DOCSLIB.ORG

Density, Extractives and Decay Resistance Variabilities Within

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Density, Extractives and Decay Resistance Variabilities Within Density, extractives and decay resistance variabilities within branch wood from four agroforestry hardwood species F Terrasse, L Brancheriau, R Marchal, N Boutahar, S Lotte, D Guibal, L Pignolet, K Candelier To cite this version: F Terrasse, L Brancheriau, R Marchal, N Boutahar, S Lotte, et al.. Density, extractives and decay resistance variabilities within branch wood from four agroforestry hardwood species. iForest: Bio- geosciences and Forestry, Italian Society of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, 2021, 14 (3), pp.212-220. 10.3832/ifor3693-014. hal-03224030 HAL Id: hal-03224030 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03224030 Submitted on 11 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Research Article ii FF o o r r e e s s t t doi: 10.3832/ifor3693-014 Biogeosciences and Forestry vol. 14, pp. 212-220 Density, extractives and decay resistance variabilities within branch wood from four agroforestry hardwood species Florence Terrasse (1-2), Agroforestry practices like pruning trees to control the light flux to crops pro- Loic Brancheriau (1-2), duce every year a large volume of branches which is valorized by farmers as mulching or energy fuel. However, according to the literature, the wood of (3) Remy Marchal , branches shows higher rates of polyphenols than stem wood and this can open Nabila Boutahar (1-2), some new perspectives for branch exploitation. In this study, the wood proper- Sylvain Lotte (1-2), ties (density, mechanical properties, extractive content and decay resistance) (1-2) were determined on branches of different sizes from oak, chestnut, poplar Daniel Guibal , and walnut trees collected in two agroforestry systems. These properties were Luc Pignolet (1-2), evaluated according to the wood age and the sampling position along the radial Kevin Candelier (1-2) and longitudinal axes of the branch. All samples were analyzed by NIR-Spec- troscopy and a predicting model aimed to assess the branch wood properties has been developed. Wood characteristics largely vary between species and do not exactly follow the same trends from one species to another. Overall, hard- wood density of branches is similar to that of trunks, the content in wood ex- tractives follows similar evolutions, and the decay resistance of branch wood does not seem to be really impacted by its position along the branch. Reliable NIRS models were built to easily predict the wood density and extractives con- tent of agroforestry branches. The extractives content and the decay resis- tance of branch hardwood appear to be substantially lower than those of trunks, which suggests a non-suitability of branch wood for developing high- valued green chemistry. Keywords: Agroforestry, Branches, NIR-Spectrometry, Wood Quality Introduction 1991), biodiversity conservation (Michon & large amounts of carbon, thereby contrib - In many tropical countries, agroforestry De Foresta 1992) and above all in climate uting to mitigate the effects of climate systems provide both services for agricul- change mitigation (Hamon et al. 2009). change and providing a highly valuable ture and for non-food economic sectors Agroforestry trees differ from forestry woody resource to be used for various pur- (housing and energy). Agroforestry is de- trees in two ways: their roots dig deeper poses. Since six decades, European coun- fined as any landscape use system associat- (Mulia & Dupraz 2006), and they also grow tries (including France) have massively ex- ing trees or any other ligneous perennial faster and produce more biomass, most cluded trees from the cropfields in order to plants with animal and/or vegetal produc- likely because there is less competition for intensify mechanized agriculture. However, tions on the same surface unit (Nair 1990). the light and other resources (Dupraz & the current agro-ecological transition is go- Such a system provide not only environ- Liagre 2008). In addition, agroforestry ing to reverse this trend through the de- mental but also economic and social bene- trees usually grow in more fertilized soils sign of new agroforestry systems. fits to farming communities (Nair 1993, than those of forest trees. In some cases, Besides