Kollur Mookambika Temple

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KOLLUR WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

Kollur Wildlife Sanctuary has been named after Godess Mookambika, the presiding deity of the famous Mookambika temple located within the limits of the sanctuary

Sri Mookambika Temple, Kollur

Vision

To conserve the biodiversity of Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary with villagers cooperation and develop facilities for protection, food and water for the survival of wildlife

Key Objectives

a) To conserve biodiversity and wildlife b) To minimise the man animal conflict c) To provide necessary facilities for protection and development of wildlife involving the local community participation d) Encourage eco tourism for public and school children’s to create awareness on environment

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that I have submitted the necessary details required for writing the Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan to the Deputy Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Division, Karkala. The details are true to the best of my knowledge as on date. I have participated with the Deputy Conservator of Forests, Kudremukh Wildlife Division, Karkala and Assistant Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Subdivision, Kundapura in the discussions in preparing the Management Plan of Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary, and read the final Plan copy and found correct.

Austin P. Soans Range Forest Officer, Kollur Wildlife Range, Date : 30-10-2010 Kollur.

I have participated in the discussions with the Deputy Conservator of Forests, Kudremukh Wildlife Division, Karkala in writing the Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan 2011-2015 and details of the Plan are true to the best of my knowledge. I have red the final copy of the Management Plan and found correct.

P. Suresh Shetty Assistant Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Sub division, Date : 30-10-2010 Kundapur.

FOREWORD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

udremukh Wildlife Division lies in the heart of Western Ghats. K It comprises of Kudremukh National park, Someshwara wildlife sanctuary, and Mookambika Wildlife sanctuary. Sri Ambady Madhav, IFS, the then Deputy Conservator of Forest, Kudremukh Wildlife Division, Karkala had prepared first management plan for the Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary in the year 1996 for 5 years (1996-2001). Sri. K.N. Murthy, IFS, prepared the 2nd management plan for 7 years (2003-2010). I thank all other senior officials for contributing idea, information and valuable efforts for preparing the management plan. I sincerely thank Sri. S. Shanthappa, IFS, Conservator of Forests, Mangalore Circle, Mangalore for his outstanding guidance and unstinted support in preparing the menu script. I gratefully, acknowledge Sri. Suresh Shetty ACF, Kundapur Sub Division and Sri. Prashanth and Sri Austin Soans Range Forest Officers, who enthusiastically participated in this revision work by providing information and many valuable suggestions. I owe a great deal to all those scientist, academicians and office staff whose hard work has contributed substantially to this management plan.

Date ; 30-10-2010 (PRAKASH S. NETALKAR IFS) Place; Karkala Deputy Conservator of Forests, Kudremukh Wildlife Division, Karkala,

CONTENTS

PART – I

THE PROTECTED AREAS; THE EXISTING SITUATION PAGE NO. CHAPTER – I ; INTRODUCTION TO THE AREA. 1-2 CHAPTER – II ; TRACT DEALT WITH 3-5 CHAPTER – III ; FLORA AND FAUNA 6-10 CHAPTER – IV ; PAST HISTORY AND PRESENT PRACTICES 11-19

PART –II

PROPOSED MANAGEMENT CHAPTER – V ; THREAT AND ANALYSIS 20-29 CHAPTER – VI ; PLAN OBJECTIVES AND PROBLEMS 30-31 CHAPTER – VII ; STRATEGIES 32-38 CHAPTER – VIII ; HABITAT PROTECTION AND PROBLEMS 39-44 CHAPTER- IX ; ECO- TOURISM 45-51 CHAPTER – X ; ECO- DEVELOPMENT 52-55 CHAPTER – XI ; PUBLICITY, RESEARCH AND MONITORING 56-60 CHAPTER – XII ; BUDGET & PROGRAMME OF WORKS. 61-62

ANNEXURES PAGE NO 1 Annexure -I & 1(a) Final Notification & 79 Notification 63 & 63(a) 2 Annexure -II Survey Number wise details of sanctuary 64-66 3 Annexure -III List of flora 67-68 4 Annexure -IV List of species identified in Kollur MPCA by the FRLHT 69-75 5 Annexure V List of plantations 76-78 6 Annexure VI List of fauna found in the sanctuary 79-80 7 Annexure VI (A) List of Avifauna found in the sanctuary 81 8 Annexure VII Description of all the blocks and compartments and 82 their allotment to the beats and sections 9 Annexure-VIII Building details 83 10 Annexure-IX Summary of Expenditure for development of 84 Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary for the last 6 years 11 Annexure-X Demographic details which are proposed for rehabilitation 85 12 Annexure-XI Demographic details and cattle population of revenue 86 villages (including Kollur, Mavinkaru and Halliberu) 13 Annexure-XII Farmers in and around the sanctuary posses licensed 87 weapons forests crop protection 14 Annexure-XIII List of required executive staff 88 15 Annexure-XIV The program of indicating the year, quantity of work and 89-97 their financial implications 16 Annexure – XV Do’s & don’ts 98 17 Annexure – XVI Fire crisis Management Plan 99

PLATES

1 A map of the sanctuary showing different reserved forests is furnished in Plate 1

2 Vegetation map of the sanctuary is furnished on Plate-2

3 Organizational flow chart is given in Plate-3

4 Beats and sections have been reorganized in terms of the compartments as indicated in the flow chart at Plate-4

5 The sanctuary has fairly well established infrastructure furnished in Plate -5

6 Map of the existing and proposed areas is furnished in Plate – 6

7 The map of Eco-sensitive zone is given in Plate -7

8 Section Maps – Plate 8-11

TABLES

1 Table-1 : List of Reserve Forests 1-2

2 Table-2 : Abstract of Plantations. 7

3 Table: 3- List of compartments : 13

4 Table : 4- List of patrolling tracks in Mookambika Wildlife 15 Sanctuary

5 Table: 5-List of ponds 16-17

6 Table :6 Demography of forest enclosures proposed for 20 rehabilitation

7 Table : 7 List of offence cases booked after 2002-03. 29

8 Table : 8 Revenue realized from eco tourism during the last 5 51 years.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PART – I

1. The area and constitution : 247.00 Sq.kms and constituted in the year1979. 2. Boundary rainfall and climate: Typical west-coast. Rainfall –5000mm average/annum 3. Flora & Fauna : Evergreen & Semi evergreen vegetation with associated fauna. 4. Past history & present organization: Largely clear felled areas except on steep slopes. Consists of 30 compartments in 4 sections and 10 beats 5. Problems: Fragmentation and heavy biotic interference.

PART – II

6. a) Objectives : Protection and conservation b) Plan period : 5 years –January 2011-December 2015

7. Strategies : a) Reorganizing the areas to cover Baregundi RF, Kilandur RF Naganakalbare RF, Kodachadri RF and Chakra Rf. b) Zonation : Core zone in compartments 5 to 12, 14,15,17 & 18 and ecosensitive zone of 2to 5 kms around the sanctuary. c) Relocation and rehabilitation of 14 enclosures excluding Mavinkarau, Halliberu and Basriberu. d) Eco-development committees for fringe villages.

8. Habitat management and protection: a) Soil and water conservation measures b) Maintenance of waterholes and salt licks c) Regular boundary maintenance d) Enhanced patrolling

9. Tourism and research: a) Nature camp at Anejari is developed to accommodate tourists and school childrens to create awareness on forests and wildlife and its importance. b) Mainly tourism to be carried out by trekking and adventure sports. Children have adventure games for their play c) Co-ordinate the institutional research d) Train the staff periodically on legal aspects and latest changes in the rules of the Forest Department. 10. Budget, programme of works and monitoring: a) Works programmed in accordance with priority b) Deviations to be sanctioned by the Chief Wildlife Warden c) Control forms should be submitted d) Cost of plan programmes 2011-12 – Rs. 159.96 lakh 2012-13 – Rs. 186.06 lakh 2013-14 – Rs. 187.88 lakh 2014-15– Rs. 182.97 lakh 2015-16—Rs 187.07 lakh

Total plan cost - 903.94 lakhs

LOCATION OF MOOKAMBIKA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

1.1.1- Name, location and area :

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary has been named after goddess “Mookambika” the presiding deity of the famous Mookambika temple at Kollur located at the heart of the Sanctuary. It is situated in Kundapur Taluk of Udupi district in Karnataka state. It lies between 13o 42’ and 13o 59’ north latitude and 74o 39’ to 74o 50’ east longitude. The Government of Karnataka in its notification no. AFD.48.FWL.74, dated : 17-06-1974 declared its intention to constitute Mookambika Wildlife sanctuary and confirmed the formation of Sanctuary vide Notification no. AFD.48.FWL.74, dated : 22-05-1978. the sanctuary is spread over 247 sq. kms. Notification of the sanctuary is furnished at Annexure – 1. and Final Notification of the sanctuary is furnished at Annexure – 1(a)

To begin with the sanctuary was under the control of Kundapur Forest Division. As per the government of Karnataka order no. AHFF.83. FNG.92, dated : 08-05-1992, administration of the sanctuary was brought under the newly constituted Kudremukh Wildlife Division, Karkala.

List of 15 reserved forests declared under section 16 of the Madras Forest Act (V of 1823) which now constitute the sanctuary is as under :

Table-1 : List of Reserve Forests

Name of the Extent Sl.No Declared RF in G.O Taluk reserved forests (in Acres) 1 Jannalane 666.20 247 Rev, dated: 20-03-1893 Kundapur 2 Gunduberu 1986.60 274 Rev, dated: 05-04-1893 Kundapur 3 Talburane 583.00 359 Rev, dated: 01-05-1893 Kundapur 4 Korakoppadahola 405.80 359 Rev, dated: 01-05-1893 Kundapur 5 Harmannupare 596.50 195 Rev, dated: 09-03-1894 Kundapur 6 Abbigudde 1281.30 230 Rev, dated: 04-06-1896 Kundapur

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

7 Murkodihola 749.45 984 Rev, dated: 24-11-1897 Kundapur 8 Nujinane 638.70 7 Rev, dated: 05-01-1898 Kundapur 9 Mudagalpare 5813.80 556 Rev, dated: 28-09-1898 Kundapur 10 Chittor 1781.10 654 Rev, dated: 07-11-1898 Kundapur 11 Nagankalbare 4880.13 675 Rev, dated: 14-11-1899 Kundapur 12 Meganivalley 13828.20 539 Rev, dated: 12-08-1899 Kundapur 13 Hulmurdibare 5472.00 205 Rev, dated: 27-03-1899 Kundapur 14 Korthikalbare 5507.00 257 Rev, dated: 22-04-1899 Kundapur 15 Madibare 16844.00 223 Rev, dated: 02-04-1899 Kundapur Total 61033.78 or 24700.00ha

A map of the sanctuary showing different reserved forests is furnished in PLATE – 1. Sy.No.wise details of sanctuary area are furished in ANNEXURE - II

1.1.2- Approach and access :

The sanctuary is approachable by all weather roads from Kundapur (35 kms), Byndoor (25 kms), and Shimoga (130 Kms). Nearest Railway station is Mookambika Railway Station, Byndoor, which is 28 kms. Nearest airport is Mangalore (Bajpe) – about 140 kms from Kollur.

Belkallu Theertha Falls

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

2.1.1- Boundaries : The boundaries of the Sanctuary are fully described in the gazette notification furnished at Annexure-1. It starts from Uttar Kannada district border on its north near Shiroor and runs along inter-district boundary till the head of Chakra dam. Then turning west, it goes up to Halejaddu near Aloor and then turns north and goes back to the starting point Via Chittur, Areshirur and Ganganadu village limits. The sanctuary is honeycombed by extensive habitations in the southern half and only ribbons of forest traverse the terrain. They are like islands in a sea of habitations. Boundaries of each forest are defined.

2.1.2- Geology, rock and soil : The sanctuary covers western slopes of Western Ghats. The terrain is hilly and very undulating. The underlying geological formation is of archaic origin. The ghat forests are principally of genesis composition, interspersed occasionally by quartzite, mica-schist and granite, out crops which, occur in long stretches along the sharp edges of the Ghats. The upper reaches Mudgalpare water tank tank of the Ghats, which form the eastern boundary of the sanctuary consists predominantly of rock precipices and are completely inaccessible. These rock cliffs are very steep and exposed over long stretches. Wild plantain and grass slips grow in the depressions of these cliffs.

