Setsuden” - Data Survey on the Potential for Japan’S Electricity Savings by Behavioural Change

CERT Thematic Discussions: The role of ʻbehavioural aspectsʼ for reaching net zero emissions by 2050

Impact of “Setsuden” - data survey on the potential for Japan’s electricity savings by behavioural change

16 February, 2021 The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan Naoko DOI, and Asamu OGAWA IEEJ©2021 • • • What is “ is What implemented. implemented. situation the by prompted electricity consumption savings electricity peak savings and The behavioral change for facilitate electricity peak savings. and residential consumers to requested industry, commercial Ministry in2011, Earthquake Japan Eastern Great the after To cope with the rolling blackout behavioral change. improvement technical/operational efficiency from resulting “ Setsuden – ” is electricity savings continues to be Setsuden – including emergency emergency ” ? – 2011 44% 59% Operational Hours Operational Promoting Methods, and Challenges for Verification” for Challenges and Methods, Promoting Source: EC rea Ar TEPCO September (compared with July with September(compared Weather Shorter AC Shorter 2012 38% 48% Promoting Methods, and Challenges for Verification” for Challenges and Methods, Promoting Source: Nishio KEPCOArea 2013 30% 31% Nishio 10.7 2011 - (2016). “Energy Efficiency, Electricity Savings Behavior Behavior Savings Electricity Efficiency, “Energy (2016). % adjusted Peak Electricity Savings Rate July Rate Savings Electricity Peak adjusted 2011 41% 56% Adjust AC Temp. AC Adjust Actions for Residential Electricity Electricity Residential for Actions (2016). “Energy Efficiency, Electricity Savings Behavior Behavior Savings Electricity Efficiency, “Energy (2016). 11.2 2012 % 44% 48% 2012 TEPCO 2013 37% 41% 2013 8.8% Shorter Lighting Hours Lighting Shorter 2011 46% 55% 2014 Savings 11.0 2012 42% 51% % 2013 30% 33% 2011 - 6.0% September in 2010) September2010) in Replace Refrigerator 2011 2% 7% 2012 8.5% with EE KEPCO 2012 4% 2013 2013 3% 4% 8.5% - its Trends, 2014 2011 21% 31% Adjust Refigerator Adjust 11.7 - % its Trends, Temp. 2012 23% 25% - 2013 17% 16% 1 IEEJ©2021 (summer,winter) middle, regions 10 in Japan in owners/occupantsfor different 3 seasons building 10,000 and and households Survey/ measure(1) Peak Demand Savings” Demand Peak “Electricity DemandThe andStudy: METIOutline Potential of for Commissioned technologyregions 10 in Japan in different(summer, seasons winter) middle, by Estimate (2) curve: load • • technologyfor regions 10 savings: demand List (3) peak of menus up commercial sector. This covers presentation the Energy Conservation Center, Japan, of “ impact the on 2019 FY in study commissioned Japan) Industry, For emergency preparedness and load leveling, the IEEJ implemented METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and regions savings: electricity Estimate (4) potential for diffusion: method for Consider (5) information forregions 10 in seasons 3 : 10,000 10,000 forby seasons 3 the results on residential sector for 10 in seasons 3 for 3 3 for Jyukankyo Research Institute, and – although the METI’s study included the analyses of the Source: Note: A 899A Note: Setsuden https://www.meti.go.jp/meti_lib/report/H30FY/000385.pdf Okinawa - Source: FEPC Dentsu page report on detailed analysis for 10 regions in Japan in 10regions for analysis detailed on report page Chugoku ”. The study was conducted along with 10 Regions inJapan Hokuriku Chubu Corp. Hokkaido Kyushu Shikoku Kinki Kanto Tohoku 2 Surveyed IEEJ©2021 data Measured Comparisonwith Estimate Load Curve by Region • hours operational ownership, Appliance region) Hourly electricity consumption/household (by region, by household) by region, Hourly electricity consumption/household (by region, by household, by residential building) residential by household, by region, Hourly electricity consumption/household (by Regional hourly load curve Hourly electricity consumption (by region) summer, middle, winter in 10 regions. regions. 10 in winter middle, summer, compare with the regional hourly load curve data from electric utilities. This estimation is implemented for Residential electricity load curve is estimated using 1) surveyed data, 2) statistical data, 3) measured data to Estimation Method consumption by by consumption Rated power building ofresidential type by appliance, appliance by hours al operation Usage, Surveyed region Temperature by household of Number house/apartment Ratio of detached people/household) of (number household type Ratio of Estimated Load Curve by Appliance (Summer) W/household W/household W/household W/household W/household

