DOCSLIB.ORG

Anosov Diffeomorphism with a Horseshoe That Attracts Almost Any Point

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anosov Diffeomorphism with a Horseshoe That Attracts Almost Any Point DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS doi:10.3934/dcds.2020017 DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS Volume 40, Number 1, January 2020 pp. 441–465 ANOSOV DIFFEOMORPHISM WITH A HORSESHOE THAT ATTRACTS ALMOST ANY POINT Christian Bonatti Institut de Math´ematiquesde Bourgogne, Universit´ede Bourgogne Dijon 21004, France Stanislav Minkov Brook Institute of Electronic Control Machines 119334, Moscow, Vavilova str., 24, Russia Alexey Okunev Loughborough University LE11 3TU, Loughborough, UK Ivan Shilin National Research University Higher School of Economics Faculty of Mathematics, 119048, Moscow, Usacheva str., 6, Russia (Communicated by Sylvain Crovisier) Abstract. We present an example of a C1 Anosov diffeomorphism of a two- torus with a physical measure such that its basin has full Lebesgue measure and its support is a horseshoe of zero measure. 1. Introduction. Consider a diffeomorphism F that preserves a probability mea- sure ν. The basin of ν is the set of all points x such that the sequence of measures n 1 δ := (δ + ··· + δ n−1 ) x n x F (x) converges to ν in the weak-∗ topology. A measure is called physical if its basin has positive Lebesgue measure. It is well known (see [3], [11], [12], or [1, x1:3]) that any transitive C2 Anosov diffeomorphism (note that all known Anosov diffeomorphisms are transitive) has a unique physical measure and • the basin of this measure has full Lebesgue measure, • the support of this measure coincides with the whole phase space. In C1 dynamics there are many phenomena that are impossible in C2. Bowen [2] has constructed an example of a C1 diffeomorphism of the plane with a thick horseshoe (i.e., a horseshoe with positive Lebesgue measure) and Robinson and Young [10] have embedded a thick horseshoe in a C1 Anosov diffeomorphism of T2 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 37D20; Secondary: 37C40, 37C70, 37E30, 37G35. Key words and phrases. Anosov diffeomorphisms, physical measure, Milnor attractor, C1- dynamics, thick Cantor sets. Supported in part by the RFBR grant 16-01-00748-a. 441 442 C. BONATTI, S. MINKOV, A. OKUNEV AND I. SHILIN in such a way that the stable and unstable foliations ceased to be absolutely con- tinuous. More precisely, their approach provides a horseshoe of positive measure whose local stable foliation intersects some transversal by a set of zero measure. Our result is in a sense complementary: we construct an Anosov diffeomorphism with a horseshoe of zero measure whose stable foliation is a set of total measure. 1 2 Theorem 1. There exists a C Anosov diffeomorphism FH of the 2-torus T that admits a physical measure ν such that • its basin has full Lebesgue measure, • it is supported on a horseshoe H of zero Lebesgue measure, • !(x) = H for Lebesgue-a.e. x 2 T2, where !(x) is the !-limit set of the point x. We emphasize that the main point of this theorem is that the horseshoe H at- tracts a set of full Lebesgue measure. This property is by no means obtained automatically: if one embedded a thick horseshoe into a transitive Anosov diffeo- morphism in such way that its stable foliation had intersection of positive Lebesgue measure with any open set, this diffeomorphism could in principle have another thick horseshoe, and then the basin of the first one would not be of full measure. Let us also remark that the last statement of the theorem is not a corollary of n the former two. Indeed, δx ! ν does not imply that !(x) ⊂ supp ν, since the orbit of x can spend almost all the time near supp ν but still be far from this set infinitely many times. Finally, we would like to note that our FH is transitive, since any Anosov diffeomorphism of T2 is (see [9]). An announcement of Theorem1 appeared in Funct. Anal. Appl., 51:2 (2017), pp. 144–147. 