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Rôles, Impacts Et Services De L'élevage Européen

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Rôles, Impacts Et Services De L'élevage Européen Synthèse du rapport de l’expertise scientifique collective réalisée à la demande des ministères en charge de l’Environnement et de l’Agriculture, et de l’Ademe Novembre 2016 Délégation à l'Expertise scientifique collective, à la Prospective et aux Etudes (DEPE) Bertrand Schmitt, directeur Responsables scientifiques : Bertrand DUMONT, directeur de recherche, INRA Clermont Ferrand, unité mixte de recherche sur les herbivores, UMR1213 Herbivores, INRA, VetAgro Sup, 63122, Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France Pierre DUPRAZ, directeur de recherche, INRA Rennes, Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, UMR 1302 SMART, AgroCampus Ouest, INRA, 35000, Rennes, France Coordination du projet : Catherine Donnars et Jonathan Hercule, INRA, DEPE Contacts: Bertrand Dumont : [email protected] Pierre Dupraz : [email protected] Catherine Donnars : [email protected] Bertrand Schmitt : [email protected] Le rapport d'expertise scientifique a été sollicité conjointement par les ministères en charge de l’Environnement et de l'Agriculture et par l’Ademe. Il a été élaboré par un collectif d’experts scientifiques sans condition d’approbation préalable par les commanditaires ou l’INRA. La présente synthèse, tirée du rapport, n'engage que la responsabilité de ses auteurs. Les documents relatifs à cette expertise sont disponibles sur le site web de l'INRA (www.inra.fr). Pour citer ce document : Dumont B. (coord), Dupraz P. (coord.), Aubin J., Benoit M., Bouamra-Mechemache Z., Chatellier V., Delaby L., Delfosse C. Dourmad J.Y., Duru M., Frappier L., Friant-Perrot M., Gaigné C., Girard A., Guichet J.L., Havlik P., Hostiou N., Huguenin-Elie O., Klumpp K., Langlais A., Lemauviel-Lavenant S., Le Perchec S., Lepiller O., Méda B., Ryschawy J., Sabatier R., Veissier I., Verrier E., Vollet D., Savini I., Hercule J., Donnars C., 2016, Rôles, impacts et services issus des élevages en Europe. Synthèse de l’expertise scientifique collective, INRA (France), 133 pages. Rôles, impacts et services issus des élevages en Europe Synthèse du rapport d’expertise scientifique collective réalisée à la demande des ministères en charge de l’Environnement et de l’Agriculture, et de l’Ademe INRA-DEPE Novembre 2016 Sigles et acronymes AB : agriculture biologique ACV : Analyse du cycle de vie AOP : Appellation d’origine protégée C : Carbone CH4 : Méthane CO2 : Dioxyde de carbone CIVAM : Centres d'initiatives pour valoriser l'agriculture et le milieu rural CUMA : Coopérative d’utilisation de matériel agricole EBE : Excédent brut d’exploitation ESCo : Expertise scientifique collective ETP : Equivalent temps plein GES : Gaz à effet de serre IAA : Industrie agro-alimentaire ICHN : Indemnité compensatoire de handicap naturel IGP : Indication géographique protégée MAE : Mesure agro-environnementale Mha : Million d’hectare MJ : Mégajoule Mtep : Million de tonne d’équivalent pétrole N : Azote N2O : Protoxyde d’azote NEM : Nouveaux états membres de l’Union européenne NH3 : Ammoniac OP : Organisation de producteurs OTEX : Orientation technico-économique des exploitations agricoles P : Phosphore PAC : Politique agricole commune PAT : Production agricole totale SAU : Surface agricole utile SFP : Surface fourragère principale SIQO : Signes officiels de la qualité et de l’origine STH : Surface toujours en herbe UGB : Unité de gros bétail UE : Union européenne UTA : Unité de travail annuel 2 Sommaire INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 1 Des débats sociétaux à un cadre d’analyse territorialisé des rôles, impacts et services issus de l’élevage 12 1.1 Un contexte marqué par le rapport 2006 de la FAO « Livestock’s long shadow » ............................... 12 1.1.1 Un diagnostic mondial partagé ........................................................................................................ 12 1.1.2 Une focalisation sur la part des produits animaux dans l’alimentation ............................................ 13 1.1.3 Des transitions agricoles réexaminées ........................................................................................... 14 1.2 Quels impacts et quels services issus des élevages prendre en compte? Comment les représenter ? . ............................................................................................................................................................. 15 1.2.1 Différents critères d’évaluation des impacts et services de l’élevage .............................................. 15 1.2.2 Les grands types d’approches ......................................................................................................... 16 1.3 Un cadre d’analyse proposé pour l’analyse des rôles, impacts et services issus de l’élevage et de ses produits ............................................................................................................................................................. 18 1.4 L’évaluation : un jugement adossé à des éléments objectivables ........................................................ 19 1.4.1 De nombreuses méthodes pour de nombreux effets ....................................................................... 19 1.4.2 Le dynamisme des analyses environnementales, notamment de l’ACV ......................................... 20 1.4.3 Les aspects sociaux moins souvent considérés .............................................................................. 21 1.4.4 Les spécificités de l’évaluation des effets des politiques publiques sur les services issus de l’élevage........................................................................................................................................................ 21 1.4.5 Quelques précautions concernant l’utilisation des méthodes d’évaluation ...................................... 22 2 La multiplicité des impacts et services issus des élevages européens ......................................................... 23 2.1 Marché des productions animales ....................................................................................................... 23 2.1.1 Consommation de produits animaux alimentaires ........................................................................... 23 2.1.2 Production de produits animaux en Union européenne ................................................................... 28 2.1.3 Les échanges commerciaux de produits animaux ........................................................................... 30 2.1.4 Structure, facteurs de compétitivité et stratégies de différenciation des filières d’élevage .............. 31 2.1.5 La grande distribution et le secteur des productions animales en Europe ....................................... 34 2.1.6 Stratégies de différenciation des filières et coordination .................................................................. 36 2.1.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 38 2.2 Travail et emploi ................................................................................................................................... 39 2.2.1 L’emploi dans l’élevage et ses filières ............................................................................................. 39 2.2.2 Le travail en élevage........................................................................................................................ 41 2.2.3 La santé au travail ........................................................................................................................... 42 2.3 Les intrants .......................................................................................................................................... 43 2.3.1 L’alimentation du cheptel européen ................................................................................................. 43 2.3.2 Consommation et production d’énergie ........................................................................................... 46 2.3.3 La consommation de nutriments, le cas du phosphore ................................................................... 48 2.3.4 Les consommations d’eau ............................................................................................................... 49 2.4 Effets sur le climat et l’environnement ................................................................................................. 50 2.4.1 Effets de l’élevage sur le réchauffement climatique ......................................................................... 50 3 2.4.2 Effets de l’élevage sur la qualité de l’air .......................................................................................... 52 2.4.3 Effets de l’élevage sur la qualité de l’eau ........................................................................................ 53 2.4.4 Effets de l’élevage sur la qualité des sols ........................................................................................ 54 2.4.5 Effets de l’élevage sur la biodiversité .............................................................................................. 56 2.4.6 Logique de la régulation des effets environnementaux dus à l’élevage........................................... 58 2.4.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 62 2.5 Enjeux sociaux et culturels..................................................................................................................
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