1,000 1,200 1,000 1,200 1,000 1,200 1,000 1,200 1,000 1,200 200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800 Source: The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (2020) Japan Economics, Energy of Institute The Source: 0 0 0 0 0 W/ W/ W/ W/ W/ 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 1:00 世帯 1:00 世帯 1:00 世帯 1:00 世帯 1:00 世帯 2:00 2:00 2:00 2:00 2:00 3:00 3:00 3:00 3:00 3:00 4:00 4:00 4:00 4:00 4:00 5:00 5:00 5:00 5:00 5:00 Chugoku Hokuriku 九州中国北陸関東 6:00 6:00 6:00 6:00 6:00 北海道

7:00 Kyushu 7:00 7:00 7:00 7:00 8:00 8:00 8:00 8:00 8:00 Hokkaido : : : : Kanto 9:00 合計（夏期） 9:00 合計（夏期） 9:00 合計（夏期） 9:00 合計（夏期） 9:00 :

10:00 10:00 10:00 10:00 10:00 合計（夏期） 11:00 11:00 11:00 11:00 11:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 13:00 13:00 13:00 13:00 13:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 15:00 15:00 15:00 15:00 15:00 16:00 16:00 16:00 16:00 16:00 17:00 17:00 17:00 17:00 17:00 18:00 18:00 18:00 18:00 18:00 19:00 19:00 19:00 19:00 19:00 20:00 20:00 20:00 20:00 20:00 21:00 21:00 21:00 21:00 21:00 22:00 22:00 22:00 22:00 22:00 23:00 23:00 23:00 23:00 23:00 W/household W/household

1,000 1,200 1,000 1,200 1,000 1,200 1,000 1,200 1,000 1,200 W/household W/household W/household 200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800 200 400 600 800 0 0 0 0 0 W/ W/ W/ W/ W/ 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 1:00 世帯 1:00 世帯 1:00 世帯 1:00 世帯 1:00 世帯 2:00 2:00 2:00 2:00 2:00 3:00 3:00 3:00 3:00 3:00 4:00 4:00 4:00 4:00 4:00 5:00 5:00 5:00 5:00 5:00

6:00 沖縄 6:00 四国 6:00 近畿 6:00 中部 6:00 東北 Okinawa Shikoku

7:00 7:00 7:00 7:00 7:00 Tohoku 8:00 8:00 8:00 8:00 Chubu 8:00 Kinki : : : : :

9:00 合計（夏期） 9:00 合計（夏期） 9:00 合計（夏期） 9:00 合計（夏期） 9:00 合計（夏期） 10:00 10:00 10:00 10:00 10:00 11:00 11:00 11:00 11:00 11:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 13:00 13:00 13:00 13:00 13:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 15:00 15:00 15:00 15:00 15:00 16:00 16:00 16:00 16:00 16:00 17:00 17:00 17:00 17:00 17:00 18:00 18:00 18:00 18:00 18:00 19:00 19:00 19:00 19:00 19:00 20:00 20:00 20:00 20:00 20:00 21:00 21:00 21:00 21:00 21:00 22:00 22:00 22:00 22:00 22:00 23:00 23:00 23:00 23:00 23:00

