Software Economics and Function Point Metrics: Thirty Years of IFPUG Progress Version 10.0 April 14, 2017 Capers Jones, Vice Pr
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ASSESSING the MAINTAINABILITY of C++ SOURCE CODE by MARIUS SUNDBAKKEN a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requireme
ASSESSING THE MAINTAINABILITY OF C++ SOURCE CODE By MARIUS SUNDBAKKEN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science DECEMBER 2001 To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the thesis of MARIUS SUNDBAKKEN find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. Chair ii ASSESSING THE MAINTAINABILITY OF C++ SOURCE CODE Abstract by Marius Sundbakken, M.S. Washington State University December 2001 Chair: David Bakken Maintenance refers to the modifications made to software systems after their first release. It is not possible to develop a significant software system that does not need maintenance because change, and hence maintenance, is an inherent characteristic of software systems. It has been estimated that it costs 80% more to maintain software than to develop it. Clearly, maintenance is the major expense in the lifetime of a software product. Predicting the maintenance effort is therefore vital for cost-effective design and development. Automated techniques that can quantify the maintainability of object- oriented designs would be very useful. Models based on metrics for object-oriented source code are necessary to assess software quality and predict engineering effort. This thesis will look at C++, one of the most widely used object-oriented programming languages in academia and industry today. Metrics based models that assess the maintainability of the source code using object-oriented software metrics are developed. iii Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1. Maintenance and Maintainability....................................................................... -
Software Maintenance Maintenance Is Inevitable Types of Maintenance
SoftWindows 8/18/2003 Software Maintenance • Managing the processes of system change Reverse Engineering (Software Maintenance & Reengineering) © SERG Maintenance is Inevitable • The system requirements are likely to change while the system is being developed because the environment is changing. • When a system is installed in an environment it changes that environment and therefore changes the system requirements. Reverse Engineering (Software Maintenance & Reengineering) © SERG Types of Maintenance • Perfective maintenance – Changing a system to make it meet its requirements more effectively. • Adaptive maintenance – Changing a system to meet new requirements. • Corrective maintenance – Changing a system to correct deficiencies in the way meets its requirements. Reverse Engineering (Software Maintenance & Reengineering) © SERG Distributed Objects 1 SoftWindows 8/18/2003 Distribution of Maintenance Effort Corrective maintenance (17%) Adaptive maintenance Perfective (18%) maintenance (65%) Reverse Engineering (Software Maintenance & Reengineering) © SERG Evolving Systems • It is usually more expensive to add functionality after a system has been developed rather than design this into the system: – Maintenance staff are often inexperienced and unfamiliar with the application domain. – Programs may be poorly structured and hard to understand. – Changes may introduce new faults as the complexity of the system makes impact assessment difficult. – The structure may be degraded due to continual change. – There may be no documentation available to describe the program. Reverse Engineering (Software Maintenance & Reengineering) © SERG The Maintenance Process • Maintenance is triggered by change requests from customers or marketing requirements. • Changes are normally batched and implemented in a new release of the system. • Programs sometimes need to be repaired without a complete process iteration but this is dangerous as it leads to documentation and programs getting out of step. -
System Software Maintenance and Support 24X7
SYSTEM SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT SERVICES - PREMIUM These Premium System Software Maintenance and Support Service terms and conditions (“Terms and Conditions”) apply to any quote, order, order acknowledgment, and invoice, and any sale or provision of Premium System Software Maintenance and Support Services as defined herein provided to Customer by Viavi Solutions Inc. (“Viavi”), in addition to Viavi’s General Terms (“General Terms”) and/or Software License Terms, which are incorporated by reference herein and are either attached hereto, available at www.viavisolutions.com/terms or available upon request. k) Severity Level means classification of a problem determined by Viavi personnel 1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE based upon the Customer’s assessment of business impact. The three (3) Severity Levels that apply to the Services are as follows: These Terms and Conditions describe the Services that Viavi will provide to, and perform for, Customer. These Terms and Conditions apply to Services for standard Software, as 1) Problem Report – Critical means conditions that severely affect the defined herein, and are limited to the System configuration specified in a Statement of primary functionality of the System and because of the business impact to the Work (“SOW”) or other ordering document (i.e., a quote, order, order acknowledgment customer requires non-stop immediate corrective action, regardless of time of day or invoice) which contains a description of the System. All Services and Documentation or day of the week as viewed by a customer -
