Basidiomycota Ascomycota Dikarya

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Basidiomycota Ascomycota Dikarya s i d i e t t a e e e b a s a a e v o a i l h s c e r a e s s a s e a c i e i a m d a d c s a ) a i t o i s l i r u n n l o i v l t i t t u n a s u i a a i n o u a t i u o i l i t y n x d e ) i i n t a i i l m e n o i s r i r ) d n u r t n i a h d e b r g i a s s n n n r a i e u d m o l z t l a m a t i i i e a s r i r i l t c t y n y r s m p i e r u r t u c i r e r i e l s a n p a c u a f s n s i o r u e a r m i e y e l l o u i u i m b l c a m H a a e n s a t n p m t o u p t e z t l n e h s i e t l m a i s s a g i o c t y s y u o n d s n o v a p e c s i o u s i a o u r l m a i i o l r u a L i c o e e a n i c u t a l n m u l r h m t c p e b c v o n s i s v t c n r i r e r r a i i m c r o l d n a i s s t . g m a n a a o e u h t p t d c t a r m t s i e r w l a i a m y c a c m e m a m c l n s i y s u s s a a t o s o l l u s a r p i e u i a y m o y g o n i C m p l s a n n s r a a o c t l m c o h p C i i t e i m a l l r r m s a u u u f m s a d a a u i - u a p L e r r n a s s t l s u . p i ( s a p a h u a i s l d d a l r i s u e r C e e e u c c l s i n a r a r o t l I u l c s a m s e l s d s s d i g s i n s i y m u l s e e o o u h r s l u i a l m a n a c i i i n l s o s s g l i i a a n r c u a l i a i p e l s g r a y l s l n b a i i c v a s o h m o m s d q a s a u a o r s a a b b a l i s r l e u s i u s s u a s s s s a w l n c s s i c u m c p u C r m o u s o d b a y s a o u e s r l l s u o m s s y g l d o s e l s a m i u l l o i a r u y s i l t a i a z s r n o o o y a x a d i h u n y r c h a e r i s a l u ( l e a a n s i r m p u b p s t l l l i o a l r h i u i i s p a i u r u y o r s s a n r l u o i i n a u p p u a o t a u i a l e o o i l e o i e s i o s u m g n l r t u a e i t a e l l e l n h a u a o i m u s d o l i a u l r u s h e i i l d s a e i p n u e p m i i l i l i r r e h s l p t a c O a o d l s u l r l m i l d m h h s i a l l o o o i s i s b e m m l u l l e i s a s a l a i a o o l p s e e g a c f l s o l s p l i r n h h l r a l r z h a o r r u o a r a h n r c o p o o b a m t c n ( s s m e l s d g l b a n m c e h u i l o o m r l e l i p b r n i i m i b a e r z l p r a g m a i u p r o u e r l a n p p r n a o i u b r n o b i o g n e a m t e b r c s p u e o o o h a e u o r l e c m y l u e o u l l p u a l e e t p m s d d a r n u d o o l u i i u t r i i u i h i r a m l a h o y a e a i u p a y a h o o p m o a e r p s h a y h h r a n p l o a y i i h o n y o r e o n c e o r i u u y o l g e o e y n e l p b l l y e p t a u o a e t s e h u c i i n o o z r c e e s y a a e p o a t r d s t g g s o o u a i i o e l n o t c l a t l o b h i u u a t u o n n n d p i n s l e a o l a l a t u t a c o n n h c n r e h o i e s o i u r u u b c c i t e l t o u c i t l l t s i c l t t o e n l i a i m o t h h h i n t c t i l o i i i i t b d l h p p d o p l i p a r c c i r o a c t i i m d m p c a n o b r p n l o r n r s e v v o d o d z i h n i l i c m m p l i i t t i t o e y r h l c o e i a i z r l l l p a a n r a r i s o y a o a m u l e o u i p r r r o e m l m n c l o c l d l r i m p b e m r i c i e o e r n l d i r e l r l e h a r b c p t e c z r r t o t h r s s d m p s d t u i t i l e e o u p l i e m l d a c c i i t o l d u b b h t p c c p t o o a t p i a o c y u p o o m u o e o o e i e o o o o o r a o z o a a a n a i a i e e e i m r b l e e d a y e u o c l l e o m g r e l o i y l m n e o a r y a p e l t c o m l l p p p n r b i l a s t r o y y y y a l a r y l a a s e o l m h u a o r h m o r r o o n r e n t a l a o r i l x l r y i n r n l a a h a o h p h s r u s e x u e n n a e c s a y o m a r r a p g t e l h t a i l p m m h o r r r u r i r t m c p p c c c n e c o h l u e o c a i e o m c t o r r e v i i a i a t u i s l b o s a e a y m y a o y y l a a r l o y h o o o o o r e y y h a h u e e y e l r y c e r a a n s g s o s t h g l u c i o a o e t h i t r o o l u r e o p h g g i l r a y o o r e y y e a G P e a e M P T S H T P H P T H T G S H G R C G P P P A P S T C C H C T D C T F U E P S W E N P S O P M G S G O C A G T P C U M L C C X D C C S G R S B p a a T a u e n y y l l m l e h y R S F F X A M B