2. Milnor attractors. The last statement of Theorem1 claims that, despite FH is transitive, the horseshoe is the “attractor” of FH if we are interested in the behavior of points which are typical with respect to the Lebesgue measure. This intuition is embodied in the definition of Milnor’s attractor [8], which we now recall. Definition 2. Consider a diffeomorphism F : N ! N of a compact riemannian manifold N; the metric induces the Lebesgue measure on N. The Milnor attrac- tor of F (notation: AM (F )) is the minimal by inclusion closed subset of N that contains !(x) for a.e. x 2 N with respect to the Lebesgue measure. The Milnor attractor always exists, as proved in [8]. Since the definition of the Milnor attractor uses the Lebesgue measure, the Milnor attractor may be signif- icantly changed after conjugation by a homeomorphism. This often represents a big technical difficulty. For example, a small perturbation of a partially hyperbolic skew product over an Anosov diffeomorphism is conjugate to another skew prod- uct, but the conjugacy map is only a homeomorphism and it may change the Milnor attractor (see [4] and references therein). Let us say that the Milnor attractor of a C1-diffeomorphism F is topologically invariant in C1, if for any C1-diffeomorphism G such that G and F are conjugated −1 by a homeomorphism (G = H ◦ F ◦ H ) we have AM (G) = H(AM (F )). The first example of a non topologically invariant Milnor attractor was constructed by S. Minkov in his thesis and is similar to the example from [6, x3]. Our construction gives an open set of such maps. Corollary 3. There is a C1-open set of Anosov diffeomorphisms whose Milnor attractors are not topologically invariant in C1. A HORSESHOE ATTRACTING ALMOST ANY POINT 443 Before giving the proof, let us briefly discuss Milnor attractors of Anosov dif- feomorphisms. As mentioned above, any transitive C2 Anosov diffeomorphism has a unique physical measure with full support, so its Milnor attractor is the whole manifold (this also holds for C1-generic transitive Anosov diffeomorphisms, see ap- pendixA). On the other hand, for our example we have AM (FH) = H, by Theo- rem1. Of course, we are not the first to construct a transitive map with nontrivial Milnor attractor it is worthwhile to recall the intermingled basins example by Ittai Kan [5] (see also [1, §11.1.2] and [7]). Proof of Corollary3. Let us prove that for any C1-diffeomorphism that is suffi- 1 ciently close to FH, the Milnor attractor is not topologically invariant in C . Since 1 FH is structurally stable, it has a C -neighborhood U such that all maps in U are conjugate to each other. Since C2-diffeomorphisms are dense in the space of C1-diffeomorphisms, one may find a C2 Anosov diffeomorphism G 2 U. Any map F 2 U is conjugate to both FH and G. As discussed above, any Anosov diffeo- morphism of T2 is transitive, and for any transitive C2 Anosov diffeomorphism the 2 Milnor attractor is the whole manifold. So AM (G) = T . Since AM (FH) = H, the attractor of F is not topologically invariant in C1. 3. Plan of the paper. The rest of the text is devoted to the proof of Theo- rem1. To prove Theorem1, we first define a certain class C1 of C1-smooth Anosov diffeomorphisms and then prove that a generic diffeomorphism in C1 satisfies the conclusion of Theorem1. We say that some property is possessed by a generic diffeomorphism in some class if diffeomorphisms with this property form a residual subset in this class. To construct the class C1, we will first describe a C1-smooth 2 2 Anosov diffeomorphism Finit : T ! T that has an invariant horseshoe H. In our construction the horseshoe H will be semi-thick, i.e., H will be a product of a Cantor set with positive measure in the unstable direction and a Cantor set with zero measure in the stable direction. The dynamics on H in the unstable direction will be as in Bowen’s thick horseshoe, and in the stable direction as in a linear Smale’s horseshoe. The description of Finit is done in section4; we also state sev- eral properties of Finit and define certain subsets of the torus (UK, S, R; : : : ) that 1 will be needed to define the class C . The proof of the existence of a map Finit with required properties will be given in section8. Denote by S the local stable foliation of the semi-thick horseshoe