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the facts about is Next Generation Lead Technology: Performance getting lighter Enhanced Through Creativity Dramatic improvements in the e novel use of standard, readily Future endeavors to performance of lead batteries have available materials has enabled maximize the lead battery’s come about not through the use of engineers to achieve the technological energy density show great rare or expensive materials, but breakthroughs that are making a new • /Standby promise as manufacturers through the creative use of the raw generation of affordable, efficient and Lead – The most efficient technology materials that lead manufacturers environmentally safe lead batteries develop new ways to make have been using for decades. available for use in hybridelectric • Motive Power current collectors more vehicles, the electric powergrid, and Lead – The best overall solution efficient and take up less other energy storage programs. • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) space. This leaves more e addition of certain types of Lead is getting lighter room for active material, carbon to the traditional lead battery improving the battery’s has led to the production of new • Safety and Reliability lead designs. ese are breaking power-per- pound. Lowering Lead – A longer track record in safety and reliability than other performance standards and technologies the weight-to-power output positioned to become the low-cost • Sustainability/Recycling is an important benefit for alternative to batteries produced with Lead – One of the highest recycling rates on the planet Plug-in Hybrid and Electric nickel metal hydride (NiMH) or

Drive vehicles , where lithium ion(Li-Ion) technology.

weight is a critical issue in performance.

Battery Council International 401 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago IL 66011 www.batterycouncil.org ©2012 Printed by BCI Weight is not a limiting Carbon + = Performance Breakthrough The Commercialization of Bipolar Technology factor in most hybrid For years, scientists have known that In one such design, called the vehicle designs: As the lead industry continues its While bipolar and monopolar designs the accumulation of lead sulfate can UltraBattery, a supercapacitor carbon breakthrough work on incorporating share the same lead chemistry, they prevent lead batteries from achieving electrode is combined with the lead carbon and in batteries differ in that bipolar battery cells are Although lead has lower the sustained level of high- rate partial battery’s negative plate to better to improve their performance, significant stacked so that the negative plate of specific energy thannickel state of charge (HRPSoc) operation regulate the flow (charge and progress also is being made in another one cell becomes the positive plate of required for heavy duty performance discharge) of energy, thereby metal hydride (NiMH) or key area: the commercialization of the next. e cells are separated from in hybrid electric vehicles and other extending the power and life of the bipolar technology. Bipolar technology each other by the bipolar plate, which lithium ion batteries, in energy storage applications. battery itself. e Advanced Lead- can help produce batteries that will allows each cell to operate in isolation HEVs are rather small (about Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) is problem would occur whenevera achieve the goals of more power and a from its neighbor. tested the UltraBattery in a Honda smaller footprint, both very important in 1kWh) so the weight penalty lea d battery’s ‘state-of-charge’ is construction reduces the power Insight HEV. e vehicle easily of adopting lead is modest – remained significantly below 100% making hybrid electric vehicles more Bipolar 4V surpassed the 100,000-mile durability loss that is normally caused by the for a sustained period. Conversely, affordable for consumers. especially since lead does test without any conditioning or internal resistance of the cells. At each whenever the battery’s state-of-charge not need the supplementary equalization treatment. e majority of batteries are made end of the stack, single plates act as would rise much above 70 percent, it with conventional ‘monopolar’ the final anode and cathode. is battery and 12 V starter could not accept a recharge from ere are other novel lead designs technology, which uses two plates per construction to reduced weight motor that supports NiMH in either a regenerative braking system or which replace the negative lead cell. It then connects those cells in a since there are fewer plates and bus low temperature conditions, a charge from the engine itself. electrode entirely with a pure carbon series of metallic connectors outside bars are not needed to join cells electrode to form an asymmetric or the cell-by-cell battery One solution has been to insert a of the cells or through a wall. together. e net result is a battery supercapacitor, or that use carbon as super-capacitor into the battery to act design with higher power and less management that lithium ion an electrode substrate. Among other as a ‘buffer’ to manage the high-rate weight than conventional monopolar must have to ensure safety. benefits, these modifications can charge/discharge process so that the lead batteries. dramatically reduce the weight of Monopolar 4V unit can operate successfully within the battery. a state-of-charge window below Source: ALABC 70 percent. Lead + Carbon: Enabling Micro Hybrids for the Masses New lead battery technology has Separator Separator sharply reduced the accumulation of lead sulfate deposits that previously inhibited the performance of lead batteries in HEV or other HRPSoC applications. is benefit has extended the life of traditional lead batteries three-fold, enabling large scale deployment of micro and medium hybrids with significant fuel economy and emissions savings at very low cost. PbO2 Pb PbO2 Carbon UltraBattery Carbon Electrode Electrode

Lead Cell Asymmetric Supercapacitor Source: ALABC