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Tesis Beatriz Unzeta.PDF DEPARTAMENTO DE MEDICINA, CIRUGÍA Y ANATOMÍA VETERINARIA FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA UNIVERSIDAD DE LEÓN PREVALENCIA Y CARACTERIZACIÓN CLÍNICO-LESIONAL DE LOS PRINCIPALES PROCESOS INFECCIOSOS DE ETIOLOGÍA VÍRICA QUE AFECTAN A LAS COLONIAS DE GATOS CALLEJEROS EN MADRID CAPITAL PREVALENCE AND CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAIN VIRAL INFECTIONS AFFECTING STREET CAT COLONIES IN MADRID Beatriz Unzeta Conde León, 2015 MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN VETERINARIA POR LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LEÓN TESIS DOCTORAL BEATRIZ UNZETA CONDE FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LEON AGRADECIMIENTOS 1 TESIS DOCTORAL BEATRIZ UNZETA CONDE FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LEON Hace casi 7 años comencé con este proyecto de Tesis Doctoral que supuso para mí un gran reto. En este tiempo ha habido momentos buenos y malos, unos más fáciles y otros más complicados en los personal y en lo laboral y en ocasiones era difícil atisbar el final del camino, pero es ahora cuando todo culmina, cuando echo la vista atrás y sólo puedo sentirme agradecida a la vida y a todos los que me han rodeado en este tiempo. Gracias por hacerme crecer, porque cada vez que me he caído me han ayudado a levantarme, porque cuando el paso era ligero también me han acompañado disfrutando de esos momentos. Ahora que finaliza y hago un resumen de estos siete últimos años me doy cuenta de lo que he crecido como veterinaria clínica junto con este proyecto. Mi amor y afición por los gatos surgió ya desde que me licencié en Veterinaria y me uní al GEMFE, grupo de especialidad en Medicina Felina de AVEPA, formándome con especial interés en la medicina felina. Poco después del inicio del Proyecto de Tesis, abrí mi propia clínica veterinaria comenzando así un periodo tremendamente enriquecedor y de mucho trabajo en el que me aproximé al mundo animalista y del cuidado de las colonias de gatos callejeros en la ciudad en la que vivo, Madrid, y que hoy es el motivo por el que presento esta Tesis Doctoral. Han sido desde entonces 7 años de duro de trabajo y de crecimiento personal en el que debo agradecer a muchas personas que hoy esté presentando este proyecto plasmado por escrito. Gracias a Valentín, mi Director de Tesis que me ha ayudado en todo este tiempo con sus consejos, su paciencia y su tiempo para atender cada una de mis preguntas, por su apoyo para poder concluir este proyecto en todo este tiempo. Muchas gracias por todo. A mi marido Alfonso, y a mis hijos de 3 años y de 1 mes, Antonio y Alfonso. Ellos son el motor de mi vida, los que me hacen levantarme cada día y los que dan el verdadero sentido a todo, ellos son los que me hacen querer superarme cada día como persona y como veterinaria y son el mejor y más completo proyecto de mi vida. Especialmente a Alfonso, mi marido, por comprender esta profesión sin horarios y con disponibilidad absoluta, por apoyarme tanto en mi formación como en el desarrollo de cada uno de los proyectos profesionales que he llevado a cabo, por ser el timón de la familia cuando yo 2 TESIS DOCTORAL BEATRIZ UNZETA CONDE FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LEON no he podido estar tan presente como me hubiese gustado. Gracias a Antonio y Alfonso, porque cuando un día sean mayores y lean esta tesis, espero que comprendan que la veterinaria es una vocación que se lleva muy dentro, y aunque a veces les “he robado” ese tiempo a las horas de juego con ellos, comprenderán que forma parte de mi vida y se sientan orgullosos de este trabajo. Gracias a mis padres que me enseñaron la importancia de sentirse orgulloso de uno mismo, del trabajo bien hecho y sobre todo el amor por la medicina en una familia en que mi bisabuelo, mi abuelo, mi padre… han dedicado y dedican su vida a la medicina, al amor al estudio durante toda la vida y al cuidado de los demás, ya fueran personas o animales. Gracias por ayudarme cediéndome las horas de su tiempo y llegar donde yo no he podido durante los últimos tiempos, por animarme cuando lo he necesitado para poder seguir adelante, por ayudarme a comenzar un poco “más arriba” de lo que ellos lo hicieron, y sobre todo gracias por confiar en mí siempre. Gracias también a las personas que se han ido pero que siguen conmigo, a mis abuelos. Gracias a las protectoras y las asociaciones con las que he colaborado en estos años, por permitirme estar cerca de todos estos cientos de gatos que han pasado por nuestras manos en la clínica y que con sus signos clínicos y con sus patologías nos han hecho esforzarnos por ser mejores veterinarios, por diagnosticar más con menos, nos han enseñado a desarrollar el “ojo clínico” y sobre todo nos han enseñado a “escucharles” para tratar con el mejor sentido médico y el mayor amor posible. 