Appendix: Interviewees' Details
Name Birth Island Occupation•Occupation~
1.I. AntonisAnlonis Stergalas 1916 Ko,Kos farmer,fanner, barber 2. PanonnitisPanormitis Menouhos 1922 KalymnosKaJymnos mariner 3. Nikolaos Poulas 1897?1897? KalymnosKa\ymnos shepherd 4. EpanEpaninondasinondas 1928 Leros cafe waiterwaiter,, Diamandaras student 5. Kostas Tourtoulis 19121912 Leros cafe owner 6. Philipos Sofos 1911 Rhodes fanner 7. Giorgos Giorgalos 1926 Rhodes fannerfarmer 8. Sophia Paskalis 1916 KosKo, housewife 9. JoannisIoannis Petalas 1922 KosKo, builder 10. KalliroKalliroii Dimitriadis 1917 KosKo, housewife 11.II. Loizos Loizou 1916 KalymnosKa\ymnos baker 12. Ioannis Alahiotis 19019033 KosKo, miller 13. Giorgos Papanikolaou 1907 KosKo, teacher,teacher, tax fanner 14.. Giorgos SakellaridSakellaridisis 1914 RhodesRhodes,, civil servant NysirosNysiros,, KalymnosKalymnos 15. Giorgos Valsamis 1916 Leros student 16.16. ParaskeviParaskevi Angopian 1910 KosKo, housewife 17. Basil Galettis 1908 KastellorizoKasteUorizo clerk 18. Mikhail Hatsithemelis 1916 KalyrnnosKalymnos tailortailor,, farmerfanner 19.19. Christoforos FoumarisFournaris 1909 KosKo, clerk 20. Stamatis Athanasiadis 1908 RhodesRhodes farmer,fanner, barber 21. Giorgos Kastrounis 1910 Rhodes, Kastellorizo teacher 22. Manolis Kiapokas 1928 KosKo, teacher 23. Kalliope Harapas 1920 KosKo, housekeeper 24. Mehmet MeerzamMccrzam 1914 KosKo, fannerfarmer 25.. Argyro Papadopoulos 1906? Leros, KosKo, housekeeper 26. Giorgos KKoulianosoulianos 19051905 RhodesRhodes., teacteacherher Leros, Kalymnos, KosKo, 27.27. Lefteris of Leros 1923 Leros shopkeeper 28. ArchondoulaArchondoula Kanaris 1915 KosKo, cafe owner 29. Mikhail HatsinikolaouHatsinikolaou 1926 KosKo, fannerfarmer 30. Sevasti KortesiKortesi 1905 Kalymnos housewife 31. Marigo Katris 1901 Astypalea housewife 32. Theofilis Kazouris 11903903 Kalymnos fannerfarmer
202 Appendix: Interviewees'' Details 203
33. Nikolaos Kazonis 1906 Kalymnos shepherd 34. Vania Bitsikas 1920?19201 Kastellori.zoKastellorizo student 35.. Dimitrios Samios 1914?19141 Kalymnos seaman 36. Mikhail Mihalandos 1915 Simi cafcafee owner 37. Anna of Simi 1914?19141 Simi housewife 38. Pantelis Tripolitis 1929 KosKo, student 39. Giorgos Petalas 1915?19151 Rhodes carpenter 40. Gabriel Kosaris 1906 KosKo, fanner 41. Zaharia of Asklepio 1923?19231 Rhodes fannerfarmer 42. Kostas of Gennadi 1915?19151 Rhodes teacherteacher 43.43. Maria AtzemisAtzemis 1928 Kastellorizo housewife 44. Evdokia 1ackomasJackomas 1922 Kastellori.zoKastellorizo housewife 45. Mihalis Koungras 1927 Kastellorizo student 46. Venedictos Livisianis 1912 Kastellori.zoKastellorizo barber
N.B. The great majority of interviews were conducted in the Dodecanese in 1990, between 1ulyJuly and November. Nearly all the interviews were recorded on sixty-minute length cassette tapes. Only three of thethe interviewees requested pseudonyms. These were Lefteris of Letos,Leros, Anna of Simi and Zaharia of Asklepio.Asklepio. The last four interviews were conducted between February and May 1995, in Sydney with Nicholas G. Pappas. •working·Working occupations of interviewees during the Italian period.period. Notes
INTRODUCTION
Luisa Passerini,Passerin!, 'Oral Memory of Fascism', in David Forgacs (ed.),(cd.), Rethinking ItalianItalian Fascism:Fascism: CapiCapitalism,talism. Populism and CultuCulturere (London, 1986)1986),, pp. 185-96;185-96; DetlevDttlev J.P. Peukert,Peukerl, Inside Nazi Germany:Germany: Conformity,Conformity, Opposition and Racism inin EverydayEFeryday Life (Harmondsworth,(Hannondsworth, 1987); Richard Cobb, French and Germans, Germans and French:French: A Personal Interpretation ofaf France under Two Occupations, 1914-191811914- 1918/ 1940-19441940-1944 (Hanover, Conn., 1983).\983). 2 For the diplomatic history of the Dodecanese,Dooecanese, Renzo Serto1iSertoli Salis, Le isole italiane dell'Egeodell'Egea dal/'occupazionedaU'occupazione alia sovranitasQvranita (Rome, 1939) has not been superseded. See also Stephen L. Speronis, 'The'The Dodecanese IsIslandslands:: A Study of European DiplomacyDiplomacy,, Italian Imperialism and GreekGreek. Nationalism, 1911-1947',1911- 1947', Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 1956.1956. 3 AleAlekoskos Markoglou,Markoglou, Koako panorama 1900-1948 (Kos,(Kos, 1992), p. 35. 4 Passerini, ''OralOral MemoryMemory of Fascism', op. cit, p. 186.186. 5 Passerini, Fascism in PopularPopular Memory: The Cultural Experience of the Turin Working ClassC/asl (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 4-7. 6 JJ-L.-L. Miege,Miege, LL'imperialisme 'imperialisme Colonial italien de 1870 ad nos joursjours (Paris,(paris, 1968),1968), pp. 193-4. The DodecaneseDode<:anese was essentially treated as a colony, and is referred to as such throughout this study. I also make no distinction between 'foreign'foreign occupation' and 'colonial rule'.rule'. An good discussion of the status of the DodecaneseDode<:anese in the ItalianItalian imperial system can be found in Mia Fuller, 'Colonizing'Colonizing Constructions: Italian Architecture, UrbanUrban Planning, and the Creation of Modern Society in the Colonies,Colonies, 1869-1943',1869- 1943', PhD thesis, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley,, 1994,1994, pp. 110fT.110fT. 7 TekesteTekeste Negash, Italian Colonialism in Eritrea, 1882-1941:1882- 1941: Policies,Policies, Praxis and Impact (Uppsala, 1978);1978); AngAngeloelo Del BocaBoca (ed.), Le Guerre coloniale del fascismo (Rome and Bari, 1991). ThThereere are some studies on the colonial wars, especially the conquest of Ethiopia, such as Del Boca, ltalianiItalianj inin Africa orientale:orientale: Iala conquistaconquista dell'imperode/l'impero (Bari,(Rari, 1979) and RobertoRoberto Battaglia,Battaglia, La prima guerra d'Africad'Afr;ca (Rome, I\958) 958).. See also Luigi Goglia, StoriaStoriafotografica jotografica dell'imperodell 'impero fasCisM.fascista, 1935-19411935- 1941 (Rome,(Rome, 1985).1985). 8 DenisDenis MackMack Smith, Mussolini'sMussolini 's Roman Empire (London and New YorkYork,, 1976); Alberto Sbacchi, Ethiopia under Mussolini: Fascism and the Colonial Experience (London, 1985);1985); Claudio Segre,Segre, Fourth Shore:Shore: The Italianltalian Colonization of Libya (Chicago, 1974); ltalo/talo Balbo: A Fascist LifeLife (Berkeley,(Berkeley, California, 1987)1987).. 9 Haile M. Larebo, The Building of an Empire: Italian Land Policy and Practice in Ethiopia,Ethiopia. 19351935-!94!- 1941 (Oxford,(Oxford, 1994), p. vi. 10I 0 Annalisa Pasero,Pasero, 'Madarnismo,'Madamismo, Meticciato and the PrestigePrestige of the Race in Italianian East Africa',Africa', The lralianistltalianist, I11 I (1991),(199 1), p. 182 182..
204 Notes 205
II Cf. Irma Taddia, 'II'II Silenzio dei Colonizzati e ilil Lavoro dellodcllo Storico: . OralitaOralit.i e Scrittura nell'Africa Italiana', in Del Boca (ed(ed.),.), Le Guerre coloniale del fascismo, p. 512512.. 12 E.g. Peukert,Peukert, op.op. cit; Ulrich Herbert,Herbert, 'Good'Good Times, Bad Times: MemoriesMemories of the Third Reich', in Richard Bessel (ed(ed.),.), LifeUfe in the Third Reich (Oxford,(Oxford, 1987), pp. 97- 110110.. 13\3 Geoff EleyEley,, 'Labor'Labor History, Social History, AlltagsgeschiAlltagsgeschichte:chte: ExperienceExperience,, Culture, and the Politics of the Everyday - a New Direction for German Social History?',History?" 10urnalJournal of Modern History, 61 (1989), pp. 315 and 323. See also Ian Kershaw, The Nazi DictatorshipDictatorship:: Problems and Perspectives of InterpretationInterpretotion (London(London,, 1989),1989), p. 152152.. 14 Michael Herzfeld,Herzfeld, Anthropology Through the Looking-GlassLooking-Glass:: Critical Ethnography in the MarginsMargiJu of Europe (Cambridge, 1987)1987),, pp. 41 - 3. 15 The cultural and social history of modern Greece is a relatively new field. Excellent studies include; Richard CloggClogg,, 'Elite'Elite and Popular Culture in Greece under TurkishTurkish Rule',Rule', in John T.A. Koumoulides (ed.)(cd.),, HellenicIlellenic Perspectives: Essays in;n the History of Greece (London,(London. 19801980),), pppp.. I107-43; 07-43; Nicos Mouzelis, Modern Greece:Greece: Facets of Underdevelopment (London, 1978);1978); John Koliopoulos,Koliopoulos, Brigands with a CauseCause:: Brigandage and Irreden- tism in Modern Greece, 1821-19121821- 1912 (Oxford, 1987); Mark Mazower,, Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of OccupationOccupation., 1941/94/- 1944 (New Haven, Conn., 1993).1993). The useful survey by Alexander K.itroeff,Kitroeff, 'Continuity'Continuity and Change in Contemporary Greek Historiography', European History Quarterly, 19 (1989)(1989),, pp. 269-98,269- 98, espesp.. pppp.. 294--6294-6,, shows the extent to which social history in modernmodem Greece is 'underdeveloped'.'underdeveloped'. 16 Among the most influential worksworks arearc Ernestine Friedl, Vasilika: A Village in Modern Greece (New York, 1962) and J.K. Campbell, Honour,Honour. Family, and Patronage: A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community (Oxford, 1964). This study has been greatly influenced by Michael Herzfeld, whose works includeinclude:: 'The'The Horns of the Mediterraneanist DilemmaDilemma',', American Ethnologist, 11II (1984)(1984),, pp. 439- 54; The Poetics of Manhood: Contest and Identity in a Cretan Mountain Village (Princeton,(princeton, New Jersey, 1991);1991); and Anthropology Through the Looking- Glass. See also Anna CollardCollard,, 'Investigating "Social Memory" in a Greek Context'Context',, in Elizabeth Tonkin, Maryon McDonald and Malcolm Chapman (eds),(cds), History and Ethnicity (London and New York,York, 1989),1989), pp. 89-103.89- 103 . A more recent exampleexample is Yiannis Papadakis, 'The Politics of Memory and Forgetting in Cyprus'Cyprus',, Journal of Mediterranean Studies, 3 (1993), pp. 139- 5454.. 17 Detailed information on the interviewees is provided in the Appendix. 18 Quoted from Kenneth Thompson, Emile Durkheim (London and New York, 1982),1982), p. 14. 19 Passerini, Fascism inin Popular Memory,Memory, pp. l-1- 2. 20 James Fentress and Chris Wickham, Social Memory (Oxford, 1992)1992),, p. 10. 21 Ronald Fraser, Blood of Spain:Spain: An Oral History of the Spanish Civil War (New York, 1986), pp. 3131-- 2. 22 Christodoulos Papachristodoulou,Papachristodoulou, lstoria/storia tis RodouR6dou apo tous proistorikoU.sproiSlorikoUs chr6nouschronous eos tinlin ensomatosiensomarosi tislis DodekanisouDodekaniwu (Athens,(Athens, 1971); Vasilis S. Hatsivasiliou, lstoriaIstoria tis Nisou KoKo:: Archea, Meseoniki.Meseoniki, Ne6teriNeoreri (Kos(Kos,, 1990). 206 MythMyth and Memory in the Mediterranean
23 A good introduction to thethe nature of Greek nationalism and the importance of history and memory is RogerRoger Just, ''TriumphTriumph of the Elhnos',Ethnos ~ . in TonkinTonkin,, McDonaldMcDonald and Chapman (eds), op. cit, pp.pp. 7171-- 88. 24 The development of folklore studies in GreeceGreea: isis dealt with by Herzfeld,Herzfeld, Ours Once More: Folklore, IdeologyIdeology,, and the Making of ModernModem Greece (Austin(Austin,, Texas, 1982). 252S See G. Koukoulis,, H KalymnaKtilymna tis /storias/storias (Athens(Athens,, 1980). 26 See Hercules Millas,Millas, ' 'History TextbooksTelltbooks in Greece and Turkey', History Workshop Journal,Journa/, 31 (1991)(1991),, pp. 21- 33. Sample textbookstelltbooks are K. SakkadakisSakkadakis,, Elliniki istofiaistoria ton neoteron chr6nonchronon (Athens(Athens, 1972) and G.G . Kafentzis,Kafentzis, lstoria!sloda ton ne6tronneorron chrononch,onon (Athens, 1976).1976).
