November 14, 1899

824 THB SWR~TABYON ADDITIONS m m~MBNAG~RIID. [Nov. 14,

B. BRANCHED. a. Branching in one plane. Short, very slender, sparingly branched ; covered with spines. Antipathella, racilis (Gray). Macleim Spine8 on the ultimate branchlets only ; stom smoo$. Leiopatlaes expama J. Y. J. Madeira. No spines ; stem and branches wrinkled and punctured. 8auagli.a lamarcki (Hairne). Madei a, Mediterranean.

h. Branching on all sides, buahy. Bpiues only on the ultimate branohlets. Leiopathcs glabewima M.-Edw. Ma- deira ; Mediterranean ; w. Indies. Spines sbort, triangiilar, upright, branches arranged in a corymbose manner. Antipathes furcata Gray. Madeira. Spines elongate, directed forwwds... Aphaiiipnthes wollastoni Brook. Ma- deira ; Selvngens. Var. pilosa with hairs on the stem.

November 14, 1899. Dr. A. GBNTHEB,F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary read the following reports on the additions made to the Society’s Menagerie during the months of June, July, August, September, and October, 1899 :- The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gene during the month of .June was 164, of which 79 were by presentation, 18 by birth, 40 by purchase, 1 was received in exchange and 26 on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 78. Among the additions special attention may be called to a male Sitatunga, or Speke’s Antelope (Tmgelaphus spekii), from the district of Lake Ngami, received from Mr. Oecil J. Rhodes, F.Z.S., in exchange for a female hybrid between Tragelaphus gratus d and T. spelcii 9 (born in the Menagerie on Feb. 12, l896), which was despatched to Mr. Rhodes on April 25th last. The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of July was 204, of which 77 were by presentation, 19 by birth, 36 by purchase, 1 was received in exchange and 71 on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals,,was 108. Amongst the additions special attention may be called to the fine Ground-Hornbill presented by Dr. Hirst on July 20th, which appears to be a young example of Bucornr abyssinim, and con- cerning which the following information baa been received from Dr. Hirst :- 1899.1 T€IE BE1oBBTARY OF ADDITIOFB TO THpl MXTNAGm. 828 The Elms, Goldthorn Ha Wolverhampton, July 17, 1899.

9% 6 I have recently returned from West Africa and brought with me a large bird, which I think you may like to have in the Zoo- logical Gardens. The bird, which was caught on the R. Volta, Gold Cvast, W. Africa, stands about 2 feet in height, has an enormous beak, and lives on the banks of the river, wading into the water and catching fish, on which it lives. I have had this bird in my possession some aix or eight months, and it is now quite tame. I atii, Sir, Pours truly, GEO. HIRST, The Secretary, Th Colonial Medical Service. Loologics1 Society, 3 Hanover Bqiiaw, W. The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of August xere 102 in number. Of these 37 were acquired by presentation, 40 by purchase, 6 were born in the Gardens, 1 was received by exchange and 18 on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and reiiiomls, VRS 100.

Clr6vy’s Zebra (female). Amongst these may be specially noticed a pair of Gr6vy’s Zebras (Equus grew;;), deposited by H.M. The Queen on August 14th. 826 THI s~oswlda~ox ADDITIONS TO ‘PHPI YHNAQBRTB. pov. 14, We have now the pleasure of being able to exhibit in the Gardens a pair of the beautiful Zebra of Southern Abyssinia and Somaliland (Epuagrmrii), to the existence of which I have on several former occasions (see P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 721 ; 1800, pp. 412, 461 ; 1893, p. 473 : 1898,‘~.588 ; 1899, p. 713) called attention. The present animals have been sent by the Emperor Menelek as a present to H.M. the Queen, and have been deposited in the Society’s care to be recovered from the effects of their long and arduous journey. I. need hardly descant on the differences between the present animal and the three previously known species of Zebra, both in size and in character of markings, as they are obvious at first sight. These animals were captured somewhere in the south of Shoa, and are Raid to be the only survivors of a considerable number which reached Addis Abbeba. Here they were delivered to Capt. J. L. Harrington, the British Political Agent at the Court of the Emperor Menelek, as a present to H.M. the Queen, and sere brought down under his care to Zeila on the coast of Somaliland, a long march OE six weeks. At Zeila Capt. Harrington handed them over to our Assistant Superintendent, Mr. Arthur Thomson, who had been sent there by the Council, at the request of the Foreign Office, on purpose to take charge of them. Having been conveyed acrous to Aden, where they were kept for about ten days, they were shipped in the P. & 0. 8.8. ‘ Oceana,’ and arrived safely at the Iloyal Albert Dock on August 14th last, and were thence brought to the Society’s Gardens. The female, of which I exhibit a photograph (see p. 825), may now be announced to be in perfect condition : but the male, I regret to say, still shows wounds on the hocks, which, in spite of every care and attention, we have been unable to cure. The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of September was 126, of which 84 were by presentation, 9 by purchase, and 33 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 90. The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of October was 1‘70, of which 31 were by presentation, 68 by purchase, 61 were received on deposit, and 10 were born in the Menagerie. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 169.

Mr. Sclater stated that in July last he had visited the Zoologicd Gardens of Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and Antwerp, the private collection of Mr. F. E. BIaauw, C.M.Z.S.,pnd the Museums of Brussels and of the Congo Free State at Tervueren near Brussels. Mr. Sclater spoke of several animals of much interest which he had thus seen. Amongst these were a pair of Slow Lemurs (Nyctiecbus tardigradus) at Rotterdam with a young one, which 1899.1 ' MR. ~OL.~!IRON CONTIXTENTALMLIBNILGIIRIEB. 827 was carried by the mother aoross her breast after the manner of other Lemurs ; also a young Pelican (Pelwanus onocrotalua), hatched in the same Gardens and then still in nestling plumage. The Amsterdam Gardens were fortunate in again possessing a living Anser rujkollis, which had been captured about the 10th February, 1899, at Foxhol, near Hoogeram, in the province of Groningen ; also several specimens of the now rare Talapoin Monkey (Cercopi- thecus ta7apoin), and two examples of the beautiful Red Oriole of Formosa (Analcipus arclens), besides a family group of the Pleasant Antelope (Tvagelophus gratus), consisting of an adult pair, two young males, and a newly-born calf. At Antwerp there was, likewise, a small herd of I'ragelaphus yratus, consisting of an adult pair and two young females j also a fine adult male of the Roan Antelope from Senegal (Hippotragus equinus yambinitus) (see ' Book of Antelopes,' iv. p. 15, pl. lxxviii.), and three examples of the true Dama Gazelle (Gazella dama), from Senegal. In the Antwerp Gardens Mr. Sclater had likewise examined a liviug female monkey which appeared to belong to a new species of the genus Cercocebus, remarkable for its prominent crest on the middle of the head and the long hairs on the cheeks. This specimen had been received by the Antwerp Gardens as a present from M. I!'.