agricultural products, the main Sanchez 1995). Agroforestry play an impor- an agroforestry tree will produce about product specific to agroforestry systems is tant role in pests and pathogens control three times more biomass than a tree of wood. Trunks, branches and twigs all (World Agroforestry Centre – Jamnadass et the same age in a forest (Gavaland & Bur- have different potential uses due to their al. 2013), food security (Guitton 1994), soil nel 2005). This increased biomass enables diverse characteristics (ADEME/Atlanbois protection and natural amendment (Young agroforestry trees to potentially stock 2016) which are summarized in Fig. S1 (Sup- plementary material). Throughout their life cycle, agroforestry trees mostly yield prun- (1) CIRAD, Research Unit BioWooEB, 34000, Montpellier (France); (2) BioWooEB, Université ing wood from branches, which has the de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier (France); (3) “Arts et Metiers” Institute of Technology, same wood orthotropic cylindrical organi- LABOMAP, HESAM University, F-71250 Cluny (France) zation as trunks (Fig. S1) and currently is mostly used as Ramial Chipped Wood @ Kevin Candelier ([email protected]) (RCW) or animal litter (Malignier & Bala- guer 2017). Received: Nov 09, 2020 - Accepted: Mar 01, 2021 Branch wood has been poorly investi- gated compared to stem wood, and cur- Citation: Terrasse F, Brancheriau L, Marchal R, Boutahar N, Lotte S, Guibal D, Pignolet L, rently there is a lack of data which could Candelier K (2021). Density, extractives and decay resistance variabilities within branch support any potential added-value of the wood from four agroforestry hardwood species. iForest 14: 212-220. – doi: 10.3832/ifor3693- branches for any production path. 014 [online 2021-05-02] Regarding the physical aspects, some studies reported that the mechanical char- Communicated by: Luigi Todaro acteristics of branches’ wood are usually reduced compared to those of the trunks © SISEF https://iforest.sisef.org/ 212 iForest 14: 212-220 Terrasse F et al. - iForest 14: 212-220 y properties were then compared to those r Fig. 1 - Sam- t of wood from the trunk of the same trees. s pling, pro- e Additionally, all samples were analyzed by r cessing and o NIR-Spectroscopy with the aim of develop- F selection of ing a fast system to assess the branch d wood sam- wood properties directly in the field. n ples. a s e Material and methods c n e Tree selection i c The selected hardwoods species were s o sweet chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.), pe- e dunculate oak (Quercus robur), hybrid wal- g o i nut (Juglans × intermedia [C. DC.] Carrière, B hybrid Juglans nigra × Juglans regia) and hy- – brid poplar (Populus generosa Henry). t s Chestnuts and oaks were sampled near e r Fougères, France (48° 21′ 05.62″ N, 01° 12′ o 16.65″ W), while poplars and walnuts were F i sampled near Alès, France (44° 07′ 37.934″ N. 04° 05′ 0.067″ E). The sampled chestnuts and oaks were planted as grasslands’ hedges, whereas walnuts and poplars were planted within grasslands plots (intraplot). The selected trees were sampled in Feb- ruary 2019 to limit the seasonal impact on wood chemical composition (i.e., starch in sapwood). A total of 9 trees were sampled from which 15 branches were taken (one to three branches per tree). The details are summarized in Fig. 1. For each species, the harvested branches were split in three sectors according to their distance to the tree trunk. The three branch sectors were defined as follows: (Gurau et al. 2008). Other researchers in- These are non-structural wood cell compo- • Sector 1: 100% of the branch diameter at vestigated the density and anatomy of nents of low molecular weight which act as the knot’s level; branches in several species (Dadzie et al. natural chemical products mainly protect- • Sector 2: 70-90% ± 3% of the branch diam- 2016, Kiaei et al. 2014), finding that in most ing lignocellulose from fungal and micro- eter at the knot’s level; cases the wood density of branches seems bial attacks (Pecha & Garcia-Perez 2015). • Sector 3: 40-70% ± 5% of the branch diam- to be higher than that of the trunks. Yet, This study investigated the potential of eter at the knot’s level. this characteristic, as most of other wood branch wood from agroforestry practices A total of 45 branch sectors were sam- characteristics, seems to be