M C O G M P C L T E N A L C A C L L C L C C P B C C C I H P G S H P A P T H S G R S C G P B P G B X S T L C P P J S R L A B B H H A A L A P C G N P G F S F P C T L a b c 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 P A P X P T H H C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 4 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 e e a Cortinar- e 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 a 2 e 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a A e iaceae c e 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 2 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 c 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 a 3 1 c l a .
Recommended publications
  • Genome Diversity and Evolution in the Budding Yeasts (Saccharomycotina)
    | YEASTBOOK GENOME ORGANIZATION AND INTEGRITY Genome Diversity and Evolution in the Budding Yeasts (Saccharomycotina) Bernard A. Dujon*,†,1 and Edward J. Louis‡,§ *Department Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR3525, 75724-CEDEX15 Paris, France, †University Pierre and Marie Curie UFR927, 75005 Paris, France, ‡Centre for Genetic Architecture of Complex Traits, and xDepartment of Genetics, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1157-3608 (E.J.L.) ABSTRACT Considerable progress in our understanding of yeast genomes and their evolution has been made over the last decade with the sequencing, analysis, and comparisons of numerous species, strains, or isolates of diverse origins. The role played by yeasts in natural environments as well as in artificial manufactures, combined with the importance of some species as model experimental systems sustained this effort. At the same time, their enormous evolutionary diversity (there are yeast species in every subphylum of Dikarya) sparked curiosity but necessitated further efforts to obtain appropriate reference genomes. Today, yeast genomes have been very informative about basic mechanisms of evolution, speciation, hybridization, domestication, as well as about the molecular machineries underlying them. They are also irreplaceable to investigate in detail the complex relationship between genotypes and phenotypes with both theoretical and practical implications. This review examines these questions at two distinct levels offered by the broad evolutionary range of yeasts: inside the best-studied Saccharomyces species complex, and across the entire and diversified subphylum of Saccharomycotina. While obviously revealing evolutionary histories at different scales, data converge to a remarkably coherent picture in which one can estimate the relative importance of intrinsic genome dynamics, including gene birth and loss, vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Clades of Agaricales: a Multilocus Phylogenetic Overview
    Mycologia, 98(6), 2006, pp. 982–995. # 2006 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview P. Brandon Matheny1 Duur K. Aanen Judd M. Curtis Laboratory of Genetics, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD, Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Wageningen, The Netherlands Worcester, Massachusetts, 01610 Matthew DeNitis Vale´rie Hofstetter 127 Harrington Way, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604 Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 Graciela M. Daniele Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı´a Vegetal, M. Catherine Aime CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba, Casilla USDA-ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology de Correo 495, 5000 Co´rdoba, Argentina Laboratory, Room 304, Building 011A, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350 Dennis E. Desjardin Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Jean-Marc Moncalvo San Francisco, California 94132 Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum and Department of Botany, University Bradley R. Kropp of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6 Canada Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322 Zai-Wei Ge Zhu-Liang Yang Lorelei L. Norvell Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Pacific Northwest Mycology Service, 6720 NW Skyline Sciences, Kunming 650204, P.R. China Boulevard, Portland, Oregon 97229-1309 Jason C. Slot Andrew Parker Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 127 Raven Way, Metaline Falls, Washington 99153- Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609 9720 Joseph F. Ammirati Else C. Vellinga University of Washington, Biology Department, Box Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102 Timothy J.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded (Additional File 1, Table S4)
