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The Study of Ductal Carci-Noma ISSN: 2469-5807 Firdous et al. Int J Pathol Clin Res 2018, 4:074 DOI: 10.23937/2469-5807/1510074 Volume 4 | Issue 2 International Journal of Open Access Pathology and Clinical Research RESEARCH ARTICLE The Study of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) with Microinvasion Using Myoepithelial Markers Sana Firdous1*, Anjaneyulu2, Daphne Fonseca2, Sudha Murthy3, Sundaram Challa4 and CK Naidu5 1Resident, Basavatarakam Indo American and Cancer Institute, India 2Consultant Pathologist, Basavatarakam Indo American and Cancer Institute, India 3Head, Department of Pathology, Basavatarakam Indo American and Cancer Institute, India 4Professor and DNB Coordinator, Basavatarakam Indo American and Cancer Hospital, India Check for updates 5Consultant Surgical Oncologist, Basavatarakam Indo American and Cancer Hospital, India *Corresponding author: Dr. Sana Firdous, Resident, Basavatarakam Indo American and Cancer Institute, Sayanna Resi- dency, Flat no.301, Krishna Nagar Colony, Opposite Gandhi Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, Tel: 00918686922063 Abstract The most common type of DCIS in pure DCIS group is non comedo necrosis type constituting 59% cases and inter- Background: DCIS is a premalignant condition character- mediate nuclear grade constituting 54.5% cases, whereas ized by proliferation of neoplastic cells within the ducts with DCIS with microinvasion and DCIS with invasion group has intact myoepithelial cell layer and when there is a breach comedo necrosis type as the most common DCIS each in myoepithelial cell layer it indicates invasion and in both constituting 71.4% and 83% cases and high nuclear grade these condition treatment protocols and prognosis is differ- constituting 71.4% and 84.5% respectively. ent. Myoepithelial markers can be used to identify breach and hence invasion. The statistical analysis of immunohistochemical markers Aim: To identify DCIS with microinvasion using SMA, cal- is done by ROC curve analysis which show that area un- popin and p63 by IHC. der the curve for SMA, p63 and calponin are 0.634, 0.596, 0.688 respectively. This indicates that diagnostic accuracy Methods: This is a retro-prospective observational study is more for calponin than SMA and p63. with study population of 100 conducted in the department of pathology, Basavatarakam Indo-American cancer hospital Sensitivity of SMA, calponin and p63 are 91.30%, 90.90%, and research institute over a period of one year from Janu- 68.18% respectively whereas specificity are 23.7%, ary 2015 to December 2016 as per inclusion criteria. Sus- 87.17%, 98.7% respectively. pected cases of DCIS with microinvasion and focal invasion on H&E sections by morphological features is identified. Conclusion: DCIS with microinvasion is a very rare entity Panel of IHC markers with SMA, calponin and p63 on the and in the present study constituting 7% of total cases of suspected cases is performed and efficiency of IHC mark- DCIS with suspicious foci of invasion which is comparable ers with H&E in detecting microinvasive and focal invasive to the literature. component is compared. The sensitivity and specificity of Morphology alone could not distinguish DCIS with micro- IHC markers studied. invasion from DCIS with focal invasion. This was resolved Results: The three groups i.e. DCIS, DCIS with microinva- by IHC for myoepithelial markers. This highlights the role of sion and DCIS with invasion constitutes 22%, 7% and 71% IHC with myoepithelial markers for detecting micro or focal respectively. invasion from pure, albeit extensive DCIS and these obser- Comparative retrospective analysis of the three groups re- vations have direct impact on therapeutic decisions. Out of vealed no difference in age, site whereas mammographi- all markers used in present study i.e. SMA, calponin and cally BIRADS IVA is more commonly seen in DCIS group p63, calponin has the highest sensitivity and p63 has the constituting 63.6% cases and BIRADS IVC is seen most highest specificity. Hence this panel of IHC markers can be commonly in DCIS with microinvasion and DCIS with inva- used to identify microinvasion/ focal invasion in morpholog- sion group each constituting 57.1% and 57.7% respectively. ically suspicious biopsies. Citation: Firdous S, Anjaneyulu, Fonseca D, Murthy S, Challa S, et al. (2018) The Study of Ductal Carci- noma In Situ (DCIS) with Microinvasion Using Myoepithelial Markers. Int J Pathol Clin Res 4:074. doi. org/10.23937/2469-5807/1510074 Accepted: September 12, 2018: Published: September 14, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Firdous S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Firdous et al. Int J Pathol Clin Res 2018, 4:074 • Page 1 of 14 • DOI: 10.23937/2469-5807/1510074 ISSN: 2469-5807 proliferation of neoplastic cells within ducts, they have Keywords intact myoepithelial cell layer whereas there is breach DCIS, Microinvasion, Immunohistochemistry, SMA, Calpo- in myoepithelial layer in DCIS with microinvasion. nin, p63 Therefore, markers that identify myoepithelial cells can List of Abbreviations be