highly variable as base material to develop green chem- pled. The age of the branch wood is re- depending on the tree species considered. istry and/or to manufacture biomaterials. ported in Tab. 1, according to the tree spe- Such differences also appear when consid- Farmers prune their trees every year to cies and the branch sector. Based on these ering wood chemical properties, which manage light reaching the ground, and the data, we supposed than the majority of strongly change moving from one tree or- harvested biomass can help improve the wood samples is mainly composed by sap- gan to another. Tree knots along the stem economic model of agroforestry plots. To wood portion or sometimes by transition have been particularly studied, resulting in test the suitability of such a woody bio- wood, as for example in sector 1 for chest- most cases richer in extractives than trunks mass to the above goals, wood physical nut.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alchemist's Handbook-First Edition 1960 from One to Ten
    BY THE SAME AUTHOR wqt Drei NoveIlen (German) 1932 The Alchemist's Handbook-First Edition 1960 From One to Ten . .. .. 1966 Alrqtuttaf!i Praxis Spagyrica Philosophica 1966 The Seven Rays of the Q.B.L.-First Edition 1968 Praetische Alchemie irn Zwanzigsten Jahrundert 1970 ~aubhnnk (Practical Alchemy in the 20th Century-German) Der Mensch und die kosmischen Zyklen (German) 1971 (Manual for Practical Laboratory Alchemy) Men and the Cycles of the Universe 1971 Von Eins bis Zehn (From One to Ten-German) 1972 El Hombre y los Ciclos del Universo (Spanish) 1972 by Die Sieben Strahlen der Q.B.L. 1973 (The Seven Rays of the Q.B.L.-German) FRATER ALBERTUS SAMUEL WEISER New York CONTENTS Foreword 6 Preface to the First Edition 10 Preface to the Second Revised Edition 13 Chapter I Introduction to Alchemy 14 Samuel Weiser, Inc. Chapter 11 740 Broadway The Lesser Circulation 24 New York, N.Y. 10003 Chapter III First Published 1960 The Herbal Elixir Revised Edition 1974 Chapter IV Third Printing 1978 Medicinal Uses 43 Chapter V © 1974 Paracelsus Research Society Herbs and Stars 47 Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A. Chapter VI Symbols in Alchemy 56 ISBN 0 87728 181 5 Chapter VII Wisdom of the Sages 65 Conclusion 100 Alchemical Manifesto 120 ILLUSTRATIONS On the Way to the Temple 5 Soxhlet Extractor 34 Basement Laboratory 41 Essential Equipment 42 Printed in U.S.A. by Qabalistic Tree of Life 57 NOBLE OFFSET PRINTERS, INC. NEW YORK, N.Y. 10003 Alchemical Signs 58 ORIGINAL OIL PAINTING AT PARACELSUS RESEARCH SOCIETY ..
    [Show full text]
  • Laval University
    LAVAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FORESTRY AND GEOMATICS Department of Wood and Forest Sciences Sponsored by the International Development Center (IDRC) Ottawa, Canada “The Hidden World that Feeds Us: the Living Soil” Seminars given at the International Institute for Trropical Agriculture (ITA) Univeristy of Ibadan, Nigeria at the International Centre of Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya and at the Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Kiev, Ukraine by Professor Gilles Lemieux Department of Wood and Forestry Science ORIGINAL FRENCH PUBLICATION Nº 59b http://forestgeomat.ffg.ulaval.ca/brf/ edited by Coordination Group on Ramial Wood Depatment of Wood and Forestry Science Québec G1K 7P4 QUÉBEC CANADA TABLE OF CONTENTS I. A brief history: the evolution of ecosystems and man’s anthropocentric behaviour 1 II. The importance of the forest in tropical climates 2 III. The basic composition of wood 3 1. Lignin and its derivatives and their role in doil dynamic 5 IV. Stem wood and ramial wood 6 1. Stem wood and its lignin 6 2. Ramial wood and its lignin 6 3. Agricultural and forestry trials using ramial wood 7 V. “Organic Matter”, one of the basic principles in agriculture 9 1. Some a posteriori thoughts 10 2. The rationale for chipping 10 3. More like a food than a fertilizer 11 4. The principles behind chipping 11 VI. Lignin 13 1.The nutrients question 14 2.The biological cycling of water in tropical climates 15 3.“Chemical” nutrients 15 4.Nitrogen 15 5.Phosphorus 16 VII. A tentative theory 17 1.Too much or too little water 17 2.The soil-structuring role of lignin 17 3.The role of trophic web 18 4.Living beyond the soil’s chemical constraints 18 5.The major cause of tropical soils degradation.