THE DODECANESE IN 1912
1I Fentress and WickhamWickham,, opop.. citcit,, p. 88. 2 Sotiris Agapitidis, ''PlitPlithismiakeshismiakes Exelixis sta Dodek3.nisaDodekanisa',', Dodekanisiaka Chronika,Chromka, IA'lA' (1986)(1986),, p. 18. 3 Skevos ZervosZervos,, La Question du DodecaneseDockcanese et ses Documents DiplomatiquesDiplomatiqlles (Athens, 1926),1926), p. 12.. Also included among the 'Privileged'Privileged IslandsIslands'' was Ikaria, an island west of Samos. 4 See e.g. EmmanualEmrnanual A. Kariotis ''Simpliromatikes selidesse1 ides ton agononag6non gia ti diasosidiisosi ke epikirosi toutau kathestotos tis MahtouMahtou Dodekanisou', DodekanisiakaDodekanisiako Chronika, T' (1977) p. 32. 5 E.g. ErmannoEnnanno ArmaoAnnao,, Annuario Amministrativo e StatisticoStatistieo per /'Annol'Anno 1922 (Rome, 1922),, p. 4. 6 Dodecanese (London(London:: Admiralty. Naval IntelligenceIntelligence Division,Division, 1943)1943) (Geographical Handbook Series),Series). hereafter referred to as DodDodecaneseecanese (GHS), p. 6; Giorgio Roletto,, Rodi. La Funzione ImperialeImperiale MediterraneoMedilerraneo Orientale (Milan, 1939),1939), p. 43-443--4. 7 Dodecanese (GHS),(GHS), pp. 6-96-9.. 8 Dodecanese (GHS), p. 11.11 . Myres reports that in 1936,, Karpathos had no rainfall from May to December (p. 15)15).. See also Roletto, opop.. cit, pp. 45--7,45-7, for temperature charts. Annual metereological reports during the ItalianItalian occupation are provided in RassegnaRossegna Economica delle Colonie (Rome). 9 Agapitidis, 'Plithismiakes'Plithismiakes Exelixis sta Oodek3.nisa'Dodekanisa', pp.pp. 12 and 18. See also Roletto, op. cit,cit, p. 53; and Z. StephanopoliStephanopoli,, Lesu s ilesfles de /'Egee,fEgee, leurs privileges (Paris(paris, 1913),1913), pppp.. 147147-- 9. 10 The island of Rhodes and its capital normally go by thethe same name, as is the case withwith Kos. To avoid confusion,, the capitals will be referred to as 'R'Rhodeshodes Town' and 'Kos'Kos Town'' respectivelyrespectively.. 11II Agapitidis, 'Plithismiakes'Plithismiakes ExelixisExe1ixis sta DodekanisaDodckanisa', p. 1188.. 12 Fernand Braude!, The Mediterranean and theIhe Mediterranean World in thethe Age of Philip II, Vol. 1 (London, 1972), p. 154. 13 Ibid., p. 158.158. 14 Petros Kladakis, ''ToTo pronomiak6 kathest6skathestos en Simi, Simaika, B (1974),(1974), pp.pp. 5-6. Notes 207
15 B. Randolph, The Present StateSlate of the Islands in the ArArchipelagochipelago (or Arches) Sea, of Constantinople, and the Gulf of Smyrna; With the Islands of Candia and Rhodes (Oxford, 1687)1687),, p. 28. See also, B. Slot,Slot, 'I'I Simi opos tinli n perignifounperigrMoun taxidiotes ke geogni.fi.geognifi, Simaika,Simaika, B, (1(1974974),), pp. 115-64;11 5- 64; and N.G.N.C. MavrisMavris.·I, 'I xeni ke geogrcifigeografi dia tin Nisiron', Nisyriaka (1963(1963).), pp.. 7-7- 17. 16 Randolph, op.op. cit, p. 28. 17 G.C.MM.. SakellaridisSakellaridis., 'Autodiikisi'Autodiikisi sta chronia tis Sklavias',Sklavbh', Kalymniaka Chronika,ehronika. E' (1986), p. 61; Stephanopo1i,Stephanopoli, op. citcit,, pp. 142-4.142-4. 18 Ibid. Ibid.,, p. 46.. 19 Mihail Skandalidis, 'Simvoli'Simvoli sta onomatologika HalkiH:ilki DodekanisouDodekanisou',', Dodekanisiaka Chronika, IAlA'' (1986), p. 54. 20 Miltiadis LogothetisLogothetis,, 'Piirofories'Plirofories giagi:i tintin ikonomia ke kinonia tis DodekanisouDodekanisou sta teli tou 19ou190u eona',eona', Dodekanisiaka ChronikaChronika., IA'lA' (1986)(1986),, p. 11511 5.. 21 Explanations for the survival of small vessel transport is given by Braude!,Braudel, op. cit,ci t, p. 109. 22 GG. . M. SakellaridisSakellaridis,, ''AuAutodiikisitodiikisi sta chronia tis SklaviasSklavias',', p. 67. 23 ArmaoAnnao,, op. cit, p. 144.144. 24 As the monasteries also required a steady source of building materialsmaterials,, six workshops were specifically engaged in brick making. See Logothctis, ''PliroforiesPlirofories gia tinlin ikonomia ke kinonia tis DodekanisouDodekanisou',', p. 117. 25 Nikolaos TomadakisTomadakis,, '0 apoikismos Karpathion is Mikrasian ke sto Ai'diniAi'dini'',, Kapathiake Melete,, II (1979), pppp.. 2~32.24-32. 26 Antonis Anastasis 'I'I KoinotisKoinolis Emporiou ke i metanastefsis'metanastefsis'., NisNisyriaka,yriaka, I1 (1963), pp. 126-7. 27 A shortshort survey of the Karpathian diapora is given in K. and Y. Bolzano, Karpathos (Salzburg(Salzburg,, 1981),1981). p. 6. 28 Manolis Isihos, To panorama tis lirouLerou (Leros,(Leros. 1989)1989),, p. 143.143. 29 Dodecanese (GHS) ,, p. 43 . 30 Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy, 18001800-19/4- 1914 (London, 1981)1981),, p. 241. 31 C.G. Drakidis, lijkomalifkoma tonIon Dodekanision (Athens(Athens,, 19131913)),, p. 8989;; Logothetis, ''PPliroforiesli rofories gia tin ikonomia ke kinoniaki nonia tis Dodekanisou', p. 11I 16.6. 32 Dodecanese (GHS)(CHS)., p. 110909.. 33 Paul Vouras, 'The DevelopmentDevelopment of the Resources of the island of Rhodes under Turkish rule, 15221522- 1911', Balkan Studies, 14 (1963(1963)),, pppp.. 40- 3. 34 Virgil,Virgil, Georgics, II.II . 106; Suetonius,Suetonius, Vitae Tiberius, II.11. 35 Victor Guerin, lie de Rhodes (Paris, I1880), 880), trans. by M. Papaioannou, (Athens, 1989), p. 51.51. 36 IbidIbid..,, pp. 51-51- 2, 77f.77f. Sources from the 1880s18805 confirmconfinn continuing stagnationstagnation in RhodRhodianian agricultuagriculture.re. See Miltiadis Logothetis, 'To'To emporio stis Noties Sporades (Dodek:inisa)(Dodek3nisa) kata ta teleftea chroniachronia tis Tourkokratias', Dodekanisiaka ChronikaChronika,, (1983),(1983). p. 145;145; and 'Piirofories'Plirofories gia tin ikonomia ke kinonia tis Dodekanisou', p. 105. See also Heracles Karanastasis,Karanastasis. I pedia stin Ko - Apo tin Tourkokratia os simeras{mera ((1522 1522- 1979) (Athens(Athens,, 1979),1979), p. 5555.. 37 'Tsinikia'Tsiflikia' is the Greek renditionrendition of the Turkish word riflikfiflik. See Heracles Karanastasis, To chroniko mias oikogenias (Athens, 1977), p. 74. 208 Myth and Memory in the Mediterranean
38 Paul Vouras, op. cit, p. 40; DodecaneseDodecanesc (GHS), p. 54. 39 Cf.cr. Jill Dubisch, 'The'The Ethnography of the Islands: Tinos', in Muriel Dimen and Ernestine Friedl (eds),(cds). Regional Variation in Modern Greece and CyprusCyprus:: Toward a perspective on the ethnographyethnography of Greece, AnnalsAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 268 (1976), p. 318; Susannah Hoffman,HolTman, 'The'The Ethnography of the Islands: Thera',Thera'. in DimenDimen and Friedl (eds), op. cit, p. 330. 40 Gabriel Kosaris, QT,OT, 3 November 1990.1990. 41 Dodecanese (GHS), p. 57. 42 Nikolaos Zarakas, JstoriaIstoria ton /esperidonlesperidon tistir Ko ton chr6nonchrima" tis DouliasDoulfas (Athens, 1983), p. 41-2.41- 2. 43 Hatsivasiliou, Istoria tis NisouNfsou Ko, p. 399. 44 Mikhail Hatsinikolaou,HalSinikoiaou, OT, 12 August 1990; Gabriel Kosaris, OT,QT, 3 November 19901990. 45 Guerin, opop.. cit, pp. 77ff 46 Karanastasis, I Pedia tis Ko, p. 3636.. 47 Randolph, op. cit, pp. 29, 56-7. 48 Jules Verne, The Archipelago on Fire (London, 1888), p. 155.ISS. 49 John Pemble, The Mediterranean PassionPassion:: Victorians and Edwardians in the South (Oxford, 1987), p. 31.3 t. 50 The Koan village of Antimachia experienced a similar transition. See HerculesHen;wes Karanastasis, Laografika tis Kos (Athena, 1980), p. 11.II. 51 The surnames of many of these wealthier families ended with the suffix '-ides''·ides' (e.g. Ioannides, Nicolaidis), which was characteristic of Greek communities from Anatolia, especially of the PontPonlusus or TrebizondT rebizond region.region. 52 Dodecanese (GHS), p. 87; Karanastasis,Karanaslasis, JstoriaIstoria mias Jkogenias,Ikoginias, p. 62. 53 lsihos,lsibos, op. cit, p. 50. 54 Manolis Papaioannou, DwgbrasDiagoras 0/impionikisOlimpionikis - 0 RadiosRbdios gimnastikosgimfUlStikbs s{lfogossil/ogos <
67 Sevasti Kortesi, OT, 22 August 19901990.. 68 GuerinGuerin,, op. cit, p. 84. 69 GuerinGuerin,, opop.. cit, p. 85; Karanastasis, LaograftaLaogrufia tis Ko, pp.pp. 154-66.[54-66. 70 GuerinGuerin,, op. cit, pp. 99fT. 71 See Hizikia M. FrancoFranco,, Les Martyrs Juifs des Rhodes et de Cos (Katanga(Katanga,, ZaireZaire,, 1952). 72 Logothetis, 'Piirofories'Plirofories giaghi tin ikonomia ke kinonia tis DodekanDodekanisou'.isou', pp. 99-101. 73 Giorgos KoukoulisKoukoulis,, 'I'I simvolisimvo!i tis KalimnouKa1imnou stous ag6nesagones gia ta Pron6mia',Pronomia', Kalymniaka ChronikaChronika., (1984)(1984),, p. 2727;; TheologosTheo[ogos BikinosBikinos,, ''TaTa pron6miapronomia ke i autonomia ton SponidonSporadon Nis6nNison tou Egeou stin Othomaniki Autokratoria'Autokratoria',, Dodekanisiaka Chronika,Chronika, I1 ' ((1989), 1989), pp. 261--68261-68.. The Ottomans occupied these islands in 1867 after their refusal to accept an increase of their tribute (Mahtou) by 10 per cent. The violation of their autonomy was taken up by Lord Stanley in the House of Commons, and by Jules Ferry in the Chamber of Deputies in Paris (Bikinos(Bikinos,, op.. cit, p. 263)263).. 74 M.E. Yapp, The Making of the Modern Near EastEast., 1792- 1923 (London, 1987), p. 36.36. 75 Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Oxford, 1961),, chch.. IV,, esp. pp. 120120-8;- 8; YappYapp,, opop.. cit, p. 9696.. 76 Ibid.Ibid.,, p. 10. 77n Sevastos I.1. Hatsisevastos, AstikonAstik6n dikeon is NotiouNotiouss SporadasSponidas epi Tourkokratias ke Italokratiasltalokratias (Athens, 1977), pp. 99fT. A useful discussion of the millet system is given by Cesare Marongiu BuonaiutiBuonaiuti,, La politica religiosa del Fascismo nel Dodecanneso (Naples(Naples,, 19791979),), pp. 1111-- 16. 78 An idealistic, though very informative, portrait of Greek local government during the OttomanOUoman period is given by D.A. Zakythinos, The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence (Oxford(Oxford,, 1976)1976),, pppp.. 56--69.56-69. 79 Greek forces had control of the Dodecanese when the peacepeace settlements were taking place in 1832.1832. ThThee provisional Greek governmentgovernment,, howeverhowever,, traded the Dodecanese for the more strategically valuable island of EuboeaEuboea.. See DodecaneseDodeconese (GHS)(GHS),, p. 3636.. 80 Feroz Ahmad, 'Unionist'Unionist Relations with the Greek, Armenian,Armenian, and JewishJewish Communities of the Ottoman Empire, 19081908-1914',- 1914', in B. Braude and B. Lewis (eds),(cds), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman EmpireEmpire,, Vol. I, The Central Lands (New YorkYork,, 1982),1982), p. 412. 81 Kariotis, opop.. cit, p. 41.41 . 82 Papacbristodoulou,Papacbristodowou, lstoria!storia tis ROdouRodou,, p. 3333;; Details of the conquest are given in G. Georgiadis, Rodiakon islorikonIstorikon lejkomaiejkoma epi tiIi katalipsi tislis Nisou RodouR6dou (Athens, 1912).1912). 83 K. TsalahourisTsalahouris,, 'To'To Kaste116rizoKastellorizo stis paramonesparamones tis epanastaseos tistis lis' Martiou 1913', Dodekanisiaka ChronikaChronika,, IAlA' (1986), (1986), pp. 189- 90. 84 Theologos Bikinos, ''EllinikiEIIiniki ke diethnis politiki sto Egeo apo to 1911 e6seos to 1914', Karpathiake Melete, 4 (1987),(1987), p. 400400:: P. Kastrounis, 'I'I istorlaistona tou Dodekanisiakou Agonos epi tin Egipton (1912(\912- 1925)'1925)',, Dodekanisiaka Chronika,, '(1974),'(1974), p. 238- 9. 85 P. KastrounisKastrounis,, opop.. citcit,, p. 243. 210 Myth and Memory in the Mediterranean
86 Richard BosworthBosworth,, ItalItaly,y, the Least of the Great PowersPowers:: Italian Foreign PolicyPolicy before the First World War (Cambridge, 1979)1979),, p. 306. 87 These petitions are collected in Skevos Zervos, The Dodecanese ((WhileWhite Book):Book;: Resolutions and Documents cconcerningoncerning the Dodecanese (London, 1919?)191 91).. Some of the petitions show much bravado. The people of Nisyros warned, ''WeWe hold the European Powers responsible for the painful consequences should our desires remain unrealisedunrealised.'.' (p. 15\5)) 88 PapachristodoulouPapachristodouiou,, Istoria[sloria tislis Rodou, p. 539. 89 See Renee HirschonHirschon,, HeirlIeirss of ththee Great CatastropheCatastrophe:: The Social Life of Asia Minor RefugeesRefugees inin PireausPireous (Oxford(Oxford,, 1989)1989),, p. 29; and Herzfeld,Henfdd, A Place inin HistoryHistory:: Social and Monumental Time inin a Cretan Town (Princeton(princeton,, 1991)1991 ),, p. 64. 90 Ambivalence towards Ottoman rule in social memory was also conveyed by people iinterviewednterviewed in Evritania in Central Greece. See Anna Collard 'Investigat'Investigatinging Social Memory in a Greek ContextContext',', op. cit, pp.pp. 95-8. In the Dodecanese the confusion isis evident in the G.M. Sakellaridis's article on Kalymnian privileges,privileges, which is entitled 'Autonomy'Autonomy in the Age of Slavery' ((AutodiikisiAutodiikisi sta chr6nia tis Sklavias).