Peculiar feature of the genesis found here is its readiness to decompose into reddish felspathic clay, which after exposures forms into hard brittle substance known as laterite. Laterite is formed extensively all over the plains and foothills of this tract. Presence of large quantities of ferruginous matter is another characteristic feature of this gneiss. Quartz is frequently identifiable in the original rocks in the foothills and to a lesser extent in the plains. It is found as separate nodules or small crystals. The foothill portions are characterized by soft laterite formed by the decomposition of original gneissic rock. The brownish friable loam, often reaches to considerable depth and is an indication of the capacity of the soil to

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

4 support good deciduous or semi-evergreen forests. The underlying rock is invariably gneiss, sometimes outcropping in the form of boulders. In the plain portions, the rock is decisively laterite. Soil conditions vary in quality, depth and consistency. On the Ghats, soil is dark or brownish loam of moderate depth, admixed with gneissic or quartzite boulders. Humus and unrecompensed vegetable matter are in plenty. The foothill portions contain fairly deep brownish friable clayey loam covered by a moderately thick layer of decomposed and un decomposed vegetable matter, which are rich in organic constituents. The surface soil in the plains and littoral portions consist of gravel or disintegrated laterite, covering a hard lateritic pan. In the neighborhood of villages, the forest soils are much impoverished by the heavy demands by ryots for mulch; both dry and green , for manure. The deep reddish loamy soil rich with humus occurring at foothills supports a fairly good deciduous and semi evergreen type of forests.

2.1.3- Terrain : The sanctuary includes steep slopes of Western Ghat as well as a small area of foothills. The average elevation is 300 meters with Kodachadri being the highest point at 1363 meters the altitudes at different locations are Salageri 102 meteres, Luksal 200 meters, Karikatte 607 meters and Megini 586 meters the main hill range drops steeply, branches off twice in the north-west and the north-east direction thus Kodachadri Hills forming the Megini valley and Arasingundi valley respectively. Mookambika temple stands on the spur of Kodachadri peak.

2.1.4 –Climate : The weather is cool from November to January. It becomes increasingly hot and sultry from February till the onset of monsoon. The climate is generally humid and warm throughout the year due to the proximity to sea and consequently under goes limited diurnal changes. Rainfall is very heavy from June to August. The south-west monsoon is really torrential. Rainfall distribution is very uneven. Average rainfall close to 6000 mm/annum. The temperature at low elevation ranges from 10o to 35o c. at higher elevations it is much cooler. At the crest of the western ghats (near Nagodi checking gate), the temperate ranges from 18o to 30o C. Annual rainfall of Kolur for the past 10 years is represented in the following bar chart.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

Figure 1: Rain fall data of Kollur Range (source Agriculture dept. Koondapur)

Winter months of November and December are cool with heavy mist at night. The north-east monsoon is very insignificant. Summer starts in the month of January and till the on set of monsoon.

2.1.5- Water sources :

Rivers Chakra and Sowparnika drain the sanctuary. These are perennial rivers. In addition, there are a good number of streams and nalas. Some of which are also perennial. Rivers, streams and nalas flow full brim during rainy season i.e. from June to September. A large number of roaring waterfalls saw all over the sanctuary during monsoon transform themselves into a small number of soft crystal clear streams in summer. Water availability gradually goes down from November to February. Most of the streams and nalas dry up by February/March and water becomes scarce till the arrival of monsoon. There are a number of artificial ponds all over the sanctuary. some of these ponds and tanks also dry up after March. Heavy rainfall and excessive runoff in steep gradients is occasionally seen to result in soil erosion.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

3.1.1- Forest types :

Forest types in the protected area are varied and rich. Moist deciduous forests occur at lower altitude, especially the foothills. West coast semi-evergreen and west-coast tropical evergreen forests occur at mid altitudes and white typical shola-grass land vegetation is found at higher altitudes. Composition of these forests is as under as per Champion & Seth classification.

3.1.2- West coast tropical evergreen forests (IA/C4):

Evergreen species are chiefly confined to higher elevations of ghats. Some of the important species occurring in the top canopy are Dipterocarpus indicus (Dhuma), Poeciloneuron indicum (Baligi) Calophyllum tomentosum (Surahonne), Hopea parviflora (Kiralbhogi), Machilus mecarantha (Gulmavu), Palaquium ellipticum (pali), Acrocarpus fraxinifolius (Belangi), Bischofia javanicca (Nerulli), Eugenia gardineria etc.

Middle storey consists of Myristica species (Rampatre), Cryota urens (Bagane), Elaeocarpus species (Maite), Schleichera oleosa (Chakatte), Aporosa linleyana (Salle) etc. The under growth mainly consists of strobilanthes (Gurgi) and tangle of Calamus (Betha).

3.1.3- West coast semi-evergreen forests (2A/C2) :

This type occurs in the ghat slopes especially logged areas. There is a more liberal admixture of evergreen and deciduous species in the top canopy. The principal species occurring in the top canopy are Terminalia paniculata (Hunalu), Terminalia tomentosa (Matti), Lagerstromia lanceolata (Nandi), Machilus mecharantha (Gulmavu), Lophopetalum wightianum (Bolpale), Mangifera indica (Mavu), Vitex altissima (Naviladi), Hopea parviflora (kiralbhogi), Eugenia species, Artocarpus hirsute (Hebbalsu), Cinnamomum species (Dalchinni) etc. Middle canopy consist of Holigarna arnottiana (chara), Fagara budrunga (Jumma), Dillenia pentagyna (Kanagalu), Hopea wightiana (Haiga), Syzygium species (Neralu), Olea dioica (Akkasalle), Aporosa lindleyana (Salle) etc. Strobilanthes (Gurgi), Clerodendron infrotuntum (Taggi), Leea indica, Calamus species (Betta) etc., form the ground cover.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

7 3.1.4- Southern secondary moist mixed deciduous forests (3B/C2/2SI) :

This type occurs in the foothill portions of ghat and plains. The top canopy consists of Terminalia paniculata (Hunalu), Bombax ceiba (Booruga), Mangifera indica (Mavu), Dalbergia latifolia (Beete), Schleichera oleosa (Sagadi), Dillenia pentagyna ( Kanagalu), Adina cardifolia (Yettega), Alstonia scholaris (Maddale) etc.

Middle canopy consists of Olea dioica (Aksalle), Careya arborea (Kavalu), Emblica officinalis (Nelli), Strychnos nux-vomica (Kasan) etc.

The under growth consists of Clerodendron infrotuntum (Taggi), Helecteres isora (Kowry), Acacia intsia (Kadu seege), Holarrhena pubescens (Haale) etc.

3.1.5- Dry grass lands (5 DS 4) :

The area consists of species like Bauhinia vahlii (Basavanpadadballi), Emblica officinalis (Nelli), Careya arborea (Kavalu) in addition to grass and is generally found on the hilltops. These are believed to be abandoned cultivation of past.

List of flora is furnished in ANNEXURE-III Vegetation map of the sanctuary is furnished on Plate-2. One medicinal plant conservation area was formed in Madibare (South) near Dali Enclosures with the help of FRLHT, Bangalore with an objective to conserve medicinal plants such as Saraca asoka. Apart from Saraca , another 29 species of red listed medicinal plants have been recorded from the MPCA. List of species identified in Kollur MPCA by the FRLHT is appended in ANNEXURE-IV .

Low elevation forests were worked heavily in the past and pure plantations such as teak, cashew, Acacia, Casuarinas and softwood species have been raised since 1934 over an extent of 1455 ha. After the wildlife Division came into existence, enrichment/gap plantations have been raised to an extent of 185 ha. List of plantations is appended in Annexure-V

Table-2 : Abstract of Plantations. ABSTRACT

1. Teak 181.58 2. Soft wood 442.47 3. Cashew 523.50 4. Fuelwood 282.65 5. Fruit & MFP 209.53 6. EDC plantation 420.00 7. Saraca 20.00 Total 2079.30

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

8 The monoculture plantations have altered the natural habitat irreversibly. Weeds like Eupatorium invaded many of them. Forage and grasses are available in plenty almost throughout the year. Herbivores feed on fruits of Emblica officinalis (Nelli), Bombax ceiba (Booraga), Ficus species, Artocarpus hirsuta (Hebbalasu), Mangifera indica (Mavu) etc. are also found.

3.1.6- Fauna : Fauna found in the sanctuary are as follows. Detailed list is enclosed in Annexure VI.

3.1.7- Prey animals : a) Spotted deer (Axis axis) : These animals prefer somewhat open forest areas. They are found in southern and western parts of the sanctuary . They are normally seen in Mudagalpare, Chottor, Jannalane, Gundubereu, Harmannupare reserves and also in older cashew plantation areas near Alur. Normally they are noticed in groups of 5 to 8.

b) Sambar (Cervus unicolor) : Sambar is found unevenly distributed over the sanctuary. It inhabits slopes containing thick jungle mixed with open grasslands. They are found in herds of 3 to 5.

c) Gaur or Indian bison (Bos gaurus) : This animal is found all over the sanctuary. Its presence is common along the eastern boundary of the sanctuary. It is normally noticed in groups 5 to 10. during summer, they are seen in early morning or twilight hours grazing in the grasslands. Crop raids are common along the southwest. Indian Gaur (Bison)

d) Indian wild boar (Sus serofa) : Wild boar is commonly seen all over the sanctuary. They are the common pests to agricultural crops.

e) Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) : These rodents prefer rocky hill sides and are normally sighted along hill ridges and foothills. f) Indian hare (Lepus nigricelis) : Found commonly all over the sanctuary. g) Barking deer or Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac) : This sanctuary is an ideal habitat for these animals. Normally found in dense forests, it comes out to open for grazing and browsing in the nights. It is timid and shy animal. h) Mouse deer (Tragulus meminna) : It is seldom found in forests.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

9 i) Common Langur (Presbytis entellus) : This arboreal mammal is normally seen in dense forest. Population density is very thin.

j) Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) : This arboreal mammal is found in the edges along roads and enclosures. They do not enter interior forests, as do the common langurs.

k) Lion tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) : This is an endangered primate found only in dense evergreen forests of mid western ghats at an altitude of 400 to 700 meters above mean sea level. It is found in groups of 5 to 25. they are reported from Megini valley, around Arasingundi falls and Nagankalbare RF. As per the 2006 study report taken up by this division it is found that there are 6 groups of LTM and numbering 73 compared to their number 94 in the year 1985 (karanth) 3.1.8 – Predators :

 Tiger (Panthera tigress) : It is found in the higher altitudes especially along the hill ridges where the gaur and sambar population is high. Movements of tigers were observed in Haddinbare and Nagankalbare reserves.

 Leopard or Panther (Panthera pardus) : This wild animal is found in fairly good number in mild and lower altitudes, especially towards the forest edges. Black panther are also reported from Megini valley reserve forest.

 Indian wild dog (Cuon alpinus) : Presence of wild dogs is confirmed by scats. Their spread overlaps with tiger as well as panthers.

 Python and King cobra : The sanctuary has a good population of these reptiles.

3.1.9- Scavengers :

Jackal (Canis avreus) is the chief scavenger of the sanctuary. Vultures have not been recorded in the sanctuary.

3.1.10- Other associates :

 Indian elephant (Elephas maximus) ; There was only one feral elephant inhabiting Meginivalley Reserve Forest. It has a fixed seasonal migratory route from Bavadi to Karni. It feeds mainly on reeds and caryota plants. This was found dead naturally on 29-12-2007 inside the Megini valley RF.

 Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) : Sloth bears are normally found in higher elevations. There are reports of bears attacking human beings in the recent years especially in summers when they come to feed on the fruits of phoenix humilis

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

3.1.11- Other animals found :

Gaint squirrel (Ratufa indica) : It is an arboreal mammal normally restricted to the relatively undisturbed areas of the forests. Most of the time the animal is found on the tree crowns in the dense forests. Flying squirrel (Benus hylopeteres), Land monitor lizard (Varanus grisens), Tortoises also occur in the sanctuary. Cane turtle – a rare species, which is on the verge of extinct, is seen rarely around Dali. List of fauna found in the sanctuary are furnished at ANNEXURE-VI.

3.1.12- Avifauna :

The sanctuary has a good population of a variety of birds typical to the western ghats of Karnataka. Avifauna found in the Sanctuary include Jungle myna, Peafowl, Common fowl, Common myna, Red vented bulbul, Little cormorant, Cattle egret, Little egret, Black drongo, Jungle crow, Crow pheasant, White cheeked bulbul, Brahminy kite, Grey jungle fowl, Pea fowl, White breasted water hen, Red wattled lapwinger, Spotted dove, Blue rock pigeon, White breasted king fisher, Malabar grey hornbill, Golden backed threetoed wood pecker, Scarlet minicret, Ashy swallow shrike, Paradise fly catcher, Magpie robin, Taylor bird, Purple sunbird, White backed munia, Golden oriole. Great Indian Hornbill is sighted in Megini and Nagankalbare forests. List of Avifauna found in the sanctuary are furnished at ANNEXURE-VI (a).

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

4.1.1- General history:

In the early part of nineteenth century , under the British administration, general public were keen on extending their cultivation. As a result , large forest areas were cleared for the purpose of cultivation. Between 1822 and 1860, forests suffered severely due to the commencement of Kumri or shifting cultivation. About 4856ha of forest land was brought under the Kumri in Byndoor and Kundapur forest ranges. From 1882 onwards some portions of Government forests were constituted into reserve forests under the Indian Forest act to afford better protection. Till 1916 all the forests of South Kanara district were under one forest division known as South Kanara forest Division.