H for the diffeomorphism Finit. The set S is a product of a thick Cantor set and a segment, and therefore it has positive Lebesgue measure. One might expect that Lebesgue almost all points will have their images inside S after a sufficient number of forward iterations and so will be attracted to H. Unfortunately, this is not necessarily true: as we mentioned above, one could arrange a thick horseshoe far from H then every its point would not be attracted to H. However, it is still reasonable to expect that almost every point gets inside S for a generic diffeomorphism with a semi-thick horseshoe H. This motivates our genericity argument presented in section5. The class C1 is introduced in section5. For every map in the class C1 the dynamics on the local stable foliation S of the semi-thick horseshoe is the same 1 −n as for Finit. For F 2 C , denote by B(F ) = [n≥0F (S) the basin of attraction of the semi-thick horseshoe H. In section5 we will show that any diffeomorphism F 2 C1 such that B(F ) has full Lebesgue measure has the three properties from Theorem1. To prove that such diffeomorphisms are generic in C1, we consider, for 1 1 1 every " > 0, the set A" ⊂ C of all F 2 C such that Leb(B(F )) > 1 − ", where Leb 444 C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Invariant Measures for Hyperbolic Dynamical Systems
    Invariant measures for hyperbolic dynamical systems N. Chernov September 14, 2006 Contents 1 Markov partitions 3 2 Gibbs Measures 17 2.1 Gibbs states . 17 2.2 Gibbs measures . 33 2.3 Properties of Gibbs measures . 47 3 Sinai-Ruelle-Bowen measures 56 4 Gibbs measures for Anosov and Axiom A flows 67 5 Volume compression 86 6 SRB measures for general diffeomorphisms 92 This survey is devoted to smooth dynamical systems, which are in our context diffeomorphisms and smooth flows on compact manifolds. We call a flow or a diffeomorphism hyperbolic if all of its Lyapunov exponents are different from zero (except the one in the flow direction, which has to be 1 zero). This means that the tangent vectors asymptotically expand or con- tract exponentially fast in time. For many reasons, it is convenient to assume more than just asymptotic expansion or contraction, namely that the expan- sion and contraction of tangent vectors happens uniformly in time. Such hyperbolic systems are said to be uniformly hyperbolic. Historically, uniformly hyperbolic flows and diffeomorphisms were stud- ied as early as in mid-sixties: it was done by D. Anosov [2] and S. Smale [77], who introduced his Axiom A. In the seventies, Anosov and Axiom A dif- feomorphisms and flows attracted much attention from different directions: physics, topology, and geometry. This actually started in 1968 when Ya. Sinai constructed Markov partitions [74, 75] that allowed a symbolic representa- tion of the dynamics, which matched the existing lattice models in statistical mechanics. As a result, the theory of Gibbs measures for one-dimensional lat- tices was carried over to Anosov and Axiom A dynamical systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Linear Response, Or Else
    Linear response, or else Viviane Baladi Abstract. Consider a smooth one-parameter family t ft of dynamical systems ft, with t < ϵ. !→ | | Assume that for all t (or for many t close to t =0) the map ft admits a unique physical invariant probability measure µt. We say that linear response holds if t µt is differentiable at t =0(possibly !→ in the sense of Whitney), and if its derivative can be expressed as a function of f0, µ0, and ∂tft t=0. | The goal of this note is to present to a general mathematical audience recent results and open problems in the theory of linear response for chaotic dynamical systems, possibly with bifurcations. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010). Primary 37C40; Secondary 37D25, 37C30, 37E05. Keywords. Linear response, transfer operator, Ruelle operator, physical measure, SRB measure, bi- furcations, differentiable dynamical system, unimodal maps, expanding interval maps, hyperbolic dy- namical systems. 1. Introduction A discrete-time dynamical system is a self-map f : M M on a space M. To any point n → 0 x M is then associated its (future) orbit f (x) n Z+ where f (x)=x, and n∈ n 1 { | ∈ } f (x)=f − (f(x)), for n 1, represents the state of the system at time n, given the “ini- ≥ n tial condition” x. (If f is invertible, one can also consider the past orbit f − (x) n Z+ .) { | ∈ } In this text, we shall always assume that M is a compact differentiable manifold (possibly with boundary), with the Borel σ-algebra, endowed with a Riemannian structure and thus normalised Lebesgue measure.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2003.06811V3 [Math.DS] 31 Mar 2021 Nsmcasclaayi Eg E [ See (E.G