ITALY'SITALY'S AEGEAN POSSESSION
BrBritainitain was paparticularlyrticularly concerned that her route to India might be threatened.threatened . See M. KentKent,, 'Great Britain and the End of the Ottoman EmpireEmpire,, 1900-231900-23',', in M. KentKent (ed(cd.),.), The Great PowPowersers and ththee End of the Ottoman Empire (London,(u,ndon, 1984),, pp.pp. 184-5184-5.. 2 Bosworth, Italyftaly,, the Least of ththee Great Powers. See also the same author'Sauthor's ItalyItaly and the ApproaApprQachch of the First World War (London, 1983).1983). 3 BosworthBosworth,, Italy,ftaly, the LeaLeastst of the Great Powers, p. 318. 4 See BosworthBosworth,, 'Britain'Britain and Italy's Acquisition of the Dodecanese, 19121912-- 1915', HistoricalHistorical JournalJournal,, l313 (1970), pppp.. 683- 705705.. 5 BosworthBosworth,, Italy and the ApproaApproachch of the First World War, p. 113; the intricacies of San Giuliano's dealings with ththee DodecaneseDodecanese are described in greater detail in BoBosworth'ssworth's 'Britain and Italy's Acquisition of the DodecaneseDodecanese,, 1912- 1915', 1915', pppp.. 683- 705; and in ItalyI/aly,, the Least ofoj the Great Powers, pp. 299- 336. 6 Italy,ftaly, the Least ofoj the Great PowersPowers,, p. 299. 7 This useful distinctdistinctionion isis made by Martin Clark in Modern Italy 18711871- 19951995,, 2nd edncdn (u,ndon,(London, 1996)1996),, p. 154. 8 DespDespiteite being a member of the Triple Alliance, ItalyItaly looked to Britain as her patron in internationalinternational affairsaffairs.. See Bosworth, Italy, the Least ofoj the Great PowersPowers,, p. 3. 9 The governors of the Dodecanese between MayMay 1912 and September 1920 were: AmeglioAmegHo (May 1912-1912-Octob·0ctoberer 1913)1913),, Francesco Marchi (November 1913- April 1914),1914), Giovanni Croce (April 1914-May191 4-May 1917)1917),, Vittorio Elia (May 1917- December 1919) and Achille Porta (December 19191919-August- August 1920).1920). These were followed by civilcivil governors;governors; Felice Maissa (Sept(Septemberember 1920-August 1921),, Alessandro de Bosdari (August 1921192I - November 1922)1922),, Notes 211
Mario Lago (November 1922-NovemberJ922-November 1936), Cesare de Vecchi (1936-40), (Enore(Ettore BasticoBaslico 1940-41), G. CampionCampione(l941-43)e (1941-43)and and G. Faralli (1943-45). 10 Sertoli$ertoli Salis, op. cit, p. 15IS.. II Ibid.,., p. 458. 12 Kostas A. Sakellaridis, 'Apo'Apo tin IstoriaIstoria tis Dimogerontias Nisyrou mechri ta prota chr6niachronia tis ltalikisltaJikis katohis', B. '0'0 Dimarchos Ge6rgiosGeorgios Kammas (Periodos(pcriodos 1916-1920)',1916-1920)" Nisyriaka, Vol. 10 (1987), p. 314. 13 P. K.ipriotis,Kipriotis, 'I drasidrllsi ton dimogeronton tis Ellinikis Orthodoxou KoinotitosKoin6titos R6douROdou kata ta pr6taprota eti tis Italikis Katohis 1912-19- 1914',14', Dodekanisiaka Chronika, (1983), p. 104. 14 The Times, 3 November 1913 and Le Temps, 3 February 1913. See Speronis, op. cit, pp. 95 and 115. 15 HatsivasiliouHatsivasiliou,, IstoriaIstoria tis NisouNfsou Ko.Ko, p. 459. 16 Bosworth, 'Ita'Italyly and the End of the Ottoman Empire'Empire',, in M. Kent (ed.).(ed.), op. cit, p. 64. 17 Papachristodoulou, Istoria tis R6douRodou,, pp. 544-9. See also, Hatsivasiliou, lstorklIstoria tis Nisou Ko, p. 458458.. 18 The new administration did attempt, with limited success, to raise local taxes, to assert some authority over local judicial systems, and to abrogate various traditional rights. Pantelis Kastrounis, 'I Istoria tou DodekanisiakouDodekanisialcou Ag6nosAgonos epi tin Egitpton', DodekanisiakaDodekaniswka Chronika, (1978), pp. 250-1; lppokratisIppokratis Frangopoulos, I DodeklmisosDodekimisos ipo ltalokratianltafokratian (Athens, 1958)1958),, p. 34. 19 Dodecanese (GHS), p. 60. 20 The population dropped from 9000 to 4020 people, while in the same period numbers in Kasos were reduced by one-fifth. See Agapitidis, ''PlithismiakesPlithismiakes exelixisexclixis sta Dodek:inisa',Dodekinisa', p. 12. 21 Nikolaos S. Pizanias, H Kalymnos,KJilymnos, apo ploutologikis dimograflkisdimografikis idia de dimosionomikisdimosionomikfs apopseosap6pseos (Athens, 1935)1935) pp. 33-5.33- 5. 22 Kosta Sakellaridis, op. cit, p. 314. 23 In that same period, the population of Halki fell from 3215 to 1300.1300. See Agapitidis, 'Piithismiakes'P1ithismiakes exelixis sta Dodekcinisa'Dodekinisa',, p. 12.12. 24 A.J.P. Taylor,Taylor. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe,Europe. 1848-1918/848- /9/8 (Oxford, 1955), p. 561. n.l;n.1; M.SM.S.. Anderson, The Eastern Question.Question, 1774-1923/774- /923 (London, 1966), pp. 343-4.343-4. 25 Bosworth, 'Britain,'Britain, Italy and the DodecaneseDodecanesc'',, p. 704. 26 Skevos Zervos, The 'White'White BookBook',', p. 46. 27 Apostolos Mitropolitis RodouRodou,, ApomnimonevmataApomnimonevmata,, itiiIi chronografrkischronograjlkis istoria tis EkklisiastikisEkkfisiastikfs Eparchias ROdou epi ltalo-Germano-AgglokratiasItalo-Germano-Aggfokratias (1912(1912-1947)- 1947} (Athens, 1947)1947),, p. 74. 28 Much detail on the plebiscite is given by I.GLG. Stefanidis, Rodos - I nimfi tou JliouIfiou (Athens, 1971),1971 ), pppp.. 420-6; APOAPO,, p. 132. 29 Stamatis8tamatis Athanasiadis, OT, 28 October 19901990.. 30 See, G. Georgiadis, To EmateroEmater6 PaschaPtischa tou 19191919 (Athens, 1919). 31 See N. Petalis-Diomidis, Greece at the Paris Peace Conferences (J919)(1919} (Salonika, 1978)1978),, p. 202. 32 Emmanouil Melas,Melas, '0'0 VenizevlosVeniz6vlos ke ta Dodeklinisa',Dodekanisa', Dodekanisiaka Chronika, T' (1979), p. 319; APOAPO,, pp. 81-3;81 - 3; Marongiu Buonaiuti, op. cit, pp. 37-8.37- 8. 212 Myth and Memory in the Mediterranean
33 C.J.c.J. LoweLowe and F. Marzari,MaTzar., Italian Foreign PolicPo/icy,y, 1870-1940 (London and BasIon,Boston, 1975),1975). pp.pp. 186-7;186-7; Alan Cassels, Mussolini:SMu.sso/ini'5 Early Diplomacy (Princeton,(princeton, 1970),1970), p. 22. 34 Hatsivasiliou, Istoria[slorw tis Nisou KoKo,, pp. 432- 3. 35 Another important factor was deteriorating relations between Britain and Greece towards the end of the Greco-Turkish war.war. See Cassels, op. cit, pp. 3838-9.- 9. 36 Marongiu BuonaiutiBuonaiuti,, op. cit, pp. 35 fffT. 37 Quoted in A.J.P.A.J.P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945/9/4-1945 (Oxford, 1965), p. 214.214. 38 Cassels, Musso/ini'sMussolini's Early Diplomacy,Diplomacy, pp. 222- 3. 39 This maxim is used by Bosworth in ''Britain,Britain, Italyhaly and thethe Dodecanese',Dodecanesc', esp. p. 690690.. 40 Papachristodoulou,Papachristodou]ou, JstoriaIstoria tis R6dou,ROdou, p. 550. 41 A 'tower'tower of skulls' was another characterisation of OttomanOUoman and Near EasternEastem rule.rule. See YappYapp., op. cit, p. 39. 42 A good survey of interwar colonial ideas is found in Raymond Betts,Betts, Uncertain Dimensions:Dimensions: Western OverseasOllerseas Empires in the Twentieth Century (Minneapolis(Minneapolis,, 1985),1985). pppp.. 76-113. 43 Cf. W.S. BluBlunt,nt, The Italian Horror and How to10 End ItII (London,(London, 191911),11 ), p. 5. 44 C.D. Booth and IIsabellesabelle BriBridgedge Booth, ItalyItalys's Aegean PossessionsPossession.r (London, 1928), pp. 277 and 291.29 1. 45 Segre, ltaloItalo Balbo, pp. 291- 2. 46 MR, 5 April 1933.1933. 47 Vittorio Alhadeff,Alhadeff, L ''oordimentordimemo giuridico di Rodi e delle altriallri !soleIsole ltalianeItaUane dell' Egeo (Milan, 1927), p. 121. 48 Ibid.,Ibid., p. 123. 49 Alhadeff, op. cit, p. 135.135. 50 Gennaro Mondaini, La Legislazioneugirlazione Coloniale Italiano nelnI'l suo slli/upposviluppo StoricoStorieo e nel suo statoslato atttlaleattuale (1881-·1940)(1881-/940) (Milan,(Milan, 1941),1941), p. 831.83 1. 51 Alhadeff, op. cit, pp. 130-4. 52 Ibid.,Ibid., p. 134134.. 53 TommasoTommaso Gandini,Gandini, I Carabineri Reali nel Mediterraneo Orientale e ParticolarmentePartico/armente nelleneUe !soleIsole ltalianeItalianI' dell'dell" Egeo (Rome(Rome,, 1934),1934), p. 62. 54 See ChapterChapter 5. 55 AKPL. Miscellaneous PapersPapers., 34-9,34-9. N3, Legionelegione Territoriale dei Carabinieri Reali di Bari, 29 June 1935. 56 VittorioVillorio Buti, 'La'La Funzione di Rodi e delle IsoleIsole deli'Egeo'dell'Egeo',, Rassegna lta/iana,Italiano, AugustAugust-Septemher- September (1934), p. 207. 57 Roletto,Rolello. opop.. citcit,, p. 108. 58 AmedeoAmed.eo Giannini,Giannini. 'Le'Le Isole Italianeltaliane DellDell'Egeo'Egeo (Acquisto(Atquisto,, Natura Giuridica, FumFunzione),'ione),' Oriente Moderno,Moderno. JulyJuly (1932)(1932),, p. 323. 59 Cf.Cf. Hatsivasiliou,Hatsivasiliou, Istoria!sloda tis NfsouNisou Ko, p. 470. 60 Mihail I.r. Samarkos, Uros, I MaltaMtilta tou Egeou (Chronik6(Chroniko 1912-19481912- 1948)) (Athens, 1974), pp. 136-7. 61 Booth and Booth, op. cit, p. 277277.. 62 Lefteris,Leneris,OT, OT, 18 October 19901990;; TourtoulisTourloulis,, OT, 5 November 19901990.. 63 MacGregor Knox, MussoliniMusso/ini Unleashed,Unleashed. 19391919-1941- 1941:: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy'sItaly's Last War (Cambridge,(Cambridge. 1982), p. 174. Notes 213
64 G.M.. Fessopoulos,Fessopouios, AlitrotosAli/r%s Ellinismos - I DodekcinisosDodektinisos mas (Athens(Athens,, 1935)1935),, p. 47. 65 Mondaini, op. citcit, p. 856; G.MG.M.. Sakellaridis,Sakellaridis, 'Antonio Ritelli','. Kalymniaka Chronika,Chronika. T' ((1 1986),986), p. 151.151. 66 RoRolettoletto, op. cit, p. 69; M. Mikhailidis-NouarouMikhailidis-Nouarou., Gia nano gngnorisorisooumeume tinlin DoDodekcinisodekaniso ((Athens,Athens, 19461946)),, p. 24. 67 HatsivasiliouHatsivasiliou,, Istoria tis Nisou Ko, p. 555566.. 68 FessopoulosFessopoulos,, op. cit,, pppp.. 50-1.SO-I. 69 DHA,, Italian CollectionCollection,, no. 1874, 12 May 1930.. 70 Santi Nava, 'Una realtarealti dell'avvaloramento economico di RodiRodi'',, Gerarchia I (1933) (1933),, pp. 33- 7. 71 E.gE.g.. Rassegna Economica Delle ColonieColonie,, Vols 55-6-.Q (May- June 1935),1935), p. xlvi; Vols 7- 8 (July-August(July- August 1935), p. 817.817. 72 See SbacchiSbacchi,, op. cit, p. 75. 73 Alfredo Lenzi, 'l.o'Lo sviluppo economico di Rodi',Rodi ', La Rassegna ltaliana,/taliana, February (1932), p. p. 469. 74 Mack Smith, Mussolini's Roman EmpireEmpire,, p. 108108.. 75 SegreSegre,, Italo Balbo,Ba/bo, p. 291.29 1. 76 Betts, op.op. cit, p. 4. 77 IbidIbid..,, p. 7878.. 78 ButiButi,, ''LaLa funzione di RodiRodi'.', p. 214. 79 AAI,, p. 852. 80 Alfredo Lenzi, 'Le frutta di Rodi'Rodi'., RassegnaRossegna EconomicaEconomica delle ColoniaC%nia,, April (1934)(1934),, p. 355. 81 AA/,AAI, p.840. 82 PapachristodoulouPapachristodoulou,, Istoria tis R6douROdou,, p. 558558.. 83 SotiriSotiriss AgapitidisAgapitidis,, I KatcistasisKatastasis ton DodekcinisonDodekanison (Athens,(Athens, 1945)1945),, p. 65.65 . 84 Hatsivasiliou, Istoria tis Nisou KoKo,, p. 435. 85 E.g. Cesare Cesari, Colonie I'e Possedimenti Coloniali (Rome, 1930), p. 6. 86 FernandoFernando Gori,Gori. Egeo Fascista (Rome(Rome,, 1938), p. 22.22. 87 Gori, op. cit, p. 82. 88 GoriGori,, op. citcit,, p. 127.127. 89 Gori, op.. citcit,, pp.pp. 127- 130 130;: GuiseppeGuiseppe Stefanini and Ardito Desio, Le ColColoonie, Rodi e leIe !solelsole lta/ianeitalianI' dell' Egeo (Turin(Turin,, 1928)1928).. 90 DHA. Italian CollectCollection,ion, no. 1021,1021 , 19 January 19311931;; no. 27357, 13 November 19301930;; no. 15737, 14\4 January 1939; no. 2047820478,, 19 May 1939. 91 AAIAAl,, pP 1015. l OIS. 92 AAJ,AAI, p. 1017;: Rodi - Guida del Turistica (Milan and Rome, 1928)1928), pp. 111-111 - 12. 93 MRMR,, 19 February 1933.1933. 94 AAI,AAI, p. 1015.lOIS. 95 PapachristodoulouPapachristodoulou,, Istoria tislis R6dou,Rodou, p. 561. 96 The Patriarchate of Constantinople recognised the Church of Greece rather belatedly in 1852.1852. SeeSee Charles D. Frazee,Frazee, The Orthodox Church and Independent Greece,Greece, 1821- 1852 (Cambridge(Cambridge,, 1969). 97 Marongiu BuonaiutiBuonaiuti,, op.op. cit,, p. 39.. 98 Quoted in Constantinos Halkias, 'Gennanos Monioudis H. MonodiadisMonodiadis,, MitropolitisMitropolitis Karpathou kai Kasou,K:isou, Karpathiake Melete'Melere'., Vol. I (1978), p. 252252.. 214 Myth and Memory in the MediterraneanMedjterranean
