they are related to high-level cognition, and the neural pathways that control them. I also discuss the functional relevance of pupil responses, that is, how pupil responses help us to better see the world. Although pupil responses likely serve many functions, not all of which are fully under- stood, one important function is to optimize vision either for acuity (small pupils see sharper) and depth of field (small pupils see sharply at a wider range of distances), or for sensitivity (large pupils are better able to detect faint stimuli); that is, pupils change their size to optimize vision for a particular situation. In many ways, pupil responses are similar to other eye move- ments, such as saccades and smooth pursuit: like these other eye movements, pupil responses have properties of both reflexive and voluntary action, and are part of active visual exploration. Keywords: pupillometry; pupil light response; pupil near response; psychosensory pupil response; orienting response; eye movements Seeing is an activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of H-7 on the Iris and Ciliary Muscle in Monkeys
    LABORATORY SCIENCES Effects of H-7 on the Iris and Ciliary Muscle in Monkeys Baohe Tian, MD; Cameron Millar, PhD; Paul L. Kaufman, MD; Alexander Bershadsky, PhD; Eitan Becker, PhD; Benjamin Geiger, PhD Objectives: To determine the effects of H-7 on (1) iris Results: Topical H-7 prevented anesthesia-induced and ciliary muscles (CMs) in living monkeys; (2) iso- miosis but did not affect resting refraction. Intracam- lated monkey CM strips; (3) actomyosin contractility in eral or intravitreal H-7 dilated the pupil and inhibited cultured Swiss 3T3 cells. miotic but not accommodative responses to pilocar- pine. H-7 inhibited pilocarpine-induced contraction of Methods: (1) Pupillary diameter (calipers) and accom- isolated monkey CM strips and reduced Swiss 3T3 cell modation (refractometer) in living monkeys were mea- contraction. sured after topical, intracameral, or intravitreal admin- istration of H-7 followed by systemic pilocarpine Conclusions: H-7 inhibits actin-based contractility in hydrochloride. (2) Pilocarpine-induced contraction of iso- non-muscle cells and in monkey iris sphincter and CM. lated monkey CM strips following administration of H-7 Under our in vivo experimental conditions, the effect on was measured in a perfusion chamber. (3) Actomyosin the iris predominates over that on the CM. contractility in Swiss 3T3 cells cultured on thin silicone rubber film was determined by measuring cell-induced film wrinkles before and after administration of H-7. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:1070-1077 MOOTH MUSCLE contraction pressure in living
    [Show full text]
  • Studying the Effect of Iris Mechanics on the Pupillary Light Reflex Using
    Eye Movements, Strabismus, Amblyopia, and Neuro-Ophthalmology Studying the Effect of Iris Mechanics on the Pupillary Light Reflex Using Brimonidine-Induced Anisocoria Yanjun Chen,1,2 and Randy H. Kardon1,3 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 3Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Iowa City VA Center for Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa Correspondence: Yanjun Chen, 2828 PURPOSE. To study and correct for the limiting effect of iris mechanics on the amplitude of Marshall Court, Suite 200, Madison, light-evoked pupil contractions in order to derive a more clinically accurate assessment of WI 53705; [email protected]. afferent input to the visual system. Submitted: September 6, 2012 METHODS. Transient pupil responses were recorded to a series of 1-second red Ganzfeld light Accepted: January 2, 2013 stimuli with a stepwise increase in stimulus intensity using a binocular infrared computerized Citation: Chen Y, Kardon RH. Studying pupillometer. One eye of eight healthy subjects was treated with 0.2% brimonidine tartrate the effect of iris mechanics on the ophthalmic solution to induce pupil size reduction. The amount of pupil contraction as a pupillary light reflex using function of stimulus intensity was compared between the brimonidine-treated, miotic eye and brimonidine-induced anisocoria. the untreated eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:2951–2958. DOI:10.1167/ RESULTS. Brimonidine treatment produced significant reduction in pupil size in healthy iovs.12-10916 subjects (mean reduction in pupil size: 1.78 6 0.35 mm, P < 0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • Pupillometry Mathot, Sebastiaan
    University of Groningen Pupillometry Mathot, Sebastiaan Published in: Journal of Cognition DOI: 10.5334/joc.18 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Mathot, S. (2018). Pupillometry: Psychology, Physiology, and Function. Journal of Cognition, 1(1), [18]. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.18 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 30-09-2021 journal of cognition Mathôt, S. 2018 Pupillometry: Psychology, Physiology, and Function.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Eyes and Vision
    Anatomy of the Eye Anatomy of the Eye Sharon J. Oliver, CPC, CDEO, CRC, CPMA, CPC/CRC-I, All rights reserved Eyes and Vision Eyesight provides the brain with more input than all other senses combined. Each optic nerve contains one million nerve fibers. It is estimated that more than half of the information in the conscious mind enters through the eyes. The eyes are the most complex of the four special sense organs. All rights reserved All rights reserved Coding Fiesta 2019 Sharon J. Oliver, CPC, CDEO, CRC, CPMA, CPC/CRC-I October 26, 2019 1 Anatomy of the Eye Sequence of Vision Rays of light enter the eye through the clear, domed front of the eyeball, the cornea, where they are partly bent (refracted). The rays then pass through the transparent lens, which changes shape to fine-focus the image, a mechanism known as accommodation. The light continues through the fluid, or vitreous humor, within the eyeball and shines an upside-down image onto the retina lining. The retina contains over 120 million cone cells and about 7 million rod signals. All rights reserved Sequence of Vision Rods are scattered through the retina and respond to low levels of light, but do not differentiate colors. Cones are concentrated in the fovea, need brighter conditions to function, and distinguish colors and fine details. Nerve fibers from the rods and cones connect via intermediate retinal cells to the fibers that form the optic nerve. Through this, the image is transmitted to the visual cortex in the brain, where it is turned upright.