Fuchs, the Governor of the Congo Free State, and mas believed to liave been obtained, in March 1899, in the district of Stanley Falls ou the Upper Congo. With the approbation of M. L'hoest, Mr. Sclater proposed to 828 MR. SCLATER’S JOUBR~DYTO THEI (IAPE. [Nov. 14, designate this species Cercoce6w dongincs with the following characters :- CERCOCEBUSCOXQICUS, sp. nov. (Woodcut, p. 827.) Niger, mbth nudiu.sculus, cristd extante Zongd nip4 :genurumpilis productis albis :manibus et pedibzcs cum facie carneis :rnento et pectore albis, ventre nigricante, tibiis albk : brachiis nigris, mzidd albicunte. Long. corp. 2, caucla 3, tot& 5ped. Anql. Hub. Terra Congka. In the new Museum of the Congo Free State at Tervueren, near Brussels, Mr. Sclater had been able to examine the series of specimens of Antelopes of the Congo Territory, which contained examples of the following species :- I. Cephalophus maxwelti (Lower Congo). 2. Cephalophus grinznai (Lower Congo). 3. Cobus penvicei (Matadi). 4. Cervicapru anindinurn (Lower Congo). 5. Hippotrugus epuinw (Lower Congo). 6. Tragelnphus yratzts (Lower Congo). 7. Trageluphus smptus (Cataracts of Lower Congo). Mr. Sclater had been much gratified with the examination of these specimens, as he had never previously seen a collection of -4ntelopes from Congoland. He called special attention to the fact of the Waterbuck being Cobus penricii (see ‘ Book of dntelopes,’ ii. p. 113, pl. xxxv.), as this species was previously known only from the southern part of Angola, also to the fact of the Roan Antelope apparently belonging to the southern form lli1jpotraqus equinus typicus. -- Mr. Sclater gave a short account of his journey to the Cape, from which he had just returned, after an absence of ten weeks. ‘rhe atate of the country caused by the impending war had prevented him from obtnining so many animals as he had hoped to do. But the‘keeprr whom he had taken with him had returned to this country on the 15th inst. with the following animals, which had been mostly obtained from various friends and correspondents :- 1 White-tailed Gnu (Coniiochcetes gnu), d . * 1 Roi Rhehok (Ceruicdpra fulvo-rufuh), 8. 2 Dusty Ichneumons (Heqmstes puluarulfntus). I Cnpe Crowned Crane (Bulearicu replorum). +2 Hchalow’s Tourncous ( Turaczts s( halozui). 4 Cape Turtle Doves (liirtzcr cftpico7a). 1 Vulturine Eagle (Aqziilu verreawi). 1 Tawny Eagle (dqzcila nmioides). * New to the Society’s aollection. t This beautiful pair of Touracous were captured at Npatn, near Mossamedes, Angola, by one of Mr. W. L. Sclater’s correspondents. [They have been well Qqred by Mr. Frohawk in ‘ The Field ’ jvol. xciv. 891, Dea. 2nd, 189!3).] 1899.1 MR. LYDEKKER ON CERVUS DUV?LUCELI. 819 Birr. Sclater also stated that he had given an oddress at a Meeting of the South African Philosophical Society at Capetown on September litli, “ Ou the desirability of establishing a Zoologicrtl Garden in Capetown,” and that the Society had appointed a Com- mittee to consider the subject. Mr. Hclater was in hopes that this inoveiiieut might ultimately lead to good results.

Mr. T,ydekker exhibited the mounted head OF a remarliably fine Swanip-Deer (Cerws dt/uaucdL), sliot by Major C. B. \Vood, of Toiiis IIill, Aldbury, Tririg, on the 6th of Jaiitiary, 1899, ill the

Head of Sw:iinp-Deer (Cuvm dirwwcli) froin Centr,il Priivince;, Iurlio.

Centi*:d Provinccs, India. The specimen a-as noticea1)le oil arcoutit of tlie approximation 01’ the aiiths t.0 those of that variety of the T1i:~iirenyli110~\.11 as C. dtli yltctyc~ros. This was PItlX. ZOOL. SOC.-18!)9, KO. LTV. 54 830 MR. F. VAUQHAH KIRBY ON TEE [Nov. 14, shown hy the circumstance that the main bifurcation took place at a much higher point than usual, and the upper tine of the fork Was folloned by two other tines, thus giving the appearance of the row of small tines in C. elcli plutyceros. Moreover, the very large angle formed by the brow-tine with the beam suggested the continuous curye of the cZdi antler. The specimen clearly demonstrated the propriety of including C. elcli in the same subgeneric group as C. duvctueeli, rather than that of separating the former as Pmolicr.

A communication was read from Seiior Florentino Ameghino, C.M.Z.S., containing further remarks on Xeomylodon listui from Patagnnia. He proposed to id8ntif.y it with the so-called “ Jemich” (or ‘‘ WaterTiger ”) of the Tehuelrhr Indians. This~‘ferociou8beast” had been referred to by Musters, ‘At Home with the Patagonians; ed. 2, pp. 104, 105 (1873). Seii. Ameqhino also considered the So or Succarofh of Lozano (‘Historia de la Conquista del Paraguay,’ vol. i. pp. 285, 286, 1873) to be probably the same rcnimal.

Mr. A. Smith Woodward exhibited, on behalf oflDr. Moreno, the skull and other specimens of Neomyloclon listui (Grypothe&rn) lately discovered in the cave in Southern Patagonia where the original pieces of skin were first obtained, and made remarks on them.

The Secretary exhibited, on behalf of Nr. C. E. Pole Carew, F.Z.S., some malformed horns of the Sambur Deer (Cewus ark- totelis), obtained bg him in the southern province of Ceylon, and read some notes on them sent by Mrs. Cnrew.