    Phylogenomics supports microsporidia as the earliest diverging clade of sequenced fungi Capella-Gutiérrez et al. Capella-Gutiérrez et al. BMC Biology 2012, 10:47 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/10/47 (31 May 2012) Capella-Gutiérrez et al. BMC Biology 2012, 10:47 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/10/47 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Phylogenomics supports microsporidia as the earliest diverging clade of sequenced fungi Salvador Capella-Gutiérrez, Marina Marcet-Houben and Toni Gabaldón* Abstract Background: Microsporidia is one of the taxa that have experienced the most dramatic taxonomic reclassifications. Once thought to be among the earliest diverging eukaryotes, the fungal nature of this group of intracellular pathogens is now widely accepted. However, the specific position of microsporidia within the fungal tree of life is still debated. Due to the presence of accelerated evolutionary rates, phylogenetic analyses involving microsporidia are prone to methodological artifacts, such as long-branch attraction, especially when taxon sampling is limited. Results: Here we exploit the recent availability of six complete microsporidian genomes to re-assess the long- standing question of their phylogenetic position. We show that microsporidians have a similar low level of conservation of gene neighborhood with other groups of fungi when controlling for the confounding effects of recent segmental duplications. A combined analysis of thousands of gene trees supports a topology in which microsporidia is a sister group to all other sequenced fungi. Moreover, this topology received increased support when less informative trees were discarded. This position of microsporidia was also strongly supported based on the combined analysis of 53 concatenated genes, and was robust to filters controlling for rate heterogeneity, compositional bias, long branch attraction and heterotachy.
    [Show full text]
  • How Many Fungi Make Sclerotia?
    fungal ecology xxx (2014) 1e10 available at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Short Communication How many fungi make sclerotia? Matthew E. SMITHa,*, Terry W. HENKELb, Jeffrey A. ROLLINSa aUniversity of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Gainesville, FL 32611-0680, USA bHumboldt State University of Florida, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA 95521, USA article info abstract Article history: Most fungi produce some type of durable microscopic structure such as a spore that is Received 25 April 2014 important for dispersal and/or survival under adverse conditions, but many species also Revision received 23 July 2014 produce dense aggregations of tissue called sclerotia. These structures help fungi to survive Accepted 28 July 2014 challenging conditions such as freezing, desiccation, microbial attack, or the absence of a Available online - host. During studies of hypogeous fungi we encountered morphologically distinct sclerotia Corresponding editor: in nature that were not linked with a known fungus. These observations suggested that Dr. Jean Lodge many unrelated fungi with diverse trophic modes may form sclerotia, but that these structures have been overlooked. To identify the phylogenetic affiliations and trophic Keywords: modes of sclerotium-forming fungi, we conducted a literature review and sequenced DNA Chemical defense from fresh sclerotium collections. We found that sclerotium-forming fungi are ecologically Ectomycorrhizal diverse and phylogenetically dispersed among 85 genera in 20 orders of Dikarya, suggesting Plant pathogens that the ability to form sclerotia probably evolved 14 different times in fungi. Saprotrophic ª 2014 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved. Sclerotium Fungi are among the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes with features such as a hyphal thallus, non-flagellated cells, and an estimated 5.1 million species (Blackwell, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Basidiomycota: Agaricales) Introducing the Ant-Associated Genus Myrmecopterula Gen
