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Filosofická Fakulta Masarykovy Univerzity Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Bakalářská práce 2021 Karin Galle Katedra informačních studií a knihovnictví Informační studia a knihovnictví Karin Galle Přehledová studie ke kauze Cambridge Analytica a její etické reflexi Bakalářská práce Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Michal Černý 2021 Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. Současně dávám svolení k tomu, aby elektronická verze této práce byla zpřístupněna přes informační systém Masarykovy univerzity. --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ V Brně dne 9. 5. 2021 Paní Karin Galle 4 Ráda bych poděkovala vedoucímu práce za jeho vedení, čas a trpělivost. 5 Bibliografický záznam Galle, Karin. Přehledová studie ke kauze Cambridge Analytica a její etické reflexi. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, Filozofická fakulta, Katedra informačních studií a knihovnictví, 2021, Počet s. 38 Vedoucí bakalářské práce Michal, Černý, RNDr. Nepovinně dostupné z: 6 Anotace Bakalářská práce „Přehledová studie ke kauze Cambridge Analytica a její etické reflexi“ zpracovává etický pohled na světově nejvýznamnější kauzu datové společnosti Cambridge Analytica, která byla v mnohém průlomovým okamžikem v poznání míry, jakou lze ovlivňovat uživatele sociálních sítí. V roce 2016 poskytl Christopher Wylie rozhovor britskému deníku The Guardian, v němž vynesl na světlo nelegální a neetické praktiky datové společnosti Cambridge Analytica, kterou sám pomohl založit. Tato společnost sbírala data milionů uživatelů Facebooku bez jejich vědomí, tato data podrobila analýze a využila je k ovlivnění politických názorů těchto uživatelů, a to ve prospěch politického kandidáta, který si je zaplatil. Na motivy kauzy Cambridge Analytica vznikl v roce 2019 film The Great Hack, který v mnohých směrech „otevřel oči“ široké veřejnosti. Z rozhovorů s Brittany Kaiser, původní ředitelkou pro rozvoj podnikání ve společnosti Cambridge Analytica, se mimo jiné dozvídáme, že společností typu Cambridge Analytica existuje mnoho. Christopher Wylie a Brittany Kaiser poskytli první náhled do aktivit společnosti Cambridge Analytica. Zjištění, kterých se veřejnosti dostalo, byla šokující. Míra, jakou ohrožují tyto aktivity integritu demokratických voleb, je alarmující. Cílem práce je podat čtenáři ucelenou analýzu odezvy vědecké společnosti na etický aspekt této kauzy. Klíčová slova Cambridge Analytica, etika, sociální sítě, Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, média, dezinformace, propaganda, reflexe 7 Annotation Diploma thesis „Overview study of the Cambridge Analytica cause and its ethical reflexion“ deals with the ethical view on the globally most important cause of the data company Cambridge Analytica, which was a breaking point in finding out the degree to which it is possible to influence a social media user. In the year 2016 Christopher Wylie gave an interview to a British news magazine The Guardian. In this interview Christopher Wylie brought to light illegal and unethical practics of the data company Cambridge Analytica, which he himself helped to establish. This company collected the data of millions of Facebook users without their knowledge, this data was subjected to analysis and the results were used to influence political opinions of said Facebook users in a way that benefited the candidate who paid the company. Based on the Cambridge Analytica case, the film The Great Hack was made in 2019, which in many ways "opened the eyes" of the general public. Interviews with Brittany Kaiser, the former business development director of the Cambridge Analytica company, tell us, above other things, that there are many companies alike Cambridge Analytica. Christopher Wylie and Brittany Kaiser gave the world the first view into the acitivites of Cambridge Analytica. The findings were shocking to the public. The scale at which these activites are endangering the integrity of democratic election, is alarming. This diploma thesis aims to give the reader an overall analysis of the response of the scientific community on the ethical aspect of this cause. Keywords Cambridge Analytica, ethic, social networks, Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, media, disinformation, propaganda, reflexion 8 Obsah 1. Úvod 10 2. Vymezení hlavních pojmů a osobností 11 2. 1. Osobnosti 11 2. 1. 1. Nigel Oakes 11 2. 1. 2. Alexander Nix 12 2. 1. 3. Christopher Wylie 12 2. 1. 4. Aleksander Kogan 13 2. 1. 5. Joseph Chancellor 14 2. 1. 6. Brittany Kaiser 14 2. 1. 7. Shahmir Sanni 14 2. 1. 8. Julian Wheatland 15 2. 1. 9. Vincent Tchenguiz 15 2. 1. 10. Profesor David Caroll 16 2. 2. Společnosti 17 2. 2. 1. Cambridge Analytica 17 2. 2. 2. Black Cube 18 2. 2. 3. Emerdata Limited 18 2. 3. Kauzy 19 2. 3. 1. Cambridge Analytica a Brexit 19 2. 