The following papers were read :-

1. Field-notes on the Blue Duiker of the Cape Colony (Ceyhalophus monticola). By F. VAUGHANKIRBY, F.Z.S.

[Received May 22, 1899.3 a Although in point of numbers one of the commonest of the Colonial Antelopes, this delicate little creature is of such retiring habits, and its size is so insignificant, that less is known of it than of other Antelopes of the district. In the densely-wooded kloofs and on the hill-sides covered with low scrub and often impenetrable thorn-jungle, which form their home, it is rarely indeed that even the most skilful stalker can.,move with such silence and care as to be neither heard nor seen by them, even though their restless dis- position causes them often to move about during those hours of daylight when most other forest-duellers are asleep. Even in the densest bush, the spaces undrrnenth to a height of two feet from lS9O.j BLUE DUIKER OF THE CAPE COLONY. 831 L the ground are comparatively clenr, hence the little Blue Duiker, or Blue-buck, as it is generally called, moves about in what to him is practically open bush, in which objects are iisible at a considerable distance : thus the stooping, struggling form of the stalker worming a passage through an opening two feet square in an unyielding wall of thorns, or striving to free himself from the too firm embrace of a network of “ wacht-een-beetje ” bushes, cannot fail to attract attention long before the little grey watcher, standing motionless in the shadows, has been discovered. At the bush-drives so common in the Colonv, Blue-buck are seldom turned out ; they will keep such dogs as have not learned wisdom of experience tearing round and round a kloof all day, bnt will never venture to break unless by chance a hard-pressed individual takes advantage of some narrow bush-strip at no unwatched, unthought-of point to escape l~yway of it into the next kloof. The Blue-buck may be easily bagged, however, in the early morning by the exercise of a little judgment. The direction of the wind must be studied before all things, then search must be made for the most frequented ‘‘ paths ” or “ runs.” Should one be found which is evidentlv a main path to and from certain feeding- grounds, this can be watched ; but a surer method is to find a spot where they are accustomed to feed ou the surrounding bushes. In such places many converging paths will be seen, in view of which, at a short distance down wind, the watcher mud take hie stand before sunrise, keeping out of sight behind a bush or fallen tree-trunk. Under such circumstances, his patience will not be severely taxed before he is rewarded by a sight of the little grey woocl-elves. In localities where water is handy, the paths to and from it inap be watched. In the heat of summer Blue-buck frequently drink between noon and 2 P.Y., but, as is the case with the Bush-buck, in the extensive arid regions of this Colony, the want of water troubles the Blue-buck not at all ; during the trging drought n hich has raged over the Gamtoos river district for the past fifteen months, countless numbers of both Bush- back and Blue-buck have certainly not tasted water from one week’s eud to another. In little disturbed localities I have seen Blue-buck playing about in pairs on fairly open ground bordering the kloofs aa late as 8 A.M., and towards evening, during the hour before sunset, they ma often be seen standing in or crossing any quiet road which passes t Erough scrub-bush. But they are very quick, and though in the dusk they will stand watching the intruder curiously, yet before the light fails they usually scuttle off very promptly, uttering their sharp, but by no means shrill alarm whistle. They are apt soon to stand again, however, so that if silently followed up, a shot may be obtained. When lyiny up for the clay they usually select spots overgrown with thorn-bush and other vegetation, reaching these from the more open bush, in which they feed, by regularly frequented paths. It will be remarked that while in many respects their hnhits are 54’ 832 ON “3H1 BLUP DUIKYS OF I‘m UAPE UO1joNY. [NOV. 14, aimilar to those of the Red Duiker (C.natalnsis), they entirely differ from them in their rigid avoidance of really open ground ;fnr it is well known that the Red Duilier loves to disport himself on open grassy ridges 200 or 300 pards distant from any bush : I have shot many in such situations. “ Scuttle ” is a word which aptly describes the movements of a Blue-buck when alarmed: unlike C. grimmi and 0.natalensis, they do not bound away, but move at a quick scuttling trot. Blue-buck are almost entirely browsers upon bushes, and it is well known that in order to get st branches which are out of their reach when standing on the ground, they will raise themselves on their hind lege like goats, resting their fore feet against the tree-stem. Perhaps, however, the fact is now made known for the first time (if, indeed, it does not actually amount to the discovery of a hitherto unknown habit of this antelope), that the Blue-buck ran and does climb trees ! Ny brother Mr. E. W. Kirby witnessed this singular feat yesterday morning (21st April), when out stalking, and actually shot one as it stood on a branch, browsing on the leaves around it. He was first attracted to the spot by the low grunting souuds they were making, but, though they were evidently close by, he failed to make one out after carefully scrutinizing the surrounding bush. Advancing cautiously, he soon saw the leayes of a 6‘ boer-boon ” tree shaking violentlg, and for tl moment believed it was caused by either baboons or monkeys : at last, to his surprise, he discovered a Blue-buck moving along a branch of the tree some 12 feet from the ground. -4lthough in pursuit of Bush-buck, this opportunity of shooting a Blue-buck under such peculiar circumstances was not to be lost, so he fired and killed it. At the report of the rifle at least eight other Blue-buck dropped frou the branches, apparently reaching the ground on all four legs at once, and scutt.led off; while, as he stepped forward to secure the dead one, a male, another dropped apparently out of the tree under which he had knelt to fire the shot. That same morning he saw Blue-bucks in four different trees. The boer-boon tree sbove mentioned rose from the ground at an angle of about 50°, but the Blue-buck were not on the main trunk, but amongst the smaller branches. I regret that an accident had prevented me from being with my brother that day, as I had intended ; but he assures me he will be able to point out the spot another day, when he is confident I shall an be eye-witness of this singular climbing feat. Perhaps it will not be out of place if I here make reference to the singular little Antelope which I shot in Nov. 1896, in the Kwaws district, Portuguese East Africa. The skull is still in Mr. Rowland Ward’s hand, (the skin was unfortunately amongst the valuable trophiee purloined in Delagoa Bay by a notorions firm of ‘6 forwarding agents ”), and was, at my request, sent by him to Mr. Sclater for examination. It WR~pronounced to be “ apparently that of a Blue-buck,” but without the skin no definite conclusion

.Farmera’ bean-tree.

P.Z. S. 1899. P1.LV.

P 2 s 1899 P1 LVI

WEST -AFRIC*N ARACHNIDA.

P Z S 1899 P1. LVII

WE ST A? H IC'-+N ARACHNIDA

P.2 S 1899. P1.LVlIl. 1833.1 ON SCORPIONS E~M.FROM T~OPIC~LLWEST ABRICA. 433 could be arrived at. Now at the time this opinion was given my knowledge of the BJlie-buck and its habits was but slight ; but during my residence in the Cape Colony I have studied them very carefully, and 1 am now able to ad\ance further reasons why I am convinced that this Kwawa Antelope was not C. rnonticola. At first I could only point to the entirely different coloration, the Kwawa Rpecimen being a warm yellowish-red, with pure white underpart.4, and a wash of the mousegrey colour, peculiar to C. montiwla, on the frontals and nape of the neck ; but it is now evident to me that the habits of the two are quite dissimilar, the Kwawa Antelope being very restricted in its range, more partial to open clearings, Jess thy, and a less pronounced browser, while its movements are epringy and more resemble those of Nesotrayus liviiigstonianus, for which Antelope I and my native followers at fir& mistook it. However, I hope soon to secure other specimens, and until then it is idle to speculate upon the subject.

2. On the Scorpions, Pedipalps, and Spiders from Tropical West Africa represented in the Collection of the British Museum, By R. I. POCOCK.

[Received May 24, 1899.1 (Plates LV.-LVIII.) With the exception of the Attidm and of some of the more obscure species of other familiee, which I have not attem ted to determine, this paper contains a record of the Arachnida be Ponging to the Orders Scorpiones, Pedipalpi: and Armem, now contained in the British Museum, which have been collected at various tirues in West Africa between Senegambia in the north and the Congo in the south. Senegambia has been fixed as the northern limit,, because it is at that point that the western Ethiopian fauna blends with the western Mediterranean fauna. From the countries lying to the south of the Congo we have very little material ; hence this river has been regarded as the southern limit of the area of which the fauna is discussed in the following pages. By far the richest collection, both as regards numbers of specimens and species, that we have received from this area is the one that has been sent in instalments during the pwt twelve months by Mr. 0. L. Bates from the Benito River in French Congo. This collector, whose name has already been frequently mentioned in the pages of the ' Proceedings ' in connection with various rare mammals that he has procured, has been wonderfully successful in his search after Spiders, having sent home representatives of many new species, and added to the Natioud Collection several others which, although previously known, had never found their way into our cabinets. 884 ME..11. I. rococg OR SCOBPIOXS, PEDIPALPS, [RTov. 14,

Order SCORPIONES.

- Family RUTHIDX. Genus RUTHUSLeach.

BLJTHUS(PR~OXKJRUS) CITEINLJS (Hempr. & Ehrenb.). Androctonus (Prionurus)oitrinus, Hempr. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys., Scorp. no. 6, pl. ii. fig. 2. Prionurus citrinzcs, Pocock, J. Linn. SOC.,Zool. xxv. p. 306 (1896). Buthus citrinus, Kraep, Das Tierr., Scorpiones, p. 16 (1899). LOC.Senegal (Keys. Coll., and several specimens procured from Heine). Apparently extending right across the Saharan region from Senegal to Dongola and Upper Egypt, where it was first procured.