used to differentiate these conditions. In extensive DCIS: Ductal Carcinoma In Situ; H&E: Hematoxylin and DCIS, myoepithelial markers can be used to identify the Eosin; CK: Cytokeratin; CD: Cluster Domain; SMA: Smooth invasive foci (loss of expression around it) and to mea- Muscle Actin; SMMHC: Smooth Muscle Myosin Heavy sure the invasive foci. Chain; TDLU: Terminal Ductal Lobular Unit; BIRADS: Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System; MI: Microinvasion; Various myoepithelial markers which can be used are IDC: Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; KD: Kilo Dalton; IHC: Im- CK 5/6, CD10, S100, smooth muscle specific proteins like munohistochemistry; NBF: Neutral Buffered Formalin; HRP: smooth muscle actin, heavy caldesmon, smooth muscle Histidine Rich Protein; EDTA: Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic myosin heavy chain, calponin and nuclear protein p63 Acid; TBS: Tris Buffered Saline; DAB: Diamino Benzidine; DPX: Dibutyl Phthalate Xylene each with variable sensitivity and specificity [5,13,14]. Cytokeratin’s and S-100 have low specificity, whereas Introduction calponin, smooth muscle actin (SMA) and smooth mus- cle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) are specific for myo- Ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) is the most common epithelial cells [9]. Myoepithelial cells also express the noninvasive malignancy of the breast. It is defined as nuclear protein p63 which is neither expressed by lu- proliferation of malignant cells in ductal epithelium con- minal mammary epithelium nor in smooth muscle cells fined to basement membrane, not invading the breast and is highly specific and sensitive [10]. parenchyma [1-5]. This study aims to utilize three myoepithelial mark- Incidence of DCIS ers, SMA, calponin and p63 in differentiating extensive DCIS and DCIS with microinvasion and focal invasion. It accounts for 20-25% of breast cancer [3,4,6,7]. There has been a rising trend of DCIS due to utilization Aim and Objectives of breast cancer screening mammography which can be Aim detected as microcalcification without a palpable lump [8]. Incidence in India is 1.1% of breast lesions [9]. To identify DCIS with microinvasion using SMA, cal- ponin and p63 by IHC. DCIS with microinvasion or microinvasive DCIS Objectives Microinvasive breast cancer is defined as invasion of tumor cells singly or in clusters into stroma and invasive Primary objectives: focus measuring not more than 1 mm in its greatest di- 1. Identify the suspected cases of DCIS with microinva- mension [1,3-5,10]. It accounts for 13.5% of DCIS cases sion and focal invasion on H&E sections by morpho- [11] and less than 1% of breast cancer cases [1,11]. The logical features. defining feature can be either of the following: 2. Perform a panel of IHC markers with SMA, calponin 1. One or two foci of invasion but less than 1 mm. and p63 on the suspected cases. 2. Single focus less than 2 mm. 3. Compare the efficiency of IHC markers with H&E in 3. Up to 3 foci but none more than 1 mm [11]. detecting microinvasive and focal invasive compo- nent. DCIS can occur alone, or with microinvasion, or with invasive carcinoma. It is important to differentiate these Secondary objective: Compare the sensitivity and three entities as treatment protocols and prognosis specificity of IHC markers studied. amongst these three is different [3,8]. DCIS with inva- Methods sive carcinoma usually poses no problem in diagnosis. However, the differentiation of DCIS alone from DCIS Study site: Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer with microinvasion is difficult but important to identify Hospital and Research Institute. because treatment protocols are different. Moreover, Study population: Patients registered at Basava- hormone receptor positivity is evaluated in the invasive tarakam Indo American cancer Hospital and research component only. When there is extensive DCIS, it is dif- Institute as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. ficult to identify invasion and also to measure the size of the focus. Study design: Both prospective and retrospective, observational study. On hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections, a number of morphological features are described to Sample size: 100 cases as per inclusion criteria. identify invasion [12]. The most important feature is Justification of sample size: n = N/1+Ne2. Where n = breach in the myoepithelial layer. As DCIS is malignant sample size for study. N, size of population in a duration Firdous et al. Int J Pathol Clin Res 2018, 4:074 • Page 2 of 14 • DOI: 10.23937/2469-5807/1510074 ISSN: 2469-5807 of one year = 100. e = Standard error (0.05). n = 100/1 + for each slice of the specimen from medial to lateral 100 × 0.052 = 80. [15], so that any slice section showing suspicious foci of micro or focal invasion could be re sampled accordingly. Study period: January 2015 to December 2016. The sections were paraffin embedded and stained with Retrospective: January 2015 to November 2015. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E).
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