    Leal-Dutra et al. IMA Fungus (2020) 11:2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-019-0022-6 IMA Fungus RESEARCH Open Access Reclassification of Pterulaceae Corner (Basidiomycota: Agaricales) introducing the ant-associated genus Myrmecopterula gen. nov., Phaeopterula Henn. and the corticioid Radulomycetaceae fam. nov. Caio A. Leal-Dutra1,5, Gareth W. Griffith1* , Maria Alice Neves2, David J. McLaughlin3, Esther G. McLaughlin3, Lina A. Clasen1 and Bryn T. M. Dentinger4 Abstract Pterulaceae was formally proposed to group six coralloid and dimitic genera: Actiniceps (=Dimorphocystis), Allantula, Deflexula, Parapterulicium, Pterula, and Pterulicium. Recent molecular studies have shown that some of the characters currently used in Pterulaceae do not distinguish the genera. Actiniceps and Parapterulicium have been removed, and a few other resupinate genera were added to the family. However, none of these studies intended to investigate the relationship between Pterulaceae genera. In this study, we generated 278 sequences from both newly collected and fungarium samples. Phylogenetic analyses supported with morphological data allowed a reclassification of Pterulaceae where we propose the introduction of Myrmecopterula gen. nov. and Radulomycetaceae fam. nov., the reintroduction of Phaeopterula, the synonymisation of Deflexula in Pterulicium, and 53 new combinations. Pterula is rendered polyphyletic requiring a reclassification; thus, it is split into Pterula, Myrmecopterula gen. nov., Pterulicium and Phaeopterula. Deflexula is recovered as paraphyletic alongside several Pterula species and Pterulicium, and is sunk into the latter genus. Phaeopterula is reintroduced to accommodate species with darker basidiomes. The neotropical Myrmecopterula gen. nov. forms a distinct clade adjacent to Pterula, and most members of this clade are associated with active or inactive attine ant nests.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Evolution: Major Ecological Adaptations and Evolutionary Transitions
    Biol. Rev. (2019), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12510 Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions Miguel A. Naranjo-Ortiz1 and Toni Gabaldon´ 1,2,3∗ 1Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts).
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Planet Description Sheets: 716–784 By: P.W
    Fungal Planet description sheets: 716–784 By: P.W. Crous, M.J. Wingfield, T.I. Burgess, G.E.St.J. Hardy, J. Gené, J. Guarro, I.G. Baseia, D. García, L.F.P. Gusmão, C.M. Souza-Motta, R. Thangavel, S. Adamčík, A. Barili, C.W. Barnes, J.D.P. Bezerra, J.J. Bordallo, J.F. Cano-Lira, R.J.V. de Oliveira, E. Ercole, V. Hubka, I. Iturrieta-González, A. Kubátová, M.P. Martín, P.-A. Moreau, A. Morte, M.E. Ordoñez, A. Rodríguez, A.M. Stchigel, A. Vizzini, J. Abdollahzadeh, V.P. Abreu, K. Adamčíková, G.M.R. Albuquerque, A.V. Alexandrova, E. Álvarez Duarte, C. Armstrong-Cho, S. Banniza, R.N. Barbosa, J.-M. Bellanger, J.L. Bezerra, T.S. Cabral, M. Caboň, E. Caicedo, T. Cantillo, A.J. Carnegie, L.T. Carmo, R.F. Castañeda-Ruiz, C.R. Clement, A. Čmoková, L.B. Conceição, R.H.S.F. Cruz, U. Damm, B.D.B. da Silva, G.A. da Silva, R.M.F. da Silva, A.L.C.M. de A. Santiago, L.F. de Oliveira, C.A.F. de Souza, F. Déniel, B. Dima, G. Dong, J. Edwards, C.R. Félix, J. Fournier, T.B. Gibertoni, K. Hosaka, T. Iturriaga, M. Jadan, J.-L. Jany, Ž. Jurjević, M. Kolařík, I. Kušan, M.F. Landell, T.R. Leite Cordeiro, D.X. Lima, M. Loizides, S. Luo, A.R. Machado, H. Madrid, O.M.C. Magalhães, P. Marinho, N. Matočec, A. Mešić, A.N. Miller, O.V. Morozova, R.P. Neves, K. Nonaka, A. Nováková, N.H.