99 APO,APG, pp. 56-7 and 129129.. 100 Marongiu BuonaiutiBuanaiuli,, op. cit, p. 44 101 See also APO, p. 127127.. 102 Marongiu Buonaiuti,Buanaiuli, op. cit, pp.. 33-4. 103 AD, 15IS May 1924. 104 Orthodox-Catholic relations has been a source of division among Greek clergymen for centuries. See e.g. Steven Runciman,Runciman. The Great Church in Captivity (Cambridge, 1968),, p. 237. 105 Marongiu BuonaBuonaiuli,iuti, op. cit, pp. 74-5. 106 Kostas TourtoulisTourtoulis,, OT, 5 November 1990: Samarkos, op. cit, p. 76. 107 Themelina Kapella,Kapella.·O '0 ag6nas ton gynaik6ngynaikon stoslo 1935 ke o0 petrop6lemos',petrop61emos', KalymniakaKalyrrmiaka Chronika,ChrQnika, T' (1986), pp.pp. 87-102.87- 102. 108 DNI,DNl, p. 41. 109 DHA, Italian Collection, no.no. 1055, De VecchiVecc hi to CountCounl Galeazzo Ciano, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 20 January 1937. See also Marongiu BuonaiutiBUanaiuli,, op. cit, p. 97.97. 110 crCf.. ibid., p. 95. 111Ill Ibid.,., p.p.IIO. 110. 112 MR, 1I January 1926. C.f.c.r. DNI,DNl, p. 41. 113 DNI, p.41.pAl. 114 Quoted in Gori, op. cit, p.p.l07.107. 115 Mikhailidis-Nouarou, op. cit, p. 32. Mikhail Hatsinikolaou, OT,QT, 12 August 1990. 116 Theofilis KazourisKazouris,, OTQT,, 10 August 19901990.. 117 Kostas Tourtoulis, OTQT,, 5 November 1990. 118 John EhrmanEhrman,, Grand Strategy,Strategy, Vol. V, August 1943-1943 - September /9441944 (London, 1956), p. 9393.. 119 Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, Vol.VoL V, Closing thetM Ring ((London,London, 1952), pp.pp. 180ISO and 193. 120 The battle raged between November 12 and 1616.. A detailed account of the battle is given by Samarkos, op. cit, pp. 136 ff;IT; and Ehrman, op. cit, p. 102. 121 Apostolos Mitropolitou KarpathouKarpathou-Kasou-Kasou,, To chronikon tis ItalokratiasItafokratias tis Rodou (Athens, 1973), p. 136, n. 27. 122 G.M. TsoukalasTsoukalas,, DodekimisosDodekanisos - Ethniki antistasi, 1940-1945 (Athens, 1989). 123 Hatsivasiliou, !storialstoria tis Nisou Ko,Ko , pp. 634-5.634-5. 124 For a comprehensive and evocativeevocative study of Greece under German occupation, see Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece. 125 Papachristodou1ouPapachristodou]ou,, Istoria tis ROdou,Rodou, p. 581. An account of the destruction of the Dodecanesian Jewry is given by Hizikia M. Franco, op. cit, and Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War (New York,York, 1985), pp. 706-10. 126 HatsivasHatsivasiliou,iliou, Istoria tis Nisou Ko, p. 569. 127 Papachristodoulou, Is.torEaIs.toria tislis Rodou,ROdou, p. 584. 128 A disclaimer of this commonly held view is given by Hatsivasi1iouHatsivasiliou,, Istoria!storEa tis Nisou Ko,/(0, p. 625. 129 L'Italialtalia a Rodi, Istituto Poliografico DelioDello Stato (Rome, 1946), p. 37. Notes 215
PROTEST AND PROTO-NATIONALISM
Henri Rousso,Rousso, The Vichy Syndrome:Syndrome: HiswryHistory and Memory in France since 1944 (Cambridge(Cambridge,, Mass., 1991)1991);; John Bodnar,, Remaking America:America: Public Memory,Memory. Commemoration. and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton,(princeton, New Jersey, 1992); Richard Bosworth, Explaining AuschwitzAuschwitz and Hiroshima: History Writing and the Second World War (London and New York, 1993): Robert Gildea, The Past in French History (New HavenHaven,, Conn.Conn.,, 1994)1994).. 2 Bodnar, opop.. cit, p. 1414.. 3 Philipos Sofos,, QT,OT, 22 August 1990. 4 Mikhail Hatsinikolaou,Hatsinikolaou, QT,OT, 8 August 1990. 5 OneQne very popular quote, which is wrongly attributed to Winston Churchill, makes reference to Greece's success on the Albanian front in 1941\941 : 'Till'Till now we used to say that Greeks fight like heroes, henceforth we shall say heroes fight like Greeks.' South African Prime Minister Jan Smuts was the real source. (Cited in Irene Economou, The Two FacesFaces of0/ Greece: A civilisation 0/7000of7000 years (Athens, 1988), p. 132).132). 6 Herzfeld, AnthropologAnthropologyy Through the Looking-Glass, p. 123. 7 Evdokia Jackoumas,lackoumas, OTOT,, 14 March 19951995.. 8 For a detailed investigation of this microhistory, see Nicholas Doumanis and Nicholas G. Pappas, 'Grand'Grand History in Small PlacesPlaces',', Journal 0/of Modern Greek Studies (forthcoming). 9 Mikhail Mihalandos, OT,QT, 3 February 1992. 10 Between 1912 and 1936, Simi'sSimi's population had dropped from 22 450 to 8182; see Agapitidis,, 'Piithimismiakes'Plithimismiakes Exelixis tis DodekanisouDodekanisou',', p. 12.. llI I DI,DI,1 l March 1934; Mikhail Mihalandos, QT,OT, 3 FebruaryFebruary 1992.1992. 12 Richard CloggClogg,, A Concise History ofo/Greece Greece (Camb(Cambridgeridge,, 19921992),), p. 15. 13 DI,, 15 May 1936. 14 D/,DI. I[ August 1936.1936. 15 E.g. Temma Kaplan, Red City,City, Blue Period: Social MovementsMovements inin Picasso's Barcelona ((Berkeley,Berkeley, California, 1992), pp. 79- 125125;; Adrian Shubert, A Social History 0/of Modern Spain (London(London,, 1990),1990), pp.pp. 195-6195-6:; Timothy Tackett,Tackett, 'Women'Women and Men in Counterrevolution: The Sommieres Riot of 1791 ',', Journal of Modern HistoryHistory,, 59 (1987(1987)),, pp. 680- 704; E.P. Thompson, Customs in CommCommonon (Harmondsworth(Harmondsworth,, 1991), pp. 305- 36. 16 Herzfeld, Anthropology Through the Looking-Glass, p. 36. 17 DJ,Dl, l1 March 1934. 18 Ippokratis Frangopoulos, JstoriaIstoria tis Kalymnou apo tin archeotita mechri simera, Vol. 2 (Athens,(Athens, 1952),, pp. 104-5.104--5. 19 Ibid.,Ibid., pp. l06f.106f. 20 DI, 25 March 1933.1933. On the exile of Kalymnian leaders,leaders, see Zacharia N. TsirpanlisTsirpanlis,, ''SStintin K:ilymnoKalymno tou 1935',1935', Kalymniaka Chronika.Chronika, Z' (1988), pp. 153- 89. 21 Cf.cr. Thomas GallantGal1ant,, ''PeasantPeasant Ideology and Excommunication for CrimeCrime in a Colonial Context: The Ionian Islands (Greece), 1817181 7-- 1864', JournalJournal of SocialSocial History,History, 23 (1990), pppp.. 487487,, 500500-l.- 1. 216 Myth and Memory in the Mediterranean
22 Frangopoulos,Frangopoulos, IstoriaIsloria tistu Kalymnou, p. 116. 23 Ibid.,Ibid., pp. . 119.119. 24 DI,DI, 1 NovemberNovember 1935. 25 N. Kechagias-Nethonas,Kechagias-Ncthonas. Dodekanisou i anentachtianentachri (Athens, 1985),1985), p. 35.35. 26 Fessopoulos,Fcssopoulos, op. cit.cit.,, p. 31.31 . 27 Ibid. The arrestarrest took place on 16 January 19361936.. 2828 Mikhail Hatsithemelis, OTOT,, 27 July 1990. 29 Mikhail Hatsithemelis,Hatsithemelis, OT,, 27 July 1990. 30 His ordeal while underunder arrestarrest was mentioned in J.N. Casavis, Italian Atrocities in the Grecian DodecaneseDQdecanese (New York,York, 1936).1936), p. 10.10. 31Jl Frangopoulos,FrangopouJos, Istoria[storla tistis Kalymnou,Ka{ymnou, p. 123.123. 32 Quoted in.in Kapella, op.op. cit., p. 93.93. 33 IbidIbid.,., p. 93.93. 34 DI,Dl, 1I November 1935; Fessopoulos, op. cit., p. 33.33. 35 'Diakos,'Diakos, Kolokotronis, Miaoulis,Miaoulis. and Kanaris' are celebratedcelebrated heroes heroes of the Greek War oflndependence.of Independence. 36 JoannisIoannis Zervos, ''TrisTris meres agonas', Kalymniaka Chronika,Chroniko, E' (1985),(I985), pp. 298.298. 37 AD, 1I April 1936. 38 Quoted in Kapella, op.op. cit., p. 96. 39 MR,MR, 11 April 1935.1935. 40 AKPL,AKPL, Miscellaneous papers, Richiesta e Citazione DirettaDiretto,, 3 July 19351935;; Tribunale di Apello di Rodi ( Egeo),Egeo), DeereDecreto to di Citazione,Cilozwne, 17 SeptemberSeptember 191935.35. 41 DI,Dl, I January 1936. 42 The Diocese of KosKes and NisyrosNisyros had not had a sitting bishop since 1922. See HatsivasiliouHatsivasiliou,, Istoria!storia tis Nisou Ko,Ko , p. 511. 43 Frangopoulos, /storiaisloria tislis Kalymnou, p. 123. 44 DI, 16 October 1935. 45 Giorgos S. Sakellarios,Sakellarios, I Ethniko-Thriskeftiki Antistasis tis Kalymnou tou etoseros 1935 (Athens,(Athens, 1977),1977), p. 93. 46 The most notable of these works is Sakellarios, op. cit., which mainly celebrates the male heroes of Kalymnos. SeeSec: also articles in Ka/ymniakaKalymniaka Chronika,Chronika, T' (1986), especiallyespecially Joannisloannis ManglisManglis,, '0 ItalosHalos katachtitis', pp.pp. 211-15.211 - 15. See also Tsoukalas, op. cit., pp.pp. 171-9,- 9, and loannisJoannis Zervos, Istorikalsrorika SimiomataSimiomala (Athens,(Athens, 1960). 47 Sakellarios, op.op. citcit.,., pppp.. 158- 9. 48 AKLP. Miscellaneous Papers. Report from Podesta of Kalymnos, De Bisognio to Govematore, 9 April 1935; Vittorio Caradaci, Legione Territoriale dei Carabinieri Reali di Bari, 'Situazione'Situazione del comune di Calino',Calino', 29 June 19351935.. 49 Giorgos SakellaridSakellaridisis,, OT,OT, 27 SeptemberSeptember 1990.1990. A ssimilarimilar view is found in a fictional work by Niki BillBilliriiri,, I KalymnosKlJlymnos mas (Athens, 1982), p. 77. 50 Loizos LoizouLoizou,, OT,OT, 10 August 11990.990. For another example of males minimising the role played by women in popular protests, seesec: Tackett,Tackett, op. cit, p. 692. 51 AKLP. Miscellaneous Papers. Report from Podesta of Kalyrnnos,Kalymnos, De Bisognio to Govematore, 9 April 1935.. 52 8iril1iBirilli,, op. cit.,cit., p. 77.77. Notes 217
53 See, Kapella, op. cit. 54 See H. Russell Bernard,Bernard, 'Kalymnos'Kalymnos:: The Island of the Sponge Fishermen'Fishennen',, in Dimen and Friedl (eds)(eds),, op. cit., pp. 30fr7.3()6....7. An important recent study isis David Sutton, 'Images'Images of HistoryHistory:: The Uses of the Past on a Greek IslandIsland',', PhD thesis, University of Chicago, 1994.1994. 55 PanormitisPanonnitis Menouhos,Menouhos, OTOT,, II11 August 19901990;; See Bernard, opop.. cit.cit.,, p. 306. 56 Loizos Loizou, OT, 10 August 19901990.. 57 Cf. Tackett, opop.. cit.,cit., p. 702702.. 58 The 'David and Goliath' anaanalogylogy has often been made in Kalymnian writings. See e.g. Sakellarios, opop.. cit., p. 4848.. 59 IbidIbid.,., p. 119. 60 Mikhail Hatsithemelis, OTOT,, 27 JulyJuly 19901990.. 61 Sevasti Kortesi, OT, 22 August 1990. 62 IbidIbid.;.; Loizos Loizou, OT, 10 August 1990. 63 MikhaiMikhaill HatsithemelisHatsitbemelis,, OT, 27 JulyJuly 1990. 64 Nikolaos PoulasPoulas,, OTOT,, II August 1990.1990. 65 MikhaMikhailil Hatsithemelis, OTOT,, 27 July 19901990.. 66 KapellaKapella,, op.op. cit, p. 9595.. 67 Ibid., p. 9999.. 68 Herzfeld, Anthropology Through the Looking-Glass,Looking-Glasr, pppp.. 36-8. 69 Pantelis Efthimios, 'Mia'Mia foni apo to 1913', Dodekanisiaka Chronika, A' (1972), p. 133. 70 AD, 15 February 1924;1924; 15IS May 19241924;; 1 November 19311931;; 1 March 19351935.. 71 See SakellariouSakellariou,, op. cit, pp. 129 and 131;13 1; Kapella, op. cit, p. 102; Giorgos SakellaridisSakellaridis,, OT, 27 September 1990.1990. 72 JoannisIoannis AlahiotisAlahiotis,, OT, I August 19901990.. 73 In 1910 the popupopulationlation density of Kalymnos was 156156 per sqsq.. km, which was threethree titimesmes the Dodecanesian averageaverage.. Population density had fallen to 95 per sq. km by 1945. See Agapitidis, 'Plithismiakes'Plithismiakes Exelixis tis Dodekanisou', p. 1818.. 74 Kostas Tourtoulis, OT, 5 November 19901990.. 75 E.J.EJ. Hobsbawm, NationsNatwllJ and NationalismNatwnalism sincerince 17801780:: ProgrammeProgramme,, Myth, Reality (Cambridge, 1990)1990),, p. 46; Patricia CroneCrone,, Pre-Industrial Societies (Oxford, 1989), pppp.. 186f186f.. 76 Miroslav HrochHroch,, 'From'From National Movement to the Fully-formedFul1y-fonned Nation: tthehe Nation-buildingNation-building Process in EuropeEurope',', New Left Review, 198 (1993), p. 12. See also Benedict Anderson, Imagined[magined Communities ((London,London, 1992), p. 144144;; and Peter Vandergeest, 'Constructing'Constructing ThailandThailand:: Regulation, Everyday ResistanceResistance,, and Citizenship', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 35 (1993), pp. 133- 58. 77 D.I.OJ. RusinowRusinow,, Italy's[tafy's Austrian Heritage 1919-1946 (Oxford, 1969), pp. 199- 207. 78 MR, 23 July 1937. 79 E.g. JoannisIoannis Alahiotis, OT,QT, 1 August 1990; Giorgos Kastrounis, QT,OT, 27 October 1990. 80 Frangopoulos,Frangopoulos, Istorialstorra tistil Kalymnou,Ka{ymnou, p. 90. 81 DHA, Italian Collection, no. 342342,, tel. 2150, 21 April 1927; Hatsivasiliou,Hatslvasiliou, Istorialstoria tis Nisou Ko, p. 496. 82 This was the impression received by Booth and Booth, op. citcit,, p. 260. 218 Myth and Memory in the Mediterranean
