Ellis & Associates / Safety & Health Standard First Aid I Ellis & Associates, Inc. 508 Goldenmoss Loop Ocoee, FL 34761 www.jellis.com Copyright © 2016 by Ellis & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated in writing by Ellis & Associates, the recipient of this manual is granted the limited right to download, print, photocopy and use the electronic materials to fulill Ellis & Associates Safety & Health Services courses, subject to the following restrictions: • The recipient is prohibited from downloading the materials for use on their own website. • The recipient cannot sell electronic versions of the materials. • The recipient cannot revise, alter, adapt or modify the materials. • The recipient cannot create any derivative works incorporating, in part or in whole, the content of the materials. For permission requests, write to Ellis & Associates, addressed “Attention: Permissions Coordinator,” at the address above. Disclaimer: The procedures and protocols presented in this manual and the course are based on the most current recommendations of responsible medical sources, including the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) 2015 Consensus Guidelines for CPR, Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) and First Aid, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards 1910.151. The materials have been reviewed by internal and external ield experts and veriied to be consistent with the most current guidelines and standards. Ellis & Associates, however, make no guarantee as to, and assume no responsibility for, the correctness, suiciency, or completeness of such recommendations or information. Additional procedures may be required under particular circumstances. Ellis & Associates disclaims all liability for damages of any kind arising from the use of, reference to, reliance on, or performance based on such information. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Not Available at Time of Printing ISBN 978-0-9961108-2-2 Unless otherwise indicated on the Credits Page, all photographs and illustrations are copyright protected by Ellis & Associates. Ellis & Associates / Safety & Health Standard First Aid II Contents Acknowledgements IV Continuing Education VI Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Introduction to Emergency Care 1 Assessment 10 Knowing What to do Matters 2 Scene Check 11 Emergency Care & the Law 2 Primary Check 11 Recognizing an Emergency 3 Secondary Check 13 Taking Action 3 Chapter Review 17 Staying Safe from Disease 5 Chapter Review 9 Chapter 4 3 Chapter Burns 27 Wounds and Bleeding Control 19 Types of Burns 28 Burn Classiications 28 Types of Bleeding 20 Assessing the Extent of Burns 29 Open Wounds 20 Caring for Burns 29 Dressings and Bandages 21 Chapter Review 32 Care for External Bleeding 21 Infected Wounds 24 Closed Wounds 25 6 Care for Internal Bleeding 25 Chapter Chapter Review 26 Chest and Abdomen Injuries 45 5 Chapter Chest Injuries 46 Abdomen Injuries 47 Head, Spinal, and Pelvic Injuries 34 Impaled Objects 48 Chapter Review 49 Head Injuries 35 Spinal Injuries 40 Pelvic and Hip Injuries 41 Chapter Review 43 Chapter 8 Chapter 7 Shock 57 Types of Shock 58 Muscle, Bone, and Joint Injuries 50 Recognizing Shock 58 Care for Shock 59 Muscle Injuries 51 Allergic Reaction and Anaphylactic Shock 59 Bone Injuries 51 Care for Allergic Reaction 61 Joint Injuries 54 Chapter Review 64 Chapter Review 56 Ellis & Associates / Safety & Health Standard First Aid III Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Medical Emergencies 66 Poisoning 76 Medical Emergencies 67 Poisoning 77 Breathing Problems 67 Ingested Poisons 77 Chest Discomfort 69 Alcohol Intoxication and Other Drug Misuse 78 Diabetic Conditions 69 Inhaled Poisons 79 Fainting 70 Absorbed Poisons 80 Pregnancy Complications 71 Injected Poisons 82 Seizure 72 Chapter Review 88 Stroke 73 Chapter Review 74 Chapter 12 Chapter 11 Rescue, Triage, and Emergency Moves 96 Temperature Extremes 90 Rescues 97 Triage 100 Heat Emergencies 91 Emergency Moves 100 Cold Emergencies 93 Chapter Review 103 Chapter Review 95 Glossary 108 Appendices 104 Index 112 Appendix A – First Aid Kit Supplies 104 Appendix B – Participant Skill Sheets 105 Skill Performance Sheet: Controlling External Bleeding From A Limb 105 Skill Performance Sheet: Splinting An Injured Lower Arm 106 Skill Performance Sheet: Using An Epinephrine Auto Injector 107 Ellis & Associates / Safety & Health Standard First Aid IV Acknowledgements The task of writing, editing, reviewing, and producing a high-quality training manual is a complex undertaking involving numerous individuals, facilities, and organizations. Larry Newell Ed.D., NRP, CCEMT-P Medical Writer The following individuals provided expert content review: Richard Carroll Juan Richards Bob Elling, EMT-P, MPA