The year 1912 marks the preparation of systematic working plan for Mangalore Forest Division by Foulks. In his plan, timber-working circle covering the non-kumaried and accessible areas in the neighborhood of Halkal, Megini valley and Madibare reserve forests was constituted and coupes were worked as per plan prescriptions. From 1923 onwards fellings were done without adhering to any working plan provisions forests generating revenue.

Under the working plan prescription of P.N.Davies (1932 to 1942) about 24,280 ha of timber bearing areas of Megini valley, Madibare, Andar and Someshwara reserves were brought under timber working circle. This silvicultural system adopted was selection with a rotation of 90 years and a felling cycle of 30 years.

In the working plan of B.S.Keshav Vittal for Dakshina Kannada (1943-44-1957-58) a timber selection working circle over an extent of 4046ha. was included from the plain area. C.J. Fernandes drafted next working plan for entire Dakshina Kannada district in 1963. This working plan was not approved but the same served as guide for the purpose of working. Sri Erappa prepared a working plan for Kundapur forest Division for the period 1977-92 but unfortunately printing of the plan was badly delayed till 1988 by which time several changes were made in the management practices.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

As a result, this plan hardly played any role in the management of the sanctuary areas except to the extent of removal of canes, NTFPs and dead and fallen trees. In the absence of systematic working plan in the post independence era, forests were worked in the past by various agencies under several independent schemes for extraction of plywood, matchwood, sleepers, fuel wood etc. without assessing silvi cultural needs of the forests. These extractions were revenue oriented. Large gaps were created and much young regeneration was sacrificed over a period of seven decades. Heavily logged areas have failed in patches to regenerate especially where the bed is rocky. Such areas are frequently met with in the lower slopes. They contain nothing but impenetrable thickets and tangle of climbers-mostly thorny and canes. All flat areas were clear felled as fuel coupes. Accessible slopes were logged for timber and plywood. Small pockets were converted into Teak, Cashew, softwood and fuel wood plantations at the foothills.

In 1987, Government of Karnataka imposed a ban on felling of green trees in the forest areas. Removal of timber forests sleepers, matchwood, plywood and fuel wood was stopped completely. As a result heavily worked areas of the past got rest. However extraction of dead and fallen trees and cane continued under the Kundapur forest Division up to 1995 in the sanctuary area.

As per the information available in the gazetteer of 1883 and earlier working plan documents, there was indiscriminate killing of Tiger, bison, Sambar and Lion tailed macaque for skin, claws, meat, trophy and pharmaceutical requirements. As a result, the population of wild animals dwindled considerably and some species were on the verge of extinction. With the implementation of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 and increasing awareness about nature conservation, poaching activities have come down considerably.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

4.1.2- Administrative set up :

The Deputy Conservator of Forests, Kudremukh Wildlife Division, Karkala is the controlling authority of Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary. Under the supervision of Assistant Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Sub Division , Kundapura, one Range Forest officer, 4 foresters and 10 beat guards are engaged in protection and management of the sanctuary. Organizational flow chart is given in Plate-3.

4.1.3- Organization of forest areas :

Forest areas of the sanctuary were divided in the past in to blocks and compartments on the map for the purpose of each management plan. However, there was no demarcation on the ground. Since the objectives of management of these areas have undergone a sea change, their organization has also been recast. The entire area is now divided into 30 compartments as under :

Table: 3- List of compartments :

Sl.No Name of the reserved forests No.of Compartments

1 Hulimurdibare RF 2

2 Korthikalbare 2

3 Megini valley 6

4 Madibare 6

5 Nagankalbare 2 6 Mudagalpare 3 7 Remaining 9 reserved forests 9 Total 30

Natural features such as prominent streams, hill ridges, patrolling tracks and high ways have been used as compartment boundaries. The beats and sections are reconstituted so as to be co- terminus with the newly constituted compartments. Description of all the blocks and compartments and their allotment to the beats and sections concerned is furnished in ANNEXURE-VII. Maps showing the new arrangement have to be provided up to the beat level. A miniature map of the area organization is provided Plate-3.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

Demarcation of compartment boundary and beat boundary has to be marked on the ground as per map. Beats and sections have been reorganized in terms of the compartments as indicated in Plate-.4

4.1.4- Infrastructure :

The sanctuary has fairly well established infrastructure. Details are furnished in Annexure-VIII and in plate -.5 However, these need to be maintained regularly and funds set aside for the same.

4.1.5- Wireless ;

Wireless network established by the division was also extended to the sanctuary. One wireless static set is provided to Range forest Officer, Kollur. One mobile set is fitted to the jeep of Assistant Conservator of Forest and a second one in the Range Forest Officer’s Jeep. All the foresters and forest guards are provided with walkie talkies. Repeater is established at Kodachadri. The network covers the sanctuary adequately except the northern parts beyond Ganganadu. However, with the mobile sets in use and due to inadequate maintenance the wireless network has came to a standstill and the wireless sets will be sent back to the division.

4.1.6- Patrolling tracks :

Practically no good patrolling tracks existed in the sanctuary till 2002. several new short patrolling tracks of 1-2 kms were formed around Kollur township forests for use of tourists. But none of them were used for the purpose. Seven new patrolling tracks were constructed during 2002-03 to create access to the interior parts. The new tracks are as under.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

Table : 4- List of patrolling tracks in Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary :

Sl. Name of the reserved Distance Places connected No forest (in kms) 1 Megini & Korathikalbare Goligudde to Hulkadike 14 2 Megini Masthikatte-Mukthihalla link road 06 3 Madibare Dali to Gundinhole 25 4 Mudagalpare Hosur to Kundlabail 09 5 Mudagalpare Shalejaddu to Mudgal 05 6 Gunduberu Naikodi to Jannal 6.5 7 Madibare Kochalmakki to Jadkal 6.5 Total 72 kms.

The patrol track network adequately covers almost 80% of the sanctuary area except the southern and northern extensions. These tracks require bridges and culverts for round the year use. Of these roads only the last one is meant for tourists, rest are patrol roads.

4.1.7-Entry barriers:

Every patrolling track is provided with entry and exit barriers (Steel gates). These are permanent structures with lock and key. Keys are deposited with officers only. They are always maintained in closed and locked condition. They should be greased and painted every year.

4.1.8-Vehicles:

One jeep is provided to Range Forest officer and one is provided to Assistant Conservator of Forests. The vehicles are old and in poor condition and hence needs replacements. There is no separate vehicle meant for tourists exclusively. There is need for one more vehicle for the tourists to go round the sanctuary and patrolling during the fire season. The present Jeeps are 10 to 13 years old and hence the protection works gets hampered. It is proposed to buy two new vehicles during the plan period.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

16 4.1.9-Buildings:

Under the preceding plan buildings were built up but needs regular maintenance to keep it updated with the little budget available buildings are in poor condition. Building details are furnished in ANNEXURE- VIII. Infrastructure map is furnished in Plate-5.

4.1.10- Waterholes :

Quite a number of ponds were made mainly by bunding across streams. Some were breached and damaged by crabs. Very few are serving the purpose. list of the ponds are furnished below.

Table:5-List of ponds to be maintained are as follows:-:

Sl.No Name of the reserved forests Pond location Seasonal or Maintained /Not perennial maintained 1 Madibare RF Hoseri Perennial Maintained 2 Madibare RF Nuksal Perennial Maintained 3 Madibare RF Donigadde Seasonal Not Maintained 4 Madibare RF Haddinbare Perennial Maintained 5 Madibare RF Benagalmuri Seasonal Not Maintained 6 Madibare RF Karekatte Perennial Maintained 7 Madibare RF Hulibayi Perennial Maintained 8 Megini RF Dali Seasonal Maintained 9 Megini RF Otemuri Seasonal Not Maintained 10 Megini RF Sampre Seasonal Not Maintained 11 Megini RF Halliberu Seasonal Maintained 12 Megini RF Yakshimane Perennial Maintained 13 Megini RF Mundikere Seasonal Not Maintained 14 Megini RF Bavadikere Seasonal Not Maintained 15 Megini RF Badragundi Seasonal Not Maintained 16 Korthikalbare RF Kambalgadde Perennial Maintained 17 Korthikalbare RF Gudikere Perennial Maintained 18 Madibare(S) Chikkasal Seasonal Not maintained

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

19 Nagankalbare RF Kabbinale Perennial Maintained 20 Nagankalbare RF Kotiguli Perennial Not Maintained 21 Mudagalpare RF Sulamunda Perennial Maintained 22 Mudagalpare RF Kyansi Seasonal Maintained 23 Mudagalpare RF Kasarkankere Seasonal Maintained 24 Hulimurdibare RF Ashwini Seasonal Not Maintained 25 Hulimurdibare RF Akkachankere Perennial Maintained 26 Hulimurdibare RF Sagovanithota Seasonal Not Maintained 27 Hulimurdibare RF Belakodlu Seasonal Not Maintained 28 Hulimurdibare RF Kosallirohi Seasonal Not Maintained 29 Madibare RF Anejari Seasonal Maintained 30 Madibare RF Subbanthoplu Seasonal Not Maintained 31 Madibare RF Salageri Seasonal Maintained 32 Madibare RF Olur Seasonal Not Maintained 33 Korathikalbare Balkodlukere Seasonal Maintained Lingayyanakodlu 34 Madibare Seasonal Maintained kere 35 Hulimurdibare Damanikere Seasonal Not Maintained 36 Madibare Haddinabarekere Seasonal Maintained 37 Meginivalley Goliguddekere Seasonal Not Maintained 38 Meginivalley Devaragaddekere Seasonal Not Maintained 39 Madibare Dalikere Seasonal Maintained 40 Madibare Hulallikere Seasonal Not Maintained 41 Madibare Soolikere Seasonal Maintained Nambimanekodl 42 Madibare Seasonal Maintained ukere 43 Mudgalpare Hulikodlukere Seasonal Maintained 44 Nagankalbare Aramanekodlu Seasonal Maintained 45 Hulimurdibare Kyarthuru Seasonal Maintained 46 Hulimurdibare Ambikana Seasonal Maintained 47 Madibare Dali Seasonal Maintained 48 Meginivalley Siddeshwarabare Seasonal Maintained 49 Mudgalpare Chittur Seasonal Maintained 50 Mudgalpare Haladikere Seasonal Maintained

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

4.1.11- Watch towers:

There are two old watchtowers –one at Pavitravana and second near Jadkal school. They have not been maintained and therefore they are not in good condition. Every hill peak works as watch tower. And there is a newly constructed RCC watch tower in the Anejari Nature Camp constructed during the year 2008-09.

4.1.12- Tourism :

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary has a number of panoramic scenes and religious attractions as under :

. Kollur Mookambika temple

. Arasinagundi water falls

. Kodachadri hill top and sarvagna peeta

. Belkal theertha falls

. Abbi falls

. Anejari nature camp

. Mudagal cave temple

 Kosalli Falls Arasinagundi water falls

Other places of interest around sanctuary are Maravanthe beach (25 kms from Kollur) and Ottinane sunset view point (10kms from Byndoor). Endangered species of Olive riddley is found on Maravanthe beach and a conservation centre is established by the Territorial division to hatch the eggs and leave them in the sea so that the birds and human beings do not destroy the eggs.

The sanctuary attracts many bird watchers, nature lovers, students and trekkers. To encourage tourism, one nature camp has been established at Anejari (Madibare RF).

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

19 There are four 10 tents and a forest rest house with a lecture hall and a kitchen. However public utilization of these facilities is gaining importance. In the previous plan, a tourism zone has been indicated covering an area of 42 sq.km. around Kollur township in Madibare reserve forest, Korathikalbare RF and Korakoppadahola RF. Tourism zone was earlier traversed by short run patrolling tracks, which were hardly used. New Nature trails are also formed for nature lovers to study and cultivate love to nature. They are:-

1 Birders trial 3 Nature trails 2 Butterfly trial 4 Arashinagundi trails

Saltlicks are provided along the banks of Sowparnika river to attract wild animals in to the tourism zone.

4.1.13- Expenditure on development works:

Summary of expenditure for development of Mookambika wildlife sanctuary for the last 6 years is furnished at ANNEXURE- IX

Michelia champaka flower

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

5.1.1- General :

The sanctuary has number of problems, Within the sanctuary, the pressures vary from place to place. The northern part and southern part of the sanctuary represent two contrasting scenarios – the north having very little habitations but facing people from the boundaries who use the forest much the same way like their ancestral property; the south being under seize by the dense population who stay all around the forest and put it to use from moment to moment for all purposes.

The sanctuary proper is covered by 14 Enclosures belonging to 8 revenue villages. Demographic details which are proposed for rehabilitation is furnished at ANNEXURE-X Abstract is furnished here under.