83 Gabriel Kosaris, QT,OT, 8 August 1990.1990. 84 JoannisIoannis Alahiotis,Alahiotis. OT,QT, 1I August 1990. 85 ChristoforosChristoforos Foumaris, OT, 12 August 1990. 86 Alexandros S. Karanikolas, To ekpaideftikonekpaideftikim provlima tislis DQdekanisouDodekanisou (Athens, 1945), p. I10 0.. 87 Mikhail Hatsinikolaou,Hatsinikoiaou, OT,CT, 12 August 1990., Similar personal accounts are given by Kalliope Harapas, OT, 3 August 1990 and Manolis Kiapokas,Kiapokas. 8 August 1990. 88 Mondaini, op. cit, p. 885. 89 Gabriel Kosaris, OT, 8 August 1990; Kalliroi Dimitriadis,Dimilriadis, OT, 21 April 1992; Antonis Stergalas, OT, 4 September 1990. 90 CIP,elP, p. 82.82, n. 6. 91 Mikhail Hatsinikolaou,Halsinikolaou. OT, 12 August 1990. 92 Kalliope Harapas, OT,QT, 3 August 1990.1990. 93 Mikhail Hatsinikolaou, OT, 12 August 1990.1990. 94 E. Bakiris.Bakiris, Rados:ROdos: To EthnikoElhniko Zitima,Zitima. 1912-19471912- 1947 (Rhodes, 1989), p. 64. 95 Gabriel Kosaris, OT, 8 August 1990.1990. 96 Frangopoulos, Istoria[stoTio tis Kalymnou,Kolymnou, p. 103.103. 97 Nikolaos Kehagias-Nethonas,Kehagias·Nethonas, 0a Protosingelos tis ROdouRodou (Athens and Ioannina,loannina, 1987), p. 58. 98 Zaharia of Asklepio, OT, 22 August 1990.1990. 99 Mikhailidis-Nouarou,Mikhailidis·Nouarou, op. cit, p. 32. 100 Ibid., p. 34. 101 CIP,CIF, p. 82. 102 Markog1ou,Markoglou, op. cit, p. 170. I103 03 E.g. E. Bakiris, 'Esoteriki Ierapostolilerapostoli tis ekklisias RodouROdou sta chronia tis ltalokratias', DodekanisiakaDodekanismka Chronilai,Chranika, Z' (1978),(1978), p. 64; Kehagias- Nethonas, 0a Protosinge/osProtosingelos tis R6dou,ROdou, p. 57. 104 The myth produced arguably the best known children's poem in modem Greek culture, 'Fegganiki'Feggaraki mou Lampr6'.Lampro'. 105\05 One of the obvious problems with this myth is accounting for the ascendancy of Greeks in the Ottoman bureaucracy in the eighteenth and ninetenineteenthenth centuries, and the persistence of Greek local government and schools. (See Helen Angeiomatis·Tsougarakis,Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, The Eve of the Greek Revival: British Travellers'Travellers ' Perceptions of Early Nineteenth-Century Greece (London and New York, 1990),1990), pp. 122- 3.) Common folk are often quite resistant to revisionist interpretations.interpretations. After my interview with Antonis Stergalas, I pointed out to his friendsfriends that Greek Dodecanesian learning had flourished in the last decades of Ottoman rulerule.. One of Stergalas's friends became visibly agitated, and asserted: 'No, no, this is not true. Rubbish. II don't care what they write,write, I still believe in the child gatherings (Jannisary levy)levy) and the "secret school!"'school!'" 106 Gabriel Kosaris, OT, 8 August 1990. 107 The 'secret school' of nationalnational mythology isis also distinguished by the accent on the last 'o''0' (scholi6),(scholio), which was also the conconventionvention used by interviewees. Notes 219
THE POETICS OF PATRIOTISM
Miroslav Hroch, Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe:Europe: A Comparative Analysis of0/ the Social Composition of0/ Patriotic Groups among the Smaller EuropeanEuropeWl Nations (Cambridge,(Cambridge, 1985),1985), p. 23.23 . See also his 'From'From National Movement to the Fully-formedFully-fonned Nation', pp. 3-20.3- 20. 2 H.D.F.H.D.F. Kitto, InIn the Mountains ofo/Gr Greeceeece (London, 1933), p. 30 3 Roger Owen, op.op. cit, p. 287. TheThe implications of Ottoman modernisation for the Greek millermillet has been recently appraised by GerasimosGerasimos Augustinos in The Greeks in Asia Minor: Con/ession_Confession, Community and EthnicityEthnicity in the Nineteenth Century (Kent, Ohio, 1992),1992), pp. 91-107.91-107. 4 Christos Sp.Sp. Soldatos,SoMatos, I EkpaideftikiEkpaide/tiki ke Pneumatiki Kinisi tou Ellinismou tis M. Asias (1800-1922),(1800-1921), Vol. II (Athens,(Athens, 1989); Augustinos, opop.. citcit,, ch. 6, pp.pp. 145-85.145-85. 5 A convenient survey of the number of schools and studentsstudents in the Dodecanese is provided in Annao,Annao, op.op. cit. 6 Heracles Karanastasis, Anamnisis ekpedeftikou:ekpedeftikou: chroniko (Ath(Athensens,, 1982), p. 46. 7 Ibid., p. 7777.. 8 IbidIbid.,., pp.pp. 78-9.78- 9. 9 John Peristiany,Peristiany, 'Introduction to a Cypriot Mountain Village',Village', JohJohnn Peristiany,Peristiany, (ed.),(ed.), Contributions to MediterraneanMediter'Wlean Sociology:Sociology: MeMediterra-diterra- nean Rural Communities and SocialSocwl Change (Athens, 1968),, p. 82.82. 10 Booth and Booth, op.op. cit, pppp.. 141141-- 3; Zarakas, op.op. cit, pp.pp. ll9ff.119fT. 11II In his study of the social structure of the Cycladic island of los in the 1960s,19605, anthropologist Richard Currier noted education and occupation as criteriacriteria of social stratification. TheThe peasants referred to professionals (teachers, clerks, inspectors, doctors) and the landed elites as 'the aristocrats',aristocrats' , or as 'they'they who know words' (afti pou xeroun grammata).grcimmata). SSeeee 'Social'Social Interaction and Social Structure in a Greek Island Village',Village', in DiDimenmen and Friedl (eds), op. citcit,, pp.pp. 310--11.31 0-11. 12 HeHerzfeld,rzfeld, Anthropology Through the Looking-Glass, pp. 33fT. 13 KaranastasisKaranastasis,, Anamnisis ekpedeftikou,ekpede/tikou, p. 11.II. 14 Christoforos Fournaris, QT,OT, 6 August 1990.1m. 15 CIP,CIP, p. 12. 16 Karanastasis, Anamnisis ekpedeftikou, p. 55. 17 Karanastasis, To gio tis mamis (Athens,(Athens, 1978),1978), p. 26.26. 18 Nikolaos Poulas, OTQT,, 12 August 1990. 19 loannisloannis Zervos, Istorika Simiomata, p. 35. 20 Prime examples of this tradition includeinclude JoannisIoannis Zervos,Zervos, Istorikalstorika Simiomata; G.S. Sakellariou,Sakellariou, op. cit; I. FrangopouFrangopoulos,los, I Dodekanisos ipoIpo ltalokratias;Italokratias; and Mihail Skardasis, Ta Kalymniaka (Athens, 1979), p. 26. 21 In Modern Greece, oral traditions have been categorised as 'folklore''folklore' (1aografia),(laografia), and are not to be confused with the 'serious' history written by morfomeni.mor/omeni. 'Folklore' as a discipline has nevertheless playedplayed an important rolerole in supporting national ideology. SeeSee Michael Herzfeld, Ours OnceOnce More. 220 Myth and Memory in the Mediterranean
22 All important KalymnianKaiymnian authors have preferred the formal title, including Joannisloannis Zervos, Frangopoulos, Drakidou and Sakellariou.Sakellariou. 23 Emmanuel Th. Papam.ihail,Papamlhaii, The (sic) Greece and the Greek Dodecanese (Lisbon, 1943)1943)., p. 89. 24 Giorgos Koulianos, OT, 19 October 1990. 25 Ioannis AlahiotisAlahiotis,, OT, I August 1990. 26 Manolis Kiapokas, QT,OT, 8 August 1990. 27 Zirounis, KatafronemeniKatajronemeni Irini (Athens, 197?), p. 15.15. 28 Hatsivasiliou, Istoria/s/oria tis Nisou Ko,KQ, p. 426. 29 (Athens, 1913), p. 5. 30 An extract from a poem written by G. Gerakis in Athens in 1940, which is reprinted in Gerakis, Apo tiIi Zoi tis Kalymnou (Athens, 1965),1965). p. 149. 31 Passionate exhortations of patriotism remain a featurefeature of local scholarship. See for instance Christodoulos Papachristodoulou, 'I'1 DodekcinisosDodekanisos itan pantapinta Elliniki',', Dodekanisiaka Chronika, Z' (1978), pppp.. 36-47: and E. ProtopsaltisProtopsaltis,, 'Ta'Ta eleftheria tis Dodekanisou',Dodekanisou', DodekanisiakaDodekanisWka Chronika, Z' (1978), pp. 25-35. 32 Casavis's works include Ta EllinikaEllinikJ Dodekanisa (New York, 1941); and The Religion ofoj the Dodecanese and its Persecution by Italy (New York, 1937). 'Casavis''Casavis' is also written as 'Gazav'Gazavis'is' and 'Kazavi'. Zervos's numerous works include Rhodes and the Dodecanese (London, 1920); Ikonografomeni/konograJomeni i Dodekanisos (Athens, 1930); and Rhodes: CapitaTeCapitale Du Dodecanese (Paris, 1920). 33 See SkevosSkcvos Zervos, The 'White'White Book', p.p . 23. 34 Tsalahouri, op. cit, pppp.. 187-214;- 214; E. Kariotis, 'I'I pr6tesprotes politikes energies ton EgeopeEgeopelagitonlagit6n is tas Athinas ke ton Kalymnion is tin KalymnonKilymnon ke PetroupolinPctroupolin to 1912', Dodekanisiaka Chronika, '(1977), pp. 152-8- 81.1. 35 I Rodiaki,Rodiale;, 19 September 1933. 36 Ibid., 10 May 1963. 37 Ibid., 29 March 1951. 38 Ibid., 20 November 1950. 39 KipriotisKipriotis,, 'I'I drasidrisi ton demoger6nton',demogeronton', pp. 95-136.95-136. 40 IsihosIsihos,, op.op. cit, p. 80. 41 DHA. Rhodes Demarchia PapersPapers,, Proceedings ofoj the RhodianRhodkm Demogerontia,Demogerontio., 18 November 1912.1912. 42 Ibid.Ibid.,, 7 May 1912. 43 Ibid., 9 September 1912.191 2. 44 Ibid., 28 September 1912; Skevos Zervos, 'The White Book', p. 18. 45 DHA. Rhodes Demarchia Papers, Proceedings ofoj the Rhodian Demogerontia,Demogeronria, 12 February 1913; 16 February 1913. 46 Christoforos FournarisFoumaris,, OT, 6 August 1990. 47 Hatsivasi1iou,Hatsivasiliou, Istoria{storia tis Nisou Ko, p. 455. 48 Ibid.Ibid.,, p. 451 49 Concentration on great figures of the past also reflectsreflects the conservative nature of local historiography. As with most of his Dodecanesian colleagues, Hatsivasiliou betrays a fetish for archival documents and a fascination for high politics. The first decadedecade of Italian rule isis unique in that it provides enough source material to piece together a 'serious' historyhistory,, which includes a political narrative with historical events and Notes 221
personalities. This conservatism is further exemplifiedexemplified in the common practice of reproducing documents, which are not always given supportingsupporting commentary because they are meant to 'speak'speak for themselves'. To convey Joannidis'sIoannidis's commitment to Hellenism,Hellenism, Hatsivasiliou provides meticulousmeticulous reproductions of his official correspondence and political statements. (See IstoriaIs/oria tislis Nisou Ko, pp. 431-45.) SO50 AKPL, Miscellaneous Papers. N2,Nl, Tribunale di Apello di Rodi (Egeo), 17 September 1935. 51 See Bakiris,Bak.iris, Rhodes: The National Question. 52 CJP,CIP, p. 66. n. 2. 53 Papaioannou is the subject of a hagiographical work by Kehagias- Nethonas, 0 ProtosingelosProtosmgelos tis R6dou.R6dou. 54 Though we only have a transcript of this speech, its content and style bears much resemblance to his personal memoirs. Ibid.,Ibid. , p. 51. 55 Kostas of Gennadi, OT, 25 October 1991. 56 JoannisIoannis Gounaris, 'Skopimes'Skopimes anamnisis tislis zois mou', KalymniakaKolymniaka Chronika, Z', (1988), p. 375; Kostas of Gennadi OT, 25 October 1991. 57 Gounaris, op. cit, p. 372. 58 Denis Mack Smith, Musso/ini'sMussolini's Roman Empire, p. 119. 59 John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France: The French UnderUmier Nazi Occupation (New York,York, 1986), pp. 44ff.44fT. 60 Gounaris, op. cit, p. 373. 61 Giorgos Kastrounis,Kastrounis, OT,QT, 25 October 1990. 62 Qualifications for primary school teaching varied from island to island, though all islands expected their teachersteachers to have had some years of secondary schooling. See Bakiris,Bakiris, R6dos-ROdos - Ethnik6Ethllik6 Zilima,Zitima, p. 47. 63 Passerini considers cultural identities and self-representations in Fascism in Popular Memory,Merrwry, Part I, pp.pp. 17-63.17--63. 64 Greeks commonly referred to Istanbul, or Constantinople, as simply 'the'the City' (i Poli).poli). The GreeksGrcelcs of Constantinople werewere hence called 'Polites''Polites' (sing(sing.. 'Politis').'Politis'). 65 Kosaris, OT,OT, 8 August 1990. 66 Giorgos Koulianos, OT, 19 October 1990. 67 Ibid. 68 Ibid. 69 Ibid. 70 JoannisIoannis Alahiotis,Alabiotis, QT,OT, 1I August 1990.1990. 71 Giorgos Kastrounis, OT, 25 October 1990. 72 S.A.S.A. and A.S.A.S. Karaniko1as,Karanikolas, Parimies kekefrasis frasis apo tin Simi (Athens, 1980), p.p.219. 219. 73 On Pantelis Kastrounis,Kastrounis, see his 'I' I IIstonastoria tou Dodekanisiakou AgonosAg6nos epi tin Egitpon (1912-1925)',(1912- 1925)" which is reprinted in Dodekanisiaka Chronika, (1975), pp.pp. 222-314.222- 314. 74 Giorgos Kastrounis,Kastrounis, OT,QT, 25 October 1990. 75 Ibid.Ibid. 76 Ibid.Ibid. 77 Ibid. 78 Ibid. 222 Myth and MemMemoryory in therhe MediterraneanM editerranean
79 Giorgos SakellaridisSakellaridis,, OTOT,, 27 September 19199090.. 80 Ibid.. 818) Sakellaridis,Sakellaridis, ''AntonioAntonio RitelliRite]]i', p. 156156. 82 Ibid., pp. 164-5.164--5. 83 Ibid,, pp.pp. 152-88152- 88. Included in this sectionsection arcare twotwo patriotic orations on the Rock WarWar., and the lettersUers of a patriot who ''ststruggled'ruggled' for the Dodecanese in Athens. 84 Sakellaridis'sSakellaridis's article can also be read as an essay on liberty. The anti- Fascist RitelliRitelli seemed as much a victimvictim of oppressionoppression as Sakellaridis, and their commoncommon oordealrdeal underunder authoritarian rulerule seeseemedmed a binding experience.experience. 85 GiorgosGiorgos Papanikolaou,PapanikoJaou, OTQT,, 3 November 11990990. 86 Ibid.Ibid. 87 Ibid.. 88 IoanniJoanniss AlabiotisAlahiotis,, OTOT,, I August I9901990. 89 TheThe circumstancescircumstances surroundingsurrounding the closure of the ''Diagoras'Diagoras' sportingsporting club are given in Papaioannou,, Diagoras, 0/impionikis,OIimpiQnikis, pp. I21255-31.- 31. 90 Christoforos Fournaris,Foumaris, OT, 6 August 1990.