BUTHUSOCCITANUS (Anior.). Scorpio orcilanus, Amoreux, Journ. Phys. xxv. p. 9, pl. i. figs. 1-3 (1753). (= occitanus and europceus (Linn.) of recent authors.) LOG.Senegal (Heine); Gambia (Sir A. Noloney). Senegambia is the southern limit on the west of Africa of this common Mediterraneau species. BUTHUSHOTPENTOTTA (Fahr.). Scwpio hottentotta, Fnbr. Ent. Spt. ii. p. 435 (1793). LOC.Gambia (Mr. Dalton) ; Sierra Leone (Surg.-Capt. Clements and E. E. Austen) ; Shoiigo ( W. A. Forbes); Niger (Sir R. Nurchi- Son) ; Asaba, 180 miles up Niger (Dr. Crosse). Genus LTCHASC: Koch’. LYCHASASPER (Poc.). leon?etrusasper, Pocock, J. Linn. SOC.,Zool. xniii. p. 445 (1890) ; Kraep. Das Tierr., Scorpiones, p. 49 (1899) jArc7tisonzetrus). Loc. Congo (J. Pinaock and A. Curror, Esq., R.N.);Angola (Dr. Wekuitechl). Genus UROPLECTESPet. UROPLECTESOCCIDEh’TILIS Simon. UropZsctes occiclentalis, Simon, Bull. SOC. Zool. Fr. 1’. 210 (l87G). Ltprcus occidenticlis, POC.P. Z. S. 1890, p. 132, pl. xiv. fig. 4; id. Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) xvii. p. 388 (1896) (Uroplectcs). Y’ityus chincltoxensis, Karsch, %. Baturw. hi. p. 370 (1879). ’ k-dby C. Koch upon two species, L. ?nanclatzcs and L sczktilus, which at the present time are not regarded as congeneric. The firet is the tyl’e of He~nprichand Ehrenberg’sgenus Isosometrzcs. Conseqaentl~L. scufil,usstonds,by elimination, as the type of @&zY. Kraepelin applies this system of elimination to the selection of the typ of the genus Heteromelmcy, but not to Lgchad;. 1899.1 AND SPZDBIW PIGOYTROPICAL WEST AFRICA. 835 LOC.Congo (A. Curror, Esq., XN., and J. Pinnock); Cette- Camma, Gaboon (' Germrd ') ; Angola (DP. Weliuitsch). UROPLECTESANDEEB, 5p. n. Nearly allied to U.occidentalis Simon, but recognizable by having the superior edge of the 4th caudal segment armed posteriorly with a toobh-like bubercle like that which is observable on the preceding segments, and the corresponding edges of the 5th caudal segment ending behind in a rounded bifid lobe with a vertical posterior margin ; the tail, moreover, is parallel-sided, not posteriorly incrassate. Neasurements in mi1limetres.-Total length 58, length of carapace 8, of tail 33, of movable digit 7. Loc. Kassai, on the Loangk River, Upper Congo (Xr.Anclren.).

Genus BABYCURUBKarsch.

BABYCURUSBVJTNERI Krtrscli. Babycurus biitfneri, Karsch, Berl. ent. Z. xxx. p. 78 (1866); Pocock, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) xvii. p. 429 (1896); Kraep. Das Tierr., Scorpiones, p. 62 (1899). LOC.Benito Xiver (cf. L. Bates), Cette-Camma, Gaboon; mouth of the Loengo River (H. Dugyan).

BABYCURUSKIRKI Poc. Rhoptrurus Irirki, Poc. Proc. Zool. SOC.1890, p. 137. LOC.W. Africa (Kirk.)j Lorn& Togoland (Hiller).

BABYCURUSJOHNSTONI POC. Babycurw biittneri, POC.Proc. Bool. 8oc. 1890, p. 138 (not of Karsch). Babycurus johtwtonii, POC.Ann. Nat. Hist. (8) xvii. pp. 429-430 (1896). LOG.Rio del Rey (U.H. Jo7~nston).

Genus ISOMETRVSIIeinpr. S: Ehrenb.

ISOYETRIJSEUROPXUS (Linn.) I. (= I. rnnculatus De Geer, and almost all modern authors.) LOC.W. Africa (Dr. Kirk) ; Sierra Leone (Jcimes Foxcroft, E. E. Austen) ; Fanti ; Cette-Camma, Gaboon j Cameroons (J.Pitwock) j Angola (Dr. Welwitsch).

The evidence ndduced by Lbnnberg (Ann. Mag. Naf. Hist. (7) i. pp. 86-S7, IS%) in favoiir of his view that the Scorpion described by De Geer as L macu- kztus is f he 5'. eiwqmftsof the 10th ed. of the ' Bystelria ' nppenrs to me to be more cogent than the evidence in favour of the identity of Scorpio mz/irits and Scorpio ciustralls of the latter work. Yet Kraepeliq in his Tierreich' acoepte the two litst, but rejecte S. errropretfi, 536 ME. R. I. POCOCK ON SCORPIONS, PEDIPALPS, [NO\l. 14,

Genus CENTRU~US(Hempr. & Ehrenb.), Pet.

CENTRUEUSMARGARITATUS (Gerv.). Scorpio margnritatw, Gerv. Voy de la Bonite, i. p. 281, pl. i. figs. 13-17 (1841). Centrurus gambiensis, Karsch, MT. Munch. ent. Ver. iii. p. 123 (1879). Loc. Sierra Leone (Surg.-Capt. C'lements); recorded by Karsch from Gambia. Undoubtedly imported from America ; perhaps from Jamaica, where the species is common.

Genus PANDINUSThor.

PANDINUSIMPERATOR (C. Koch). Buthus imperator, C. Koch, Die Arachniclen, ix. p. 2, fig. 695 (1842). Panclinics imperntor, Kraep. Das Tierr., Scorpiones, p. 122 (1809). '(=roeseli, Simon ; nfricnnus, Linn., Thor., POC.,Kraep.) LOC.Slave Coast (Alvan Millson); Gold Coast (Cd~YirF. Frstiq); Fanti (Capt. Marryat) ; Ashanti ( W. B. Adams) 80 miles inland of Axim (H. G. Eames) ; Onitsha on the Niger (Sir J. Marshall) ; Asaba, 180 miles up the Niger (Dr. Crosse); Jebba and 110, on the Upper Niger (Dr. Christy, Capt. Rigby, aud Lieut. Abadie) ; Wegbe, Ho district, Togoland (W. Q. Innes) ; Fernando Po (Mrs. Burton and Cctpt. Birch).

PANDINUSJMPERATOB (C. Koch), subsp. GAMBIENSIS nov. ? Heterometrus imperator (C. Koch), Simon, Rev. Mag. Zoo]. 1872, p. 55 ; Beclier, Ann. SOC. ent. Belg. xxiv. pp. 137-140 (1880). Differing from the more southern form of P. imperntor typicus in having the carapace entirely covered with granules, the tcrga much more closely and thickly gramilar, and the ornamentation of the upper surface of the hand much more distinctly tubercular, the tubercles remaining for the most part distinct and not running together into a network of ridges. Pectinal teeth 16-18. Total length up to about 155 mm. LOC.Gambia (Sir A. Moloney ; type) ; also several specimens from Senegal (Lleine).

PANDINUSDICTATOR POC. Scorpio dictator, POC.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ii. p. 251 (1888) ; Kraep. MT. Mus. Hamb. xi. p. 70 (1894); id. Das Tierr., Scorpiones, p. 123 (1899). LOC.W. Africa (no history) ; Fernando Po (Capt. Biroh ; type) ; mouth of the Loango River (H. L. Duggan). l809.J AND SPIDERS FROM TBOPICAL WEST AFRICA. 831.