Table : 6- Demography of forest Enclosures proposed for rehabiltation :

Sl.No Particulars Units Quantity 1 No.of Families In No. 108 2 No.of people In No. 674 3 No.of cattle In No. 771 4 Extent of patta lands Acres 329.09 5 Extent of Govt land encroachment Acres 87.36 6 Extent of Forest land encroachment Acres 15.60

Kollur, Halliberu and Mavinkar are the three major Enclosures within the sanctuary. They are close to Kollur township and it will not be possible to consider rehabilating them during the plan period. There are 14 other villages in a radial distances of 5km from sanctuary boundary with over 45,000 human populations and 26,000 cattle population. Demographic details of such revenue villages (including Kollur, Mavinkaru and Halliberu) are furnished in ANNEXURE- XI agriculture is the most important activity. People in rural areas cultivate paddy, cashew, areca nut, rubber, coconut, pepper, banana etc. due to spurt

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

21 in the price of areca nut in the recent past, many farmers have converted part of their paddy field in to areca garden. Sizeable population of fringe villages depends on the sanctuary forests their biomass requirements. With the ban on extraction of timber, firewood and NTFP, down sized planting and allied activities, the landless farmers and marginal landholders have to find alternate employment, which is not easy to come by. So to supplement their income. People draw upon the resources of the sanctuary.

DETAILS OF EACH TYPE OF PRESSURE THAT THE SANCTUARY IS UNDER ARE DESCRIBED IN THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS.

Leopard kill 5.1.2- Poaching:

With the implementation of the Wildlife (protection) Act, 1972, hunting got totally prohibited in the state since 1975. But farmers in and around the sanctuary posses 649 licensed weapons for crop protection as shown in ANNEXURE-XII.

Poaching is very rare and it is confined to small fauna. This is controlled by patrolling round the clock by the staff and creating general awareness about the conservation policies among the people through EDCs. Panther killed by Poachers

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

5.1.3- Illegal felling of trees :

Illegal removal of firewood and small timber is an age old practice of villagers in and around the sanctuary. Usually they collect dead and fallen materials. Sometimes green trees are also cut. But this is very rare. Consequently degradation is seen along the fringes up to depth of 2-3 kms. However, it is well controlled by the Range staff.

5.1.4- Illegal removal of NTFP :

Apart from agriculture, people, both tribal as well as non-tribal, derive seasonal income from collection and selling of NTFP’s In fact this has been a tradition of tribals. Annual income ranges between Rs. 5000/- to Rs. 10,000/- per family mainly from the dalchini leaves, honey, rind of garcinia, soap nut etc. there is intense competition among the inhabitants to collect forest produce as a result of which some trees are harvested completely even before crop is mature. Driving force of this activity is poverty and unemployment. Species affected are represented very poorly in the younger age classes.

Prior to formation of the Kudremukh Wildlife Division, right of MFP collection used to be sold in auction or was allotted to the local LAMP society. It was revenue oriented. Once the sanctuary came under the control of wildlife wing, legal NTFP removal is totally stopped.

In spite of restrictions, illegal removal of canes, ramapatre, halmaddi, dalchinni leaves etc., is often and offence cases are booked, because it is auctioned in the neighbouring territorial divisions. However the EDC’s are guided to keep a check on such illegal activities.

5.1.5-Illegal collection of leaf litter;

The practice of collecting leaf litter in large quantities in admittedly undesirable. However , it is an age old practice and even today wide spread. Undergrowth is hacked and well-grown trees are lopped for leaf litter. This practice not merely destroys the existing regeneration and young saplings but it alters the soil surface conditions. People from as far as Byndoor and Vandse collect leaf litter from near Kollur and often transport it by vehicles. Large work forces of women are exclusively employed on collection and sale of dry leaf litter in the summer season. Each farmer requires on an average 500 ballies for use around his paddy cultivation during monsoon. They last hardly one season. Therefore every year, ballies have to be cut and farmlands have to be fenced against cattle and wild animals. However, the local villagers are target and convinced by forest staff against the illegal practices.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

5.1-6. Cane trade;

Cane grows throughout the sanctuary and people use it very liberally for a variety of purpose including drawing of Temple Chariots. Major use, however, is making of big baskets to carry dry leaf mulch, medium size baskets to carry coconuts and small baskets for handling earth and gravel. About 30% of the population residents in the sanctuary and about 10% resident within 3 kms of the fringe are heavily dependent on the income generated from the basket making and trade. Poverty, which is highest around the sanctuary compared to other parts of the district, forces people in to this trade in combination with firewood head loading. Hardly 10% of the baskets are used within the sanctuary and 90 % is sent out on trade as far as Mangalore, Thirthahalli and Nagara. However major markets are the shadies of Kundapur and Udupi taluks. Sanctuary area north of Melbavadi are the worst effected where the most effected where mature canes are difficult to meet with. Same is the case on the southwest especially in the flat areas adjoining habitations. However, this activity is well within control.

It is a good old practice of Tribals to remove canes for making baskets for domestic use and sale at the local market. They are convinced and in search of alternative livelihoods.

5.1-7. Ganja cultivation ;

In the recent past, sanctuary is hit by the menace of illegal Ganja cultivation Ganja is a produce of dry leaf, inflorescence and pad shells etc,. and is a mild intoxicant. The plant commonly known as Mariejunia- botanically known as Cannabis Sativa. Though a weed in its native habitat, is exotic to western Ghats ther is no record of when it began in the sanctuary but cultivated plots have been in detection since 1996. the modus operandi involves location of completely sheltered interior parts of the forest, cut down the standing trees, raise poly bagged seedlings of mariejunia, plant them in pits at 3 meters spacement, irrigate, fertilize and get the final produces. The site is occupied during the fag end of monsoon and necessary rations, infrastructure and materials are assembled by the conclusion of monsoon. Plot preparations and sowing begin by October and the first crop is harvested by end of January.

Mookambika wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

Unless detected, the gangs remain in the sanctuary for at least four months and cultivate the plots in a series. The plots are used on a rotation. So far five plots were located inside the sanctuary. Ganja cultivation is a serious problem given the fact that the biggest conglomeration of Keralites in Mudur and Jadkal villages, which are at the heart of the sanctuary. But no incidences are recorded since past two years.

5.1-8 Grazing;

Huge cattle population about 25,000 in and along the sanctuary perimeter provides the backdrop for the grazing pressure on the sanctuary. Cattle are found grazing all over the sanctuary except on the steep slopes. There is very little of grass in the thickly wooded areas. Nevertheless since all the community lands are occupied by people for one purpose or the other and there are no grazing grounds left, people are compelled to send their cattle in to the sanctuary for grazing purpose. Cattle are found using whatever little grasses are available during the monsoon. But depend on the tender shoots, flowers, ponds, etc,. in the post monsoon months. Cattle population from the 14 enclosures within the sanctuary and 19 major villages in the buffer zone is furnished in Annexure – XI

Cattle Grazing

Mookambika wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

5.1-9 – Head loading of firewood;

Sanctuary surroundings do not have any industrial employment potentials. Whatever tile factories and brick manufacturing units that existed have almost got closed down due to poor market economy. Land holdings around the sanctuary is also very small. The ratio between the work force and the landholders is very high. Therefore quite a large no. of pupil are un employed during the lean season. Forests sustenance, almost all of them depend on head loading of firewood from the nearest jungles and selling the same in coastal areas. It is one of the classic cases of resource depletion due to excessive dependence. Men folk either emigrate as casual workers etc,. to Goa, Mumbai and other places or while away their time to home. Consequently the entire hardship falls on the women who actually sustain the family through the difficult times. Head loaders penetrates as forests as two- three kms. Inside the sanctuary. Northern part of the sanctuary around the Ganganadu, Byndoor, Shiroor are effected by this activity.

Kollur temple consumes fairly good quantity of dry fuel wood for various poojas. Locals collect dry fuel and sell it to the temple. Annually the temple alone consumes 70-80 tonnes of firewood. In addition, there are 35- 40 Hotels in Kollur town catering to the needs of the tourists. All of them are dependent on fuel wood brought from the sanctuary forests cooking the boiled rice. Daily consumption of firewood by all these hotels is about 2 tons. Thus, Kollur township alone consumes more than 1000 tons of fuel wood annually, all of which is brought from the sanctuary. Nowadays many people use the LPG connection also.

5.1.10 Traffic moment on the state highway;

State highway no 52 (Kundapur – Hosanagar) passes through the sanctuary from Chittur to Nagodi over a leanth of 30 kms. This road leads to the famous Mookambika Temple located inside Kollur inside, which attracts, thousands of pilgrims everyday. Vehicle moment day to night restricts the free moment of wild animals. Lot of plastic waste is thrown away on the roads which are harmful to wildlife. Plastic removal and educating the tourists not to throw waste on the highway is undertaken periodically by the staff which may reduce the plastic menace.

Mookambika wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

5.1.11 ; Encroachments ;

Encroachment cases are negligible in the PA proper. There are only 09 encroachments in Mudgalpare and Hulimurdibare RF. But there are many revenue encroachments along the western boundary. These encroachments are extensions of existing cultivations in the govt. lands. Malayalies and few locals settled in Mudur, Kollur, Jadkal, Byndoor and Yedthare Villages are involved in this racket. They cultivate Citronella/Vativer grass, cashew, rubber etc, on these extended lands.

This is a familiar route of stripping the land completely free of local vegetation. Woody vegetation is first lopped and the brushwood is used for ground fire. Soil is then, ripped open deeply/ up to 50 cms with pickaxes and turned over repeatedly so as to expose, earthworms and other harmful soil agents. After through weathering, the site is used for planting grasses in high density, firewood is manufactured from the neighbouring forest areas illegally from the time of sowing so as to accumulate sufficiently large quantity by the time of grass harvest. Every acre of cultivated grass requires one truckload – about 25 cum of high calories fuel wood distillation. On an average, 500-600 acres of grasses are cultivated on the govt. lands, fringing the private lands by the Malabaries. Grass cultivation is continued on the same site till it is totally exhausted and cannot support the cultivation any more. In the mean while standing trees on the site are girdled dried and set on fire. So as to deface the land of all its original features. Stumps if any left out are removed manually and used as fuel. In a period of 3-4 years, the land is completely laid bare and diverted for cultivating rubber or cashew and the surrounding forest are also degraded. Land grabbing continues till they touch the edge of the neighbours plot or some irredeemable landscape features such as stream, reserve forest boundary road etc,. every inch of available non forest govt. land is grabbed and brought under cultivation through this method by the malabaries. This practice also found supporters from among the local farmers when the profit margin was high. Actually the economics of grass cultivation is totally unfavorable to the Grower but, for the free firewood which they smuggled out from the adjoining forests. It is thus a programme of land grabbing and fleecing the surrounding forests so as to render them less suitable for the wildlife. Hence, the compensation should be paid immediately to the farmers. This is not happening as the amount allotted to the division is not sufficient or received late to the office, and the farmers take revenge on the wild animals by poisoning or killing. This is a big threat in the days to come and has to be tackled with priority. Similar is the case with monkeys and the Kisan Sanghas often agitate for a suitable solution which has to be solved.

Mookambika wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

5.1.12 Forest fire;

Fire is a serious problem in this PA . fire season is short; starting from February to April. All fires originate through human agency. Majority of them are meant to scare away wild animals to facilitate collection of NTFP to get new flush of grass for the cattle or accidental escapes of sanitary fires around farmlands etc,. tourist and mythical beliefs related to Kollur Temple also lead to forest fires. Kodachadri is usually set on fire during Shivarathri upper reachers of Nagankalbare RF are set on fire by illegal fishing groups in Savyahakal dam backwaters. Cane collectors and honey collectors set fire to the grass lands of Megini ridges. These fires effect the fringes of sholas.

5.1.13; Insect attacks, pathological problems etc,.;

From the past records it appears that there was no serious threat from insect and fungi. However, defoliators as well as scaletonizers annually effect teak plantations. Loranthus (Dendropthe falcate) and other parasites are common on sick and senile trees.

A small but not an insignificant problem is fouling of water near Kollur Township during March to April months due to the direct discharge of sewage by temple authority, hotels, lodges and households. At this time of the year flowing Sowparnika is reduced to the trickle and therefore sewage does not get diluted. Large quantity of seasonal leaf litter also ads to the woes of the water quality. It is not common to see that water all along the river bed is unfit for any use. The water was got tested and the result is as follows As per the Bureau of Indian Standard pure water Sl Source of sample PH Biological Chemical Total soluble No oxygen oxygen solids demand demand 1 Sowparnika river 7 2.00mg/ltr Nil 20-30 mg/ltr

As per the Laboratory result Sl Source of sample PH Biological Chemical Total No oxygen oxygen soluble demand demand solids 1 Sowparnika river 7.42 18.00mg/ltr 132 mg/ltr 43.50 mg/ltr

It is seen from the above facts that the values of elements found in the water sample of Sowparnika river is above the permissible limits and not fit for drinking. This has been brought to the kind notice of the District Administration and necessary action has been initiated by the authorities regarding the same

Mookambika wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

5.1.14 ; Staff for forest protection;

In order to protect the sanctuary from encroachments, illicit fellings, poaching, fire and smuggling, existing range staff are engaged in regular patrolling for forest areas. The sanctioned staff strength is 4 foresters, and 10 Forest Guards and 03 Forest watchers. Generally twenty percent of frontline posts remain vacant. List of required executive staff is furnished in Annexure -XIII

In addition to the staff, two antipoaching camps where established in strategic locations at Mudur and Ganganadu. Protecting staff are provided with DBBL guns and one rifle and slide action gun is provided to RFO.