Understanding the Syntactic Rule Usage in Java
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UCL Discovery Understanding the Syntactic Rule Usage in Java Dong Qiua, Bixin Lia,∗, Earl T. Barrb, Zhendong Suc aSchool of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, China bDepartment of Computer Science, University College London, UK cDepartment of Computer Science, University of California Davis, USA Abstract Context: Syntax is fundamental to any programming language: syntax defines valid programs. In the 1970s, computer scientists rigorously and empirically studied programming languages to guide and inform language design. Since then, language design has been artistic, driven by the aesthetic concerns and intuitions of language architects. Despite recent studies on small sets of selected language features, we lack a comprehensive, quantitative, empirical analysis of how modern, real-world source code exercises the syntax of its programming language. Objective: This study aims to understand how programming language syntax is employed in actual development and explore their potential applications based on the results of syntax usage analysis. Method: We present our results on the first such study on Java, a modern, mature, and widely-used programming language. Our corpus contains over 5,000 open-source Java projects, totalling 150 million source lines of code (SLoC). We study both independent (i.e. applications of a single syntax rule) and dependent (i.e. applications of multiple syntax rules) rule usage, and quantify their impact over time and project size. Results: Our study provides detailed quantitative information and yields insight, particularly (i) confirming the conventional wisdom that the usage of syntax rules is Zipfian; (ii) showing that the adoption of new rules and their impact on the usage of pre-existing rules vary significantly over time; and (iii) showing that rule usage is highly contextual. -
Software Engineering Software Maintenance
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE Software maintenance is the process of modification or making changes in the system after delivery to overcome errors and faults in the system that were not uncovered during the early stages of the development cycle. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • To study on why maintenance is an issue. • To study on reverse engineering and limitations. • To organize data. • To check what the system does. SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE The IEEE Standard for Software Maintenance (IEEE 1219) gave the definition for software maintenance as “The process of modifying a software system or component after delivery to correct faults, improves performance or other attributes, or adapt to a changed environment.” Maintenance Principles 100 Hardware Development 60 Software 20 Maintenance Percent of total cost total of Percent 1995 2000 2010 The IEEE/EIA 12207 Standard defines maintenance as modification to code and associated documentation due to a problem or the need for improvement. Nature of Maintenance Modification requests are logged and tracked, the impact of proposed changes are determined, code and other software artifacts are modified, testing is conducted, and a new version of the software product is released. Maintainers can learn from the developer´s knowledge of the software. Need for Maintenance Maintenance must be performed in order to: • Correct faults. • Improve the design. • Implement enhancements. • Interface with other systems. • Adapt programs so that different hardware, software, system features, and telecommunications facilities can be used. • Migrate legacy software. • Retire software Tasks of a maintainer The maintainer does the following functions: • Maintain control over the software´s day-to-day functions. • Maintain control over software modification. -
Read Ms. Shaw's First Amended Complaint
Janet L. Goldstein Peter W. Chatfield THE MARTYN FIRM, PLLC PHILLIPS & COHEN LLP 1054 31st Street, NW 2000 Massachusetts Ave., NW Washington, D.C. 20007 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel: (202) 965-3060 Tel: (202) 833-4567 Fax: (202) 965-3063 Fax: (202) 833-1815 Jonathan A. Willens (JW-9180) JONATHAN A. WILLENS LLC 217 Broadway, Suite 707 New York, New York 10007 Tel: (212) 619-3749 Fax: (800) 879-7938 Attorneys for qui tam plaintiff Ann-Marie Shaw UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ) 06 CV 3552 (DLI) (SMG) ex rel. ANN-MARIE SHAW ) and ) AMENDED COMPLAINT ) FOR VIOLATIONS OF STATE OF CALIFORNIA ex rel.ANN-MARIE SHAW ) FEDERAL AND STATE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ex rel.ANN-MARIE SHAW ) FALSE CLAIMS ACTS STATE OF FLORIDA ex rel.ANN-MARIE SHAW ) STATE OF HAWAII ex rel.ANN-MARIE SHAW ) STATE OF ILLINOIS ex rel.ANN-MARIE SHAW ) COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS ) ex rel.ANN-MARIE SHAW ) STATE OF NEVADA ex rel.ANN-MARIE SHAW ) COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINA ) ex rel.ANN-MARIE SHAW ) STATE & CITY OF NEW YORK ) ex rel.ANN-MARIE SHAW, ) ) JURY TRIAL DEMANDED Plaintiffs, ) ) FILED UNDER SEAL v. ) ) CA, INC., ) ) Defendant. ) _______________________________________________ ) Through her attorneys, plaintiff and qui tam relator Ann-Marie Shaw, for her Amended Complaint against Defendant CA, Inc. (“CA”), formerly known as Computer Associates International, Inc. or “Computer Associates,” alleges as follows: FACTS COMMON TO ALL COUNTS A. Introduction 1. This is a civil action to recover damages and civil penalties arising from false and/or fraudulent statements, records, and claims made and caused to be made by the Defendant CA and/or its agents and employees in violation of the Federal Civil False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. -