    [Show full text]
  • Bringing a Trait‐Based Approach to Plant‐Associated Fungi
    Biol. Rev. (2020), 95, pp. 409–433. 409 doi: 10.1111/brv.12570 Fungal functional ecology: bringing a trait-based approach to plant-associated fungi Amy E. Zanne1,∗ , Kessy Abarenkov2, Michelle E. Afkhami3, Carlos A. Aguilar-Trigueros4, Scott Bates5, Jennifer M. Bhatnagar6, Posy E. Busby7, Natalie Christian8,9, William K. Cornwell10, Thomas W. Crowther11, Habacuc Flores-Moreno12, Dimitrios Floudas13, Romina Gazis14, David Hibbett15, Peter Kennedy16, Daniel L. Lindner17, Daniel S. Maynard11, Amy M. Milo1, Rolf Henrik Nilsson18, Jeff Powell19, Mark Schildhauer20, Jonathan Schilling16 and Kathleen K. Treseder21 1Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, U.S.A. 2Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu 51014, Estonia 3Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, U.S.A. 4Freie Universit¨at-Berlin, Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, 14195 Berlin, Germany 5Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Northwest, Westville, IN 46391, U.S.A. 6Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, U.S.A. 7Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A. 8Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A. 9Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, U.S.A. 10Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia 11Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Z¨urich, 8092, Z¨urich, Switzerland 12Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, and Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • H. Thorsten Lumbsch VP, Science & Education the Field Museum 1400
    H. Thorsten Lumbsch VP, Science & Education The Field Museum 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605 USA Tel: 1-312-665-7881 E-mail: [email protected] Research interests Evolution and Systematics of Fungi Biogeography and Diversification Rates of Fungi Species delimitation Diversity of lichen-forming fungi Professional Experience Since 2017 Vice President, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago. USA 2014-2017 Director, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. Since 2014 Curator, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2013-2014 Associate Director, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2009-2013 Chair, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. Since 2011 MacArthur Associate Curator, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2006-2014 Associate Curator, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2005-2009 Head of Cryptogams, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. Since 2004 Member, Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago. Courses: BIOS 430 Evolution (UIC), BIOS 23410 Complex Interactions: Coevolution, Parasites, Mutualists, and Cheaters (U of C) Reading group: Phylogenetic methods. 2003-2006 Assistant Curator, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 1998-2003 Privatdozent (Assistant Professor), Botanical Institute, University – GHS - Essen. Lectures: General Botany, Evolution of lower plants, Photosynthesis, Courses: Cryptogams, Biology
    [Show full text]
  • Typhula Blight Paul Koch, UW-Plant Pathology and PJ Liesch, UW Insect Diagnostic Lab
    XHT1270 Provided to you by: Typhula Blight Paul Koch, UW-Plant Pathology and PJ Liesch, UW Insect Diagnostic Lab What is Typhula blight? Typhula blight, also known as gray or speckled snow mold, is a fungal disease affecting all cool season turf grasses (e.g., Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, tall fescue, fine fescue, perennial ryegrass) grown in areas with prolonged snow cover. These grasses are widely used in residential lawns and golf courses in Wisconsin and elsewhere in the Midwest. What does Typhula blight look like? Typhula blight initially appears as roughly circular patches of bleached or straw-colored turf that can be up to two to three feet in diameter. When the disease is severe, patches can merge to form larger, irregularly-shaped bleached areas. Affected turf is often matted and can have a water-soaked appearance. At the edges of patches, masses of grayish-white fungal threads (called a mycelium) may form. In 1 3 addition, tiny ( /64 to /16 inch diameter) reddish-brown or black fungal survival Typhula blight causes circular patches of structures (called sclerotia) may be bleached turf that often merge to form larger, irregularly-shaped bleached areas. present. Typhula blight looks very similar to Microdochium patch/pink snow mold (see University of Wisconsin Garden Facts XHT1145, Microdochium Patch), but the Microdochium patch fungus does not produce sclerotia. Where does Typhula blight come from? Typhula blight is caused by two closely related fungi Typhula incarnata and Typhula ishikariensis. In general, T. incarnata is more common in the southern half of Wisconsin while T. ishikariensis is more common in the northern half of the state.