5.1.15 ;Man and Animal conflict ;

This is a great problem in the coming years and the animals like Bison, Deer, Peacock enter the paddy fields and damage the crops of the farmers. In some cases they kill the human beings or in turn the wild animals are killed by villagers due to fear. Suitable compensation is paid to the villagers for crop damage or human kill. But the amount is meager compared to the loss caused.

Compensation paid for last 5 years for crop damage within the Sanctuary limits.

S.No. Year Amount

1 2005-06 81250.00

2 2006-07 35650.00

3 2007-08 199850.00

4 2008-09 26650.00

5 2009-10 121630.00

Mookambika wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

Table -7- List of offence cases booked after 2002-03.

Sl. Illicit Illegal Ganja Poaching Encroachm Year Total no. felling cases NTFP cases cases cases ent cases 1 2003-04 25 07 - 01 - 33 2 2004-05 20 13 - 02 - 45 3 2005-06 07 05 - 01 13 4 2006-07 11 06 - - - 17 5 2007-08 07 - - - - 07 6 2008-09 08 03 - 01 - 12 7 2009-10 14 03 - 01 - 18

30 Encroachment 25 Poaching cases

20 Ganja cases Illigal NTFP 15 Illicit felling 10

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

Geographical diagram of forest offences

The graph shows that during the years 2003-04 & 2004-05 the offences were more and gradually has decreased during the coming years. This is being brought to control. However, the area is naxal affected and the staff operate cautiously against the offenders and bring them into books.

Mookambika wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

6.1.1 – Objectives of management;

 To protect the sanctuary and to conserve it’s floral and faunal diversity by creating conditions under which wildlife population may reach optimum population level.  Develop water resource through improving the ground water recharge by desilting the existing water holes, constructions of check dams.

 To create awareness and to inculcate in the minds of children, love for all forms of wildlife and the need for conservation of natural resource.

 Involve tribal and local villagers in protection, wildlife conservation promote eco- friendly practices of meeting ecological awareness among people through EDCs.

 Employment generation for the most needy sections of society through self employment.

 To provide for capacity building to the staff for efficient management of the park regular training, infrastructure development and close monitoring.

 To promote and encourage wildlife research and ecological studies consistent with the long- term management objectives.

 To monitor the population of the wild animals according to carrying capacity.

6.1.2- Impediments in achieving objectives;

a) Presence of settlements in the PA b) High level of human interference in the sanctuary. c) Heavy livestock grazing. d) Lack of qualified guides e) Inadequate staffing and funding. f) Heavy inflow of tourists visiting the Kollur temple.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

6.1 .3 – Conservation values in Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary;

a. The sanctuary works as a protective vault to the otherwise dry and parched plains that stretch from the foothills to the seacoast. Sowparnika river which is the lifeline of this area is fed by the streams from the sanctuary. Continued existence of dense natural forests of the sanctuary is crucial for maintaining the bio-diversity, food security and regional ecology. b. The sanctuary harbours the rare Black Panther among its large variety. c. The sanctuary represents the northern limit of lion tailed macaque which is an endangered species. d. The sanctuary is rich in the population of Saraca Asoka, which is a red listed plant. Fairly good localized populations of this dwarf tree are found along the boundary stream banks through out the sanctuary. e. Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary is the preferred habitat of at least seven species of canes endemic to Western Ghats. They grow in abundance and great luxuriance especially on the steep slopes of Madibare and Megini Reserve Forests. The density of cane under growth, distinguishes the sanctuary from the surrounding forests. It is a rich genetic pool of canes. f. Kodachadri hill has a historical and religious importance as it is believed to be one of the places were great Shankaracharya performed his penance and installed the deity ‘Mookambika’, ‘Sarvagna peeta’ on the top of the Kodachadri hills. This is visited by thousands of pilgrims every year. g. A variety of medicinal plants are found in this sanctuary which are endangered and needs protection.

6.1.4 – Plan period ;

The management plan is prepared for a period of five years commencing from January 2011 to December 2015 revision work should commence from 2013-14 itself. If new areas are added so as to substantially shape the size of the sanctuary, revision should be taken up immediately thereafter.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

7.1.1 – General;

Strategies which have long term on the improvement on the sanctuary will be taken up in addition to a set of programmes that are required for the usual upkeep and maintenance of the sanctuary. The strategies proposed to be followed are as under; a. Recognizing the sanctuary area to cover the maximum biodiversity and to protect its ecological integrity. b. Effective zonation of the sanctuary and zone wise prescriptions. c. Reducing the anthropogenic pressure from within by offering attractive rehabilitation package especially forests the people residing in the core zone d. Addressing the problems of inhabitants in the fringes through a properly designed eco- development programme. e. Educating the visitors visiting the temple through proper education and developing interest in nature.

The strategies are as under;

7.1.2 – Strategy. 1. Reorganization of the sanctuary areas;

Mookambika sanctuary is highly fragmented on the southern side. Ribbons of forest travelers through the hill ridges over long distance while the adjoining valleys are completely occupied and densely inhabited by human beings and cattle. More than 65 % of the geographical area in Chittur, Keradi, Jadkal and Mudur limits are agricultural lands. The remaining 35 %, which now constitute the sanctuary have to meet all the agricultural requirements of this population. Virtually, there is not a single acre of sanctuary area that is not used by people, especially in summer for collection of leaf mulch, when the wild animals have a difficult time for shrub cover. Water becomes a serious limitation, as there is hardly any source on the ridges. During the monsoons, farmlands come under cultivation and the animals cannot cross over from one ridge to the other. They get critically confined as graziers block patches of areas.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

There is also intense competition for fodder from domestic animals. The entire forest in Mudgalpare, Hermannupare, Noojinane, Chittur, Taluburane, Abbigudde, Jannalane, Korakoppadahola, Gundaberu and Murkodihola have gone through a phase of clear felling and only the coppice able species regenerated. Keystone species such as Ficus and most of the endemic fruit yielding species vanished from the scene. The area also underwent heavy laterisation. Which complicated and worsened the problems for wild animals. There is hardly any wildlife in the above mentioned reserve forest of the sanctuary, except those that stray out from the adjoining Madibare and Nagankalbare RFs. On the other hand, Hulimurdibare RF situated on the extreme north is nothing but a ribbon of steep western hill slopes with rocky outcrops. Vegetation is confined only to sheltered localities. In the ultimate analysis only three reserve forests viz. Korathikalbare, Megini, and Madibare which from a compact block are the best and ideal habitat for wildlife

There is another group of reserve forest to the South- East comprising the Nagankalbare RF of the sanctuary, Baregundi RF of Shankaranarayan Range of Kundapur territorial division which forms a compact block. These areas are hilly and traversed by large number of streams, which culminate in to Chakra river, Human population is relatively small and confined mainly to the riverbank. Upstream and hills have rich vegetation and abundant water sources, Kilandur RF is bound on the east by Savehaklu dam. Villages falling in the catchments of this dam have already been evacuated and therefore the wild animals have a greater degree of freedom along the shores of the dam. Consequently the animal density is relatively high to the west of Savehaklu, where certain amount of grass lands also exist followed by a thick vegetation in Nagankalbare and Baregundi RFs. Kodachadri hill plays a very crucial role in the entire region. It attracts thousands of visitors every year. East of this hill has again an interesting range of flora and fauna unlike the western aspects. Wild animals will be found in a state of migration between the east and west seasonally for a variety of reasons. They hardly get any protection on the eastern facet and many times get liquidated en-route. It is vital to re- organise the entire sanctuary area so as to capture the widest range of biodiversity and afford full protection to the fauna. Therefore it should be taken up at the earliest.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

The sanctuary should be recognized to include seven reserved forest. Viz,. Korathikalbare, Meginivalley, Madibare, Nagankalbare and Baregundi of Kundapur taluk and Kodachadri and Chakra RF of Hosanagar Taluk. The remaining eleven state forests from the present sanctuary limits should be taken out of the PA. a map of the existing and proposed areas is furnished in plate -6.

A crucial link in the present as well as proposed arrangement in the western slope between Nagankalbare and Madibare state forests, which is owned by private persons up to the inter- district boundary. This area has evergreen forests on very steep slopes and has a dense mat of cane growth. The special deputy Commissioner, Dakhisnakannada, Mangalore in his notification no. KRL (2) 41/81-82, dated 30th may 1981 has already declared 407.36 acres of land in sy. Nos.16-1, 37, 63 and 83 of Mudur village as excess holding and the same is vested in the state government free from all encumbrances. This is only a portion of the ghat area. The entire western slope stretching between Gundinahole to Samsehole up to the foothill is an integral part of the sanctuary and necessary action should be taken to get the entire area acquired and added to the sanctuary.

The proposed sanctuary boundary will be as under:

North : Starting from the north-western corner of Megini valley RF it runs along the district boundary up to Nagodi ghat road.

East : Starting from the Nagodi ghat road and the district border it proceeds along the eastern boundary of Kodachadri RF till it touches Chakra RF and then it passes along the same boundary to Killandoor RF until it touches the Haidargarh (Hosangadi) ghat road

South : Starting from the above point, it travels along the high way and then passes along the southern boundary of Baregundi RF till it touches the charka river.

West : From the above point it passes along the western boundary of Baregundi RF till Vatebethlu halls, crosses the rive and then travel along the western boundary of Naganakalbare RF, then crossing the private land in Mudur village in Sy.Nos. 16-1, 37, 63 and 83 it touches the boundary of Madibare RF and along the western boundary of Korathikalbare RF till it touches the starting point.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

This recognization should be taken up immediately and completed as early as possible. With this recognization the sanctuary will have a balanced set of eastern and western faces that are relatively free from disturbance and capture the largest diversity of flora and fauna.

7.1.3- Strategy- 2. Zonation;

For effective management of sanctuary, it is proposed to follow the zonation as prescribed in the previous management plan with slight modifications. Zones formed are core zone, habitat management zone, tourism zone and buffer zone. A zonation map is furnished at plate-6. it is not necessary to demarcate these zones on the ground. Separate package of practices are prescribed for each zone. Brief high lights are given hereunder;

7.1.4- Core zone;

Hill slopes and valleys of Megini RF, major part of Madibare RF and Nagankalbare RFs ( compartment no. 5 to 12, 14,15,17 & 18) constitute the core zone. Objective of constituting this zone is to preserve the habitat in its near natural conditions as possible by providing rigid protection against all forms of biotic interference. Enclosures falling inside core zone are Megini, Bavadi, goligudde, Mavinkaru, Halliberu, Basriberu and Muthanike. Sincere attempt must be done to relocate these Enclosures through a separate project during the plan period.

Strict protection is to be given against illicit fellings, fire, grazing and NTFP collections. However limited scientific studies and habitat development programmes like development of salt licks, control burning of grasslands, maintenance of patrolling tracks etc, may be taken up.

7.1.5- Habitat improvement zone;

Objective of forming this zone is to improve the habitat for the benefit of wild animals. It covers compartment nos. 1 to 4, 13, 16, 19 to 30. forestry operations to facilitate natural regeneration to restore the forests to normal conditions in the forest areas will be carried out in this zone. Efforts should be made to create artificial grasslands and maintain them on the abandoned cultivation so as to provide forests pastures, which is a critical requirement for the herbivore fauna.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

Forest areas of this zone comprise mainly of moist deciduous forests and a part of semi- evergreen forest. These forests are degraded due to over use in the past, biotic pressure and rising of monoculture plantations. The zone includes the following reserve forests; Chittur RF, Harmannupare RF, Madibare RF (part), Mudgalpare RF, Murkodihola RF, Gundaberu RF, Noojinane RF, Jannalane RF, Korathikalbare RF, Abbigudde RF, Hulimurdibare RF, Korakoppadahola RF. The details of works to be carried out in this zone are discussed in the next chapter.