Machine Washing Cooking Seat Toilet Electric TV/DVD AC Refrigerator Water Heating Water PC Stand Others Lighting /Router - by 3 IEEJ©2021 Electric toilet toilet Electric machine Electric water water Electric boiler seat PC Regional Differences, and Seasonal Differences Seasonal and Differences, Regional cleaner Electric water water Electric Electric carpet Electric Electric toilet toilet Electric Vacuum Vacuum cleaner heater Kotatsu Washing Washing • Road heating Road seat 0.5% heating , machine Vacuum Vacuum Electric floor floor Electric 0.6% Dryer heating , 0.5% , 2.1% Rice Cooker Rice Washing Washing 0.4% Dryer , 1.0% , Central Central 0.6% , , 0.4% , , 2.5% 2.8% , 2.5% 2.6% , 0.6% FF Stove FF 1.5% , , Kanto, Summer (14:00) Summer Kanto, , Effective electricity savings options at peak load should consider operational characteristics by region. 0.3% 0.2% Kanto, Winter (17:00) Winter Kanto, 0.6% 1.0% Electric water water Electric , , boiler TV , Stand Lighting , , , 3.1% 1.8% Electric stove Electric - 0.5% by PC power Source: The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (2020) Japan Economics, Energy of Institute The Source: , , , Stand 4.4% 6.1% 6.3% Others TV Electric water water Electric , heater Contributions to - , 6.2% Others by by 3.5% Refrigerator , , 13.0% 17.8% , 2.8% , 13.3% Lighting 8.2% , , Conditioner Refrigerator 44.7% Air Air Conditioner Rice Cooker Rice 16.0% 23.0% 8.7% Air Air , , , , machine Washing Peak Demand Peak Electric toilet Electric Dryer cleaner 1.8% Vacuum Vacuum toilet Electric seat cleaner PC seat Vacuum Vacuum 2.0% , machine Washing 0.8% , , Hokkaido, Summer (16:00) Summer Hokkaido, 0.6% 1.0% 0.8% , water boiler water , , 0.9% , 1.7% Hokkaido, Winter (9:00) Winter Hokkaido, Electric Electric water boiler water 1.7% Electric Electric , 1.5% 0.5% PC Dryer 4.3% TV power , Stand , , water heater water Kotatsu , TV 0.6% 5.2% , Electric Electric Others , , 19.6% 4.3% 7.6% - 3.2% heating by by water heater water 12.0% Road Road , Electric Electric 3.3% , , , Lighting 10.8% , Lighting 7.9% , Conditioner , 15.0% Refrigerator Air Air 18.4% Conditioner Refrigerator Rice CookerRice 1.8% , 24.7% Rice CookerRice Air Air 7.0% , 6.1% , , , , Source: The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (2020) Japan Economics, Energy of Institute The Source: Hokkaido Okinawa Chugoku Hokuriku Shikoku Tohoku Kyushu Chubu Kanto Kinki Hours of of Hours Peak Demand by Season, and and Season, by Demand Peak Summer 16:00 14:00 15:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 16:00 by by Region Middle 19:00 19:00 14:00 14:00 16:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 14:00 18:00 Winter 19:00 18:00 18:00 17:00 17:00 17:00 9:00 9:00 9:00 9:00 4 IEEJ©2021 Impact the and List) (Basic Savings Electricity of List Menu • has different impact by region. by region. impact different has reflecting 1) manufactures input, 2) discussions with experts and 3) literature study. Respective menu option Electricity savings rate represents potential electricity savings from behavior change. The list is prepared Summer Autmun Spring/ Winter Electrictoilet Electrictoilet Refrigerator Refrigerator Refrigerator RiceCooker RiceCooker RiceCooker Stand-by Stand-by Stand-by Lighting Lighting Toilette Lighting Electric seat seat TV AC AC TV TV AC AC AC Maintain room temperature at 20 use notin are Printer) and PC (TV, appliances when off Plug freezer. or refrigerator in ready thosekeephours, andare that the peak useduring Avoid no above functions,thereare In case whenplug-offnot is it use.in mode efficient energy use and function, supply water hot off Switch not is it when off switch necessary and level, luminance lower mode, efficient energy at Set light unnecessary off Switch inside stuff and door, much too put opening not do of frequency the minimize level, middle at temperature Set use notin are Printer) and PC (TV, appliances when off Plug freezer. or refrigerator in ready thosekeephours, andare that the peak useduring Avoid no above functions,thereare In case whenplug-offnot is it use.in mode efficient energy use and function, supply water hot off Switch not is it when off switch necessary and level, luminance lower mode, efficient energy at Set light unnecessary off Switch inside stuff and door, much too put opening not do of frequency the minimize level, middle at temperature Set AC theuseof tominimize fan ofUse window at blind of Use Maintain room temperature at 28 Plug off when appliances (TV, PC and Printer) are not in use notin are Printer) and PC (TV, appliances when off Plug freezer. or refrigerator in ready thosekeephours, andare that the peak useduring Avoid and closewater, hot and the seat ridfor when setting it is nottemperature Lower in use.mode. efficient energy Use not is it when off switch necessary and level, luminance lower mode, efficient energy at