    [Show full text]
  • B.Sc. III YEAR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III
    BSCCH- 302 B.Sc. III YEAR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III BSCCH-302 BSCCH-302 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY III SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III BSCCH-302 Expert Committee Prof. B.S.Saraswat Prof. A.K. Pant Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Indira Gandhi National Open University G.B.Pant Agriculture, University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi Pantnagar Prof. A. B. Melkani Prof. Diwan S Rawat Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry DSB Campus, Delhi University Kumaun University, Nainital Delhi Dr. Hemant Kandpal Dr. Charu Pant Assistant Professor Academic Consultant School of Health Science Department of Chemistry Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Uttarakhand Open University, Board of Studies Prof. A.B. Melkani Prof. G.C. Shah Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry DSB Campus, Kumaun University SSJ Campus, Kumaun University Nainital Nainital Prof. R.D.Kaushik Prof. P.D.Pant Department of Chemistry Director I/C, School of Sciences Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya Uttarakhand Open University Haridwar Haldwani Dr. Shalini Singh Dr. Charu Pant Assistant Professor Academic Consultant Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry School of Sciences School of Science Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Uttarakhand Open University, Programme Coordinator Dr. Shalini Singh Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III BSCCH-302 Unit Written By Unit No. Dr. Charu Pant 01, 02 & 03 Department of Chemistry Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Destructive Distillation of Pine Sawdust
    Scholars' Mine Bachelors Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1903 The destructive distillation of pine sawdust Frederick Hauenstein Herbert Arno Roesler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses Part of the Mining Engineering Commons Department: Mining Engineering Recommended Citation Hauenstein, Frederick and Roesler, Herbert Arno, "The destructive distillation of pine sawdust" (1903). Bachelors Theses. 238. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses/238 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bachelors Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FOR THE - ttl ~d IN SUBJECT, ••The Destructive Distillation of P ine Sawdust:• F . HAUENSTEIN AND H . A. ROESLER. CLASS OF 1903. DISTILLATION In pine of the South, the operation of m.ills to immense quanti waste , such and sawdust.. The sawdust especially, is no practical in vast am,ounte; very difficult to the camp .. s :ls to util the be of commercial .. folloWing extraction turpentine .. of the acid th soda and treat- products .. t .. the t.he turpentine to in cells between , or by tissues to alcohol, a soap which a commercial t this would us too the rd:- hydrochloric was through supposition being that it d form & pinene hydro- which produced~ But instead the hydrochl , a dark unl<:nown compound was The fourth experiment, however, brought out a number of possibilities, a few of Which have been worked up.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Wood Distillation
    Bibliography of WoodDistillation T.CL[). Compiled by Gerald A.Walls Arranged by Morrie Craig BibliographY 5 October 1966 For.stProductsResearch FOREST RESEARCHLABORATORY OREGON STATEUNIVERSITY Corvallis PROGRAM AND PURPOSE The Forest Research Laboratoryof the School of Forestry combines a well-equipped laboratory witha staff of forest and wood scientists in program designed to improve the forestresource and promote full uti- lization of forest products. Theextensive research done by the Labora tory is supported by the forest industryand by state and federal funds. The current report results fromstudies in forest products, where wood scientists and technologists,chemists, and engineers are con- cerned with properties, processing,utilization, and marketing of wood and of timber by-products. The PROGRAM of research includes identifying and developing chemicals fromwood, improving pulping of wood and woodresidues, investigating and improving manufacturingtechniques, extending life of wood by treating, developing better methods ofseasoning wood for higher quality and reduced costs, cooperating with forest scientists to determineeffects of growing conditionson wood properties, and evaluating engineering properties ofwood and wood- based materials and structures. The PURPOSE of researchon forest products is to expand markets, create new jobs, and bringmore dollar returns, thus advancing the interests of forestry and forestindustries, by > developing products from residuesand timber now wasted, and > improving treatment and designof present wood products. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 BOOKS 4 ARTICLES AND BULLETINS 5 PATENTS 46 Australia 46 Austria 46 Be1giun 46 Canada 47 Czechoslovakia 47 Denmark 47 France 47 Germany 51 Great Britain 52 India 55 Italy 55 Japan 55 Netherlands 56 Norway 56 Poland 56 Russia 56 Spain 57 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United States 59 Bibliography of Wood Distillation INTRODUCTION This bibliography is a revision and extension to1964 of Bibli- ography of Wood Distillation, 1907-1953published in 1955.