Jose V. Salazar, MPH, NRP Alice Groves Joe Stefanyak Craig Spector, EMT Melissa Timmons Luke Martinez We would like to thank the following agencies and organizations for their assistance: Arizona Grand Resort and Spa City of Tempe Parks and Recreation Cedar Fair - Cedar Point Maryland Institute of Emergency Medical Services Cedar Point – Geauga Lake Six Flags America Photo Credits Unless otherwise acknowledged, all images appearing in this manual are the property of Ellis & Associates. Figure 1.2 – © Photographee.eu / Shutterstock Figure 2.1 – © Photographee.eu / Shutterstock Figure 2.2 – © Photographee.eu / Shutterstock Figure 2.3 – © Photographee.eu / Shutterstock Figure 2.4 – © Photographee.eu / Shutterstock Chapter 3 Opener - © Wellphoto / Shutterstock Figure 3.1 – © Leungchopan / Shutterstock Figure 3.9 – © Haripat Jantawalee / Shutterstock Chapter 4 Opener - © Kosin Singto / Shutterstock Figure 4.1 – © Tewan Banditrukkanka / Shutterstock Ellis & Associates / Safety & Health Standard First Aid V Figure 4.2 - © Zlata Marka / Shutterstock Chapter 5 Opener - © Monika Wisniewska / Shutterstock Figure 5.5 – © Rade 32 / Shutterstock Chapter 6 Opener - © Audrey Popov / Shutterstock Figure 6.2 – © Piotr Marcinski / Shutterstock Figure 7.2 – © Phenyx 776 / Shutterstock Figure 7.8 – © Thailoei92 / Shutterstock Figure 7.9 – © Green Jo / Shutterstock Figure 8.2 – © Pumato Koh / Shutterstock Figure 8.3 – © Vadim Ratnikov / Shutterstock Chapter 9 Opener – © Photographee.eu / Shutterstock Figure 9.1 – © Bikerider London / Shutterstock Figure 9.2 – © Photographee.eu / Shutterstock Figure 9.6 – © 9Nong / Shutterstock Figure 10.2 – © Stuart Monk / Shutterstock Figure 10.3 – © Pan Xunbin / Shutterstock Figure 10.4 – © Arue Bettum/ Shutterstock Figure 10.5 – © Jukkapong Piyarom / Shutterstock Figure 10.6 – © Smileus / Shutterstock Figure 10.7 – © Sima / Shutterstock Figure 10.8 – © Jose Gil / Shutterstock Figure 10.9 – © Audrey Snider - Bell / Shutterstock Chapter 11 Opener – © Rido / Shutterstock Figure 11.1 – © Tom Wang / Shutterstock Figure 11.3 – © VGStockstudio / Shutterstock Figure 11.4 – © Avatar_023 / Shutterstock Chapter 12 Opener – © Photographee.eu / Shutterstock Figure 12.2 – © Hart Photography / Shutterstock Figure 12.3 – © Alan Poulson Photography / Shutterstock Figure Appendix A - © 2075527 / Shutterstock Ellis & Associates / Safety & Health Standard First Aid VI Continuing Education The International Association for Continuing Education and Training (IACET) is a nonproit association dedicated to quality continuing education and training programs. IACET is the only standard-setting organization approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for continuing education and training. The ANSI/IACET Standard is the core of thousands of educational programs worldwide. Ellis & Associates is pleased to be an authorized provider of IACET. This prestigious accreditation demonstrates our commitment to high-quality lifelong learning and high standards for all of our programs. We are proud of our education programs, which reach thousands of aquatic safety, supervisory, and healthcare professionals each year, helping to broaden their skills so that they remain on the cutting edge of education. Chapter 1 Introduction to Emergency Care Learning Outcomes After reading this chapter and completing any related course work, you will be able to: • Recognize the signiicance of injuries and medical emergencies. • Deine irst aid. • Identify legal considerations when providing emergency care. • Provide examples of conditions when emergency medical services (EMS) should be called. • Identify questions a dispatcher is likely to ask when you call 9-1-1. • Describe steps you can take to prevent disease transmission during irst aid. Chapter Quick Look • Knowing What to do Matters • Emergency Care and the Law • Recognizing an Emergency • Taking Action • Staying Safe from Disease • Chapter Review Ellis & Associates / Safety & Health Introduction to Emergency Care 2 Knowing What to do Matters Emergencies can happen anywhere, and at any time. Knowing what to do can save lives and reduce the consequences of injuries and medical emergencies. Each year more than 800,000 people in the United States die from heart disease, making it the number one killer in America. More than 300,000 of these deaths occur from sudden cardiac death (arrest). Unintentional injury is another signiicant cause of death, claiming more than 130,000 lives annually. First Aid is the immediate care provided to an ill or injured victim. This care may be as minimal as washing a wound and applying a bandage, with no further need for assistance. But it could also involve more extensive care for serious conditions requiringEmergency Medical Services (EMS) and hospital care. In serious situations