Genus OPISTHhCANTHZiS Pet. OPISTHACANTHUSLECOMTEI (Lucas). Ischnurw lecomtei, Lucas, in Thomson’s Arch. Ent. ii. p. 428 (1868). OpistJ~aoanthusduodecini-dentatus, Karsch, Berl. ent. %it, xxx. p. 79 (18a6). [See aleo Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xi;. p. 318 (1893) ; Kraep. Das Tierr., Scorpiones, p. 149 (L899).] LOG.Benito River (B. L. Bates). This species was not represented in the British Museum until Mr. Bates procured it. OYISTHACANTHIJSAFRICAANUS Simon. OpisthrmnntAus nfricanus, Simon, Bull. SOC.Zool. Fr. i. p. 281 (1876). Opkthacanthus septem-dentutus, Karsch, Z. Naturw. li. p. 372 (1878). [See also Pocock, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 316 (1893) : Kraep. Das Tierr., Scorpiones, p. 149 (1899).] LOG.Guinea (in Keyseerling’s Coll.) ; Cette-Camms, Gaboon (Gerrnrd); Congo (A. Curror, ESP.,R.N., J. Pimock) ; Stanley Falls, Congo (Gerrrcrd).

Order PEDIPALPI. Genus TITANODAMONPOC. TITANODAMON BASSAMENSIS (Lucas). ? Phnlnngium medium, Herbst, Nat. ungeflugelt. Ins. i. p. 77, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1797). YJ8ynu.s bassamensis, Lucas, Arch. Ent. ii. p. 434 (1855). Phynus kochii and P. granulosug, Butl. Arm. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. pp. 120-122 (1873). l’hrynus suvutieri, Rochebrune, Bull. SOC.Philom. (’7) viii. p. 28 (1884). Titanodamon ba~samensis,POC. Ann. Mag. Eat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 290 (1894). Damon mediue (Herbst), Kraepelin, Das. Tierr., Scorpiones, p. 238 (1899). hc. Sierra Leone (H. C. Hart, Surg.-Capt. Clements, C. M. Mitford, &c.) ; Dixcove in Ashanti (B. Frend) ; Cape Coast Ctcetle (J. P. Brown); Asaba, 180 miles up Niger (Dr. Cross#); Gold Coast; Wegbe in the Ho district, Togoland ( W. ff. Innes); Jebbn on the Upper Niger (Dr. Christy) ; Cameroons (Cctpt. Burton).

TITANODAMONJOHNSTONI POC. Titanodamon johnstoni, POC.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 291, pl. viii. figs. 2-2 b. 838 ME, B. I. POCOCK ON SL'ORPIOXB, PEIDIPALPS, [R'OV. 14, Danion tnedius johnstoni, Kraep. Dns Tierr., Scorpiones, p. 239 (1899). LOG.FernandoPo( qiyors COW.); Old Calabm (J.V. Cockburn and Misa Kingsley); Cameroons (H. H. 4 J. M. E. Johwton, Miss Kingsky); Rio del Rey (H. H. Johnston); Benito River (ff. L. Bates).

TITANODAYON TIBIALIS (SilnOtl). ? Phrynus tibialis, Simon, Bull. SOC.Zool. Fr. i. pp. 12-1 5 (1876). Titunodainon tiLialis, POC.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hitit. (6) xiv. p. 291 (1894). Dainon ntediua tibiqlis, Kritep. Das Tierr., Scorpiones, p. 239 (1899). LOG.Congo (A. Curror, Esy., EN.) ; West, Africn (Mr. Dulton).

Order ARANEX.

MYGALOMOBPHB. Fnrnily THERAraoaIDx. Subfamily THERAPHOSINX (=Tliei*apliosin.re,sensu stricto, Pocock, P. Z. S. 189i, p. 772.)

Genus SCODEABecker.

SCODRA CALCEAT-4 (Fabr.), Aranea calceata, Fabr. Ent. Byst,. ii. p. 427. Scodm uussweri, Becker, CS. SOC. Ent. Belg. 18'79, p. cxlii ; ibid. 1881, pl. ii. fig. 1. Stroniatopelma alicapillatum, Karsch, Bed. ent. Zeit. 1881, p. 218. Swdra ccilcenta, Pocock, Proc. Zool. SOC. 1897, pp. 755 & it56 (semu stricto). LOG.Accra (G. A. Hiylett); Cameroons (Capt. Burton) ; Ashanti; Afram plains. SCODEAGRISEIPES.POC. Scoclra gr&e+e.s, POC.Proc. ZOOI.Soc. 1897, p. i56, PI. rIiii. figs. 7-7 a. LOG.Sierra Leone (C. Wilson and C. 211. Mifford).

SCODBABRACHTPOUA Poc. ~sodrubrackypoda, POC.IOC. cit. p. i5i, pl. sliii. figs. 8-8 a. hc. Asaba on the Niger (07.. Crosse); Cape Palmas (Akan Millso1r). 1899.2 AND SPIDIRS FUOM TROPICAL WEST APKICS. 830

SCOUUAFUMIGATA, sp. n. 9. Colour. Carapace and upperside of mandible clothed with bright, almost mustard-yellow or greyish-yellow hairs ; upperside of femora and patellre of palpi and anterior legs olive-yellow; tibiae with a basal greyish-white patch and two short median lines ; protarsi and tarsi with median black patch; setie on the limbs greyish ; the upperside of the fringes bordering the leg-segments greyish brown ; upperside of abdomen greyish brown, with symmetrically disposed darker patches and bars ; the entire: underside ?f Zep and plpi, emepting the scopulm, of abdomen, wmz, and sternuna deep sooty-black j circumoral hairs crimson. Thoracic: fovea deep and subcirculnr ; carapace distinctly shorter than patella and tibia of 1st leg, and stout.kr by oue third of the protarsus than the tibia aud protarsus of this limb ; less also thau patella and tibia and than tarsus and protarsus of 4th. Legs 4, 1, 2, 3 in length ; patella and tibia of 4th little greater than of lst, 4th leg about three times as loug as the carapace; segments of legs thickly fringed. Mewurements in millimetres ( Q type).-Total length 44 ; 1engt.h of carapace 21, width 18 ; length of 1st leg 60 (patella + tibia Y3), 2nd leg 58 (patella + tibia 22), 3rd leg 53 (patella + tibia 9), 4th leg 64 (patella + tibia 23.5, protarsus 16). LOG.Benito River (G. L. Bates). The distinguishing characters of the feninles of t,heknoyn species of the genus Scotlra may be re-stated ns follows :- a. Carapace longer t.han patella + tibia of 1st leg and us long as tibia + protarsus of this limb ...... brachypoda POC. b. Uarapnce shorter than patella + tibia of 1st leg and shorter than the protarsus and tarsus of t.his liiub by one tbird of the prot,arsus. a'. 4th leg longer than 1st and about three times a8 long as the caraprtce; patella + tibia of fourth a little longer than those of lse; tibiz of legs Booty blackbslow fiouigata sp. n. 6'. 4th leg shorLcr than lrrt and much less t,hwn three times a8 long aa carapace ; putella + tibia of 4th iuoch less than those of 1st ; tibim not. sooty block below. a*. Lower and inner surface of femora of palp and of Arst pair of legs greyish or yellowish brown ; set= yellowish brown ...... grise@es Poc. bz. Lower side of femora of all the legs and inner surface of femora of palp and 1st and 2nd legs sooty black ; bristles un legs foxy red ...... caleentu. Genus HETEROSCODBA,no'v. This new genus and Scodm, its nearest ally, may be diagnosed as follows :- a. Fourth leg thinner t,han flrst ; the tibia of 4t,h thinner than patella nnd femur, the beighl and width of the tibia about one quarter the length ...... 8rodra Becker. h. Fourth leg thicker and stronger t.han 1st; t.he t,ibia thick, its height a libtle exce,:ding the height of the patella, equal to that, of the femur, and about one half' the length of' the tibia ...... Hcteroscodra, nov. 840 MR. B. I. POCOCK ON SCOBPJONS, PEDIPALl%, [NOV. 14,