Development of an Enhanced Automated Software Complexity Measurement System
Journal of Advances in Computational Intelligence Theory Volume 1 Issue 3 Development of an Enhanced Automated Software Complexity Measurement System Sanusi B.A.1, Olabiyisi S.O.2, Afolabi A.O.3, Olowoye, A.O.4 1,2,4Department of Computer Science, 3Department of Cyber Security, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Corresponding Author E-mail Id:- [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 4 [email protected] ABSTRACT Code Complexity measures can simply be used to predict critical information about reliability, testability, and maintainability of software systems from the automatic measurement of the source code. The existing automated code complexity measurement is performed using a commercially available code analysis tool called QA-C for the code complexity of C-programming language which runs on Solaris and does not measure the defect-rate of the source code. Therefore, this paper aimed at developing an enhanced automated system that evaluates the code complexity of C-family programming languages and computes the defect rate. The existing code-based complexity metrics: Source Lines of Code metric, McCabe Cyclomatic Complexity metrics and Halstead Complexity Metrics were studied and implemented so as to extend the existing schemes. The developed system was built following the procedure of waterfall model that involves: Gathering requirements, System design, Development coding, Testing, and Maintenance. The developed system was developed in the Visual Studio Integrated Development Environment (2019) using C-Sharp (C#) programming language, .NET framework and MYSQL Server for database design. The performance of the system was tested efficiently using a software testing technique known as Black-box testing to examine the functionality and quality of the system. -
Techniques for Software Maintenance 57 02 58
01 Techniques for Software Maintenance 57 02 58 03 59 04 60 Kostas Kontogiannis 05 61 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 06 62 Athens, Greece 07 63 08 64 09 65 10 66 Abstract 11 Software maintenance constitutes a major phase of the software life cycle. Studies indicate that software 67 12 maintenance is responsible for a significant percentage of a system’s overall cost and effort. The software 68 13 engineering community has identified four major types of software maintenance, namely, corrective, 69 14 perfective, adaptive, and preventive maintenance. Software maintenance can be seen from two major points 70 15 of view. First, the classic view where software maintenance provides the necessary theories, techniques, 71 16 methodologies, and tools for keeping software systems operational once they have been deployed to their 72 17 operational environment. Most legacy systems subscribe to this view of software maintenance. The second 73 18 view is a more modern emerging view, where maintenance is an integral part of the software development 74 19 process and it should be applied from the early stages in the software life cycle. Regardless of the view by 75 which we consider software maintenance, the fact is that it is the driving force behind software evolution, a 20 76 very important aspect of a software system. This entry provides an in-depth discussion of software 21 77 Q1 maintenance techniques, methodologies, tools, and emerging trends. 22 78 23 79 24 80 25 INTRODUCTION type of software maintenance is referred to as Adaptive 81 26 82 Software Maintenance and refers to activities that aim to 27 83 Software maintenance is an integral part of the software modify models and artifacts of existing systems so that 28 84 life cycle and has been identified as an activity that affects these systems can be integrated with new systems or 29 85 in a major way the overall system cost and effort. -
A Management Guide to Software Maintenance in COTS-Based Systems
A Management Guide to Software Maintenance in COTS-Based Systems May 1998 Judith A. Clapp Audrey E. Taub MITRE Center for Air Force C2 Systems Bedford, Massachusetts Abstract The objective of this guidebook is to provide planning information that results in cost- effective strategies for maintaining Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) software products in COTS-based systems. It considers the issues and risks in using COTS software over the life cycle and how to control them. It describes changes in the software maintenance process that are needed to manage a COTS-based system. It provides guidance in developing a COTS Software Life-Cycle Management Plan. KEYWORDS: COTS software, software maintenance, COTS-based system, life-cycle planning, sustainment iii Table of Contents Section Page 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Objective 1 1.2 Rationale 1 1.3 Approach 1 2 Introduction to COTS Products 5 2.1 What are COTS Products? 5 2.2 What are COTS-based Systems? 4 2.3 How is the COTS Maintenance Process Different? 4 2.3.1 Risks 5 2.3.2 Maintenance Activities 8 3 Guidance for a COTS Software Life-Cycle Management 13 3.1 Major Decisions 11 3.2 Preparing a COTS Software Life-Cycle Management Plan 11 3.3 Program Requirements and Constraints 13 3.4 Preparing for COTS Software Maintenance 13 3.4.1 Establishing COTS Product Evaluation Criteria 13 3.4.2 Selecting COTS Products 14 3.4.3 Deciding on Purchasing and Licensing Arrangements 15 3.4.4 Organizing and Assigning Responsibilities for Software Maintenance 17 v Section Page 3.5 COTS-Based Maintenance Procedures 18 -
The Commenting Practice of Open Source