COLONIALISM AND MODERNITY
1I MR, 19I9 February 1933.1933. 2 MRMR,, 36 December 19361936.. 3 Some of thethe DukeDuke's's idea's's on ccooloniallonial govegovernancernance had beebeenn formulated in hishis doctoral dissertation atal thethe University University of Palermo.Palermo. See Sbacchi, Ethiopia under Mussolini,Musso/in;, p. 55. 4 Segre, Fourth Shore. 5 Betts,Beus, op.. citcit,, ch. 3, pp. 76-113.76--11 3. 6 Mack Smith,Smilh, Mussolini'sMusso/ini's Roman Empire, p. 123.12 3. 7 A recent exampexamplele is Bahru Zewde, A HistorHistoryy of Modern Ethiopia,, 1855 /855- 19741974 (London(London,, 1991) 199 1),, pp. 160-5160--5. ZewdeZewde dismisses ItalianItalian administrationadministration with the following characterisation:characterisation: ''TheTherere was a mania for creatingcreating committeescommittees andand commissionscommissions,, largely so that members might exonerateexonerate themselvesthemselves from responsibility.'.' (p. 162)162) 8 Mack Smith, MussoliniMusso/ini's's Roman Roman EmpireEmpire,, p. 34. 9 Sbacchi, op. eil,cit, p. SO;80; I.M. LewisLewis's's discusdiscussionsion on ItalianItalian rule in hishis generalgeneral text, A ModernModern HistorHistoryy of SomaliaSomalkJ: Nation and State in the HornHorn of Africa (London,(London, 1980),1980), pp.pp. 92- 101 , 110-113, is unusual because it is balanced and dispasdispassionate.sionate. 10 SegreSegre,, ltaloIta/a BalboBalbo,, pp. 33133 1-- 2. 1III Of the DukeDuke,, HaileHaile SelassieSelassie said he was <<« ...... un gentleman a cui l'Etiopial'Etiopia devedeve gratitudine>>.gratiludine» . See Edoardo BorraBorra , AmadAmadeoeo di SavoiaSavoia,, terferzozo duca d'Aostad'Aosta eI' vicere d'Etiopiad'EtiopilJ (Milan,(Milan, 1985),1985), p. 255. 12 Sbacchi,Sbacchi, op. cit, p. 57- 8.S. 13 Alessandro Triulzi, ''RevReviewiew of books on ItalianItalian ColonialismColonialism and Ethiopia', JournalJournal of AfricanAfrican HistoryHistory,, 23/3 (1982),, p. 238. 14 Stamatis Athanasiadis,Athanasiadis, OTOT,, 28 October 1990.1990. NotesNoles 223
15 Prakash Tandon, Punjabi Century 1857- 1947 (Berkeley,(Berkeley, CaliforniaCalifornia,, 1968)1968),, p. 1313.. 16 Kalliope Harapas, QT,OT, 3 August 1990.. 17 Prakash Tandon,Tandon, op. citcit,, p. 13. 18 Anna Collard, 'Investigating'Investigating 'Social'Social Memory' in a Greek Context',Context', pp. 95-7.95-7. SeeSee also Herzfeld,, The Poetics ofoj Manhood: Contest and Identity in a Greek Mountain VillageVii/age (Princeton(princeton,, New JeJersey,rsey, 1985). 19 Ioannis Alahiotis, OTQT,, I1 August 1990. 20 Friedl, op. cit, p. 106. 21 Ibid.,, pp. 314-15. 22 Kosta SakellaridisSakellaridis,, op. cit, pp. 307-17307- 17. 23 The alleged 'factiousness'factiousness'' of thethe GrGreekseeks has also been used to conveyconvey positpositiveive notions of 'individualism''individualism'. See for example FriedlFriedl,, opop.. citcit,, p. 106.106. 24 Cf.Cr. Michael HerzfeldHerzfeld,, 'The'The Horns of the Mediterraneanist Dilemma',Dilemma', p. 441. Herzfeld complains in this paper that it isis ''downrightdownright embarrassing to be told by Greeks ...... (that) the Greeks needneed a strong governmentgovernment,, and therefore deserved the junta (the Colonels) .. .'. Herzfeld Herzfeld suggests that such comments perhaps echoed a dominant ideology at the time of the Colonels, buthut this does not quite explain why such sentiments could still be heard in the 1980s19805 and 1990s1990s.. 25 MRMR,, 4 October, and 23 November 1938. 26 MR,MR, 5 October 1938. 27 MR,MR, 4 March 1936; and 9 March 1938.. 28 Kalliope Harapas, OT, 3 August 19901990.. 29 Lefteris of Leros, OT,QT, 18 October 1990. LefterisLefteris excused himself beforbeforee mentioningmentioning thethe word 'beasts''beasts' (z6a)(zoa),, by which he meant eieitherther mules or donkeys. Lefteris was observing a standard formfonn of etiquette practiced among Dodecanesian peasants. See Herzfeld, 'The'The Ethnographer in the TextText',', Semiotica, 46 (1983), pp. 159 ff.fT. 30 Archondou1aArchondoula KanarisKanaris,, OT,QT, 19 SeptemberSeptember 1990.. 31 Archondoula Kanaris, OT,QT, 19 SeptemberSeptember 1990; in Passerini's study among Turin workersworkers,, similar sentiments were expressed regarding Fascism and law and orderorder,, (e.g.(e.g. see Fascism inin Popular Memory, p. 130.).) 32 'Introduction'Introduction'' to a special edition entitledentitled, 'Memory and Counter-Counter- memory', Representations, 26 (1989), p. 4. 33 The Past is a Foreign Country (Cambridge,(Cambridge, 1985), pp.. 7 and 13. 34 Sevasti Kortesi,Kortesi, QTOT,, 22 August 19921992.. 35 Kalliope Harapas, OT,QT, 3 August 1990.. By 1990, the demarchiademarchia had partly solved the traffic problem by turning most streets into ''one-wayone-way'' thoroughfares.thoroughfares. 36 Roletto, op.. cit,cit, pp.pp. 67- 8; AAI, p. 855. 37 DNI,, p. 59.59. 38 Booth and Booth,, op. cit, p. 261. 39 Philipos Sofos,, OT,QT, 22 August 1990.1990. 40 Philipos Sofos,, OTQT,, 22 August 1990. 41 Jonathan Steinberg, AllAft or Nothing: The Axis and the HolocaustHolocaust,, 1941-431941-43 (London, 1990), pp.. 170--1.170-1. 224 Myth and Memory in the Mediterranean
42 D.K.O.K. Fieldhouse, Colonialism 1870-1945:1870- 1945: An Introductioninrroduction (London and New York, 1983),1983), p. 27. See also William B. Cohen, RulersRulers of Empire: The French Colonial Service in Africa (Stanford, California, 1971),1971). p. 107.. 43 The popular concepts 'menefreghismo''menefreghismo' and 'bustarella''bustarella' are discussed by Steinberg in op. cit, p. 170. 44 An early, though inconclusive,inconclusive, attempt to explain the drawbacksdrawbacks of the Greek civil service is given by Demetrios Argyriades, ''TheThe Ecology of Greek Administration: Some Factors Affecting the Development of the Greek Civil Service', in J.G.1.G. PeristianyPeristiany (ed(cd..), Contributions to/0 MediterraneanMedilerraneWl SociologySocwlogy (The Hague, 1968),1968), pp. 339-49. See also William McNeill, The MetamorphosisMetamorphosis of Greece since World War IIII (Chicago, 1978),1978), p. 227; Herzfeld, A Place in History; and the same author's more recent The Social Production of Indifference: Exploring the Symbolic RootsRoots of Western BureaucraBureaucracycy (New York and Oxford, 1993).1993). Parallels may be drawn with the Italian civil servservice,ice, and what Steinberg calls the 'vices of Italian public life'. TheseThese: includeinclude:furberia fur beria (slyness) and prcssapochismopressapochismo (carelessness), (op. cit,cil, p. 170). 45 Antonis Stergalas, OT,QT, 4 September 1990. 46 InterviewsInterviews withwilh Kosaris,, Alahiotis, DirnitriadisDimitriadis and Harapas. 47 Mehmet Meerzam,Meenam, QTOT 3 August 1990. 48 JoannisIoannis AlahiotisAlahiotis,, QT,OT, Il August 19901990.. 49 See Mondaini,, op. cit, pp. 872-84.872- 84. See also Pavlos Theodoropoulos, To ishionish/on en Dodekaniso dikeond{keon (Athens, 19811981), ), pp.pp. 131-2;131 - 2; Hatsivasiliou, Jstoria!sloda tis Nisou Ko, p. 475.475. 50 Mikhail HatsinikolaouHatsinikolaou,, QT,OT, 12 August 1990. 5\51 Lenzi, 'Lo svilluppo economico di RodiRodi',', p. 471; 'Le fruttafrulla di Rodi', pp. 351-8; AAI, pp. 848-56.&48- 56. 52 Pantelis Tripolitis,Tripolitis, QT,OT, 1 November 1990.1990. Reference to10 thethe: one-and-a-half kilo onion isis also made by KalliKalliopeope Harapas, OT, 3 August 1990,1990, and Antonis Sterga1as,Slergalas, QT,OT, 4 September 1990.1990. 53 InterviewsInterviews with Stergalas, DimitriadisDimitriadis and Harapas.Harapas. 54 JoannisIoannis Alahiotis, QT,OT, 1I August 1990.1990. 55 Archondoula KanarisKanaris,, OT, 19 September 1990.1990. 56 Kalliroi Dirnitriadis,Dimitriadis, OT,QT, 21 April 1992. 57 Diocese of Kos and Nisyros Archives, Codex IG';IG'; MR, 27 April 1933.1933. 58 MR,MR,27 27 April 1933.1933. 59 'Stamatis'Stamatis Kiapokas, '0 MegalosMegaJos Sism6sSismos tis Ko (1933)"(1933)', reprinted in TaTo Koaka, Vol. ''( (1981989),9), pp. 299-302.299- 302. 60 Karanastasis, 0 GiosGiGS tis Mamis, pp. 65-6: Evaggelos Vardamidis, Istoria{stoda tis Nisou Megistis (Kastellorizou)(Kastel/orizou) (Alexandria, Egypt,Egypt, 1948), pp.pp. 269fT. 61 Kalliroi DimDimitriadisitriadis, OT, 21 April 1992.1992. 62 Paraskevi Angopian, OT,QT, 28 JulyJuly I1990. 990. 63 MR, 28 April 1933;1933; Hatsivasiliou,Hatsivasiliou, fstoria/Ytoria tis Nisou Ko, p. 530. 64 Archondou1a Kanaris, OT, 19 September 1990. 65 AD, 15 December 1935; Emmanouil Karpathios,Karpathios, Ekklisia Ko Dodekanisou (Athens,(Athens, 1968), p. 474.474. 66 Archondoula KanarisKanaris,, OT, 19 September 1990. 67 MR,MR,25 25 April 1933.1933. 68 Karpathios, op. cit, p. 476. Notes 225
69 MMR, R, 30 AprilApril;; 2 MayMay;; 7 May 1933. 70 HatsivasiliouHatsivasiliou,, lstoriaIstoria tis Nisou KoKo,, p. 547. 71 IIbid.,bid., p. 543. 72 DHA,DNA, Italian Collection,Collection, tel. no. 793//3, 9 November 1934. 73 InterviewsInterviews with Dimitriadis, HarapasHarapas, Stergalas and I. Petalas. 74 Antonis Stergalas,Sterga1as, OT, 4 September 1990.1990. 75 Kalliope HarapasHarapas,, OTOT,, 3 August 1990. 76 MussoliniMussolini"s's Roman Empire, p. 81. 77 Angelo Del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935- 1941 (Chicago(Chicago,, 1969)1969),, p. 232. 78 Lyautey showed the value of having European and OriOrientalental quartersquarters in a colonial city while building of Rabat. He claimed the juxtapositionjuxtaposition of the two had its political, hygienic and aeaestheticsthetic valuevalue,, in that order. See Janet L. Abu-Laghod, Rabat, Urban Apartheid inin MoroccoMorocco (Princeton, New Jersey,Jersey, 1980) 1980), p. 143143.. 79 Kalliroi DimitriadisDimitriadis,, OT, 21 April 1992. 80 ArchondoulaArchondoula KanarisKanaris,, OTOT,, 19 September 1990. 881 1 Antonis StergalasStergalas,, OT,, 4 September 19901990.. 82 Ioannis PetalasPetalas,, OT, 10 October 1990. 83 Argyro Papadopoulou,Papadopoulou, OT, 5 September 1990. 84 The symbolic power and thethe contested meanings of ''Europe'Europe' in Greek societysociety havehave been been discussed in many of the works Michael Herzfeld. See especially his Anthropology ThroughThrough the Looking-Glass.woking-Glass. 85 LefterisLerteris of LerosLeros,, OT, 18 October 1990.1990. 86 RudolphRudolph M. Bell,, Fate and HonourHonour,, Family and VillageVillage:: Demographic and Cultural Change in Rural Italy sincesinu 18001800 (Chicago(Chicago,, 1979),1979), pp. 15lff.15 1ff. 87 E.g. Buti,, ''LaLa funzione di Rodi', op.op. cit, pp. 207-14207- 14. 88 Philipos Sofos, OT, 22 August 1990. 89 Giorgos Sakellaridis,, OT, 27 September 1990. 90 IoannisJoannis Alahiotis,, QTOT,, I August 1990. 91 KKalliroialliroi Dimitriadis, OT,OT, 21 April 1992. 92 Kalliope Harapas,, OT, 3 August 1990. 93 Agapitidis, 'Piithismiakes'P1ithismiakes exelixis sta Dodeklinisa'Dodekanisa',, p. 65. 94 Kalliope Harapas, OT, 3 August 1990; JoannisIoannis Alahiotis, OT, II August 1990.1990. 95 BettsBetts,, op.op. citcit,, p. 90. 96 DNIDNI,, p. 68. 97 Giorgos GiorgalosGiorgalos,, OT,, 23 AugustAugust 1990. 98 Stamatis Athanasiadis, OT,, 28 OctoberOctober 1990. 99 Stamatis Athanasiadis, OT,, 28 October 1990. 100100 Marigo Katris,K atris, OT,OT, 7 August 1990. 110101 Basil Galettis, OT, 9 October 1989. 102 Steinberg,Steinberg, op.op. citcit,, p. 179.179. 103103 ''OrcaOrea pramatapnimata',', the term mostmost often often employed by interviewees,interviewees, corresponded most with bellabel!a figura. SurprisinglySurprisingly,, thethe more preciseprecise GreekGreek equivalentequivalent,, 'figoura'f!goura',', which is almost certainly borrowed from ItalianItalian,, was not used by intervieweesinterviewees.. 104 Diane Ghirardo,, Building · New Communities: New Deal AmericaAmerica and Fascist IItalytaly (Princeton,(princeton, New JerseyJersey,, 1989)1989),, p. 9. 226 Myth and Memory in the Mediterranean
105 MussoliniMussolini finally opted for conservative architecture after the invasion of Ethiopia, wherewhere Italy's renewedrenewed enthusiasm for imperial adventures made the neo-classneo-classicalical style, with its association with ImperialImperial Rome, seem more appropriate. For the competition between the Rationalists and the MonumentalistsM onumentalists,. see Ellen Shapiro,Shapiro, 'TheThe Emergence of ItalianItalian RatRationalism',ionalism' , Architectural Design., 51 (1981)(1981),, pp. 5- 9; Bruno ZeviZevi,, 'Gruppo'Gruppo 7: the Rise and Fall of Italian Architecture',Architec ture', opop.. cit, pp.pp. 41- 3; DenDenisis Doordan,, BuildBuildinging ModModernern ItalyItaly:: Italian Architecture 1914/9/4- 1936/936 (Princeton(Princeton., New Jersey,, 1988); and Richard A. EtlinEtlin,, ModernismModern ism in ItalianItaJiiln Architehiucturure.re, 1890-19401890-1940 (Cambridge, Mass.,Mass. , 1991)1991),, ch.ch. 12,12. pp. 439- 79. I106 06 The study of Italian architecturearchitecture in the Dodecanese has been neglectedneglected by locallocal historianshistorians becauseh«:ause of its association with a foreign occupationoccupation.. A rarerare,, objective study isis attempted by Antonis Antoniadis, '1'I architektonikiarchitektoniki ton !talonItalon sta DodekanisaDodeHnisa'', , 0 Dromos, Vols 1717-- 18, December (1983),(1983), pp. . 2020.. 107107 AgapitidisAgapitidis,, ''PlithismiakesPlithismiakes exelixis sta DodekanisaDodekanisa'' p. 6666.. ('. . .. apeteliapeti:li tintin teleftean diexodon ton nisioton alia ke to proton stadion tou afellinismouafe!!inismou ton nisonnison'.)' .) 108 Emmanuil Kariotis 'Ta Dimosia erga ton Halon!talon is tin Dodekanison', DodekanisioDodekanisios,s, A', 5 (1957)(1957), p. 56.. 109 Istoriaistoria tis ROdouRodou,, p. 560 110110 Antonis Stergalas,, OT.OT, 4 SeptemberSeptember 1990. tilIII JoannisJoannis PetalasPetalas, aT,OT, 10 October 19901990.. 11211 2 PhiliposPhilipos Sofos,Sofas, aT,OT, 22 August 19901990.. 111313 Stamatis AthanasiadisAthanasiadis,, OT, 28 October 1990.1990. I114 I4 KalliroiKalliroi DimitriadisDimitriadis,, OTOT,, 21 AprilApri! I9921992.. 11511 5 Kalliroi Dimitriadis,Dimitriadis, aT,OT, 21 April I9921992.. 11I 166 Mehmet Meerzam,Meerzam, OT,, 3 August I990.1990. 11711 7 Stamatis Athanasiadis, OTOT,, 28 October I1 990. 11811 8 Of coursecourse,, both regimesregimes employemployeded other strategies to nullify domesticdomestic oppositionopposition,, particularly through the use of terror. CfCr.. Peukert,Peukert, Inside NaNazizi GermanyGermany,, chch.. I11. I. For the effects of the ''atomisationatomisation' of GermanGennan society and the withdrawal into private life, see ibidibid.,., ch. 1313.. 119119 HerbertHerbert, op. cit, p. 102. See also PasseriniPasserini's's 'Work'Work,, IdeologyIdeology and WorkingWorking Class Attitudes to FascismFascism'',, in Paul Thompson and Natasha Burchard!Burchardt (eds),, Our Common HistoryHistory:: The TransformationTransformalion of Europe (New(New Jersey,Jersey, 1982)1982),, pp. . 61. 120 Edward Banfield,Banfield, The Moral Basis of a Backward SocietSocietyy (Glencoe, Illinois, 1958)1958)., p. 65. 121 The termtenn ''IIaa miseria'' is a centcentralral theme of BanfieldBanfield's's dated classic, op. citcit,, pp. 63- 7. A study of the plight of the peasantry of Kos is given in Zarakas,Zarakas, op. cit. 122122 Carlo Levi, Christ StoppedSlOpped at EholiEboli (London(London,, 1963)1963),, p. 7676.. 123123 Epaminondas Diamandaras, OTOT,, 17 October 19901990.. 124 Lefteris of Leros,, OTOT,, 18 October 19901990.. 125 Cesare VannutelliVannutclli,, 'The'The LivingLiving Standards ofltalian WorkersWorkers 1929- 1939', in Roland Sarti (ed(ed..),), TheThe Ax Within: Italian FasFascismcism inin Action (N(Newew York, 1974)1974),, p. 159.159. Notes 227
126 Joannisloannis Petalas,Pela1as, OT,OT, 10 October 19901990.. 127 See Ghirardo, op. cit, p. 98.98. 128 Agapitidis, 'Plithismiakes'Plithismiakes exelixis sta Dodekanisa',Dodekanisa·. p. 66. 129129 MehmetMehmet MeeMeerzam,rzam, OT, 3 August 19901990.. 130 loannisroannis Petalas, OT,OT, 10to October 11990.990. 131 Stamatis Athanasiadis, OT, 28 October 1990. 132 Lefteris of Leros, OT,QT, 18 November 1990.1m.