    [Show full text]
  • William Collins & Kenny Miller
    LABORATORY TECHNIQUES & EXPERIMENTS Organic Chemistry I William Collins & Kenny Miller The Lab Notebook and Grading A copy of Edison’s lab notebook. 1 SECTION 1 Chemistry 250-251 Lab Policies The lab is an integral and essential part of the Organic Chemistry c) Be aware of all safety precautions discussed in each experi- course. It must be completed satisfactorily in order for the student ment and in the prelab safety lecture. to receive credit for the course. Please note the following FLC d) Pay particular attention to proper ways of cleaning equip- policies. ment and disposing of chemical wastes. • The student must attend his/her scheduled lab section and e) Keep your drawer and equipment clean and organized for carry out the experiment in the week that it is scheduled. Un- efficient laboratory work. der extenuating circumstances, the student may attend a “make‑up” lab section at another time during the same week • All lab work should be written up and reported in a manner de- with the prior approval of the scheduled instructor and the scribed in this lab manual. Late lab books will receive lower make‑up instructor. Otherwise, credit will not be given for that grades. Please consult your laboratory instructor for further in- experiment. structions. • If the student fails to satisfactorily complete any experiment or fails to properly check out of lab at the end of the course, he/she may be assigned an incomplete (I) for the course or a failing grade (F). • In order to insure your safety in the laboratory, it is important to come well prepared to the lab each week: a) Please read all assigned material in this manual before each experiment.
    [Show full text]
  • Combustion Characteristics and Combustion Kinetics of Dry Distillation Coal and Pine Tar
    Hindawi International Journal of Aerospace Engineering Volume 2020, Article ID 8888556, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8888556 Research Article Combustion Characteristics and Combustion Kinetics of Dry Distillation Coal and Pine Tar Bo Chen ,1 Bo Liu ,2 and Zhangming Shi 3 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China 2School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China 3School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China Correspondence should be addressed to Bo Liu; [email protected] Received 26 August 2020; Revised 28 September 2020; Accepted 9 November 2020; Published 26 November 2020 Academic Editor: Yibai Wang Copyright © 2020 Bo Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The samples of dry distillation pine tar and coal tar were investigated by TG-DTG-DSC, and the combustion characteristics and combustion kinetics of the samples were studied. The results show that there exist two significant mass loss peak and endothermic peak in the combustion of dry distillation coal tar and pine tar, which, respectively, means the volatile hydrocarbon combustion and heavy hydrocarbon combustion. At the first DTG peak range, the activation energy of dry distillation pine tar and coal tar is about the same at the initial stage (before DTG peak). Activation energy of the dry distillation pine tar increases sharply while that of dry distillation coal tar has little changes on the subsequent stage (after DTG peak).