HETEROSCODRAMACULATA, sp. n. 9 . Colour. Carapace covered with white hairs round the margin and furnished with narrow-white stripes which radiate from the fovea to this white border, the intermediste area clothed with hairs of an olive-green tint, forming two indefinite longitudinal bands starting with a deep patch of the same tint on each side of the ocular tubercle ; upperside of abdomen olive-green, uiottled with white ; mandibles black, covered with ashy-grey hairs; legs deep red, covered with ashy-grey hairs ; the naked lines on femora, patella, and tibise very distinct ; hairs on femora and tibia whiter than on the rest of the limbs, the distal extremities of which are clothed with foxy-red bristles, with a greenish underclothing ; upperside of tibia with two submedian white lines or spots, on the proximal side of which there are a pair of blackish bands ; a lnrge black spot on the upperside of the tarsus and on the basal half of the protarsus, as in Scodrn j the extremities of the segments with a narrow rim of white hairs ; lower side of trunk and limbs uniform ashy grey, the scopuls bluish green. Carapace longer than wide, the width almost equal to the length from the anterior median eye to the posterior border. Eyes as in Scodra ; the length of carapace a little less than patella, tibia, and tarsus of palp, a little excelling patella snd tibia of 1st leg, less than those of 4th leg, equal to tibia, protarsus, and hslf the tarsus of the 3rd, less than protarsus and tarsus of 4th, greater thau those of 1st; the width a trifle less thau patells and tibia of lst, and just exceeding those of 2nd leg. Legs 4,1,2, 3, without spines, scopulate as in Scodra ; protarsus of 4th longer than tibia of 4th, and as long a8 protarsus and half the tarsus of the 1st. Meusurements in mi1limetrea.-Total length 30 j length of carapace 16, width 14.5; length of 1st leg 42, of 4th 48, patella and tibia of 1st 15, of 4th 18 ; length of tibilt of 4th 105, height 4.5. Lac. W. Africa (F. W. Marshnll). A single female specimen of this interesting new spider was received from this Society, to which it had been presented alive by Mr. F. W. Marshall. This epecimen lived for some months in the Inaqct-house at the 8ociety’s Gardens, and was referred to by Mr. A. Thomson as Scodra caleeatn in his report upon the Insect- house for 1897 (see P. 8.8. 1898, p. 81). Though very closely resembling Scodra culceata in colour, the spider was found, upon closer examination after death, to be the representative of quite a distinct species.

Genus SELENO~YRUSPOC.

SELENOGYBUSUBRULEUS POC. Selenogyrzcs wruleus, POC.Proc. Zool. SOC.1897, p. 768. Loa. bier- Leone (Xiirg.-Cupt. Clevents and E. E. Austen). 1899.J AND SPIDERS PILOX TROPIOAL WEST AFUICA. 841

SDLENOQYEUSAURDUI POC. Selenogyrucr aureus, POC.op. cit. p. 768, pl. xli. figs. 2-2n. LOG.Sierra Leone (no further history). Hapalopiis africanus Simon, from Assinie (Ann. 800. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. 275), perhaps belongs to the genus SeZenog?yrus (see Pocock, P. R. 8. 1897, p. 773,note).

Genus MIASCHISTOPUSPoc. MIASCHISTOPUSRAPIDUS POC. Mia8:hhtopus rapichs, Poc. Proc. zoo]. sot. 1897, p. 770, pl. xli. fig. 5. Loo. W. Africa (Keyserling Coll.).

Subfamily EUMENOPHORINZ, Pocock, Proc. Zool. SOC.1897, pp. 772 & 773. Genus EUMDNOPHORUEPoc. EUMENOPHORUSCLEYENTSI POC. Etmenophorus clementsii, POC.Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 766. LOC.Sierra Leone (Xurg.-Capt. Clements). Genus PHONEYUSAKarsch. P?honeyzisa, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 347 (type P. belan- cklua Karseh). Haryccxothmia, Simon, Actes SOC. Linn. Bord. 1889, p. 413 (type, H. antiZope Simon). The species of Spiders here and in my previous paper on the African fanna referred to Phonyusn have been identified aa belonging to that genus on the strength of M. Simon’s statement (Hist. Nat. AraignBes, i. p. 154, 1892) that the type species of Phoneyusa and Hwpaxotheria are congeneric. Nevertheless it is possible that the two fonns will prove generically separable. If Karsch’s description of €‘. belanclana ie reliable, that species differs from all the species which I refer to Phmyusa and which doubtless belong to Harpasotherin, in the strict sense of the word, in the following features :- a. Oarapace about one third longer than broad (34 : 224) ; sternum also about one third longer than broad (154 :104) ; tibia: of legs with inany apical spines, 8-9 on the 1st and 21144 on the 3rd and 4th ...... lelandasa Karsch. b. Length ofcarapace and sternum exceeding the respective widthsb less than one quarter of the length ; tibia: of legs in at most with a pair of apical spines ...... antilope sim. occidenlalis, Lus., luttneri, Karech (P spinal armature). 842 MR. E. 1. POCOCE ON SCOEPIONS, PEDIPALPS, [NOV. 14, But although there is thus a possibility of resuscitating Harpax- theria, it must be remembered that the apparently greater narrow- ness of the cephalothorax in P. belandma may be due to artificial shrinkage, and that too great stress should not be laid upon the tibia1 spine-armature, seeing that in the male of P. greyorii, which is apparently congeneric with P. antilope and P. occiclentalis, the tibia of the 1st leg is armed with 5 spines, the 2nd with 3, and the 3rd and the 4th with 2 each. Again, before Harpcixotheria be rescued from the world of syn- onyms, it will have to be ascertained that it is distinguishable from Karsch’s previously established genus Pe7inobiics, a poiut about which great doubt may be entertained.

