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Yukon Freshwater Fishes a Guide to Yukon Freshwater Fishes

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Yukon Freshwater Fishes a Guide to Yukon Freshwater Fishes Wildlife Viewing Yukon freshwater fishes A guide to Yukon freshwater fishes This booklet introduces Yukoners and visitors to the 38 freshwater fish species in the territory. Although the number of fish found in Yukon is not large compared to other provinces and territories, fish are an important and integral part of Yukon’s wilderness. Biologist collect samples in the field. How to use this guide Table of contents First, determine the fish Fish anatomy ............................ 2 © Government of Yukon 2019 family using the key on page 3. Glossary ..................................... 2 ISBN 978-1-55362-827-9 Once you know which one of Fish families .............................. 3 Front cover illustration of a slimy sculpin by Lee Mennell. the 10 families you are looking Fish viewing etiquette ............ 4 Fish illustrations used with permission from W.B. Scott for, go to the correct page Fish habitat: and E.J. Crossman, 1973, Freshwater Fishes of Canada, and look at the sketches for More than just water ............ 5 Fisheries Research Board of Canada. each species in that family. The legacy of ice Species that are uncommon Family key on page 3 is adapted with permission from and water ................................ 6 in, or introduced to, Yukon are Fish at risk ................................. 8 J.D. McPhail, 2007, Freshwater Fishes of British Columbia, noted. Short descriptions are Fish conservation .................... 8 University of Alberta Press. accompanied by information Fish viewing .............................. 9 Unless otherwise credited, all photos © Yukon government. on size, food, habitat, 10 Yukon fish families ..........10 spawning behaviour, life For more information on fish and other history and, sometimes, Checklist of Yukon Yukon wildlife, contact: freshwater fishes .................33 fish facts. For example, Government of Yukon did you know that Lake Trout Wildlife Viewing Program can live 50 years or more? Box 2703 (V-5R) Phone: 867-667-8291 Whitehorse, Yukon Toll free: 1-800-661-0408 x 8291 Y1A 2C6 Email: [email protected] Yukon.ca A complete list of Find us on Facebook at “Yukon Wildlife Viewing” Yukon fish species For more information on salmon or fish habitat, visit Fisheries and Oceans Canada website pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca is on page 33. Special thanks to Fisheries and Oceans Canada for its contributions to this project. 1 Fish anatomy Fish families (key adapted from McPhail, 2007) A good starting point for identifying a fish is by looking Lampreys Petromyzontidae (1 species) for the adipose fin. Not true fish; eel-like; lack bones, scales and paired fins; mouth is a large sucking/rasping disc .............10 dorsal dorsal fin caudal Minnows Cyprinidae (7 species) adipose fin peduncle Small fish; no adipose fin; no spiny fins...................11 lateral line Suckers Catostomidae (2 species) kype Ventral large-lipped sucking mouth; no adipose fin ..................................................................15 Pikes Esocidae (1 species) Large, wide, flat, toothy mouth with protruding lower jaw; dorsal fin well back on body ..................16 barbel Smelts Osmeridae (2 species) pectoral fin Small, slender, silvery fish; adipose fin; caudal or lower jaw protrudes beyond upper ..........................17 (pair) anal fin pelvic fin (pair) tail fin Trout /Char/Salmon Salmonidae (9 species) ventral Subfamily Salmoninae Glossary Small scales; moderately compressed body; adipose fin; large mouth with teeth in jaw; Adipose fin – a small fin Estuary (estuarine) – places young typically with parr marks.................................18 composed of fatty tissue where freshwater rivers flow on the back between the into the ocean Whitefish Salmonidae (9 species) dorsal and caudal fins Subfamily Coregoninae Kype – a pronounced Large scales; typically small mouthed; lacking teeth Anadromous – referring to curvature of the jaw in in jaws; young typically without parr marks ..........23 fish that ascend rivers from male Salmonidae Graylings Salmonidae (1 species) the sea to spawn Lateral line – a sensory Subfamily Thymallinae Barbel – a whisker-like organ system on the side of the body Very large dorsal fin; colourful....................................28 near the mouth of some fish Morphology – the form and Trout-Perches Percopsidae (1 species) Caudal peduncle – structure of an organism Small fish; adipose fin; large head; subterminal the narrow part of a fish’s lower jaw...........................................................................29 Parr marks – distinctive body before the caudal fin vertical bars on the sides Cods Gadidae (1 species) curved inward like of some