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Memorial Symposium Biomedicum Lecture Hall 1 Monday, May 31 at 9-11 am Special tribute to Academician of Science Leena Peltonen From Individuals to Populations – now and then ANTTI SAJANTILA, MD, PhD, professor Hjelt Institute Department of Forensic Medicine University of Helsinki ContentContent Genetics and identification of individuals Identification of Populations Studies of Past Populations ContentContent Genetics and identification of individuals Identification of Populations Studies of Past Populations Early days of forensic genetics - serology 1901: Karl Landsteiner discovered the human blood groups AB0 (and Rh in 1940) 1925: "secretor" status described – 80% have blood group substances in their body fluids 1932: Leon Lattes finds method for AB0 typing of dried blood flakes 1950's: electrophoresis of serum proteins Revolution in forensic DNA analysis Nature 314:67-73 (1985) The „Gold Rush“ ~1986-89 Commercialisation of forensic DNA analysis: - new opportunities for professional services - lack of standards, quality control and assurance - premature introduction into casework … and the downfall Castro Case (New York, 1989) - Admissibility of DNA challenged in pretrial hearings - Evidence to prove presence of the suspect's DNA was dismissed due to lack of standards and biased interpretation Experts vs Experts ~1990-95 Differences within population may be greater that between populations due to subgroups not conforming to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Lewontin & Hartl, Science 1991) 1992: National Research Council (NRC) Report I: - accreditation and proficiency testing is essential - "ceiling principle": use the highest frequency of a given allele in any of at least three major racial groups or 10% - collect population data on as many subgroups as possible Science prevails ~ 1996… Transition from VNTR to STR systems - Replacing continuous with discrete allele designations More population data collected 1996: NRC Report II - Ceiling principle too conservative - Product rule accepted - Use to correct for substructure effects Introduction of DNA databases in Europe Maturation from science to court Societal need and pressure Legal system Technical Scientific An excellent example of a finding in basic science leading to practice Development of markers and technology Southern blot – hybridisation STRs - autosomal -Y-chr PCR Seq - mtDNA SNPs - autosomal -Y-chr mtdna Technical development and marker systems In 1996 Analysis of 3 Y STRs in 246 individuals in 7 populations In 2008 Analysis of 500.000 SNPs in 2514 individuals in 23 populations Commentary Nature 371, 735-738 (27 October 1994) | doi:10.1038/371735a0 DNA fingerprinting dispute laid to rest Eric S. Lander & Bruce Budowle Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA and the Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. Forensic Science Research and Training Center, FBI Laboratory, FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia 22135, USA. Abstract Two principals in the once-raging debate over forensic DNA typing conclude that the scientific issues have all been resolved. IndentificationIndentification ofof IndividualsIndividuals -- expanding interests Forensic Sci Int. 1992 Sep;56(1):65-76. Identification of the skeletal remains of Josef Mengele by DNA analysis. Jeffreys AJ, Allen MJ, Hagelberg E, Sonnberg A. Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK. J Forensic Sci. 2001 Jan;46(1):173-6. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the presumptive remains of Jesse James. Stone AC, Starrs JE, Stoneking M. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA. O.J Simpson Did president Jeffersson have an illegitimate child with his slave Sally Hemmings? Foster et al. 1998, Nature The blue coat of Monica Lewinsky President Clinton? COURTESY DR. BRUCE BUDOWLE IndentificationIndentification ofof IndividualsIndividuals -- Finland Finland – homicides analysed via PCR 3’ apolipoprotein B gene VNTR Vuorio et al. 1990 Homicide I Homicide II controls victim victim Stain 1 Stain 2 Stain 1 Stain 2 Stain 1 Stain 2 Stain 1 Stain 2 Suspect 1 Suspect 1 Suspect 2 Suspect 1 Suspect 1 Suspect 2 Suspect 2 Suspect 2 Leena Palotie Chrisse Syvänen Christian Enholm