    [Show full text]
  • Acquired Segmental Iris Dilator Muscle Synkinesis
    CASE REPORTS AND SMALL CASE SERIES within a few seconds. The iris ap- bers. The swallowing disorder, the Acquired Segmental Iris peared to tighten radially at the 7:30- flacidity of the soft palate, and the Dilator Muscle Synkinesis and 1:30-o’clock positions. When we remaining deviation of the ex- Due to Deglutition examined the patient at 10 years of tended tongue indicate involve- age we confirmed these findings. A ment of hypoglossal and glossopha- Congenital ocular “misdirection dys- right-sided ptosis, facial vasodys- ryngeal fibers. We assume that the kinesis” typically involves multiple regulation (flushed left side of the origin of the misinnervation was va- cranial nerves. Acquired peripheral face, pale right side of the face after gal, because the pupillary distor- misdirection usually occurs in the exercise), and anhidrosis (from fore- tion could be elicited only by drink- same nerve; less frequently, more head to larynx region; iodine starch ing, when permanent, significant than one nerve are involved. We de- reaction) were present, but not iris esophageal peristalsis is required; but scribe an unusual synkinesis of the heterochromia. The right pupil di- not by lower swallowing frequency iris dilator muscle due to degluti- lated poorly on instillation of 4% co- (eating) and low volume load (sa- tion, presumably caused by post- caine hydrochloride and 5% phole- liva) at the same swallowing fre- traumatic aberrant outgrowth of va- drine formate (equivalent to 1% quency as when the child was drink- gal nerve fibers to the cervical hydroxyamphetamine hydrobro- ing. That is, the pupillary distortion sympathetic chain. mide; Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Articles Intraoperative floppy Iris Syndrome Associated with Tamsulosin
    articles Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome associated with tamsulosin David F. Chang, MD, John R. Campbell, MD Purpose: To assess the incidence and possible causative factors of a newly recognized syndrome, the intraoperative floppy iris (IFIS). Setting: Clinical practices in Los Altos and San Rafael, California, USA. Methods: A retrospective chart review of consecutive cataract surgeries performed in a 2-surgeon practice over a 12-month period (706 eyes; 511 patients) was used to assess the percentage of cataract patients on systemic sympathetic a-1 antagonist medications as well as the percentage of patients who manifested the IFIS. A separate prospective study of 900 consecutive cases (741 patients) performed by another surgeon was used to determine the incidence of IFIS and the percentage of these patients who were taking a-1 antagonist medications. Results: Three percent (16/511) of the patients in the retrospective study, representing 3.0% (25/706) of the total eyes, were taking tamsulosin (Flomax) for benign prostatic hypertrophy. The overall prevalence of IFIS was 2.0% (10/511 patients). The syndrome was noted intraoperatively in 63.0% (10/16) of the tamsulosin patients but in none of the 11 patients on other systemic a-1 blockers. In the prospective study of 900 consecutive cataract surgeries, the prevalence of IFIS was 2.2% (16/741 patients). Ninety-four percent (15/16) of the IFIS patients were taking or had taken systemic tamsulosin. Twenty-six patients (36 eyes) in the 2 studies had IFIS associated with systemic tamsulosin. Sphincterotomies and mechanical pupil stretching were ineffective in maintaining adequate pupil dilation in this surgical population.
    [Show full text]