    [Show full text]
  • Habitat Quality and Disturbance Drive Lichen Species Richness in a Temperate Biodiversity Hotspot
    Oecologia (2019) 190:445–457 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04413-0 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY – ORIGINAL RESEARCH Habitat quality and disturbance drive lichen species richness in a temperate biodiversity hotspot Erin A. Tripp1,2 · James C. Lendemer3 · Christy M. McCain1,2 Received: 23 April 2018 / Accepted: 30 April 2019 / Published online: 15 May 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The impacts of disturbance on biodiversity and distributions have been studied in many systems. Yet, comparatively less is known about how lichens–obligate symbiotic organisms–respond to disturbance. Successful establishment and development of lichens require a minimum of two compatible yet usually unrelated species to be present in an environment, suggesting disturbance might be particularly detrimental. To address this gap, we focused on lichens, which are obligate symbiotic organ- isms that function as hubs of trophic interactions. Our investigation was conducted in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. We conducted complete biodiversity inventories of lichens (all growth forms, reproductive modes, substrates) across 47, 1-ha plots to test classic models of responses to disturbance (e.g., linear, unimodal). Disturbance was quantifed in each plot using a standardized suite of habitat quality variables. We additionally quantifed woody plant diversity, forest density, rock density, as well as environmental factors (elevation, temperature, precipitation, net primary productivity, slope, aspect) and analyzed their impacts on lichen biodiversity. Our analyses recovered a strong, positive, linear relationship between lichen biodiversity and habitat quality: lower levels of disturbance correlate to higher species diversity. With few exceptions, additional variables failed to signifcantly explain variation in diversity among plots for the 509 total lichen species, but we caution that total variation in some of these variables was limited in our study area.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Classification of Leotiomycetes
    Mycosphere 10(1): 310–489 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes Ekanayaka AH1,2, Hyde KD1,2, Gentekaki E2,3, McKenzie EHC4, Zhao Q1,*, Bulgakov TS5, Camporesi E6,7 1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 4Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 5Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops, 2/28 Yana Fabritsiusa Street, Sochi 354002, Krasnodar region, Russia 6A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy. 7A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314 Brescia, Italy. Ekanayaka AH, Hyde KD, Gentekaki E, McKenzie EHC, Zhao Q, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E 2019 – Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere 10(1), 310–489, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Abstract Leotiomycetes is regarded as the inoperculate class of discomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. Taxa are mainly characterized by asci with a simple pore blueing in Melzer’s reagent, although some taxa have lost this character. The monophyly of this class has been verified in several recent molecular studies. However, circumscription of the orders, families and generic level delimitation are still unsettled. This paper provides a modified backbone tree for the class Leotiomycetes based on phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 loci. In the phylogenetic analysis, Leotiomycetes separates into 19 clades, which can be recognized as orders and order-level clades.
    [Show full text]