3. 2. Cambridge Analytica a prezidentské volby v USA 2016 21 2. 3. 3. The whistleblowers 21 2. 3. 4. Následky 22 2. 3. 5. Rok 2020 23 3. Metodologie 23 4. Přehledová studie 24 4. 1. Regulatory approaches to Facebook and other social media platforms: towards platforms design accountability 24 4. 1. 1. Analýza obsahu 24 4. 1. 2. Výsledky 25 4. 2. Where Have All the Data Gone? A Critical Reflection on Academic Digital Research in the Post-API Age 25 4. 2. 1. Analýza obsahu 26 4. 2. 2. Výsledky 27 4. 3. Pseudo-public political speech: Democratic implications of the Cambridge Analytica scandal 27 4. 3. 1. Analýza obsahu 27 4. 3. 2. Výsledky 28 4. 4. Cambridge Analytica’s black box 29 4. 4. 1. Analýza obsahu 29 4. 4. 2. Výsledky 30 5. Závěr 30 6. Zdroje 33 9 1. Úvod Kauza společnosti Cambridge Analytica není něco, na co by společnost měla zapomenout: ovlivňování názorů milionů lidí bez jejich vědomí za pomocí hluboké profilace a komplexního mikrotargetingu, který cílí na emoce a strachy informacemi, které nemusejí být (a také často nejsou) pravdivé, a to vše ve prospěch nejlépe platícího klienta. Tento koncept, který pro neznalého čtenáře může znít jako námět temného futuristického dramatu, je bohužel současnou realitou. Když v roce 2018 přednesl Christopher Wylie svou verzi příběhu deníku The Guardian, velká část světa se, jak se říká, otřásla v základech. Obdobná kauza tu ještě nebyla, obdobný zločinec tu ještě nebyl. Jak toto silné prohřešení proti nejen důvěře uživatelů sociálních sítí, ale i (nedostačujícím, ale stále existujícím) nařízením pro ochranu dat uživatele, vyřešit? Co je vlastně tato sociální síť z legálního hlediska? Jak jen ji definovat, jak ji kategorizovat? Řadí se mezi tradiční média, je tedy zodpovědná za všechen obsah publikovaný skrze její platformu, nebo se řadí mezi poskytovatele internetových služeb a není tedy zodpovědná za žádný obsah publikovaný skrze její platformu? Je vůbec možné se proti tomuto silně invazivnímu, až „bondovskému“ zločinnému jednání efektivně ochránit? Cílem této bakalářské práce je, mimo jiné, aby z potenciálně neznalého čtenáře stal se znalý čtenář. Tato práce ovšem počítá s tím, že tento potenciálně neznalý čtenář je opravdu celou kauzou nedotčený, proto obsahuje kromě přehledové studie i část teoretickou, v níž se tento potenciálně neznalý čtenář seznámí s hlavními i vedlejšími aktéry kauzy společnosti Cambridge Analytica, s lidmi, kteří stáli na počátku, také s lidmi, kteří naskočili do vlaku za běhu, a také s lidmi, kteří se nalodili těsně před potopením lodi. Čtenář bude také seznámen se společnostmi ne nepodobnými společnosti Cambridge Analytica a v neposlední řadě budou čtenáři představeny samotné největší kauzy, do nichž se tato o řádek výše zmíněná společnost dostala. Tento úvod se nebude do hloubky zabývat žádným z nadnesených témat, k tomu máme určené specifické kapitoly níže v textu. Kromě obeznámení se s osobnostmi, společnostmi a událostmi, bude čtenář této práce občerstven také přehledovou studií, která si klade za cíl zodpovědět několik výzkumných otázek. (Přesný počet otázek a jejich znění je uvedeno níže, konkrétně v kapitole s názvem Přehledová studie.) Náš výzkum se týká, mimo jiné, potenciálních ničivých dopadů kauzy společnosti Cambridge Analytica na demokratické vládní systémy napříč zeměkoulí. Může-li v teorii jakýkoli platící klient tímto, poměrně, jednoduchým, spolehlivým a špatně odhalitelným způsobem obrátit výsledek voleb na svou stranu, není tím narušena samotná integrita nezávislých demokratických voleb? Jak se můžeme jako společnost postavit faktu, že vlivem extrémně komplexní, silně detailní a psychologicky hluboké profilace každého individuálního uživatele sociálních sítí již nesdílíme stejnou verzi reality? Fungují-li, dle některých zdrojů, v současné době na trhu stovky společností typu Cambridge Analytica, je vůbec v moci naší současné legislativy se proti těmto nebezpečným entitám bránit? Sociální sítě se staly integrální složkou nejen západní civilizace. Velké, opravdu velké množství událostí probíhá právě skrze tyto platformy: ať se jedná o komunikaci mezi členy rodiny a mezi přáteli, nebo o komunikaci firem se zákazníky či dokonce se zaměstnanci. Sociální sítě se staly prostorem k organizaci veřejných akcí probíhajících v „reálném“ světě, ať už se jedná o zahradní piknik nebo o demonstraci. Na sociálních sítích probíhá velké množství aktivismu, politické strany sdílejí své programy, politici sdílejí své názory, mnohé sociální sítě poskytují i možnost nákupů nespočtu produktů a služeb. Sociální sítě se staly prostorem pro získávání studijních materiálů, šíření detailů o ztraceném zvířeti nebo osobě v naději, že tím tak přispíváme k jeho nalezení. Ať se jedná o zábavu, kterou sociální sítě poskytují skrze své mnohé formy sdíleného obsahu, nebo
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