    ANOSOV DIFFEOMORPHISMS, ANISOTROPIC BV SPACES AND REGULARITY OF FOLIATIONS WAEL BAHSOUN AND CARLANGELO LIVERANI Abstract. Given any smooth Anosov map we construct a Banach space on which the associated transfer operator is quasi-compact. The peculiarity of such a space is that in the case of expanding maps it reduces exactly to the usual space of functions of bounded variation which has proven particularly successful in studying the statistical properties of piecewise expanding maps. Our approach is based on a new method of studying the absolute continuity of foliations which provides new information that could prove useful in treating hyperbolic systems with singularities. 1. Introduction Starting with the paper [BKL], there has been a growing interest in the pos- sibility to develop a functional analytic setting allowing the direct study of the transfer operator of a hyperbolic dynamical system. The papers [GL, GL1, BT, BT1, B1, B2, B3, B4, T1] have now produced quite satisfactory results for the case of Anosov diffeomorphisms (or, more generally, for uniformly hyperbolic basic sets). Important results, although the theory is not complete yet, have been ob- tained for flows [L, BuL, BuL2, GLP, FT2, DyZ, D17], group extensions and skew products ([F11, AGT]). Moreover, recently a strong relation with techniques used in semiclassical analysis (e.g. see [FR, FRS, FT1, FT2, DyZ]) has been unveiled. Also, one should mention the recent discovery of a deep relation with the theory of renormalization of parabolic systems [GL19]. In addition, such an approach has proven very effective in the study of perturbation of dynamical systems [KL1, KL3] and in the investigation of limit theorems [G10].
    [Show full text]
  • Equilibrium States and the Ergodic Theory of Anosov Diffeomorphisms
    Rufus Bowen Equilibrium States and the Ergodic Theory of Anosov Diffeomorphisms New edition of Lect. Notes in Math. 470, Springer, 1975. April 14, 2013 Springer Preface The Greek and Roman gods, supposedly, resented those mortals endowed with superlative gifts and happiness, and punished them. The life and achievements of Rufus Bowen (1947{1978) remind us of this belief of the ancients. When Rufus died unexpectedly, at age thirty-one, from brain hemorrhage, he was a very happy and successful man. He had great charm, that he did not misuse, and superlative mathematical talent. His mathematical legacy is important, and will not be forgotten, but one wonders what he would have achieved if he had lived longer. Bowen chose to be simple rather than brilliant. This was the hard choice, especially in a messy subject like smooth dynamics in which he worked. Simplicity had also been the style of Steve Smale, from whom Bowen learned dynamical systems theory. Rufus Bowen has left us a masterpiece of mathematical exposition: the slim volume Equilibrium States and the Ergodic Theory of Anosov Diffeomorphisms (Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics 470 (1975)). Here a number of results which were new at the time are presented in such a clear and lucid style that Bowen's monograph immediately became a classic. More than thirty years later, many new results have been proved in this area, but the volume is as useful as ever because it remains the best introduction to the basics of the ergodic theory of hyperbolic systems. The area discussed by Bowen came into existence through the merging of two apparently unrelated theories.
    [Show full text]
  • What Are Lyapunov Exponents, and Why Are They Interesting?