7.1-6 Eco Sensitive zone;

All the villages falling within a radius of 5 km out side the PA are included in this zone and are to be declared as ecosensitive areas a per Environmental (protection) Act, 1986 – section 5 read with rules 5 and 13. The villages falling under this zone are; Kollur, Chittur, Aloor, Vandse, Idurkunjadi, Keradi, Kamalashile, Bellala, Ajri, Harkur, Noojadi, Golihole, Jadkal, Mudur, Hallihole, Yelajith, Yedthare, Byndoor and Hosur. These villages are out side the PA boundary but have a great bearing on the sanctuary. A well- structured eco- development programme is necessary to address the issues in this zone. However any mining or industrial activity is banned in these areas. The detailed plan is prepared and submitted to the GOI for approval. The map of Eco sensitive zone is given in plate No. 7

7.1.7- Tourism Zone;

Tourism zone is an overlapping zone around the Kollur township and compartment no 13 to 16 of Madibare RF. This zone is created for educational and tourism purpose. A patrol track is already created within this zone around Kochalamakki in addition to some picnic and camping facilities at Anejari. This zone is to be utilized for nature education purpose to the public & school children.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

7.1.8; Strategy;3. RELOCATION AND REHABILITATION PACKAGE FOR SANCTUARY HABITATIONS.;

There are 17 revenue enclosures ranging from a single tenement to 40 households located deep inside the sanctuary in the core zone as well as the habitat management zone. The zone of influence of these enclosures is disproportionately large and in some places they meet each other so as to make the habitat practically unavailable to the wild animals. At the same time these inhabitants are also denied of social development as the cost of creating infrastructure is very high and is generally differed in favour of non- forest habitations. So the residents of these enclosures have not seen development for decades. Some people migrate out living behind their properties and some people try to dispose their properties un successfully in pursuit of resettlement. But this has not been easy. So resident life inside the PA becomes miserable particularly in the face of wildlife depredations. Equally the existence of such Enclosures is incompatible with the depredations & naxal menace. So in the interest of the sanctuary as well as the people. All the forest enclosures should be acquired and added to the sanctuary.

However since sanctuaries are at a lower order of preference in this regard compared to the national parks, it may not be possible to attempt this completely within the plan period. It is therefore proposed that, leaving apart three major enclosures, namely Mavinkaru, Halliberu and Basriberu which have more than 25 families, rest of the enclosures have to be under a properly designed rehabilitation scheme. In all 118 families occupying 133.18 ha. of patta lands are to be shifted out. Lands so acquired should be maintained as permanent meadows.

7.1.9– Strategy- 4. Eco- development of fringe villages;

In the long run it is imperative to provide certain facilities to the fringe villages so as to bring a harmony between them and the sanctuary. Eco- development programmes address this issue; it is to be carried without the following objectives in mind; a) To seek co-operation to the department from the local villagers in managing the sanctuary. b) To improve the habitat and upgrade the protection of the sanctuary. c) To relieve the intense biotic pressure on the sanctuary. d) To involve the people in the management of natural resources. e) To improve the economic conditions of the people in and around the sanctuary.

Real issue is to ‘reduce the fringe villagers’ dependence on sanctuary around forest biomass and resolve resource conflicts. Long term objective is to diversify the people from primary sector.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

7.1.10– Implementation of Traditional Forest Dwellers Act 2006;

This act is to recognize and vest the forest rights in forest land for the Forest dwelling Schedule tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who have been residing in such forests for generations.

The recognition of forest rights shall be subject to the condition that such Schedule tribes or tribal committees or other forest dwellers had occupied the forestland before 13th day of December 2005. The concerned Gram Sabha shall be the authority to initiate the process of determining the forest rights and pass resolution to that effect and forward the same to the Sub Divisional level Committee and then for final approval of the District level committee headed by the Deputy Commissioner of the District. The District ITDP officer is the Nodal Officer for the implementation of the Act. The final rights certificate will be issued as per the format given in the Act signed jointly by the District Tribal Welfare Officer, The Deputy Conservator of Forests and the Deputy Commissioner of the District. During the year 2010-11 the following ST dwellers are given their forest rights in Kollur Range after approval by the District Committee. They are as follows:-

Area S.No. Name of the Rights holers (extent in Ha) 1. Sri. Sheena Naik, S/o Govinda Naik, Hallihole village 0.90 2 Sri. Chandra Naik, S/o Babi Naik, Hallihole village 2.00 3 Sri. Puttaiah Naik, S/o Akku Naik, Beerige, Hallihole village 1.20 4 Smt. Saku Nayaki, W/o Narayana Naik, Beerige, Hallihole village 1.20 5 Sri. Rathnakara Naik, S/o Babi Naik, Beerige, Hallihole 1.00 6 Smt. Shantha Nyakthi, W/o Chikkayya Naik, Beerige, Hallihole 1.70 7 Sri. Venku Naik, S/o Rama Naik, Arekallu house, Hallihole 2.10 8 Smt. Siddu yane, Parvathi Naik, D/o Govinda Naik, Kotuguli, 0.60 Hallihole 9 Sri. Govinda Naik, S/o Naga Naik, Kodladikattu, Hallihole 1.00 10 Smt. Sudheela, W/o Narayana Naik, Vadri, Hallihole 0.50 11. Smt Ratna Naik W/o Babu Naik Birige Hallihole 1.92

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

8.1.1 – Habitat management;

Habitat management is very important for the survival of wildlife

This will be based on the following consideration; a. Giving full protection to natural forests. b. Converting the exotic monoculture plantations in to native species polycultures. c. Improving the habitat quality of PA through water holes, salt licks, soil and moisture conservations works etc,.

8.1.2 ; Habitat improvement;

Moist deciduous forests of the former Kundapur Division were subjected in the past to heavy exploitation of timber and NTFP. So no fresh extractions are proposed under this plan even on fire lines/ D lines or in habitat improvement zone. Dead standing or fallen trees provide shelter to micro organism, birds, beetles, ants, etc,. and are an important requirement for the life cycle of the many wildlife forms. So even dead trees are not to be harvested. Whenever open meadows are found in the valleys, they should be so maintained by removing weeds and shrubs. Ponds and salt licks may be provided around these areas. If the ground permits, marshes may also be developed on these sites. Grazing grounds are rarely found in the sanctuary except on the hill ridges. Developing meadows on the abandoned farmlands and village sites will make up forests a critical disadvantage of the habitat.

8.1.3- Management of monoculture plantations;

An area of 2079.73 ha. of plantation area is under various types of plantations. Older teak and softwood plantations are overtaken by natural regeneration of local species. It affords a better habitat to the wildlife. Such natural growth and the plantations needed total protection during the management plan period. So no separate thinning or cultural operations are proposed to teak plantations. Fuel wood plantation in the sanctuary spread over 282.65 ha. are no doubt fit for extractions. In view of their proximity to the habitations. Converting them in to polycultures requires closing the area and intensive protection for a period of 5 years. This will be a very costly operation. However, attempts have to be made to create a reserve crop of native species under these plantations

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

After all exotics have limited life span and will soon be found drying up or getting uprooted. These plantations should be inter planted repeatedly with wildlings of kuntal, haiga etc, on raised mounds closely. Alternatively variety of fruit yielding species may be sown on the ridges raised by line digging. This practice is to be repeated till a rootstock of 2000 seedlings per ha. is built up. Thereafter the exotics may be considered for removal. Cashew plantations are raised in Gundaberu RF and Jannalane RF are under the control of the Karnataka Cashew Development Corporation. They may be managed as per their plan without disturbing the natural growth or wild animals. They are not to be reboised. Once the cashew perishes, the area should be restored to the sanctuary with its natural growth.

8.1.4-Water resource management:

Water management involves locating areas without surface water and augmenting the same. There are a number of seasonal and perennial water holes in the sanctuary but they get silted up. They have to be maintained by desilting, raising bunds, providing well- designed spillways etc,. a good number of small ponds are required in the higher elevations, especially near the periphery, which are visited by domestic cattle. Water shortages are very acute in Nagankalbare and Mudgalpare RF. They should be desilted in every two to three years. Kansikere, Sulamundakere and Chiksal Mortu, Kochalamakki and upstream of Bommanahalla near Kabbinale pond, Nagodikere, Hulibai kere, Dali kere, Halliberu kere, Thoodalli kere, Ambikana kere, Sori kere, Devaragaddekere, Kyarthur kere, should be taken up on priority. And new formation of ponds in Bavadi, Halliberu of Meginivalley RF. Nuksalu near Madibare RF, Chakathkal & Kosalli near Hulimurdibare RF is very necessary.

8.1.5- Maintenance of salt licks;-

About 150 salt licks are provided in the sanctuary mostly in the vicinity of water holes, riverbeds and other watercourses in the tourism zone. It is observed that wild animals visit most of the salt licks during the summer. Natural salt licks are scarce in the sanctuary. Hence, maintenance of existing salt licks is necessary. More should be added if felt necessary.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

8.1.6- Soil and moisture conservation works;

Due to steep slopes and heavy rains, soil erosion rates are relatively high. This in turn adversely affects water regime and the natural regeneration. In order to conserve soil and water, gully checks, water conservation trenches, contour bunding have to be constructed in higher reaches. A few check dams and water tanks are also necessary to improve the water availability to the wild animals. Existing water tanks need to be desilted once in two years.

8.1.7- Protection;

Protection is an important aspect and is the need of the hour. Two Anti poaching camps are established within the sanctuary and keep on moving around. This sanctuary being Naxal affected permanent shed construction is not possible as they are damaged in some areas and difficult to counter them with the available force. However the staffs do continuous patrolling and immediately attend the offences on getting the information and legal action is taken wherever it is necessary. The staff strength is also inadequate and 20% of the lower staff is vacant. The funds allotted during the previous years are not sufficient to take more measures during the fire season and engage more daily watchers. The Eco-development committees have decreased interest as no new activities are taken due to lack of funds and hence seeking people’s cooperation is also very poor. These activities should be strengthened. Some of the naxalite incidents occurred in Kollur Wildlife Range is detailed as below:-

Date Naxalite incidents occurred

23-06-2005 2 suspected naxalites shot by Anti Naxal Squad police encounter in Devarabalu near Hallihole of Kundapur Taluk. 18-12-2005 A group of naxalites visited Halliberu Antipoaching camp of Kollur Range and threatened forest watcher and told them not to do the forest works 07-12-2008 Naxalites Killed Sri.Kesava Yadiyala of Yadageri in Hallihole Village, Kundapur Taluk suspecting him as a Police informer.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

8.1.8 – Boundary demarcation and maintenance;

The sanctuary has an outer perimeter of about 350 kms and has an enclosure boundary length of 90 kms. Three types of works, namely, re-cleaning of outer boundaries, construction of new cairns & reconstruction of damaged cairns and maintaining the boundaries of enclosures are to be carried out as a part of programme of field works. The boundaries are very indistinct and have been subjected to much manipulation within the village limits of Mudur, Jadkal and Hallihole. There are large numbers of undetected encroachments in these areas. Demarcation work of the sanctuary boundaries using engraved stone/ RCC pillars shall be taken up as a separate programme to bring about awareness of the sanctuary limits wherever necessary.

8.1.9- Control of poaching and illicit removal of NTFP;

The sanctuary is already having a reasonable set up for control of poaching and illicit removal of forest produces. It needs to be supplemented with more manpower and equipment to make more effective. Extensive patrolling on foot and by vehicle is very important. For effective control of poaching and illicit removal of NTFP, the existing anti poaching establishments should be strengthened. Staff should go in relay team patrols instead of the present individualized patrolling. Permanent anti poaching camp sheds are to be built at different locations to meet the different seasonal requirements. But this is not possible in the last few years due to Antinaxal activities in the region. Necessary equipment like solar power, binoculars, arms, torchlight, first aid kits etc,. should be provided to the frontline staff. Practice of providing free rations to the antipoaching staff should be continued.

8.1.10- Patrolling tracks;

In order to patrol the length and breadth of the sanctuary and reach the interior easily, jeepable patrol tracks were already formed in Megini, Bavadi, Jadkal, Mudur, and Kollur areas. They need to be upgraded by providing side drains, stone pitching on the steep gradients, causeway, culverts, and bridges to make them all weather tracks.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

8.1.11- Firearms and ammunition;

It is necessary to provide arms and ammunitions to executive staff. Already the Range Forest Officer and Foresters are equipped with weapons. Training in maintenance and handling of weapons is necessary to all the staff. Weapon details

S.No Particulars Number 01. Slide Action Gun R.721149 02. Rifle 92AB,2617,315/1375 03. D.B.B.L SV-9605136 04. D.B.B.L SV-9200830 05. D.B.B.L SV-9605141 06. D.B.B.L SV-8302020

8.1.12- Fire control;

Since the area that goes under fire is very small and remote. The costs involved in fire control are very high. Fire control is not very practical in the terrain. This is cheaper and desirable considering the shortage of grasslands in the sanctuary. So control burning should be taken up during December under the supervision of section foresters. Fire tracing may be done only along the highways and around enclosures. Educating the villages living in and around the sanctuary regarding ill affects of forest fire is important. So signboards should be established at all important places. Co- operation of the EDCs is required and all the members should be educated and taken on educational tour to the other sanctuaries and National Parks and some successful EDCs both within and outside the state to have discussion with the other members because seeing is believing. Fire crisis management Plan was prepared and submitted to the MOEF during the year 2010 to control fire and the same is given in Annexure – XVI and XVI(A)

8.1.13 - Providing basic infrastructure to staff and maintenance;

The quarters and other building should be maintained in good condition. Wherever there is a shortage, new quarters should be built. The watchtowers and metallic entry barriers should also be got painted every year. The publicity boards should be renewed periodically with attractive slogans and paintings. This will educate the public and pilgrims visiting the Kollur temple and

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

44 help in the protection of wildlife and forest. Solar lights may be provided to the frontline staff quarters wherever electricity is not available. Group medical insurance to be made to the frontline staff and their families to avail the better medical facilities incase of sickness to self and to their families. Provision for traveling allowance to be made to the staff as they do not get sufficient TA for their works. Special allowance for naxal affected areas to be provided on par with the anti naxal force of the State Police Department which they are deprived at present.