The Commenting Practice of Open Source Oliver Arafat Dirk Riehle Siemens AG, Corporate Technology SAP Research, SAP Labs LLC Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München 3410 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA [email protected] [email protected] Abstract lem domain is well understood [15]. Agile software devel- opment methods can cope with changing requirements and The development processes of open source software are poorly understood problem domains, but typically require different from traditional closed source development proc- co-location of developers and fail to scale to large project esses. Still, open source software is frequently of high sizes [16]. quality. This raises the question of how and why open A host of successful open source projects in both well source software creates high quality and whether it can and poorly understood problem domains and of small to maintain this quality for ever larger project sizes. In this large sizes suggests that open source can cope both with paper, we look at one particular quality indicator, the den- changing requirements and large project sizes. In this pa- sity of comments in open source software code. We find per we focus on one particular code metric, the comment that successful open source projects follow a consistent density, and assess it across 5,229 active open source pro- practice of documenting their source code, and we find jects, representing about 30% of all active open source that the comment density is independent of team and pro- projects. We show that commenting source code is an on- ject size. going and integrated practice of open source software de- velopment that is consistently found across all these pro- Categories and Subject Descriptors D.2.8 [Metrics]: jects. -
Empirical Studies Concerning the Maintenance of UML Diagrams and Their Use in the Maintenance of Code: a Systematic Mapping Study ⇑ Ana M
Information and Software Technology 55 (2013) 1119–1142 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Information and Software Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/infsof Empirical studies concerning the maintenance of UML diagrams and their use in the maintenance of code: A systematic mapping study ⇑ Ana M. Fernández-Sáez a,c, , Marcela Genero b, Michel R.V. Chaudron c,d a Alarcos Quality Center, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain b ALARCOS Research Group, Department of Technologies and Information Systems, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain c Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, LeidenUniversity, The Netherlands d Joint Computer Science and Engineering Department of Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gõteborg, Sweden article info abstract Article history: Context: The Unified Modelling Language (UML) has, after ten years, become established as the de facto Received 1 December 2011 standard for the modelling of object-oriented software systems. It is therefore relevant to investigate Received in revised form 12 December 2012 whether its use is important as regards the costs involved in its implantation in industry being worth- Accepted 14 December 2012 while. Available online 4 February 2013 Method: We have carried out a systematic mapping study to collect the empirical studies published in order to discover ‘‘What is the current existing empirical evidence with regard to the use of UML dia- Keywords: grams in source code maintenance and the maintenance of the UML diagrams themselves? UML Results: We found 38 papers, which contained 63 experiments and 3 case studies. Empirical studies Software maintenance Conclusion: Although there is common belief that the use of UML is beneficial for source code mainte- Systematic mapping study nance, since the quality of the modifications is greater when UML diagrams are available, only 3 papers Systematic literature review concerning this issue have been published. -
Differences in the Definition and Calculation of the LOC Metric In
Differences in the Definition and Calculation of the LOC Metric in Free Tools∗ István Siket Árpád Beszédes Department of Software Engineering Department of Software Engineering University of Szeged, Hungary University of Szeged, Hungary [email protected] [email protected] John Taylor FrontEndART Software Ltd. Szeged, Hungary [email protected] Abstract The software metric LOC (Lines of Code) is probably one of the most controversial metrics in software engineering practice. It is relatively easy to calculate, understand and use by the different stakeholders for a variety of purposes; LOC is the most frequently applied measure in software estimation, quality assurance and many other fields. Yet, there is a high level of variability in the definition and calculation methods of the metric which makes it difficult to use it as a base for important decisions. Furthermore, there are cases when its usage is highly questionable – such as programmer productivity assessment. In this paper, we investigate how LOC is usually defined and calculated by today’s free LOC calculator tools. We used a set of tools to compute LOC metrics on a variety of open source systems in order to measure the actual differences between results and investigate the possible causes of the deviation. 1 Introduction Lines of Code (LOC) is supposed to be the easiest software metric to understand, compute and in- terpret. The issue with counting code is determining which rules to use for the comparisons to be valid [5]. LOC is generally seen as a measure of system size expressed using the number of lines of its source code as it would appear in a text editor, but the situation is not that simple as we will see shortly.