    BULLETIN (New Series) OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 54, Number 1, January 2017, Pages 79–105 http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/bull/1552 Article electronically published on September 6, 2016 WHAT ARE LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS, AND WHY ARE THEY INTERESTING? AMIE WILKINSON Introduction At the 2014 International Congress of Mathematicians in Seoul, South Korea, Franco-Brazilian mathematician Artur Avila was awarded the Fields Medal for “his profound contributions to dynamical systems theory, which have changed the face of the field, using the powerful idea of renormalization as a unifying principle.”1 Although it is not explicitly mentioned in this citation, there is a second unify- ing concept in Avila’s work that is closely tied with renormalization: Lyapunov (or characteristic) exponents. Lyapunov exponents play a key role in three areas of Avila’s research: smooth ergodic theory, billiards and translation surfaces, and the spectral theory of 1-dimensional Schr¨odinger operators. Here we take the op- portunity to explore these areas and reveal some underlying themes connecting exponents, chaotic dynamics and renormalization. But first, what are Lyapunov exponents? Let’s begin by viewing them in one of their natural habitats: the iterated barycentric subdivision of a triangle. When the midpoint of each side of a triangle is connected to its opposite vertex by a line segment, the three resulting segments meet in a point in the interior of the triangle. The barycentric subdivision of a triangle is the collection of 6 smaller triangles determined by these segments and the edges of the original triangle: Figure 1. Barycentric subdivision. Received by the editors August 2, 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ergodic Theory of Hyperbolic Dynamical Systems
    MAGIC: Ergodic Theory Lecture 10 - The ergodic theory of hyperbolic dynamical systems Charles Walkden April 12, 2013 In this lecture we use symbolic dynamics to model more general hyperbolic dynamical systems. We can then use thermodynamic formalism to prove ergodic-theoretic results about such systems. In the last two lectures we studied thermodynamic formalism in the context of one-sided aperiodic shifts of finite type. In the last two lectures we studied thermodynamic formalism in the context of one-sided aperiodic shifts of finite type. In this lecture we use symbolic dynamics to model more general hyperbolic dynamical systems. We can then use thermodynamic formalism to prove ergodic-theoretic results about such systems. Let Tx M be the tangent space at x 2 M. Let Dx T : Tx M ! TTx M be the derivative of T . Idea: At each point x 2 M, there are two directions: I T contracts exponentially fast in one direction. I T expands exponentially fast in the other. Definition T : M ! M is an Anosov diffeomorphism if 9C > 0; λ 2 (0; 1) s.t. 8x 2 M, there is a splitting s u Tx M = Ex ⊕ Ex into DT -invariant sub-bundles E s , E u s.t. n n s kDx T (v)k ≤ Cλ kvk 8v 2 Ex ; 8n ≥ 0 −n n u kDx T (v)k ≤ Cλ kvk 8v 2 Ex ; 8n ≥ 0: Hyperbolic dynamical systems Let T be a C 1 diffeomorphism of a compact Riemannian manifold M. Let Dx T : Tx M ! TTx M be the derivative of T .
    [Show full text]
  • Maximal Entropy Measures for Certain Partially Hyperbolic, Derived from Anosov Systems
    MAXIMAL ENTROPY MEASURES FOR CERTAIN PARTIALLY HYPERBOLIC, DERIVED FROM ANOSOV SYSTEMS J. BUZZI, T. FISHER, M. SAMBARINO, C. VASQUEZ´ Abstract. We show that a class of robustly transitive diffeomor- phisms originally described by Ma˜n´eare intrinsically ergodic. More precisely, we obtain an open set of diffeomorphisms which fail to be uniformly hyperbolic and structurally stable, but nevertheless have the following stability with respect to their entropy. Their topological entropy is constant and they each have a unique measure of maximal entropy with respect to which peri- odic orbits are equidistributed. Moreover, equipped with their re- spective measure of maximal entropy, these diffeomorphisms are pairwise isomorphic. We show that the method applies to several classes of systems which are similarly derived from Anosov, i.e., produced by an iso- topy from an Anosov system, namely, a mixed Ma˜n´eexample and one obtained through a Hopf bifurcation. 1. Introduction Let f be a diffeomorphism of a manifold M to itself. The diffeomor- phism f is transitive if there exists a point x ∈ M where + n Of (x)= {f (x)|n ∈ N} is dense in M. It is robustly transitive [4, Ch. 7] if there exists a neighborhood U of f in the space Diff1(M) of C1 diffeomorphisms such that each g in U is transitive. Since robust transitivity is an open condition, it is an important component of the global picture of dynamical systems [23]. Date: October 11, 2010. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 37C40, 37A35, 37C15. Key words and phrases. Measures of maximal entropy, topological entropy, ro- bust ergodicity, ergodic theory, partial hyperbolicity, intrinsic ergodicity.