ITITALIANALlAN COLONIALISM,COLONIALISM, ITITALIANALlAN CHARACTER
1I NicholasNicholas Thomas, Colonialism'sOJ/onin/ism's Culture:Culture: Anthropology,Anthropology. Travel and Government (Melbourne,(Melbourne, 1994), p. 15.IS. 22 A good discussion of thethe myth of Italians as 'brava'brava gente' can be found in Mia Fuller, op. cit. 3 SteinbergSteinberg,, opop.. cit,ci t, p. 170.170. 4 Ibid.,Ibid., p. 180. 5 Sbacchi,Sbacchi, op. cit, p. 170.170. 6 Robert L. Hess,Hess, ItalianItalinn Colonialism in SomaliaSomalia (Chicago, 1966),1966), pp. 1188-988-9. 7 Luigi Preti,Preti, 'Fascist Imperialism and Racism',Racism', in Roland Sarti (ed(ed..), op. citcit,, p.p. 1191.91. 8 GiorgioGiorgio Rochat,Rochat. II colaninlismocolonialismo italianoitaliano (Turin,(Turin, 1974), pp. 222- 3. 9 Steinberg, op. cit, pp. 8-9. 10 Gerald Hanley,Hanley, WarriorsWarriors and Strangers (London, 1971), pp.pp. 50SO and 212212-- 13.13. HanlHanley'sey's impressions of Italian and British colonial rule are moremore extensively conveyed in his novel The Consul at Sunset (London, 1951)1951).. 1I1 I James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts ofResistance: Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, Conn.,Cono., 1990), pp. 12 and 45. 12 David Caute,Caute, Fanon (Fontana, 1970), p. 12. Cf. William Montgomery Watt, Muslim-ChristianMuslim-Chriftian Encounters: Perceptions and Misconceptions (London, 1991),1991), pp. 1123-4.21-4. 13 Cf.Cr. Hanley, The Consul at Sunset, pp. 44--5.44-5. I14 4 Scott,Scott, opop.. cit,cit, p. III 1.. Scott describes what the protagonists said amamongong themselves 'off-stag'off-stage'e' as the 'hidden'hidden transcript'. 15IS Cf. IrmaInna Taddia, 'II Silenzio dei Colonizzati e il LavoroLavoro dellodelle Storico', pp.pp. 511-12511 - 12. 16 Cf. Sbacchi, op.op. cit,, p. 169169-70.- 70. 17 E.g. Sir Malcolm Darling, ApprenticeApprentice to Power: IndiaIndia 1904-19081904- /908 (London(London,, 1966)1966),, p. 66. 18 Hanley, The Consul at Sunset,Sunset, p. 44.44. 19 Paul Fussell, Wartime:Wartime: Understanding and Behaviour inill thethe SecondSecond WorldWorld War (New York, 1989), p. 123. See also Mazower,Mazower, InsideInside Hitler:1·Hit/er's GreeceGreece., p. 14146.6. 20 Kostas Toutoulis, OT,QT, 5 November 11990.990. 21 Ioannis Alahiotis,A1ahiotis, OT,QT, I August 1990.1990. 22 Anna of Simi, QT,OT, 29 January 11992.992. 23 Sevasti Kortesi, OTQT,, 22 August 1990. 24 Kalliope Harapas,Harapas, OT,QT, 3J August 1992. 228 Myth and MemoryMemory in theIhe Mediterranean
25 Diocese of Kos alldand Nisyros Archives, Codex LA'LA',, n. 28 26 Anna of Simi, OT, 29 January 1992. 27 Loizos Loizou, OTQT,, 10 August; 29 September 1990 28 Sophia Paskalis, QT,OT, 6 September 1990. 29 For AegeanAegean Island variations, see BernardBernard Vernier, ''Putting kin and kinship to good use: thethc circulation of goods.goods, labour,labour. and names on Karpathos (Greece)',(Greece)" in Hans Medick and David Warren SabeanSabcan (eds),(cds). InterestTmerest and Emotion:Emotion: Essays on the Study ofo[ FamilyFamily ondand Kinship (Cambridge, 1984)1984),, p. 69, n. 9. 30 Cf. Paul SantSan! Cassia with ConstantinaConstantina Bada, The Making of the ModernModern Greek Family:Family: Marriage and Exchange in Nineteenth Century Athens (Cambridge,(Camhridge, 1992),1992), pp. 1195--{595-6.. 31 Giorgos KastrounisKastrounis,, OT, 25 October 19901990;; AnastasiosAnastisios M. KaranastaKaranaslavsis, vsis, H zevgtidesze~gtides tis Ko ·--I zofzoi ke i asholies tis (Athens, 1952), p. 255. 32 Giorgos Kastrounis, OTQT,, 25 October 19921992.. 3333 Giorgos SakellaridisSakellaridis,, OTQT,, 27 September 19921992.. 34 Stamatis Athansiadis,Athansiadis, QT,OT, 28 October 1990. 35 Joannisloannis Alahiotis, OT,QT, II August 1990. 36 Kalliroi Dimitriadis, OT,QT, 21 April 1992.. 37 MikhailMikhail MihalandosMihalandos,, OT,QT, 3 February 1992. 38 Michael Herzfeld, ''LaLa Pratique des sten!otypes',stereotypes', L'L 'Homme,Homme. 121 (1992), pp. 647- 77. 39 JoannisIoannis Alahiotis,Alahiotis, QT,OT, I August 1990. 40 Ibid.Ibid. 41 Gabriel Kosaris, OT, 8 August 1990;1990: Sophia Paskalis,Paskalis, OT, 6 September 1990. 42 Sbacchi, op. cit, p. 241. 43 ChristoforosChristoforos Fournaris, OT, 6 August 1990. 44 Archondoula Kanaris, OT,QT, 19 September 1990. 45 E.g. Kalliroi Dimitriadis,Dimitriadi~, OT, 21 April 19S-19~2;2; Stamatis Athansiadis, OTOT,, 28 October 1990.1990. 46 Pantelis Tripo1itis,Tripolitis, OT 3 November 1990. Despite these social prejudices, the GreekGreek OrthodoxOrthodox population generally did not support GermanGennan policy towards the Jews,Jews, and many actively assisted fugitive Jews.Jews. SecSee Mazower, Inside Hitler'sHitler 's Greece, eh.ch. 19,19, pp. 235- 61. See also Steinberg, op. cit, p. 215215.. 47 Mikhail Mihalandos,Mihalandos. QT,OT, 3 February 1992. 48 Gabriel Kosaris, OT,, 8 August 1990.1990. 49 Basil Galettis,Galetlis, OTQT,, 9 February 1990. 50 Basil Galettis, OT,QT, 9 February 19901990.. 51 GabrieGabriell Kosaris,, OT, 8 August 1990.1990. 52 Epaminondas Diamandaras, OT, 17 October 1990. 53 c.r.C.f. Euthymios Papataxiarchis, 'Friends'Friends of the Heart:Heart: Male CommensalCommensal Solidarity,Solidarity. Gender and Kinship in Modern GreeceGreece'.', in Peter Loizosloizos and Euthymios Papataxiarchis (eds},(cds), Contested Identities:Identities: Gender and Kinship in Modern GreeceGreece (Princeton, New Jersey, 19911991), ), p. J172. 72. See also Herzfeld,Her;o:feld, A Place in HistoryHislory,. p. 66. 54 Kalliroi DimitriadisDimitriadis,, OT,QT, 21 April 1992. NolesNotes 229
55 E.g.. Antonis Stergalas, OTQT,, 4 August 1990; PantelisPantclis Tripolitis,Tripolitis. QT.OT, I1 NovemberNovember 19921992;; Archondoula KanarisKanaris,, OTQT,, 19 SeptemberSeptember 1990; Kalliope Harapas, OT,QT, 3 August 1992. 56 Christoforos FournarisFournaris,, OT,QT, 6 August 1990. 57 Giorgos Valsamis,Va1samis, OT,QT, 17 October 1990. 58 Mussolini 's's Roman Empire,Empire. p. 119.119 . 59 Kostas Toutoulis, OT,QT, 5 November 19901990.. 60 E.g. StamatisSlamalis Athanasiadis,Athanasiadis. OT,QT, 28 October 1990; Kostas ToutoulisTouloulis,, OT,QT, 5 November 1990; Christoforos Fournaris,Fournaris. OT,QT, 6 August 1990.1990. 616 1 Giorgos Sakellaridis,Sake!laridis, QT,OT, 27 September 1992. 62 «<
EPILOGUE: AFfERAFTER THE 'REDEMPTION'
Nikolaos Plastiras was a liberal anti-royalist who led the National Centre Progressive Union after the Civil War, and who advocated leniency towards the Communists. A useful short portrait is provided in Clogg's A Concise History of Greece, pppp.. 222- 3. 2 Gabriel Kosaris, OT,QT, 8 August 19901990.. 3 Kalliroi Dimitriadis, OT, 21 April 1992. 4 RogerRoger E. Kasperson, The DodecaneseDodecanese:: UnityUnilY and Diversity in Island Politics,Politics. Department of Geography Research Paper No. 108 (Chicago, 1966), p. 82. 5 Agapitidis, 'Plithismiakes'Plithismiakes exelixis staSla DodekcinisaDodekaniu'',, p. 12. 6 Mehmet Meerzam, OT,QT, 3 August 1990.1990. 7 CharmianChannian Clift, Mermaid Singing (Sydney(Sydney,, 1958), pp. 7777- 8. Select Bibliography
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Africa, 5-6,5-6,42,45,125-6, 42, 45, 125--6, 1136,36,159, 159, administration iri the DodecaneseDodecanese 164,164,165 165 (1945-47) 4242-- 9, 59, 128,128, 129 Africans in DodecanDodecanese,ese, 27- 8 in international diplomacy,diplomacy, 34--6,34-6, Agapitidis, Sotiris, 115252 39-4139-41 AlexandriaAlexandria, 19,19, 38,JR , 102 perceptions of British Ameglio,Ameglio. Giovanni, 31,31 ,36, 36, 42 colonisers, 5, 126126,, 164,164, 165,165, Anatolia,Anatolia, Asia Minor,Minor, 14-15 14-15,, 1818,19,, 19, 190,190, 194-6,227 23,25,31,32,23,25,31, 32,37,40,46,58, 37,40,46, 58,106,106, 151577 Cairo, 19 Aosta, Duke AmadeoAmadeo of, 126-7, 222 Canada, 200 Apostolos Kavakopoulos,Kavakopou]os, Bishop of Casavis, IakovosIakovos,, 102- 3, 220 Kalymnos,Kalymnos, Leros and Chanak Crisis (1922)(1922),, 40 Astypalea, 54, 6868-9,- 9, 72 Chios, 16 Apostolos Trifonos, Bishop of Churchill,Churchill, Winston, 57,57,215 215 Rhodes,Rhodes, 39, 40,, 53, 54, 108108 Clemenceau,, Georges, 40,40, 106 archaeology,archaeology, 36-7,36-7,50- 50-1,1,138 138-9- 9 CliftClift,, Charmian,, 201 architecture, 150-4150-4,, 226 collaboration, see attendismoaltendismo Arendt,Arendt, HannahHannah,, 164, 176 collective memory,memory, see memory ArgaiArgai,, Abebe,Abebe, 112727 Colonels, Greek military junta assimilation, see ItalianItalian socialisation (1967(1967- 74), 74), 132,187,199,200,132, 187, 199, 200, programmesprogrammes 223 AsAstypaleatypaJea,, 15,15, 19,,29,3 29, 31,1,45, 45, 191 civiccivic order, 44, 128-39,128- 39, 141-4 Athens,Athens, 38-938-9,, 94,102,104,112,150,94, 102, 104, 112, 150, local government, 25--6,25-6, 28-32, 157157,, 173173 63-5,6763- 5,67,82, 82-3,- 3, 104-6,11104--6, 1122---13, attendismo, 61,61,109, 109, 1l119-249- 24 209, 223 Australia, 9, 10,10,37,201 37, 201 benefaction, 22, 24, 95, 208 Constantinople (Istanbul),(Istanbul), 19,20,19, 20, Badoglio,Badoglio, Pietro, 57 24, 26, 221 BalboBalbo,, ltalo,Italo, 4848-- 9, 126, 126, 127 Patriarch(-ate),Patriarch(-ate), 52-452-4,, 60, 6767,, 72,72, Balilla, 56, 101088,, 114 90,90,109 109 BanfieldBanfield,, Edward,, 157, 226 CCrete,rete, 16,16,20 20,,27, 27, 106,106, 1]9,139, 198198 bella figura, see ItalItalianian Curzon, George NathanielNathaniel,, 41 occupation Cyclades, 15, 18 Bertola, AmaldoArna1do, 53 Cyprus, 16,16,42,53,194 42, 53, 194 Betts,Betts, Raymond, 48-948- 9 Bloody Easter,Easter, Paradisi, Rhodes Davis, Natalie Zemon,Zemon, 134134 (1919), 39-40,39-40,104 104 Del BoBoca,ca, AngeloAngelo,,S, 5, 14143-4,3-4, 165 BoothsBooths,, IsabelleIsabelle and C.D.,C.O ., 42,42, 45, De Vecchi,, CesareCesare Maria,Maria, 4343,45,51, 45, 51,, 135 5555-- 7,7,62,107 62, 107- 8,119,8, 119, 125,125, 126, Bosworth,Bosworth, Richard, 34,34,41, 41, 127127,175,186-90, 175, 186-90 212 governorship., 80, 82, 84-9, 99 BordeauxBordeaux,, 18 demarchia, see civic order Braude!, Fernand, 16-17 disemia, 3838,62,, 62, 12123,3, 145,145, 149, BritainBritain,, 44,44, 45,, 57,57, 1166-866-8,, 194--6194-6 171711-- 3