8.1.14 – Regulation of traffic:

Because of traffic round the clock, the highway has fragmented the sanctuary into two halves preventing the free movement of wild animals. There are possibilities of speeding vehicles running over the wild animals on the high way passing through the sanctuary. Hence it is necessary to regulate the traffic between 9.00PM and 6.00 AM. Speed breakers and signages may be put up within the sanctuary to regulate the traffic on the highway. The tourists should be educated about ill effects of traffic and sound pollution and seek their cooperation.

Lion tailed macaque

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

9.1.1- Introduction;

It is recognized that unless people from different walks of life see and experience for themselves the serenity and beauty of the natural environment, the sheer richness, complexity and delicate balance that exists within the biological world and the nature, they are unlikely to appreciate the true value of biodiversity conservation and in turn the required public support may be found wanting.

9.1.2 – Eco- tourism; Eco- tourism is unique in several ways in Mookambika Wildlife sanctuary. There are many attractive landscapes, replete with thick glades of forests, clear and silent streams and their wilderness attract a lot of visitors and religious places. The picture perfect landscapes and their wilderness attract a lot of visitors mainly as trekkers. The tourist spots are rather dispersed and therefore as of now the pressure is not felt. Eco- tourism is markedly different from other kinds of tourism and requires a sensitive and cautious approach including meticulous planning. So lot of planning is necessary to enhance the physical carrying capacity and also ensure that visitors experience the wilderness. By definition ecotourism is a responsible travel in areas that helps conserve the environment and sustains the well being of local people. It has five basic elements, namely, o Responsibility, concern and commitment to conservation. o Community participation and benefit sharing o Respect for local culture, traditions and laws of the land. o Visitors satisfactions and o Generation of local employment, self employment etc.

Planting and creation of infrastructure facilities should be taken in to account.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

46 9.1.3- Tourists facilities;

November to April is the best time to visit the sanctuary. Nature camp at Anejari located on the Sowparnika River is adequate to accommodate the eco- tourists. Very few visitors visit the sanctuary due to poor publicity. Facilities like vehicles to take the tourist inside of sanctuary and watch towers are not available and the patrolling tracks in the tourism zone need to be improved and strengthened. Sanctuary lacks well- trained guides to lead the tourists. To begin with existing watchers may be trained as guides. If more are required, a separate set of trained guides may be raised from among the youth. The following specific actions should be taken in this regard.

a. Tourists may be allowed to use hired jeep with a trained guide on Kochalamakki- Jadkal patrol track. View lines on either side of the patrol tracks should be cleared. A few ponds and salt licks should be laid to enhance the sighting of animals along the patrol track. b. The water level in Sowparnika River near Anejari should be raised by about 3-4 feet using sand bag anicut. A small swimming pool at the back end of stored water may be developed. The river stretch near Anejari may be used for river rafting purpose. c. The tourists may be allowed to trek the Kodachadri Peak and Arshinagundi waterfalls. These can be maintained through the EDC’s on sharing basis.

Kollur Mookambika Temple

There is an ancient temple of Goddess Mookambika right in the heart of the sanctuary. This temple is about 1200 years old.

 The main statue in the temple is the Lord Shiva Linga called the Jyothirlingam. This Jyotirlingam in front of the image of the Goddess Mookambika is of great antiquity.

 The great hindu religious leader Sri Adi Shankara was associated with this temple and is said to have spontaneously composed the classic work Soundarya Lahiri here. Sri Adi Sankara is said to have installed the metal image of the Goddess behind the Jyotirlingam. The idol that was installed by Adi Shankara is confined in a copper roofed and gold crested temples.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

 This well-known temple is visited by pilgrims from all over India and overseas.

 At the foot of the Western Ghats is situated on the banks of the never drying river Sauparnika. It is a belief that an eagle (Garuda) called Suparna performed penance on the banks of the river and attained salvation hence the name Sauparnika. It is a pleasant experience to take a dip in the holy river and then head for the darshan of the goddess.

 Kollur is one of the seven pilgrimages which were created by Parashurama. While the other pilgrimages created by Parashurama are devoted to Lord Shiva, Lord Subramanya and Lord Ganesha, this is the only one devoted to Goddess Parvathi.

 There are couple of places worth visiting in the neighboring of the temple. One of them is Arasina Makki, a famous waterfall. The Kodachadri range is a beautiful place and attracts a large number of mountaineers and trekkers.

 Kollur is regarded as one of the Seven Muktistala pilgrimage sites in Karnataka.

Mookambika Temple Kollur

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

9.1.4- Patrolling tracks;

Patrolling tracks are very much need for the movement of tourists and protection staff. The following patrol tracks shall be open to tourists;

List of patrolling tracks to be maintained regularly are:-

Name of the track Length (in Kms) From To Bavadi Mukthihalla 10 kms Kochakmakki Jadkal 6 kms Thoodalli Kosalli road 5 kms Melbavadi Megini 6 kms Dali – Arashinagundi – Mudur 29 kms.

The target groups are students, youth and teachers, private vehicles may be franchised to take tourists on these routes on fixed charges. A trained guide/ departmental staff should accompany such vehicles.

9.1.5- Trekking path;

There is also a need for developing certain trekking paths from the fringe to the nearest hill peak or to a specific landscape element.

List of trekking paths to be maintained regularly are:-

Name of the path Length (in kms) From To Mudur Belkal 3 kms. Melbavadi Thirthabare 4 kms Kosalli Kosallifalls 4 kms Megini Attigudde 8 kms Anejari surrounding 10 kms

Fresh paths can be included in this list based on the requirement of the tourists/ trekkers. These trekking paths should be well laid out, provided with good signage’s and manned by trained local youth who will also act as guides. Separate skill development training should be held for the local youth for this purpose.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

Trails:-

There are four trails around the Anejari Nature Camp. They are :

1. Arasinagundi Trails 3. Birders Trails 2. Butterfly Trails 4. Nature Trails

These trails give knowledge on different aspects and develop the love for nature and wildlife sanctuaries in particular plant or insect. It is a good educative round even for senior citizens who are interested to enjoy nature.

Anejari Nature Camp The nature camp is called as Anejari Nature Camp. Nature trails have been formed so that the visitors can walk through the trails and study the different species of plants and insects/reptiles etc. A watchtower is constructed at suitable place to view the Wild animals coming near the water hole for drinking water just near the Nature Camp. Tented accommodation dormitory and a guesthouse are provided to the visitors to feel the nature’s gift inside the forest with a natural stream of Sowparnika river flowing alongside. A paragola also exists for the visitors to have discussions and exchange of views with the resource persons. An interpretation centre is necessary to exhibit the important information about various flora and fauna of the sanctuary. Adventure games and activities are also introduced in the camp for the school going children. A package for school children is implemented from the year 2010-11, so that the children will be made to camp and trek inside the forests, study medicinal plants and wildlife its importance and should develop the interest of preserving and conserving wildlife. Talks on various topics like plants, wild animals, plastic waste, environmental hazards, global warming, biodiversity etc will be held by resource persons from within the department and outside. This should be a continuous process. The nature camp should be maintained neat and clean by painting the permanent structures annually and employing sufficient daily watchers.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

9.1.6- Eco- tourism guidelines;

 Activities permitted are trekking, bird watching, photography, swimming in the notified places, and wildlife viewing without disturbing them.  Group activities should be encouraged.  Guides should be selected, trained and made available to the visitors on cost.  The tourists should be given a through briefing of dos and don’ts. The do’s and don’t are listed in Annexure- XV. A guidebook should also be produced and sold to the visitors.  Tourists should maintain silence and dress should camouflage with the natural surroundings.  No plastics or waste to be used inside the camp or sanctuary.

Arrangement shall be made to issue tickets at the entrance of the nature camps and a few important visitors spots. Hence a reception centre already exists to serve the purpose Reservation of accommodation should be computerized at the division office. Email access should be created for the visitors. A website should also be launched and managed. Free film shows and slide talks should be arranged to the visitors at the interpretation centre. Special camps on trekking, bird watching, Identification of botanical trees shrubs & medicinal plants may be arranged seasonally. These trials have to be maintained regularly.

9.1.7- Monitoring Eco- tourism;

Impact of the tourism should be monitored closely by observing the sighting chances of wild animals, visible impacts of litter, wear out of the trekking paths, degradation of the vegetation, frequent encounter of each other by tourists etc,. to determine the carrying capacity and accordingly the tourist number should be controlled. A feedback should be obtained from every visitor and follow up action should be taken consistent with the management objectives.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

Table – 8- Revenue realized from Eco tourism during the last five years.

S.No. Year Revenue realized (in Rs.) 1 2005-06 103640 2 2006-07 188535 3 2007-08 109920 4 2008-09 74570 5 2009-10 96970

2009-10 2005-06 2005-06 Rs.96970.00 Rs.103640.00 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2008-09 Rs.74570.00 2009-10

2006-07 Rs.188535.00 2007-08 Rs.109920.00

The fall during the last two years is due to the closure of the camp during some months of fire season and due to renovation activities. However, it is sure to gain

momentum with increased flow of tourists in the coming years.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

10.1.1- General;

There cannot be any development and protection of the sanctuary without the active cooperation and support of the local population. Many people do not have basic facilities like safe potable water, health services, education, and electricity. etc. as most of these villagers are agrarians the dependence on forests is multifold. They depend on the forests for their daily need of fuel, small timber, fodder and green manure in order to make their living.

Information on Eco- Development Committees, existing in Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary.

Sl Formation Name EDC Plantation works Entry point programme no. in the year 2004-05 Aided Natural Regeneration = 05 Ha. Formation of foot bridge to Mixed plantation = 25 Ha. Mavinkaru Area Bamboo plantation = 20 Ha. EDC amount Rs. 2,80,000 Artificial Plantation = 20 Ha. Sri Jattigeshwara Formation of Samudhay Eco- Development 2008-09 Bhavan Building to EDC, near 01. Committee, 2003-04 Aided Natural Regeneration = 30 Ha. Jattigeshwar temple, Mavinkaru.(Kollur Mixed plantation = 20 Ha. Mavinkaru. Village.) EDC amount Rs. 1,00,000 Purchase of Vessels 71 no. 2009-10 Dining steel table 04 no. Neel kamal chairs. 77 no. EDC amount Rs. 90,650 Mudgal Eco Formation of one Samudhay Development 2005-06 Bhavan building in EDC Area Committee, Aided Natural Regeneration = 30 Ha. 02. 2004-05 EDC amount Rs. 1,20,500 Manmanhara – Silvi pasture Plantation = 05 Ha. (02 Samudhay Bhavan Doddahara. Artificial Plantation = 25 Ha. building sanctioned) (Hosur Village.) Megini Eco 2005-06 Formation of eleven no. open Development Cane plantation = 15 Ha. well to the 15 EDC areas 03. Committee, 2004-05 Aided Natural Regeneration = 10 Ha. members. Halliberu Mixed Plantation = 25 Ha. EDC amount Rs. 1,10,000 (Kollur Village.) Artificial Regeneration = 10 Ha. Areshirur Eco Development 2006-07 Formation of mud road 04. Committee, 2005-06 Aided Natural Regeneration = 15 Ha. from Areshirur to Kodakeri Areshirur MookambikaArtificial Wildlife Regeneration Sanctuary = Management10 Ha. PlanEDC January amount 2011 Rs. 1,00,000 – December 2015 (Golihole Village.)