    [Show full text]
  • Hyperbolic Dynamical Systems, Chaos, and Smale's
    Hyperbolic dynamical systems, chaos, and Smale's horseshoe: a guided tour∗ Yuxi Liu Abstract This document gives an illustrated overview of several areas in dynamical systems, at the level of beginning graduate students in mathematics. We start with Poincar´e's discovery of chaos in the three-body problem, and define the Poincar´esection method for studying dynamical systems. Then we discuss the long-term behavior of iterating a n diffeomorphism in R around a fixed point, and obtain the concept of hyperbolicity. As an example, we prove that Arnold's cat map is hyperbolic. Around hyperbolic fixed points, we discover chaotic homoclinic tangles, from which we extract a source of the chaos: Smale's horseshoe. Then we prove that the behavior of the Smale horseshoe is the same as the binary shift, reducing the problem to symbolic dynamics. We conclude with applications to physics. 1 The three-body problem 1.1 A brief history The first thing Newton did, after proposing his law of gravity, is to calculate the orbits of two mass points, M1;M2 moving under the gravity of each other. It is a basic exercise in mechanics to show that, relative to one of the bodies M1, the orbit of M2 is a conic section (line, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola). The second thing he did was to calculate the orbit of three mass points, in order to study the sun-earth-moon system. Here immediately he encountered difficulty. And indeed, the three body problem is extremely difficult, and the n-body problem is even more so.
    [Show full text]
  • Entropy Rigidity for 3D Conservative Anosov Flows and Dispersing Billiards
    ENTROPY RIGIDITY FOR 3D CONSERVATIVE ANOSOV FLOWS AND DISPERSING BILLIARDS JACOPO DE SIMOI, MARTIN LEGUIL∗, KURT VINHAGE, AND YUN YANG Abstract. Given an integer k ≥ 5, and a Ck Anosov flow Φ on some compact connected 3-manifold preserving a smooth volume, we show that the measure of maximal entropy (MME) is the volume measure if and only if Φ is Ck−"- conjugate to an algebraic flow, for " > 0 arbitrarily small. Besides the rigidity, we also study the entropy flexibility, and show that the metric entropy with respect to the volume measure and the topological entropy of suspension flows over Anosov diffeomorphisms on the 2-torus achieve all possible values subject to natural normalizations. Moreover, in the case of dispersing billiards, we show that if the measure of maximal entropy is the volume measure, then the Birkhoff Normal Form of regular periodic orbits with a homoclinic intersection is linear. Contents 1. Introduction2 1.1. Outline of arguments and new techniques3 1.2. Entropy flexibility5 1.3. Entropy rigidity for dispersing billiards5 2. Preliminaries7 2.1. General facts about hyperbolic flows7 2.2. Equilibrium states for Anosov/Axiom A flows8 2.3. Anosov class and Birkhoff Normal Form 10 3. Entropy rigidity for conservative Anosov flows on 3-manifolds 12 3.1. Periodic Lyapunov exponents when SRB=MME 12 3.2. Expansion of the Lyapunov exponents of periodic orbits in a horseshoe with prescribed combinatorics 13 3.3. From smooth orbit equivalence to smooth flow conjugacy 19 4. Entropy Flexibility 21 5. Some results towards entropy rigidity for dispersing billiards 26 5.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Non-Lipschitz Anosov Foliations
    ELECTRONIC RESEARCH ANNOUNCEMENTS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 3, Pages 93{98 (September 11, 1997) S 1079-6762(97)00030-9 PREVALENCE OF NON-LIPSCHITZ ANOSOV FOLIATIONS BORIS HASSELBLATT AND AMIE WILKINSON (Communicated by Krystyna Kuperberg) To the memory of Gunnar Hasselblatt, 19.8.1928–12.7.1997 Abstract. We give sharp regularity results for the invariant subbundles of hyperbolic dynamical systems and give open dense sets of codimension one systems where this regularity is not exceeded as well as open dense sets of symplectic, geodesic, and codimension one systems where the analogous regu- larity results of Pugh, Shub, and Wilkinson are optimal. We produce open sets of symplectic Anosov diffeomorphisms and flows with low transverse H¨older regularity of the invariant foliations almost everywhere. Prevalence of low reg- ularity of conjugacies on large sets is a corollary. We also establish a new connection between the transverse regularity of foliations and their tangent subbundles. 1. Introduction A diffeomorphism f of a compact Riemannian manifold M is called Anosov if the tangent bundle splits (necessarily uniquely and continuously) into two Df-invariant subbundles TM = Eu Es, and there exist constants C and a<1 such that ⊕ n n n n s u Df (v) Ca v and Df− (u) Ca u for v E ;u E;n N: k k≤ k k k k≤ k k ∈ ∈ ∈ Thus, for two nearby points positive or negative iterates move apart exponentially fast. Any hyperbolic matrix A SL(m; Z) induces an Anosov diffeomorphism of ∈ the m-torus Tm; Eu and Es are the expanding and contracting root spaces of A.