young Salmonidae Large head with terminal mouth; barbel on chin; Concave – two dorsal fins; small scales .......................................30 a bowl (opposite of convex) species ( ) curved outward Substrate – quality and type Sticklebacks Gasterosteidae 2 species Convex – Small fish; spines in front of dorsal fin; thin caudal like the outside of a bowl of material on the bottom of peduncle; no adipose fin ..............................................31 (opposite of concave) creeks, rivers and lakes Sculpins Cottidae (2 species) Dorsal – relating to the back Ventral – relating to the front Small fish; eyes on top of large head; body tapering or upper surface (opposite or lower surface (opposite to tail; 2 dorsal fins, first with spines; pelvic fins of ventral) of dorsal) well forward .....................................................................32 2 3 Fish viewing etiquette Fish habitat: To be respectful of fish, their habitats and other wildlife, more than just water please follow these guidelines: Fish use a wide variety of habitats at different stages Be considerate of fish. They are often seen when they of their lives and at different times of the year. Surrounding are spawning or feeding; they have good eyesight forests and wetlands provide food, and influence and may be disturbed if they can see you. temperature, flow and quality of water. Healthy habitats Please control your pets, refrain from throwing rocks are needed for fish to complete their life cycle. Just as and don’t walk or drive through creeks or streams. one weak link in a chain will cause it to break, one lost Be considerate of habitat. Plants are an important part habitat may cause a population collapse. of fish habitat. Do not remove or damage vegetation. Spawning habitat is the place where eggs develop, Dispose of your garbage properly. Take it with you, sometimes for many months, before young fish emerge. especially fishing line and other plastics. Garbage can In lakes, these areas can be clean cobble and gravel be fatal to fish and other wildlife. areas (preferred by Lake Trout) or shallow vegetated areas Be considerate of other people. Respect private property (preferred by Northern Pike). and the activities of others. Juvenile fish spend most of their time in rearing habitats, which are sheltered areas with good cover, plentiful food, Studying fish habitat and low flow. Biologists collect information to better understand During long, cold Yukon winters many parts of lakes, the aquatic environment. Studying substrate, streams and rivers freeze, making them inaccessible to water temperature, and oxygen and nutrient fish. Under solid ice, water can become low in oxygen. levels provide biologists with important Waters that remain ice-free and oxygen rich in winter data to understand how and are important over-wintering habitat. why fish use different After a long winter of low activity, fish spend much of habitats. the summer in feeding areas. Fish habitat can be degraded or destroyed in many ways, including sedimentation, vegetation removal, pollution, channelization, dams, water withdrawal and/or change of flow. This damage can take place to the water or to the lands nearby. “ Fish ‘people’ (qwani, Tlingit) are like other members of the animal world and must be properly treated if the supply is to continue.” My Old People Say, page 185 4 5 land exposed today The legacy of ice and water Beringian shoreline, exposed seabed Glaciers during last glaciation Glaciers dominated Yukon over the last three million years. ARCTC OCEA NT Enormous lakes formed and drained. Massive floods from ndigirka R. the outwash of glaciers ravaged downstream valleys. Yukon Chukchi Sea Kolyma R. Few fish species were able to survive these harsh conditions. Scientists think those that did were in waterbodies found near Sieria laka isolated nunataks, rocky peaks exposed above the ice surface, Omolon R. Anadyr R. Yukon R. or in lakes in Beringia, the ice-free lands that connected the ering Sea North American continent with Asia (see top map, next page). When the ice melted, some of these waterbodies stayed isolated, trapping species such as Lake Trout, Lake Whitefish, PACC OCEA 0 500 km and Arctic Grayling. Others remained connected to river al., 1982, Hopkins et Adapted from Beringia. of Paleoecology systems, which allowed fish species to migrate. In the Yukon River watershed, anadromous fish such as salmon ARCTIC OCEAN ± and lamprey have persisted since Beringian times. Berenia Other fish species colonized the watersheds from south of RTH (ice-free land) the ice sheets. For example, the Mackenzie River watershed SLPE includes many of the same species as the Yukon River. ! Inuvik Old Crow After the glaciers retreated, other fish arrived, such as ! Dolly Varden and Bull Trout, now widely found in the Peel and Liard rivers (Mackenzie drainage). PORCPINE The
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