PHONEYUSAOCCIDENTALIS (Lucas). Mygale oecid,entnZis, Lucas, Thonison’s Arch. Ent. ii. p. 380 (1858). 9. CoZour. Integument of carapace, mandibles, and legs uniform deep reddish brown, covered with deep olive-green hairs ; the distal segments of the pnlpi and of the first two pairs of legs much redder in the young ; femora, patellp, tibiae, and protarsi with a fringe of yellowish-pink hairs at their divtal extremities j abdomen greenish brown; the long bristles on the legs arid abdomen reddish. Carnpuce considerably longer than patella and tibia of 4th and 2nd legs, a little longer than those of lst, longer than tarsus and protarsus of 4th, much longer than those of lst, a little longer than patella, tibia, and tarsus of palp ; its width a little less than the area between the posterior emarginatiou and the ocular tubercle, much exceeding the 4th protarsus and just exceeding protarsus and tarsus of 1st leg, a little longer than femur of 4th leg. Legs 4,1,2,3 : 4th exceeding 1st by one fourth the length of its tarsuv ; tibis with a pair of distal spines below, protarsus of 1st with 1 median apical spine, of 2nd with 3*spines, of 3rd and 4th with about 9 spines in a transverse row. Measuremenis in mil1intetres.-Total length 62 ; length of carapace 32, width 26 ; length of palp 47, of 1st leg 78, of 2nd leg 69, of 3rd leg 63, of 4th leg 79, patella and tibia of 1st 30, of 4th 27, protarsus of 4th 21 (legs and palpi measured from base of femur). In younger femiiles the legs are much longer as compared with the carapace than in the adult. Loc. Benito River (ff. L. Butes). This species has not been hitherto recognized since it was first established. It certainly differs from P. belnndnna Karsch (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 348), from Niam Niam in Central Africa, in having only a pair of spines at the apex of the tibiae, instead of a large number as in 3‘. bekindana ; that is to say, 9 on the 1st tibia, 8 on the 2nd, &c. In P. belundana also the sternum is nearly twice aS long as wide (15 : a), n hereas in P. occide?ztciz~8the length is only a little greater than the width (9 : 7.5). In the characterof the sternum P. occiden- fa& resembles P. bdttneri Karsch (Berl. ent. Zeit. 1886, p. 83), from 1899.1 AND SPIDERS FROM QEOPICAL WEST AFRICA. 843 Sibange Farm, Gaboon, with which it may prove to be identical. Karsch, however, says nothing about the colouring of P. biittrieri, nor about the spine armature of the legs. From P. (Harpa~otheria)nutilope Simon (Act. SOC.L. Bordeaux, xlii. p. 414, 1889), from Toinby in the Congo, P. occidental& also differs, judging by the leg-measnrements that Simon gives. For example, the 4th leg in the type of P. coitilope exceeds the 1st by about 10 mm. (63.2: 53.5), that is to say, by considerably more than the length of the tarsus of either limb, whereas in P. occidenta2is the difference does not amount to more than lialf the tarsus.

PHONEYUSABIDINTATA, sp. n. (Plate LVI. fig. 11.) d. Colour : a uniform dull greyish-brown clothing of hairs on the trunk and limbs, the long bristles on the legs and abdomen reddish grey, the integument beneath the hairs nearly black ; n narrow fringe of pale pinkish hairs at the distal end of the femora, patellae, tibia, and protarsi. Carrcpnce longer than wide, its length slightly exceeding that of patella, tibia, and tarsus of pdp, equal to protarsus and femur of 4th leg, considernbly less than patella and tibia of 4th leg, a little &waterthan patella and tibia of 3rd leg, its width just about equal to femur of 2nd. Legs long and slender (those of 1st pair absent), with two or three spines at the apes of tibise beneath, about 4 on apex of 2nd protarsus, and a row of about 8 on apex ilf 3rd and 4th protarsi; 4th leg exceeding the 2nd by about two thirds of its protarsus, patella and tibia of 2nd about equal to those of 4th, the tarsi about equal : tarsus of Jth, including claw, about equal to patella of 4th ; bristles upon legs and abdomen hooked at their distal ends. Tibin of palp about three times as long as broad ; bulb of palpal organ subcircular and furnished with two spines, the principal spine rather short, stout, not filiform, furnished externally with two keels which pnss on to the bulb, the smaller spine in front of the larger, much smaller than it and curved in the opposite direction. Mensurements in rni&metres.-Total lengeh 4 1: length of carapace 23, width 20.5 ; length of palp 35, of 2nd leg 74, of 3rd 65, of 4th 80, patella and tibm of 4th 27 ; protarsus of 4th 235, tibia of 4th 18, tarsus 9. LOC.Benito River (G. L. Bates). This species differs from all the known species of phoneyusa that are based upon male examples in the possession of a second spiniform process on the bulb of the palpal organ. These species are P. (Harpaxothevia) gracilipes Simon, from the Congo, and P. (Harpaxotheria) ectypa Simon, from Abyssinia (Act. SOC.L. Bordeaux, xlii. pp. 414-415) ; P. gregol-ii Pocock (Proc. Zool. SOC.1897, p. 760, pl. 43. fig. 6), from Masailand, and P. bettoni Pocock (Proc. Zool. SOC.1998, p. 503), from the area between Moinbasa and Uganda. 844 ME. R. I. POCOCK ON SCORPIONS, PEDIPALPS, [NOV. 14, Genus HYSTEBOCRATESSimon.

HYSTEROCRATESQIQAS POC. Hysterocrates gigas POC.loc. cit. p. 762. LOC.Cameroons (J. M. C. Johnston) ; Oil River (U.1% Johnston),

HYSTEROCEATES LATICEPS POC. Hysterocrates laticeps POC.loc. cit. p. 765, pl. xli. figs. 4-4 b. LOC.Old Calabar (MGs Kingsley). HYSTEEOCRATESCRASSIPES Poc. Hysteyocrcites crassipes, Poc. loc. cit. p. 764, pl. xli. fig. 4 c. LOG.Cameroons (U. H. Johnston).

HYSTEEOCEATESHERCULES, sp. n. 9. Colour. Integument black, covered with a thick coating of dark olive-brown hairs, shinipg with greyish silky sheen under reflected light. Carapace a little longer than patella and tibia,of 1st and of 4th leg, longer than tarsus and protarsus of 4th and than patella, tibia, and tarsus of palp ; its width equal to length from tubercle to posterior emargination and to femur and patella of 3rd leg, and to femur and one third of patella of 4th leg; a transverse depression in front of fovea, marking off a transversely oval tubercle. Mundiblea tubercular in front. Legs 4, 1, 2, 3 ; 4th exceeding 1st by nearly half its tarsus ; pntella and tibia of 4th not longer than of 1st ; 4th leg not in any sense thickened, femur more than three times as long as high (25 : 7%), thicker than patella, which is considerably thicker and higher than tibia j tibia slightly concave below and in the basal half above, more thau three times as loug aud wide as high (17.8 : 5.2) ; length of upperside of patella more than take its height or width. Measurements in mil1inietres.-Total length 74; length of carapace 34, width 30 ; length of palp 49, of 1st leg 81, 2nd leg 72, 3rd leg 67, 4th leg 88; patella and tibia of 1st 33, of 4th 32; tarsus and protarsus of 4th 31. LOC.Jebbn, Upper Niger (Lieut. Ahdie). Recognizable from the other known species of the genus by its large size, darker colouring, and by haviug the 4th leg unmodified, not thicker than the lst, and only exceeding it in length by less than half its tarsus. HYSTEROCRATESROBUSTUS, sp. n. Q . Colour olive-greenish brown, with reflexions of greyish-white pubescence. Carapace considerably longer than wide, the width equal to the distance between the ocular tubercle and the median emargintltion ; the length equal to that of patella and tibia of 4th leg, greater than those of 1st and greater than tibia and protarsus of 1st ; the width 1899.1 AND SPIDBRS FROM TROPIUU WEST AFEIUA. 845 slightly exceeding the length of the outer surface of the femur of the 4th leg. Ley 4, 1, 2, 3 ; 4th exceeding the 1st by rather more than the length of its tarsus ; patella and tibia of 4th a little longer than of 1st (24 :22) ; 4th leg strong, but the patella and tibia narrower than the femur ; width and height of patella about equal, but barely equal to half the length measured along the upperside; tibia lightly convex above, its width a little greater than one third of I its length and a little less than its height ; protarsus longer than tibia (15.5 : 13.5) ; femur of 4th leg very robust, its height exceeding one third of its length. Measuremen& in mil1imetres.-Total length 53 ; length of cnra- pace 24, width 20 ; length of 1st leg 55, of 2nd 49, of 3rd 4, of 4th 65 ; length of femur of 4th leg 18.5, height 7 ; length of the tibia 13.5, height 5. LOG.Benito River (G. L. Bates). The subjoined table will show how this species may be distinguished from the rest of the species of Hysterocrates known to me:- a. Width of tibia of posterior leg equal to that of femur ; tarsus of palp more tumid above at base ...... [email protected] POO. h. Width of tibia of posterior leg much less than width of femur ; tarsus riot tumid above at base. ul. Oarapace long ; area between ocular tubercle and posterior median emar ination exceeding the width ... gigus POC. b'. Carapace wider, ita wifth equal to the arm between the tubercle and the osterior emargination. a*. Femur of 4thleg &fender, its height- barely one third of its length. - a3. Hairy clothing of le s reddish brown; 4th leg thickened. the tibia afmost as thick as the femur. luticeps POC. bs. Hairy clothing deep olive-brown ; 4th leg unmodified, the tibia much thinner than the femur ...... hermibs, sp. n. b*. Femur of 4th leg stout,, its height considerably exceeding one third of its length ...... robushcs, sp. n. Family BABYCHHLIDB. Genus CYPHONISIASimon. CYPHONISIAOBESA Simon. CyphonisM obesa, Simon, Act. Boc. L. Bordeaux, xlii. p. 409 (1889). LOG.Benito River (G. L. Bates). Two immature specimens probably referable to this species, which was recorded from the Rio Quiliou (Congo). Family DIPLURID&. GI-enus HETEEOTHIIILEKarsch. Heterothele, Karsch, SB. nat. Fr. Berlin, 1879, p. 64 ; Pocock, Proc. 2001. SOC. 1897, p. 736. PEOcr. ma,Soa.-1899, No. LV. 55 846 MR. E. I. POCOCK ON SCORPIONS, PEDIPALPS, [Nov. 14,