    [Show full text]
  • Dimension Product Structure of Hyperbolic Sets 1
    ELECTRONIC RESEARCH ANNOUNCEMENTS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 10, Pages 88{96 (August 26, 2004) S 1079-6762(04)00133-7 DIMENSION PRODUCT STRUCTURE OF HYPERBOLIC SETS BORIS HASSELBLATT AND JORG¨ SCHMELING (Communicated by Svetlana Katok) Abstract. We conjecture that the fractal dimension of hyperbolic sets can be computed by adding those of their stable and unstable slices. This would facilitate substantial progress in the calculation or estimation of these dimen- sions, which are related in deep ways to dynamical properties. We prove the conjecture in a model case of Smale solenoids. 1. Introduction Since the 1980s pictures of various \fractal" sets have become part of our popular culture, and their fractal dimension has been associated with the smoothness or thickness of these sets. In recent years the rigorous and systematic study of these dimensions (see Section 4 and [F]) and their relation to characteristic properties of the dynamical systems that give rise to these sets has made substantial progress. Much of this progress was initiated by physicists, but concerns of this type have become an important part of mainstream mathematics [P]. While this has had an effect on fields such as number theory, the present work is about invariant sets in hyperbolic dynamical systems. 1.1. Invariant sets in hyperbolic dynamical systems. In this paper a dy- namical system is a diffeomorphism or an embedding of a manifold into itself, and the principal interest in the theory is to study the long-term behavior of points under repeated iteration of the map. Often, it is of interest to concentrate on par- ticular invariant sets, and here we concentrate on those that are hyperbolic (see Definition 1), i.e., at each point of the set the tangent space is a direct sum of two subspaces that are contracted and expanded, respectively, by the differential of the map.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Quadratic Polynomial Mappings of C2
    DYNAMICS OF QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL MAPPINGS OF C2 VINCENT GUEDJ Abstract. We classify up to conjugacy (by linear affine automorphisms) quadratic polynomial endomorphisms of C2 and test on them two nat- ural questions. Do they admit an algebraically stable compactification ? Do they admit a unique measure of maximal entropy ? 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 32H50, 58F23, 58F15. Introduction A remarkable feature of one-dimensional complex dynamics is the proem- 2 inent role played by the ”quadratic family” Pc(z) = z + c. The latter has revealed an exciting source of study and inspiration for the study of gen- eral rational mappings f : P1 P1 as well as for more general dynamical → systems [Ly 00]. Our purpose here is to introduce several quadratic fami- lies of polynomial self-mappings of C2 which may hopefully be the complex two-dimensional counterpart to the celebrated quadratic family. We partially classify quadratic polynomial endomorphisms of C2 (section 2) using some numerical invariants (dynamical degrees λ1(f), dt(f), dynam- ical Lojasiewicz exponent DL∞(f)) which we define in section 1. We then use this classification to test two related questions. Question 1. Does there exist a unique invariant probability measure of maximal entropy ? Question 2. Does there exist an algebraically stable compactification ? Simple examples show that there may be infinitely many invariant prob- ability measures of maximal entropy when dt(f) = λ1(f). When dt(f) > 1 2 VINCENT GUEDJ λ1(f), it is proved in [G 02b] that the Russakovskii-Shiffman measure µf is the unique measure of maximal entropy. We push further the study of 2 µf , when f is quadratic, by showing that it is compactly supported in C 1 (section 4).
    [Show full text]