3 TESIS DOCTORAL BEATRIZ UNZETA CONDE FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LEON ABREVIATURAS 4 TESIS DOCTORAL BEATRIZ UNZETA CONDE FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LEON ABCD: European Advisory Board on MDA: Anticuerpos calostrales maternos Cat Diseases AZT: 3’-azido-2’,3’-dideoxitimidina FeLV: Virus de la leucemia felina PF: % de gatos protegidos con la vacuna FIV: Virus de la inmunodeficiencia CPV: Parvovirus canino felina VPF: Panleucopenia felina FCoV: Coronavirus felino FR: Frecuencia respiratoria PIF: Peritonitis infecciosa felina CR: Frecuencia cardiaca CVF: Calicivirus felino HES: Solución hemoex HVF: Herpesvirus felino IFN: Interferón IFA: Inmunocromatografía IL: Interleuquina PCR: Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa TNF: Factor de necrosis tumoral WB: Western Blot AGP: Glicoproteína acida FORL: Síndrome de Resorción TSA: Ácido salicílico total Odontoclástica Felina CID: Coagulación Intravascular GS: Gingivoestomatitis Diseminada. Ig: Inmunoglobulinas ADN: Ácido desoxiribonucleico ARN: Ácido ribonucleico RT: Transcriptasa inversa FeLV- FAIDS: Sindrome de inmunodeficiencia asociado a la leucemia felina LSA: Linfosarcoma 5 TESIS DOCTORAL BEATRIZ UNZETA CONDE FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LEON ÍNDICE 6 TESIS DOCTORAL BEATRIZ UNZETA CONDE FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LEON Contenido 1.-INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................... 100 1.1.- BIBLIOGRAFÍA .............................................................................................................. 17 2.-REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA ..................................................................................................... 200 2.1.-CALICIVIRUS FELINO ....................................................................................................... 211 2.1.1.- EL VIRUS ................................................................................................................... 22 2.1.2- EPIDEMIOLOGÍA Y PATOGENIA ................................................................................ 25 2.1.3- SIGNOS CLÍNICOS Y LESIONES ................................................................................... 32 2.1.4.- DIAGNÓSTICO .......................................................................................................... 43 2.1.5.- TRATAMIENTO ......................................................................................................... 47 2.1.6.- INMUNIDAD,PREVENCIÓN Y CONTROL ................................................................... 59 2.1.7.- BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................................................... 68 2.2.-HERPESVIRUS FELINO ....................................................................................................... 83 2.2.1- EL VIRUS .................................................................................................................... 84 2.2.2- EPIDEMIOLOGÍA ........................................................................................................ 86 2.2.3- PATOGENIA ............................................................................................................... 89 2.2.4- SIGNOS CLÍNICOS Y LESIONES ................................................................................... 92 2.2.5- DIAGNÓSTICO ......................................................................................................... 101 2.2.6.- TRATAMIENTO ....................................................................................................... 106 2.2.7.- INMUNIDAD, PREVENCIÓN Y CONTROL ................................................................ 112 2.2.8.- BIBLIOGRAFÍA ......................................................................................................... 118 2.3.-LEUCEMIA FELINA .......................................................................................................... 124 2.3.1.- EL VIRUS ................................................................................................................. 125 2.3.2.- EPIDEMIOLOGÍA ..................................................................................................... 137 2.3.3.- PATOGENIA ............................................................................................................ 141 2.3.4.- SIGNOS CLÍNICOS Y LESIONES ................................................................................ 151 2.3.5.- DIAGNÓSTICO ........................................................................................................ 172 2.3.6.- TRATAMIENTO ....................................................................................................... 180 2.3.7.- INMUNIDAD, PREVENCIÓN Y CONTROL ...............................................................
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