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Vascular Invasion, but Not Lymphatic Invasion, of the Primary Tumor Is a Strong Prognostic Factor in Patients with Colorectal Cancer

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Vascular Invasion, but Not Lymphatic Invasion, of the Primary Tumor Is a Strong Prognostic Factor in Patients with Colorectal Cancer ANTICANCER RESEARCH 34: 3147-3152 (2014) Vascular Invasion, but not Lymphatic Invasion, of the Primary Tumor Is a Strong Prognostic Factor in Patients with Colorectal Cancer TAKAAKI FUJII1, TOSHINAGA SUTOH1, HIROKI MORITA1, REINA YAJIMA1, SATORU YAMAGUCHI2, SOICHI TSUTSUMI1, TAKAYUKI ASAO3 and HIROYUKI KUWANO1 1Department of General Surgical Science, and 3Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine. Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; 2Department of Surgical Oncology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan Abstract. Background: We previously showed that the similar to that of the ly−/v− group. Conclusion: The presence of vascular invasion, but not lymphatic invasion, presence of vascular invasion, but not lymphatic invasion, was a strong prognostic factor for breast cancer. Lymphatic could be an indicator of high biological aggressiveness and invasion may represent mainly the selective affinity of cancer may be a strong prognostic factor for colorectal cancer. cells for lymph nodes. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the presence of vascular invasion that may reflect The correct definition of poor prognostic factors for systemic disease as a predictor of disease recurrence in colorectal cancer may help guide more aggressive adjuvant colorectal cancer, separate from lymphatic invasion of the treatment protocols. Pathological staging is currently the primary tumor. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively most accurate predictor of prognosis in colorectal cancer. evaluated the cases of 177 consecutive patients with primary The commonly used staging systems for colorectal cancer, colorectal cancer who underwent colorectal resection. We including Dukes and TNM (tumors/ nodes/metastases), examined the relationship between recurrence and the depend on the degree of depth of tumor invasion and the prognostic significance of clinicopathological factors, number of lymph nodes involved in metastasis, and serve as particularly lymphatic and vascular invasion. Results: The a benchmark for predicting the prognosis (1, 2). Tumor cells presence of vascular invasion (v) was significant, while that invade blood vessels and lymphatic vessels; lymphovascular of lymphatic invasion (ly) was not significant in univariate invasion (LVI) is a critical step in tumor cell dissemination analysis. The presence of vascular invasion was an and metastasis in various types of cancers (2-6). The independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. prognostic significance of LVI in colorectal cancer has been Among the 60 patients in the ly−/v− group, one (1.7%) had investigated (2, 7-10), however, LVI is not incorporated into disease recurrence, and among the 33 patients in the ly+/v− most of the internationally-recognized staging systems. The group, one (3.0%) had disease recurrence. On the other prognostic significance of LVI, including vascular invasion hand, among the 71 patients in the ly+/v+ group, 16 patients and lymphatic invasion, remains unclear. (22.5%) suffered recurrence, and among the 13 patients in We previously reported that the presence of vascular the ly−/v+ group, four (30.8%) suffered recurrence. It is invasion, but not lymphatic invasion, was an indicator of interesting to note that despite the presence of lymphatic high tumor biological aggressiveness and may be a strong invasion, the group without vascular invasion (ly+/v−) had prognostic factor for breast cancer (3). Tumor cells invade a few patients with distant metastases, a result which is the lymphatic vessels, and this invasion allows the cells to then penetrate the lymphatic system. Both experimental tumor models and human clinicopathological data indicate that the growth of lymphatic vessels near solid tumors is Correspondence to: Takaaki Fujii, MD, Ph.D., FACS, Department often associated with lymph node metastasis (11-13). The of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma presence of lymphatic invasion in colorectal cancer could be University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, a potential indicator of the ability of cancer cells to Japan. Tel: +81 0272208224, Fax: +81 0272208230, e-mail: [email protected] metastasize to lymph nodes. Lymphatic invasion may represent mainly the selective affinity of cancer cells for Key Words: Vascular invasion, lymphatic invasion, colorectal cancer, lymph nodes. On the other hand, the phenomenon of tumor prognosis. cells invading blood vessels, not lymphatic vessels, is a 0250-7005/2014 $2.00+.40 3147 ANTICANCER RESEARCH 34: 3147-3152 (2014) critical step in tumor cell dissemination and metastasis for Table