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Technology of Dry Distillation of Wood
    Modern technology of dry distillation of wood Michał LEWANDOWSKI, Eugeniusz MILCHERT – Institute of Chemical Organic Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Please cite as: CHEMIK 2011, 65, 12, 1301-1306 Nowadays the process of dry (destructive) distillation of wood is Wood gas from dry distillation contains (%wt.): CO2 40-55, carried out in a periodical (batch) or continuous manner. In the former CO 26-35, CH4 3-10, C2H4 2, H2 1-4. It is often used for steam case steel (mobile) retort furnaces are used, while in the latter case, generation for captive use at the distillation plant or in nearby facilities, science • technique retorts included in automated plants. In both cases temperature during or directly as fuel for heating the retort. The mean heating value the process is gradually increased from 200°C to 600°C, with limited of the gas is 8.4-12.6 MJ/m3. This gas under war conditions was used admission of air. The products of the processes taking place include, for driving internal combustion engines. in addition to charcoal, a distillate comprising gases and vapours. Liquid distillates, upon collection and settling in tanks, separate The gaseous components include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and form a settled tar layer and a water solution called pyroligneous hydrogen, methane and ethylene. Vapours contain mainly methanol, acid, the latter containing acetic acid, methanol, acetone, methyl acetic acid, acetone, formic acid, propionic aldehyde and acid. They acetate and tar components. After vacuum distillation in multiple- also contain components that condense to form wood tar.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Tar Distillation at Crew's Hole, Bristol
    1 SCI LECTURE PAPERS SERIES A HISTORY OF TAR DISTILLATION AT CREW’S HOLE, BRISTOL Raymond Holland 10 Meadow Mead, Frampton Cotterell, Bristol BS36 2BQ, UK © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry. All rights reserved ISSN 1353-114X LPS 123/2002 Key words coal tar, industrial history, distillation A presentation to The South Western Gas Historical Society, 14 November 2001. At a Joint meeting with The South Western Section of The Institution of Gas Engineers & Managers and The Gas Energy Association. A submission for the Sugg Heritage Award 2002 Raymond Holland is an active member of the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) and is a Past Chairman of Council. He is a presenter for the Chemical Industries Association (CIA) ‘Speak Out! and Listen’ talks programme and was short listed for the Retired Speaker of the Year Award 2001. He is a member of the South Western Gas Historical Society and a graduate of Manchester University. He was employed at the Crew’s Hole Tar Works for twenty years, as Chief Chemist, Bristol and West Tar Distillers Ltd and then as Production Manager, British Steel Corporation (Chemicals) Ltd. He is interested in the history of Bristol's chemical industry and is a lecturer and author on the subject. Foreword It may come as a surprise to some of the younger members of the Gas Industry to learn that the former South Western Gas Board was the sole owner (100%) of Bristol & West Tar Distillers Ltd for eight years up to 1970 and the advent of Natural Gas. Indeed, the Gas Board, under the Chairmanship of Mr CH Chester (Past President of the Institution of Gas Engineers) and Deputy Chairmanship of Mr J Carr, had owned twenty-five percent (25%) of Bristol & West Tar Distillers Ltd from 1952 – only five years after the Nationalisation of the Gas Industry.