Set light unnecessary off Switch inside stuff and door, much too put opening not do of frequency the minimize level, middle at temperature Set Drawcurtain at the window MenusSavingsfor Electricity ℃ ℃ savingsrate Electricity 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 27% 25% 50% 10% 16% 25% 50% 10% 25% 50% 10% 10% 14% 5% Kanto Peakdemand savings rate 10.1% 44.0% 0.8% 8.7% 0.2% 0.9% 4.1% 1.6% 1.2% 3.7% 1.5% 1.0% 1.5% 5.8% 3.0% 0.8% 2.5% 0.5% 0.8% 3.1% 1.8% 4.5% 6.3% Hokkaido 11.1% 13.8% 0.9% 6.1% 0.2% 0.8% 3.9% 1.8% 0.1% 0.3% 1.1% 8.2% 0.9% 2.2% 2.3% 1.1% 7.0% 0.8% 1.1% 5.4% 2.5% 1.5% 2.1% (2020) Japan Economics, of Energy Institute The Source: 5 IEEJ©2021 100% 70% 80% 90% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Questionnaireresults: 0% 32% 53% 7% 9% 1 Impact of Behavioral Change for Electricity Peak Saving Hokkaido いつも実施している 21% 30% 25% 25% 2 Always 34% 29% 18% 19% Kanto 3 19% 29% 28% 24% 4 21% 23% 26% 30% 5 20% 27% 26% 27% 6 19% 27% 28% 26% 7 Impact of Behavioral Change by the Residential Consumers Residential the by Change Behavioral of Impact 18% 21% 29% 31% activities (Winter) activities 8 25% 32% 25% 17% 9 19% 32% 30% 19% 10 24% 17% 25% 35% 11 よく実施している 21% 24% 30% 26% 12 Summer Summer Often 32% 28% 22% 17% Winter Middle Winter Middle 13 25% 26% 26% 23% 14 22% 15% 24% 39% 15 22% 14% 21% 42% 16 44% 28% 18% 10% 17 Electricitysavings 23% 32% 29% 17% 18 22% 26% 29% 23% 19 24% 29% 29% 18% あまり実施していない 20 38% 36% 16% 10% 21 Often Not 22% 23% 29% 26% 22 17:00 14:00 14:00 18:00 16:00 Hours Peak 25% 22% 25% 28% 9:00 23 48% 19% 16% 17% 24 22% 20% 27% 31% 25 26% 20% 24% 30% 26 45% 22% 17% 16% 27 14% 11% 23% 52% 28 22% 32% 27% 20% 29 20% 25% 27% 27% 30 Demand 実施していない 32% 19% 21% 28% 31 (MW) Implement Not Total Peak 28% 18% 23% 31% 49,450 35,170 54,480 32 23% 25% 27% 25% 5,230 3,710 4,340 33 17% 21% 32% 29% 34 12% 16% 31% 41% 35 100% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Potential 0% Savings Questionnaireresults: Willingness cope to Peak 29% 48% 23% 1 (%) 58% 27% 15% with the emergency requests (Winter) requests emergency the with 2 6.1% 4.8% 3.7% 5.1% 9.8% 5.7% 67% 19% 13% Maximum 3 実施すると思う 56% 28% 16% 4 49% 28% 22% 5 implement Will 50% 29% 21% 6 50% 29% 21% 7 47% 31% 21% 8 59% 23% 18% Savings 9 (MW) 54% 28% 18% Peak 10 49% 32% 19% 11 3,000 1,680 2,042 26% 16% 58% 12 18% 12% 70% 266 365 246 13 62% 22% 15% 14 implement Not 27% 16% 57% 15 実施しないと思う 56% 32% 12% 16 80% 12% 8% 17 Potential 69% 20% 12% 18 Savings 64% 24% 13% 19 Peak 65% 22% 13% (%) 20 80% 11% 9% 21 4.0% 3.0% 2.2% 3.1% 5.7% 3.3% 58% 26% 16% 22 Possible 59% 26% 15% 23 73% 17% 10% 24 58% 29% 14% 25 understand not Do 60% 26% 13% 26 73% 17% 10% 27 Savings 分からない 39% 44% 17% (MW) 28 Peak 64% 21% 15% 29 56% 26% 19% 1,966 1,055 1,194 30 60% 27% 14% 31 162 210 144 58% 26% 15% 32 55% 27% 19% 33 51% 28% 21% 34 Source: The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (2020) Japan Economics, Energy of Institute The Source: 49% 33% 18% 35 Potential Savings Peak (%) Emergency 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.2% 0.7% 0.5% 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 Refrigerator Refrigerator - minimize open/close TV - plug off when not use TV - switch off when not use TV - EE mode use - Bath sequential Shower - economize hot water use Dishwasher - lower temp frequency - lower Kotatsu operation - shorter Kotatsu temp. - lower Kotatsu frequency lower - carpet Electric operation shorter - carpet Electric temp. low set - carpet Electric space floor smaller - carpet Electric AC - shorter operation AC - with blind use AC - temperature setting AC - filter clean up Savings (MW) Peak 255 172 228 11 25 20 Questionlist Emergency Possible: unimplemented household 19 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 Max: all household allMax: Refrigerator Refrigerator - lower temp. Vaccum cleaner - EE mode Dishwasher - shorter time Dishwasher - implement at onces use not when off plug - boiler water Electric Rice cooker - not use warmkeep mode Dryer - shorter time onces at - implement machine Washing -Modem/Router turn off when not use PC - turn off when not use PC - eco mode operation Toilet - lower temp setting Toilet - close the rid when not in Toiletuse - EE mode luminance - lower Light ones - unnecessary switch Light off Refrigerator - not put muchtoo stuff : cope w/t emergency request : w/tcope emergency 6 IEEJ©2021 Information Diffusion/Consumers’ Awareness • earthquake. Use of SNS and push notifications will facilitate consumers’ behavioral change. change. behavioral consumers’ facilitate will notifications push and of Use SNS earthquake. or weather as such information essential other with combined be should information addition, In basis. everyday behaviorEE onsignage change facilitating Digital Contents Shown at at Shown Contents IN BEHAVIOR ELECTRICITY INTERESTED IMPACT OF SAVINGS