Australia 1992 Canada 1993 Kenya 1996 ContentContent Genetics and identification of individuals Identification of Populations Studies of Past Populations Population genetic studies - Finland Blood group antigens Streng 1935, Mustakallio 1989, Nevanlinna 1972 European affinities, local isolation mtDNA: 1994 onwards Sajantila, Lahermo, Majamaa etc. European affinities, rel. high diversity, homogeneous Y-chromosome (STRs, SNPs) 1996 onwards Sajantila, Kittles, Lahermo etc. Eastern component, reduced diversity, regional differences Autosomal SNPs c. 2007 onwards Peltonen, Lahermo, Kayser etc. Genetic outlier, significant (but small) regional diff. 2457 samples 309790 SNPs Bottleneck vs. Founder effect (event) From Jobling, Hurles, Tyler-Smith, Hum.Evol.Genet. Bottleneck vs. Founder effect (event) Archaeologists: continuity theory - Finland colonized c. 11 kya - c. 9.5 kya signs of humans in all parts of Finland - Comb-ceramic invasion c. 7 kya - Corded-ware invasion c. 4 kya W-Finland E-Finland N-Finland Population density estimated from archaeological finds (M. Tallavaara & P. Pesonen)Is this the case? Slide kindly provided by J. Palo Y chromosome diversity in Finland Y chromosome diversity in Finland Great regional differences in pairwise comparison among provinces (Fst-based) Hierarchical structuring (groups which are homogenous in Y chr) KY OU MI NC KU CF UU HA VA LA TU LMO 0.001 Y chromosome diversity in Finland Finns and the other Europeans: Fin-internal INTERIOR Fin-East SOUTHEAST Fin-WestCOAST Estonia Vasterbotten Aland FIN_East – FIN_West ST = 0.113 Norway Slavs – Sweden = 0.089 Sweden ST HollDen NEGermany Baltic EasternEurope Somali 0.02 Y chromosome diversity in Finland East-West differences in various haplogroups Lappalainen et al. 2006 Gene 376: 207-215 Y chromosome vs other markers Interregional differentiation: FST range The Y-chromosomal differentiation is conciderably higher! Slide kindly provided by Jukka Palo Y chromosome vs other markers Slide kindly provided by Jukka Palo ””InterpretationInterpretation ofof thethe resultsresults - forensic population genetics Population structure has to been known Regional haplotype frequencies have to be estimated 15% 29% 1% ContentContent Genetics and identification of individuals Identification of Populations Studies of Past Populations Forensic ~ AncienDNA (archaeogenetics) Concept ~ Interpretation of the past Reconstruction Method ~ Molecular genetics Bio-computing Neandertals ”Iceman” Paternity testing Birth “Out of Africa” Neolithic expansion Historical persons Extinct animals 500 000 yrs 200 000 yrs 40 000 yrs 10 000 yrs 5 000 yrs 9 months PAST Ancient DNA Population sampling PRESENT Ancient-DNA - milestones Higuchi et al., Nature 1984: DNA Extinct animals sequences from the Quagga, an extinct member of the horse family Pääbo et al., Nature 1985: Molecular cloning of ancient Egyptian mummy DNA Handt et al., Science 1994:Molecular Genetic Analyses of the Tyrolean Ice Man Parr et al., Am J Phys Anthropol 1996: Ancient DNA analysis of Freemont Amerindians of the Great Salt Lake wetlands Krings et al., Cell 1997: Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans Nature Reviews Genetics 2; 353-359 (2001); doi:10.1038/35072071 ANCIENT DNA 2000 onwards acclerated publications of aDNA work with various quality and scientific interest Ancient-DNA – technical challenges Tyrolean Ice Man Neanertal type specimen Handt et al., Science 1994 Krings et al., Cell 1997 20 000 yrs old ground sloth coprolite CombinationCombination Contemporary population genetics Genealogy – ”Identification” of families Generation Johan Vilhelm Olof Jönsson ~1630 I Hans II Johan III Peter Gerhard Samuel IV Linien I-VII V VI VII VIII IX X XI Family Snellman Genetic lineage in Finland Snellman Y chromosome halpotype 1600 2000 ??? Switzerland Finland Finnish population revisited (once more) - sampling – genealogy – aDNA ~10000 -1000 BP ~ 1600 AD Contemporary Contemp Geneal. aDNA Isolated populations – any use in genetics? Slide kindly provided by Jukka Palo Forensic Anthropology and Paternity testing (AD.1961) Memorial Symposium Biomedicum Lecture Hall 1 Monday, May 31 at 9-11 am Special tribute to Academician of Science Leena Peltonen.
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