238 IndexIndex 239 dissent,, 3, 32, 38- 9, 54, 56, 63-6,63-..-6, Fanon, FranzFranz,, 166166,, 196-7196-7 69, 75-6, 78-9, 9090-2,- 2, 102- 3, FascismFascism,, Fascists, 2, S-5-6,6, 44,, 48, 50, 107- 22,, 183-4,183-4, 222222;; see also 56, 101101,111,118,122,132,142,' 111, 118, 122, 132, 142, popular nationalism 156,156, 158, 161 161,, 165 of 'Great Patriots',Patriots', see anti-Fascismanti-Fascism,, 12~1120--1,. 183183,222, 222 nationalism,nationalism, patriotic elites Dodecanesian perceptions,perceptions. 151.151 , of petty bourgeois morfomenimor[omeni,, see 183, 185185-- 90 nationalism, patriotic elites 'Fascist'Fascist rule',', 4,4,9 9,, 2525,, 35, 55, 82, subtle forms of, 120--1,12~1. 122- 3, 84-5, 127,, 167 182182- 3,3,222; 222; see also attendismoaltendismo Frangopoulos, Ippokratis,Ippokratis, 37, Dodecanese, status of, 4-5, 15,4115, 41,, 69, 76 45, 204 geography and demographydemography,, German Occupation (1943-45), 1,I, 14-1714-17,, 2323,26-7, 26-7,,38,2 38, 200,00,215 215 57- 9, 154, 171-2, 171-2, 180, 19119 1,, 196, 196, Drakakis, Gerasimos,Gerasimos, I1 00 22922' Durkheim, Emile,, 8 Dodecanesian perceptions,perceptions, 101,10 1, 164,164, 166,166,175,176,192-4 175, 176, 192-4 economic lifelife,, 22, 57- 8, see also treatment of Dodecanesian ItalianItalian occupation, colonial Jewry,Jewry, 2828,57,, 57, 180180,228, 228 developmentdevelopment treatment of pro-Badoglio agriculture, 2~2.20--2,24-5, 24-5, 4949,, 139, Italians, 58, 119191 177177- 8,8,200,207,226 200, 207, 226 Germanos MonioudisMonioudis,, Bishop of employment, 92-4;92-4; and Karpathos and KasosKasos,, 40,40, 53 normalcy, 156-61 Germany: Nazi Germany,, 5858,156;, 156; forestation,, 135 West Germany,Germany, 200 maritime transport, 18- 19,3, 37,7,207 207 Greece,Greece, GreeksGreeks,, 1,1,7 7,, 10, 14 14,, 1919,24, 24,, sponge fishing,, 17- 18,18,23-4,25, 23-4, 25, 28,28,30-1,36,38-40,52,56,58, 3~1. 36, 38-40, 52, 56, 58, 26,3726, 37- 8,8,64,156-7,200 64, 156-7, 200 59, 60, 68,, 85, 88, 89 89,, 90, 104104,, tourismtourism,, 2323,51, 51- 2, 133,133, 146,, 198 106, 116, 119119,, 122, 129129,, 130, education,education, 2222,24,26,29,30,37,43,, 24, 26, 29, 30, 37, 43, 136-7136-7,, 154-5154-5 48,48, 56, 58 58,, 82,82, 92- 5, 170 Greek administration,administration, 135, 136, and assimilation, 8282-5- 5 137,137, 138138,198, 198-201,- 201,224 224 and class 24-524-5,91,94-6,, 91, 94-6, 105lOS,, 157,157, Greek identityidentity,, 26-7,26-7,81,88 81, 88-9- 9;; see 186,186,2 21919 also nationalism, popularpopular patriotic purpose of, 85-9,90,85-9, 90, 9595,, vis-a-vis Europe, 6-7,66-7, 611-- 2,2,145, 145, 96,96,99, 99, 119119-- 20, 122-4 146,146, 161,161,185 185,,2 22525 Eley, Geoff, 6 vis-a-vis ItaliansItalians,, 7, 168168,, 181,18 1, 184,184, EisenhowerEisenhower,, Dwight D., 57 197 EthiopiaEthiopia,, 2, 5,42,5, 42, 101,101, 117117,, 127, parochial, 17,17, 19,19,27,75- 27, 75- 7, 143-4143-4,, 165,165, 167,167,226 226 96, 115,liS, 145-6, 149,149, 153153,, Egypt, 18,18, 19,19,37,46,5 37, 46, 51,1,52,57,58, 52, 57, 58, 155ISS,, 173 109,109, 116 Greek Orthodox Church, 71,71,73,77, 73, 77, EritreaEritrea,, 2, 31 7979,, 108- 9, 129, 140, 142, 170, Euboea, 209 212,212,2 21414 Autokephalo, 52- 5,5,67 67- 79 FentressFentress,, JamesJames,, 10 Dodecanese, 29, 53- 5, 68- 9, 77, Franco-Levantines,Franco.Levantines, 28 84-5, 154 Fraser, RonaldRonald,, 1~1110--11 Grey,Grey, Edward,, 34, 105lOS,, 106 FieldhouseFieldhouse,, O.KD.K.,., 136 GuerinGuerin,, Victor,Victor, 21, 21,25 25 240 Index
Halki, 14,14, 17-19,1 7~ 1 9, 29, 211 Jews, 26--9,26-9,57,58, 57, 58, 164-5, 180, 192,192, Hanley, Gerald, 166, 168168,227, 227 228 Hatzivasiliou,Hatzivasiliou, Vasitis,Vasilis, 100100,, 107]07 lubaland,Jubaland, 441 1 Herbert,, UUlrich,lrich, I1 56 Herzfeld,Herzfeld, MichaelMichael,, 62, 78-9,78- 9, 205, KalamataKalamata., 143 223,223,225,229 225, 229 Kalymnos, 8,8,12, 12, 14,14. 15,IS, 16,16, Hess, Robert L., 165 1177,, 18,18. I19 9,,23,25,28,2 23, 25, 28, 29,9, historiography, 6,6,60, 60, I156, 56, I163-4, 63--4, 32, 37-8,37- 8, 43,43, 44, 54-5,54--5. 218,218,229 229 103,103, 115liS, 119, 112020-1,- 1, history from below, I,1,4,6-10, 4, 6--10, 131,131,142,152,155,169.17 142, 152, 155, 169, 171,1, 127127-8,- 8, 156, 163--4,163-4, 167 I)76,200,201 76, 200, 201 on Italian colonialism, 5-6,5-6,126-7, 126--7, Rock War, 66--80,66-80,96-8, 96--8, 107,107,216, 216, 222, 165165-6-6 222 local Greek, 2-4,2--4, 8-9,8- 9, 11- 1313,, 32, Kapella, Themelina, 75 37,66,37,66,72 72- 3,873, 87-8,-8,97 97-100,-100, Karamanlis, KonstantinosKonstantinos,, 107,107,152, 152, 159, 171, 198,198,205, 205, 199, 200 211,216,220-1,226 Karanastasis, Anastasios, 172172 Hobsbawm, Eric J., 81 KaranastasisKaranastasis,, Heracles,Heracles, 93--4,93-4, 95-69~ HrochHroch,, Miroslav,Miroslav, 82,82,91 91-2- 2 Kariotis,Kariotis, Emmanuel, 152 KarpathosKarpathos,, 14,14,15 15,, 16,16.18 18,, 19,19,22,28, 22, 28, intermarriage,intermarriage, see women and Italian 29, 33, 43,43. 45,45. 64-5, 105,lOS, 110, menmoo 135,135. 200 los, 219 village of Olymbos,Olymbos, 64-6, 11I I Italian occupation (19(1912-43)12--43) Kasos, 1144,, 18,18,28,29,37, 28, 29, 37, 103,\03, 114, administration, 2, 10, 15I S,, 28, 31, 221111 32,11, 35-6, 41--4,41-4, 57-9, 125,125, Kastellorizo, 8,8,14, 14, 15,15,16.17, 16, 17, 1818,19,, 19, 132--43,132-43,211,226 211, 226 26,26,27,28,29,31.37,38,63--4, 27, 28, 29, 31, 37, 38, 63--4, bellafigura,heflafigura, 137, 150-2150--2 66,66,74, 74, 103, I 117, 17, 141,141 , 149149,, 152,152, 'civilising'civilising mission', 47-47- 52, 125125--6,-6, 172,172,183, 183, 185185 136, 161-2161 - 2 Kitto, H.D.F., 92 development programmes, 41,41 , Kos, 8, 12, 1414,, 15,IS, 16, 17, 46--52,46-52,119, 119, 125-8125-8,, 143-62143-- Lago, Mario 3,3,42 42-3,- 3,47,48 47, 48-9,- 9, women's memories, see women 51-2,51- 2,53-6,80,82-4,89, 53-6, 80, 82-4, 89, 107107,, and ItalianItalian men 110, 1125-6,25-6, 142,142,15 151,1,153,156, 153, 156, Metaxas,Meta.x.as, Ioannis,Joannis, 187187 183,183,ISS 188- 909O Mihailidis-Nouarou, M., 87 LareooLarebo,, Haile, 5 mar/omeni,morfomlmi, see education, patriotic Lausanne, Treaty of Lausanne at purpose; nationanationalism,li sm, patriotic OuchyDuchy (1912), 32,32,34 34 elitesehtes Treaty of (1923), 41,42,52,106-741, 42, 52, 106-7 Muslims, see Turks Lenzi, Alfredo, 4747-8- S Mussolini, Benito 5,5,44,56,57, 44, 56, 57, 122, Leros, 14, 16, 17, 19,19,24, 24, 28,2S, 29, 43,43, 125,125,126,132,145,162,177,182, 126, 132, 145, 162, 177, 182, 44,44, 45, 48,4S, 50, 54, 57, 68,6S, 69, 85,S5, 183,IS3, 186, 187IS7,, 1190,90, 201 99, 105,105, 114, 138, 144,144, 145-6, Myres, J.L.J.L.,, 33, 135,135,206 206 149,149,151, 151, 157-8,I 57- S, 161,161 , 168,16S, 184, 186 nationalism I,1,32,59,63,68,79,173, 32, 59, 63, 68, 79, 173, villages: Agia Marina, 161 ; 182, 198, 206, see also dissent Alinda, 184; Lakki, 45, 114,11 4, Greek nationalist ideology, 11-13,- 13, 144, 145- 6, 161 60- 2,2,72,96-103 72, 96-103,, 216 Lewis, M.M.l.,I., 222 and history-writing, 3, 7, 66, 72-4, Levant, 18,IS, 20, 44-5, 47-8, 52, 1157,57, 87-9,87- 9, 100-3,100--3, 152,152, see also 161 historiography,historiography, local GrGreekeek Levi, Carlo, 157 and local history, see Libya 2,2,5,3 5, 31,1,32,34-5,37,42,45, 32, 34-5, 37, 42, 45, historiographyhistoriography,, local Greek 46, 126,126, 177177 Megali Idea, 30-1, 106, 198-9- 9 Lloyd George, David, 4040,, 106 patriotic elites:elites: 'Great London, 18,IS,41 41 Patriots', 24,24,90-2,95 90-2, 95-107,- 107, London, Treaty ofof(l9 (1915),15), 383S 222; petty bourgeois,bourgeois. 107-24;107- 24; Lowenthal, DavidDavid,, 134134 and folklore studies, 219 Lyautey, Hubert, 126126,225, 225 popular, 56,56,62,82 62, 82-9,- 9,90 90 proto-nationalism, 66,66, 80-2 MacDonaldMacDonald,, Ramsay, 41 New York, 19 Meditarraneo (1991(1991 film), 167 Nisyros, 14, 19, 28, 29, 119, 131-2,- 2, Mack Smith, Denis, 5, 4S,48, 126,126, 143,143, 157157,200, 200 162 nostalgia, see memory Markoglou, Alekos,A1ekos, 87 marriage, see women and Italian men Odessa, 19 MazowerMazower,, Mark, 193,193,229 229 oral history, see historiographyhistoriography,, Megali IdeaIdea,, see nationalism history from below:below: memory memory, 11,,2,4,6-13,19,36,38,55, 2, 4, 6-13, 19, 36, 38, 55, organicorganic intellectuals,intellectuals, 108,lOS, 59,59,60,73 60, 73,, 78,78, 89, 129,129,130, 130, 140, see also nationalismnationalism,, 164,164, 198 patriotic elites; teachers as male memories, 74-6, 168-9,- 9, community leadersleaders 172-3,172- 3, 182-4182-4 Ottoman rule, Ottoman EmpireEmpire,, memory as an historical source, 115,5, 18,20,22, 20,22-31,- 31,32 32,, 37, 6-11.60-2,134,156-76- 11,60-2, 134, 156-7 42,42,43,46,48, 43, 46, 48, 50, 63, 77-8, nostalgia, 10, 14 14,, 20, 22, 25, 88,8S, 129129,, 130 130,, 139139,, 147,147, 38, 1124,24, 127127,, 128, 132- 5, 209,209,21O,212,21S, 210, 212, 218, 136-9, 155,155, 158158-62,-62, 164, 219219 169-70,- 70, 171171-2,- 2, 176-7176-7,, 181-4, image, 41,41,48, 48, 125,125, 130, 197,224197, 224 139, 149 242 Index PapachristodoulouPapachrislodouloll,, Samos, 14 Christodoulos, 37, 152 Sardinia, 16 Papadopoulos, Giorgos,Giorgos, 199 Sbacchi,, Alberto, 127, 165-7,- 7, Papaioannou,Papaioannou. Aposto!os,Apostolos, 85, 108- 9, 177-8177- 8 221 Scott,, James C.,C, 167,167,227 227 Papandreou, Giorgos, 199,200, 200 secretsecrel school, see nationalism, ParisParis,, as symbol of modernity,modernity, 145 popular ParisParis Peace Conferences, 38- 9 Selassie, Haile,, 127,, 144,144,222 222 PasserinPasserini,i, LuisaLuisa,, 4, 6, 8, 221, 223 Sevrcs,Sevrcs. Treaty of (1920),(1920), 40, 109 Patmos,Palmos, 14,14,19,22,28 19, 22, 28,,29,3 29, 311 sex-relations, 168-74,, 193-4,193-4,229, 229, PiraeusPiraeus,, 1414,, 19 see also women and Italian Plastiras, Nikolaos, 230 menmoo Preti, LuigiLuigi,, 165 Sicily, 16 Privileged Islands, 15-20, 2424,, 27,27, Simi, 1414,15,16,17, 15, 16, 17,, 18 18,19,23,25,, 19, 23, 25, 28-9,28- 9, 30, 206 26, 28, 29, 32,, 37- 8, 43, 54,54,64, 64, public memory,memory. see memory 66,74,93,66, 74, 93, 115,115,131,152 131, 152,, 175, 180-1,180-1,200 200 resistanceresistance,, see dissent Smuts, Jan, 215 Rhodes, 8, 14, 15, 16,16, 17,17 ,20-2,27, 20-2, 27, Smyrna, 19,19,20,24 20, 24 28,28,29,40 29, 40,, 44, 45, 46,46, 47-8,- 8, 5858,, social memory, see memory 86,87,99,86, 87, 99, 104, 105, 108- 9, 114,114, Somalia, 2.2,41,1256,165,166 41 , 125- 6, 165, 166 125,125,130,1)5,138,142,144,145, 130, 135, 138, 142, 144, 145, South Africa, 19 146146,, 1173-473-4,, 180180 sponges, see economic life Rhodes Town, 11,11,20,26,27,28, 20, 26, 27, 28, Starn, Randolph, 134 32, 36-7, 4343,, 46,46, 50-2, 53, 56, SteinbergSteinberg,, JonathanJonathan,, 136136,, 150150,, 59,59,93,95, 93, 95, 139,139, 148- 9, 150-1150-1,, 1164--564-5,, 224 153153,, 155,200,206, 200, 206 Suetonius,Suelonius, 21 villages: Archangelos, 115;115; Sydney, 9-109- 10 AsklepionAsklepion,, 148;148; Embona, 111;Ill; GennadiGennadi,, 79, TandonTandon,, Prakash, 128, 129129 1104;04; Kastelou,Kastelou, 28; teachers,teachers, 56,56,83-4,85,87.93, 83-4, 85, 87, 93, Kattavia, 11311 3-14;-14; 110-19110- \9,, 121-3,22112 1- 3,221 LindosLindos,, 28, 188188;; Paradisi, 39, as community leaders,leaders, 70,70,72, 72, 89, 148;148; Peveragno, 47,48;47, 48; 94, 108- 11, 112-13,112- 13, 116, 116, Psinthos,Psinlhos, 31 121-412 1-4 RochatRochat,, GiorgioGiorgio,, 165 ThomThomas,as, Nicholas, 163 Rock WarWar,, see KalymnosKa1ymnos Thomas Cook (travel agency), 51 Rome, 34,34,42,46,47,50,136, 42, 46, 47, 50, 136, 142,142, TilosTilos,, 14, 19,19, 29, 200 157 Tittoni-VenizclosTittoni-Venizelos Accord (1919),(19 19), 40 symbolic significance of, 35,35,48, 48, TravisTravis,, WWilliam,illiam, 26 5(}-1'50-1,15 151,1,226 226 Trieste, 20 RussiaRussia,, 39 Turkey, 40,40,68,118,194 68, 118, 194, 196 Turks,Turks, Dodecanesian Muslims, 17, StSI JeanJean de MaurienneMaurienne,, agreement of 26--7,7,208 208 (1917),(1917), 38 Greek perceptions of,of. 1212-- 13, 13,32 32 St John, Knights of Young TurksTurks,, 26-7 (Hospitallers),(Hospitallers), 27,27,48,51,151 48, 51, 151 Sakellaridis, GiorgosGiorgos,, 119- 24,24,222 222 United Nations, 59, 194194,, 195 Sakellaridis, Kosatas, 131 United States,State~, 119,9, 92, 200 Index 243 Venezia Guilia,, 82 women Venizelos,Venizelos, Eleftherios,, 39-40, and Italian men, 65,7665, 76--7,7,169 169-- 71,71 , 105,105 , 101077 172, 174 Verne,Verne, JulesJules,, 22- 3 womenwomen's's protests, 63-- 5, 69--- 72,72, Victor EmannuelEmannuel III, 73- 8,75,2168, 75, 216 145 VirgVirgilil,, 21 Yapp, MalcolmMalcolm,, 29 Wickam,Wickam, ChrisChris,, 10 Zervos, JoannisIoannis,, 97 WehrmachtWehnnacht,, 57,, 191, 193-4193-4 Zervos, Skevos, 39, 102- 3, 220 ZwedeZwede,, Bahru, 222