Formation of two bus stands Sri 2006-07 near Mahalingeshwara 2005-06 Aided Natural Regeneration = 10 Ha. Onakodlu bus stop, and Eco Development 05. Artificial Regeneration = 20 Ha. Ganganadu Bus stop Committee, Silvi pasture plantation = 05 Ha. EDC amount Ganganadu Bamboo plantation = 10 Ha. (80,000 x 2 nos.) = Rs. (Yadthare Village.) 1,60,000

Providing Drinking water 2008-09 supply to Ganganadu EDC Aided Natural Regeneration = 30 Ha. members. Mixed plantation = 10 Ha. EDC amount Rs. 80,000

Purchase of Vessels 71 no. 2009-10 dining steel table 04 no. - Neel kamal chairs. 38 no. EDC amount Rs. 65,441.00 Balkodlu Eco 2006-07 Development Formation of one Samudhaya Aided Natural Regeneration = 10 Ha. 06. Committee, Ellur- 2005-06 Bhavan building in Ellur area. Bamboo plantation = 10 Ha. Charsal EDC amount Rs. 1,40,000 Artificial Regeneration = 15 Ha. (Golihole Village.) Formation of two Samudhaya Sri Mookambika 2006-07 Bhavan buildings, Eco Development Aided Natural Regeneration = 10 Ha. One in Near nuksal 07. Committee, Dali- 2005-06 Silvi pasture plantation = 10 Ha. Second one in Dali Nuksalu- Salageri Bamboo plantation = 05 Ha. EDC amount (Kollur Village.) Artificial Regeneration = 15 Ha. (80,000 x 2 nos.) Rs. 1,60,000 2008-09 Dining steel table 15 no. Aided Natural Regeneration = 40 Ha. Neel kamal chairs. 61 no. Mixed plantation = 20 Ha. EDC amount Rs. 1,20,026.00

Dining steel table 15 no. 2009-10 Neel kamal chairs. 173 no. EDC amount Rs. 1,03,130.00

10.1.2-Reducing people’s dependence on sanctuary:: The Following activities are proposed for people’s dependence on the sanctuary.

a) Energy saving devices: Construction of gobar gas plants on subsidy to reduce the consumption of Fuel wood especially around Kollur, Aloor, Mudgalpare, Bellala and Keradi. Improved versions of smokeless chullas used for cooking as well as water heating purposes can be supplied to the villagers. One time subsidy in the form of LPG stove should be considered.

b) Promotion of non wood structural materials and furniture: In order to reduce green tree fellings and traditional dependence on timber. The farmers who are constructing houses should be encouraged to use wood substitute i.e., improved ferro cement doors, windows, rafters, furniture etc., through subsidy which should be given by the department.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

54 c) Cattle are the biggest enemy to the sanctuary: Dairy is just picking up. Upgrading the cattle breed to enhance the milk yield will be an attractive programme to the people. It will also be beneficial to the sanctuary in the long run. So the people should be encouraged to exchange malnad giddas to better breeds by providing a matching grant to the income derived from the sale of malnad giddas. d) Utilization of Solar lights, Solar stoves, enviro friendly cooking stoves, training them in self employment activities live weaving, floriculture, vermicompost manure etc which the locals are very much interested for domestic purpose should be given importance. e) In order to seek continuous support from them it is necessary to provide funds under the central scheme for entry point activities as there is no continuity in the FDA programme.

10.1.3-Reducing man-animal conflict: The following works are proposed.

a) Immunization to cattle against communicable diseases is to be undertaken with the help of Animal husbandry department annually. b) Speedy settlement of compensation claims for crop damages and loss/damage to cattle and human life. For this purpose, sufficient funds should be made available with the DCF. Scaring teams and crackers may be provided to the farmers to scare away crop raiding wild animals, so that the damage to crops is minimized. Solar fencing and stone walls to be constructed. c) Workshops for local community leaders like members of Gram Panchayath, Taluk Panchayath and Zilla Panchayath and other elected representatives to be conducted to update the latest rules and regulation of Forest Department.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

In order to mitigate the direct dependence of the people on the forests for economic activities the following socio eco developmental works are proposed.

 Training camps on vermin culture, mushroom cultivation, sericulture, need to be encouraged.  Training in bee keeping and distribution of beehive boxes. Distribution of grafts of fruit trees to enhance their earning.  Nature camp for the local visitors for exposure about forests and Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary. Exposure of EDC members to other successful Wildlife Sanctuary and National Parks within the state and outside the state so that on seeing other success stories the department may gain more co-operations from them.  Take note of their experience and suggestions.  Encourage self employment in weaving.

Dali – Samudaya Bhawan under EDC entry point activity

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

11.1.1.-Awareness and Education:

Educating the younger generation and public is very important for long term sustainability of natural resources. A reciprocal programme of inviting permitting people to visit, see and learn about nature inside the sanctuary and the sanctuary authorities going outside the boundaries and promoting conservation education through a sustain campaign of films, discussions, debates, competitions etc., should be vigoursly pursued. People are thrilled and excited to see the nature in its own place and at its best. Therefore, through the process of eco-tourism people should be permitted to visit the sanctuary and feel the nature.

 Publicity regarding sanctuary should be given among religious tourists visiting Kollur temple, school and college students around the sanctuary. Necessary posters, handbills, pamphlets, brochures etc should be published in large number and distributed. The departmental quarters near the temple should be utilized for housing a small office and a group of guides for the tourists.

 Regular programme should be organized at the Anejari Nature Camp with the help of resourceful personal for the visitors. A properly equipped interpretation center should be added to the nature camp.

It is necessary to get the co-operation of the villagers living in and around the sanctuary and the general public. Organizing camps and lectures, exhibition of films and wildlife photographs, establishing interpretation centers to spread the conservation message among the people are also necessary.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

11.1.2-Reserch works carried out:

S. Place Subject Person/Organization No. 1 Mookambika Wildlife Meta population dynamics of Dr. Ullas Karanth, Center for Sanctuary tiger in Malenadu and Wildlife Studies, Bangalore Mysore landscape 2 Mookambika Wildlife Clarrifying species status of Dr.K. Praveen Karanth Assist: Prof: Sanctuary different morphotypes of CES IISc, Bangalore (Chethan Nag langurs K.S.) 3 Mookambika Wildlife Survey of Biological DCF, Kudremukh Wildlife Sanctuary diversity in Kudremukh Division, Karkala (Karthik Forest Complex Vasudevan, Mevasingh, V.R.Singh) 4 Mookambika Wildlife Documentary on King Cobra Mr. Romulas Whitaker, ICON Sanctuary and King cobra telemetry FILMS, Bristol U.K. Project. 5 Mookambika Wildlife Census on Lion tailed Sri. Vijay Ranjan Singh, IFS, DCF, Sanctuary macaque – 2006 & Sri. H.N.Kumara, Ph.D National Institute of Advance studies, Bangalore. 6 Mookambika Wildlife Survey of Hornbills and Dr. T.R.Shankar Raman & Dr. Sanctuary endemic birds at Divya Muddappa, Ecologist, Nature Mookambika Wildlife Conservation Foundation, Mysore. Sanctuary

There is vast scope for research to be done by the Foresters, social scientists, ecologists and field biologists. From the management perspective, a detailed inventory of the floral and faunal of species is required. For an exhaustive and scientific survey, a terrains forest types etc. Research should be taken in these plots on a long-term basis and the results should be documented plot wise. Some of the topics proposed for research are:- a) Grassland and fire ecology, b) Biology of flagship species, c) Survey of endangered species and their conservation strategies, d) Social and economic aspects of the communities living inside the sanctuary. e) Hydrology and water regime of the sanctuary. Population estimation of Lion tailed macaque was carried out by Shri V.R Singh IFS and others during 2006 and a brief summary of the findings is given below. The western Ghats harbours a remarkable Diversity of plant and animal life because of which the hills have been recognized as one of eight hotspots of biodiversity in the world (Myers et al.,2000).

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

The most conspicuous of the arboreal mammals are several species of non-human primates including the Lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus), Nilgiri langur (Semnopithecus johnii), Bonnet macaque (M.radiate) and the Hanuman langur (S.entellus/priam) While the Lion-tailed macaque and Nilgiri langur are endemic to the Western Ghats, the other two species are widespread throughout Southern India.

The Lion –tailed macaque (LTM): The lion-tailed macaque ranges through three southern Indian states : Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Because of its highly selective feeding habits, limited range of occupancy (about 2500 km2), delayed sexual maturity, Long inter-birth intervals, low population turnover and a small remaining wild population, this species has been classified as endangered (IUCN, 2003). The population status of the species, as a whole, however, continues to be elusive over most of its range. Karanth (1992), while outlining the conservation prospects for the Western Ghats, Emphasized the importance of the lion-tailed macaque as a flagship species of the rapidly declining rainforests of this biodiversity hotspot. The findings from recent surveys on the status of lion-tailed macaques in, Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary is as follows. Physical features of the study sites Altitude Protected Area Rainfal Lat-Long Range range Area (km)2) l (m ASL) 13041’24”- Mookambika 13058’48”N, Kollur 247.00 4000 20-1343 WS 74039’58”- 74055’54”E

RESULTS The total number of lion-tailed macaque individuals and groups sighted during the survey period. 6 group in Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary.

Though groups were found from a minimum altitude of 124m ASL to the maximum altitude of 1400 m ASL, 83.3% of the sightings were between 300m ASL and 900m ASL.

Sightings and estimation of lion-tailed macaque group in MWS. Total Total animals KM No. of Estimated Range animal sighted in Walked Sightings groups sighted estimated groups Mookambika 338 11 110 6 73

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

Comparison of present findings with Karanth(1985) on status of lion-tailed macaques in Mookambika Wild life Sanctuary. Values in the brackets are percentage of the current estimation compared to the Karanth(1985).

Range Karanth (1985) Current census(2006) Mookambika 10 94 6(60.00) 73(77.7)

Large contiguous population of the lion-tailed macaque are expected to occur only in very few regions over the entire Western Ghats and the conservation status of the species is likely to differ across these sparse Populations.

It is evident from the body of the literature that there are very few know viable population left in the nature. The Lion-tailed macaque population in Kudremukh NP- Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary is the only largest viable population among the protected areas.

We suggest the population assessment in these reserves forest to conclude the existing population size and they also should be monitored continuously within this protected areas network.

Recommendations:

1. Annual population monitoring of the lion-tailed macaque both at protected areas and their adjacent reserves forest are necessary to understand the population status and viability. 2. Wherever the protected area in the Western Ghats include this species, the lion- tailed macaque can be considered as a ’flagship species’ to enlist public support for conservation. 3. Precautionary steps should be taken to prevent poaching and special package should be chalked out for its Protection & conservation. 4. Steps should do be taken to retain the primary forest with continuous canopy.

11.1.3-Staff training:

Regular training of different cadres of staff in basic wildlife management and other related disciplines is essential for scientific management of the PA as officers and permanent staff is regularly transferred out.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

They require regular training to keep them fit for coordinated action against poachers and other miscreants. Wildlife management has emerged as a science by now. It has become increasingly difficult to entrust them with tasks requiring certain level of communicating with villagers to enlist their participation in protecting PA. Basic skill development for field staff is of paramount importance. Specialized training of the staff is essential to tone up their skills from time to time. It is proposed to conduct regular training programs and workshops in the field as well as to depute the staff for short-time courses in reputed institutions of the state and the country. Some of the training proposed is

1) Identification of important medicinal plants and its uses.

2) Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and latest amendments to the frontline staff.

3) Peoples participation in Ecotourism and protection of wildlife to the EDC members.

4) Estimation of Herbivore & Carnivore population.

5) Identification of Birds

6) Legal training to frontline staff.

Training to frontline staff.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

12.1.1-The plan budget:

Presently Mookambika Sanctuary receives funds from the State Government and Central Government. However, the funds are not sufficient to meet the works as per the Management Plan. However the budget should be increased every year by 25%. It is expected that the Central Government will also fund the PA once this plan is approved especially for non-recurring items and special components like relocation rehabilitation, eco-development, etc.

12.1.2-Programme of works :

The program of indicating the year, quantity of work and their financial implications is furnished at ANNEXURE - XIV . The programme is broadly divided in to six categories as: a) Compulsory annual maintenance works The detailed plan of works for b) Protection works each beat and sections of the Sanctuary was obtained from the c) Habitat protection and management concerned beat guards and d) Eco development works foresters and shown in the respective section maps and these e) Eco tourism works are furnished in Plates 8 - 11 f) Infrastructure development works

This classification aims at prioritizing different items of work in the order of their importance to the management of the sanctuary. Whenever there is budget constraint, the annual maintenance works should be accorded priority. Programs like eco-development of the buffer areas and rehabilitation of inhabitants and critical wildlife habitat require huge commitment of funds and therefore may not be possible under the routine annual programmes. They should be packaged separately as independent projects and sourced appropriately. Deviations: Any deviations in the Budget plan may be got approved by the Chief Wildlife Warden as per site specific situations and requirements.

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

12.1.3- Monitoring of PA :

The PA has a fairly large human and cattle population who use the Sanctuary regularly. Consequently there is pressure on the density of wild animals. Change in the population levels is hardly discernible and unless they are monitored at regular intervals. The effect of protection and management cannot be determined. Therefore, population estimates should be undertaken inside the sanctuary biannually for major animals, rare birds, reptiles, and data should be documented. Qualified scientists, wildlife enthusiasts and volunteers from the local organizations may be associated with these surveys. In addition the anti poaching camps, staff deployed on regular patrol duties should also record animal sightings, which will also give a fair estimate of the population trends. A register should be maintained at the anti poaching camp where daily observations are to be recorded. Periodic review of the registers should be undertaken. Regular surveillance should be kept on communicable diseases within the sanctuary and record of their occurrence should be maintained. A watch on the tourist impact would also be worthwhile.

Kurunji Flower

Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan January 2011 – December 2015

References;

1. Management Plan 2003-2010 by Sri. K.N.Murthy, IFS, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Wildlife, Karkala

2. Management Plan prepared by Smt. Anitha S. Arekal, IFS, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Wildlife, Karkala

3. Survey of Biological Diversity in Kudremukh Forest Complex, Karkala by Sri. Vijay Ranjan Singh, IFS, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Wildlife, Karkala.

4. LTM census report – Sri. Vijay Ranjan Singh, IFS, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Wildlife, Karkala