45.4% Digital Signage Digital ELECTRICITY MENUS FOR SAVINGS IN IN SAVINGS INTERNET STUDIED STUDIED

12.0% ELECTRICITY DISCUSSED SAVINGS Response: Behavioral Impact of Digital Signage Digital of Response:Behavioral Impact

13.4% TO CHANGE CHANGE TO MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR

– 20.8% should be located at places that consumers can see on see on can consumers that places at located be should BEEN SHOWN BEEN DISCUSSED WHAT HAS

6.5% POSTED CITY POSTEDCITY WATCH ON ON WATCH SNS 1.4% OTHERS Source: Source: 0.5% Digital Signage Digital IMPLMENTED Dentsu ANYTHING NOT 31.0% Corp. (2020) Corp. NO ANSWER NO

0.5% 7 IEEJ©2021 Key Messages Key • • • • offer significant impacts on CO preparedness,emergency and 2) load leveling for economic purpose listing of purposes The generation, transmission, and distribution. side “ for potential of Estimation regional characteristics. Appropriate understanding over how appliances/technologies are utilized. savings A list of options for “ - can benefit the supply side as it can avoid unnecessary investment at - should be prepared based on local characteristics and good method of information provision should be tailored to meet Setsuden - up options for behavioral change involve 1) Setsuden ” 2 - emissions reduction. behavioral change for electricity peak ” – electricity savings at the demand – both both 8