    [Show full text]
  • The Recovery of Ammonia from Waste Organic Substances
    . , THESIS: THE RECOVERY OF AMMONIA FROM WASTE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES, - B Y — FRANK H. GAZZOLO, F of trie Degree of Bachelor of Science in College of Science. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 1896. ” R E C 0 V E R Y OF A M M 0 N I A FRO M WASTE ORGANIC MATTER." Introduction, Of late years, the immense development of chemical industries can only he accoionted for hy the great advances made in general chemistry,---- particularly in the perfection of .analytical chemistry. It is through scientific research that so many avenues o f industry have been opened. Theoretical and practical chemistry are working side by side to devise means to further the industries and in proportion as chemical knowledge progresses, the technolo­ gies advance. As a natural consequence, the growth of the chemical' industries gave rise to numerous questions as to the technical working. Men are striving to answer these innumer­ able questions by investigation and experimenting, and through these means are due the great advances of chemical technol­ ogy of recent years. The desire to obtain a clear understand­ ing of the original as well as the final products have placed the chemical industries upon a sound chemical basis. ............. ■ ■ ■ ■■■ ............... — ----------------------....................... .........- ......- ............ • ■ ....-.... .......... ... — It is to this desire that scientific chemistry owes so much to technology, fo r much o f the work done in pure chemistry is in response to the demands made upon chemists by the exigencies of the manufactures. It is thus seen that if scientific chemistry has proved itself so necessary for tech­ n ic a l, the la tt e r has likew ise done a great deal to advance the former.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Byproducts
    Wood Byproducts 867. Absorption of calcium and magnesium by the 870. Alteration of soil temperature and moisture fruiting body of the cultivated mushroom Hypsizigus through mulching on the morpho-physiological marmoreus (Peck) bigelow from sawdust culture differentiation in maize. media. Awal, M. A. and Khan, M. A. H. Tabata, T. and Ogura, T. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences (Pakistan) 2(4): Journal of Food Science 68(1): 76-79. (2003); ISSN: 0022- 1164-1167. (Oct. 1999) 1147 NAL Call #: QH301 .P355; ISSN: 1028-8880. Descriptors: absorption/ calcium/ calcium carbonate/ Descriptors: mulching / soil/ wood waste/ maize calcium phosphates/ culture media/ growth/ magnesium/ Abstract: Mulching effects of sawdust, ash, rice straw and magnesium carbonate/ magnesium chloride/ magnesium water hyacinth on the morpho-physiological differentiation sulfate/ mycelium/ sawdust/ Basidiomycetes/ of maize (Zea mays L.) and to relate these with soil Basidiomycota/ calcium phosphate/ Hypsizygus/ environment were described. Water hyacinth and rice straw Hypsizygus marmoreus/ magnesium sulphate/ mulches had significant promotive effects on shoot Tricholomataceae elongation, root penetration, LAI and DM accumulation. All Abstract: H. marmoreus was cultivated in potato-sucrose- mulches conserved soil moisture but water hyacinth and agar (PSA) and in sawdust media supplemented with Ca or rice straw retained comparatively greater amount. Water Mg salts. The radial growth of mycelia was determined. The hyacinth and rice straw mulches reduced soil temperature mushroom spawn did not grow on PSA supplemented with fluctuations in all soil depths (5 to 15 cm) and retained Ca carbonate, Mg carbonate, or Mg hydroxide. However, higher soil temperatures at the early hours of the day (02 to the mycelia grew well on sawdust media supplemented with 06 hrs) which were considered to be the decisive factor for Ca phosphate, Ca carbonate, or Mg sulfate.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office Patented Dec
    2,818,411 United States Patent Office Patented Dec. 31, 1957 2 the resulting solution to crystallize out the gamma pico line oxalate. By such a process it has been found that 2,818,411 substantially all of the gamma picoline in the mixture SEPARATION OF GAMMA PCOLINE can be crystallized out as the oxalic acid salt while the 5 beta picoline and 2,6-lutidine remain in solution. The Harold L. Dimond, Pittsburgh, Pa., assignor to Pittsburgh entire disclosure of the Williams et al. application is here Coke & Chemical Company, Pittsburgh, Pa., a corpo by incorporated by reference. ratiosa of Pennsylvania While the process recited in the Williams et al. appli No Drawing. Application June 21, 1955 cation is highly advantageous, it suffers from the dis Serial No. 517,053 O advantage that the gamma picoline is recovered by steam distillation of an alkaline solution or by other methods 8 Claims. (CI. 260-290) involving the production of a dilute, aqueous solution of gamma picoline. It has now been found that the formation of a dilute, The present invention relates to the separation of aqueous solution or other solvent solution of the gamma gamma picoline (4-methyl pyridine) from mixtures there picoline can be avoided and the gamma picoline can be of with other nitrogen bases such as beta picoline (3- recovered readily in good yields by heating the gamma methyl pyridine) and 2,6-lutidine (2,6-dimethyl pyridine) picoline-oxalic acid complex to 150-200 C. and recover by forming the gamma picoline-oxalic acid complex or ing the gamma picoline from the distillate.
    [Show full text]