Ⅰ. Patients’ characteristics and clinicopathological features predicting disease recurrence or prognosis. The vascular associated with recurrent disease. Values are expressed as mean±SD. invasion of the primary tumor (denoted herein as “v”) may Recurrence thus reflect systemic disease. We, therefore, hypothesized that vascular invasion of the primary tumor would reflect the Negative Positive p-Value risk of recurrent disease and the prognosis more accurately 155 22 than lymphatic invasion (“ly”) in patients with colorectal cancer. To contribute to staging information, vascular and Age (years) 66.0±12.1 67.1±15.3 0.404 Gender (Male/Female, n) 99/56 12/10 0.397 lymphatic invasion were evaluated as potential prognostic Location (colon/rectum, n) 94/61 16/6 0.391 factors. In the present study, we retrospectively investigated Depth of invasion <0.001 the relationship between vascular invasion with or without T1/Tis 47 0 lymphatic invasion and recurrence in patients with operable T2 36 2 colorectal cancer. T3 59 12 T4 13 8 Lymph node metastasis (n) 38 14 <0.001 Patients and Methods Lymphatic invasion (positive, n) 87 17 0.059 Vascular invasion (positive, n) 64 20 <0.001 We retrospectively investigated the cases of 177 consecutive patients CEA (≥3 ng/ml, n) 38 9 0.170 with primary colorectal cancer who underwent surgery at the Adjuvant therapy (n) 37 9 0.020 Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Hospital, between January 2007 and December 2009. Patients with CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen. previously diagnosed colorectal cancer or incomplete clinical information were excluded. None of the patients had received preoperative chemotherapy or radiation. All patients were diagnosed with colon or rectal cancer and underwent surgical resection of the primary tumor. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. not significant. The multivariate analyses revealed that The details extracted from the database were age, sex, primary vascular invasion (p=0.034) and depth of tumor invasion tumor location, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, (p=0.006) were independent negative prognostic factors. lymphatic or vascular invasion of the primary tumor, administration Lymph node metastasis (p=0.052) lost its significance in the of adjuvant therapy, and a serum tumor marker (carcinoembryonic antigen; CEA). The overall median follow-up period was 3.45 years, multivariate analysis. and none of the patients died of surgical complications. As shown by the Kaplan–Meier curves, the RFS was significantly shorter for patients with vascular invasion Statistical analysis. The colorectal cancer cases were divided into (p<0.009; Figure 1a), as was the OS (p<0.039; Figure 1b). two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of recurrence. The two types of survival curves indicate a significantly We conducted univariate statistical analysis using Fisher’s exact test lower rate of survival among patients with vascular invasion. or the χ2 test with or without Yates’ correction. To compare the two On the other hand, the OS shown by the Kaplan–Meier groups, we used Student’s t-test. To test the independence of the risk factors, we entered the variables into a multivariate logistic curves was shorter for patients with lymphatic invasion regression model with a likelihood of p<0.05. Relapse-free (RFS) (p=0.034), while the RFS did not differ among patients with and overall (OS) survival were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier lymphatic invasion (p=0.079) (Figure 2). method. The log-rank test was used to evaluate differences between Lymphatic invasion without vascular invasion does not OS and the recurrence-free interval. Differences were considered affect the risk of recurrent disease or the prognosis. We significant at p<0.05. found that the presence of vascular invasion, which may reflect systemic disease, was an independent risk factor of Results recurrent disease. Conversely, our results did not show that We divided the cases of patients with colorectal cancer into lymphatic invasion was of independent prognostic value. two groups based on the presence of recurrence. Among the Among the 60 patients in the ly−/v− group, only one (1.7%) 177 patients, 22 (12.4%) had recurrent disease. Table I suffered disease recurrence, and among the 33 patients in the summarizes not only patients’ characteristics but also the ly+/v− group, only one (3.0%) suffered disease recurrence. results of the univariate analysis conducted to determine the On the other hand, among the 71 patients in the ly+/v+ relationship between the examined clinicopathological group, 16 (22.5%) experienced recurrence, and among the 13 variables and recurrent disease. The univariate analysis patients in the ly−/v+ group, four (30.8%) experienced revealed that lymph node metastasis, depth of tumor recurrence. The RFS curves for the various groups based on invasion, and vascular invasion were statistically significantly
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