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Disinfection Byproduct (DBP) Precursors in Central MA Cynthia M

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Disinfection Byproduct (DBP) Precursors in Central MA Cynthia M University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Environmental & Water Resources Engineering Civil and Environmental Engineering Masters Projects 9-2008 Disinfection Byproduct (DBP) Precursors In Central MA Cynthia M. Castellon University of Massachusetts-Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cee_ewre Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons Castellon, Cynthia M., "Disinfection Byproduct (DBP) Precursors In Central MA" (2008). Environmental & Water Resources Engineering Masters Projects. 2. https://doi.org/10.7275/GG6N-G045 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Civil and Environmental Engineering at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Environmental & Water Resources Engineering Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT (DBP) PRECURSORS IN A CENTRAL MA WATERSHED AND DBP OCCURRENCE IN MA WATER SUPPLIES A Master’s Project Presented by CYNTHIA M. CASTELLON Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING September 2008 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering © Copyright by Cynthia M. Castellon 2008 All Rights Reserved DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT (DBP) PRECURSORS IN A CENTRAL MA WATERSHED AND DBP OCCURRENCE IN MA WATER SUPPLIES A Master’s Project Presented by CYNTHIA M. CASTELLON Approved as to style and content by: ____________________________________ Dr. David Reckhow, Chair ____________________________________ Dr. Paula Rees, Member ____________________________________ Dr. John Tobiason, Member __________________________________________ Dr. John Tobiason, Graduate Program Director Environmental Engineering DEDICATION To Jose Arturo and Janette Castellon, my parents. To my brothers and sister, Jose, Ivis and Doris. To Kevin. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Work for this master’s project contributed to two separate studies. The first was a project funded by the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to monitor the Wachusett Reservoir watershed for sources of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. The second was a project funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the United States National Institutes of Health to recreate the water exposure history of a gall bladder cancer study group. The University of Massachusetts worked with the National Cancer Institute from 2005 through 2007 to recreate the water exposure history of their gall bladder cancer study group in Massachusetts. This is part of a larger study of the environment and health being conducted in Northern New England by Dartmouth Medical School, the National Institutes of Health, the Departments of Health in New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine and the U.S. Geological Survey. This team of researchers is conducting an epidemiological study to investigate the effect of arsenic, nitrate, and disinfection byproducts on gall bladder cancer incidence. Thank you to my adviser Dr. David Reckhow for giving me the opportunity to study and work at the University of Massachusetts. Thank you to my co-adviser D. Paula Rees, and to the rest of the Civil and Environmental Engineering faculty for all of their advice, lessons, and support. A million thanks to the following people, who helped me in my laboratory and research work: Gladys Makdissy, Guanghui Hua, Boning Liu, Melissa Brown, Allan Briggs, Russell Adams, Junsung Kim, Safina Singh, Mat Suska, Ken Mercer, Amanda Keyes, and Kirsten Studer. Thank you to Jodi Ozdarski for always patiently answering all my questions. Thank you to the Environmental Engineering graduate students for making ELab II room 312 a fun place to work. v ABSTRACT DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT (DBP) PRECURSORS IN A CENTRAL MA WATERSHED AND DBP OCCURRENCE IN MA WATER SUPPLIES September 2008 CYNTHIA CASTELLON, B.A., COLGATE UNIVERSITY M.S., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor David A. Reckhow Controlling disinfection byproduct formation is one of the biggest challenges facing drinking water providers. This report examines two issues regarding disinfection byproducts in public water systems: 1) watershed sources of DBP precursors and watershed characteristics, such as precipitation, season, and land use, which influence DBP formation; and, 2) factors, such as treatment practices, season, and raw water quality, that affect DBP formation at water treatment plants and in distribution systems. In order to analyze these issues, this project utilized two databases, one consisting of DBP precursor data from Wachusett Reservoir located in Central Massachusetts, and the other consisting of historical water treatment data and DBP concentrations from several communities in Massachusetts. As such, this paper consists of an introductory chapter followed by two main chapters, each dedicated to analyzing one of the databases and each consisting of its own results and conclusions. With respect to watershed influences on DBP precursors, this study shows that: non-aromatic compounds may be significant sources of DBP precursors; DBP precursors and specific DBP-FP are highest during winter months; precipitation tends to favor THM formation rather than HAA formation; rainwater can be a significant source of DBP precursors; specific DBP-FP is significantly correlated with agricultural lands and wetlands (negative) and with urban areas (positive); DOC is significantly correlated with water areas (positive) and urban areas (negative); and, finally, riparian zones probably do not contribute the majority of DBP precursors. With respect to the occurrence of DBPs in public water systems, this study shows that: water sources high in TOC tend to universally filtered while low TOC sources tend to be treated without filtration or by direct filtration; alternative disinfectants are more effective when coupled with multiple precursor removal processes; free chlorine generally results in higher DBP concentrations regardless of precursor removal; ozone is very effective at minimizing DBPs but may result in other unwanted byproducts; high DBP concentrations are observed in systems with low TOC waters if precursor removal is minimal; THM concentrations are highest at water treatment plants during the fall while THM and HAA5 concentrations are highest in distribution systems during the summer; and, finally, DBP formation in distribution systems is considerable and a challenge to water systems. A fourth chapter of this report examines the usefulness of utilizing results from both databases and the final chapter presents recommendations for future work. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ...............................................................................................................viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ v ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................... x Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 13 1.1.Introduction................................................................................................... 13 1.1.1. DBP Precursors in a Central MA Reservoir ............................... 15 1.1.2. DBP Occurrence in Massachusetts Water Supplies.................... 15 1.2.Research Objectives...................................................................................... 16 1.3.Previous Work .............................................................................................. 17 1.4.Background ................................................................................................... 18 1.4.1. Natural Organic Matter ............................................................... 18 1.4.2. Disinfection Byproducts ............................................................. 20 1.4.3. DBP Formation: Reactivity of NOM with Chlorine................... 24 1.4.4. DBP Regulations of Interest to Municipal Water Systems......... 25 Chapter 2. DBP PRECURSORS IN WACHUSETT RESERVOIR........................ 28 2.1.Background on NOM and DBPs................................................................... 28 2.2.Objectives for Wachusett Reservoir Study................................................... 37 2.3.Materials and Methods.................................................................................. 38 2.3.1. Wachusett Sampling Campaign.................................................. 38 2.3.2. DOC Impact Test ........................................................................ 43 2.3.3. Laboratory Analysis .................................................................... 45 Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon.......................................... 45 Ultraviolet Absorbance ............................................................... 46 DBP Formation Potential Tests .................................................. 46 Trihalomethane Extraction.......................................................... 48 Haloacetic Acid Extraction........................................................
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