? HETEEOTHELEBABONENBII (Lucae). Mygale yabonensk, Lucas, Arch. Ent. 1858, p. 382. ? Diplurn longipnlpis,Karsch, Zeits. Naturwiss. (3) iv. p. 564. Two €emale specimens of a species referable to Heterothele, obtained by G. L. Bates on the Benito River, are regarded as probably identical with Mygale gabonensis, Lucas. Family CTENIZIDB. Genus ACANTHODON,GuBr. ACANTHODONANGU~TIUEPS, sp. n. 0. Very closely resembling, both in size and spine-armature, hc., A. lacustris, Pocock (Roc. Zool. SOC. 1897, p. 731, pl. xli. fig. 7), from Lake Tanganyika. The two species may be separated as follows :- a. Oars ace broader ae compared with its length (7%: 9), wicfth equal to the distance between the postesor border and the anterior border of the ocular cluster ; the two ocular tubercles higher, the area behind the posterior considerably more depressed owing to the greater elevation of the ce halic prominence; sternum wider as compared wit1 its length (48 : 6) ; lega longer, length of 1st 18.8, or 4th 23, tarsus and rotarsus of 4th 8 ; palp from base of femur 16, its tLee distal segments 9% ...... lamatris POC. b. Uarapacenarrower, its width as compared with its length being 68 : 9, width equal to the length between the posterior border and posterior edge of the ocular tubercle ; ocular tubercle lower, but little elevated, area behind the ocular cluster but little depressed; sternum narrower, very distinctly narrower than lon (4:5) ; legs shorter, length of 1st 17, of 4th 2{ tarsus and protnrsus of 4th 7 ; of palp 15, its three distal Beginenta 9 ...... angzlsticeps, spa n. Slight differences also are observable in the eyes, the posterior medians being a little closer together, more directly behind the medians and a little farther from the laterals. l have very little confidence, however, in the taxonomic value of slight apparent differences in the size and relative positions of these organs. LOC.Benito River (G.L. Bates). A single female example was procured.

AEACHNOMORPHB. Family DINOPIDB. Genus DINOPI~Macleay. DINOPISBUBO Brit. Capello. Dinopis bubo, Brit. Capello, Mem. Ac. Sci. Lisboa, (3) iv. pt. 1 : Arachnideos etc. p. 16, pl. ii. fig. 3. 1899.1 AND SPIDERS FROM TEOPICAG WEST AFRIUA. 847 LOG.Gaboon. Recorded from the River Quilo. DINOPISASPEOTANS, sp. n. 9 . Colour. Carapace yellowish brown, covered with whitish hairs, reddish hairs around the eyes ; mandibles pale yellow, sparsely speckled with black, scantily clothed with yellow hairs ; mouth- parts yellow ; sternum yellow, blackish at the sides, mottled with yellow and white hairs ; palpi yellowish brown, mottled with black : legs brownish, femora infuscate distally, the anterior pairs also infuscate beneath and spotted with black at the base of the spines above, patellse fuscous, tibia? distally infuscate, 3rd and 4th pairs with superior distal spot, protarsi yellowish indistinctly speckled with black ; abdomen clothed laterally and below with whitish hairs, with four white spots and two parallel lines on the area between the epigastric fold and the cribellum ; the upper surface covered with darker hairs, with a lorn crest of hairs passing transversely in front of the prominences and curving backward on the sides. Carapace nearly twice as long as wide, its length equal to that of tibia of 3rd leg, a little more than one third that of the 1st protarsus, less than half (about two fifths) the length of the 1st femur; cephalic area a little wider in front than behind ; superciliary ridges evenly rounded, not prominent or produced into horn or tooth ; the posterior median eyes close together, their radius exceeding the height of the clypeus, anterior medians about two diameters apart. Palpi very siightly longer than carapace. Legs 1, 2,3,4 ; 1Rt twice as long as 3rd, 1st exceeding the 2nd by half its protarsus and its tarsus ;3rd reaching to apex of tibia of 2nd when both are extended ; on the femora of the 1st and 3rd the anterior spines are supported on tubercles which also support small tufts of hair. Abdomen rather more than twice as long as wide, posteriorly pointed and conipressed, widest just in froat of the middle, where it rises into a pair of prominences, from which it narrows anteriorly and posteriorly. Meaezcrements in mil1irnetres.-Total length 19 ; length of carapace 7, width 4; length of abdomen 12, width 5 ; length of 1~t leg 58, of 2nd 45, of 3rd 29, of 4th 28. LOG.Benito Xiver (G. L. Bates) ; a single Q example. This new species may be at once recognized from D. anchieta (Llinopis anchietce, Brit. Cap. Toe. n't. p. 15, pl. ii. figs. 2-2 c), from Rio Quilo, Angola, by the absence of triangular superciliary crests, the greater length of legs, flatter and longer carapace, proximity between posterior median eyes, &c. In D. anchietcz the eyeu are concealed by the crests when viewed from above and are nearly a radius apart; the thoracic portion of the carapace is as wide as long, and although the length of tk trunk is about the same as in D. aspectam, the anterior leg measures only 41 mm. instead of 58. 55' 848 MR. R. I. PO~Kox RCORFIONS, PEDIPALPS, [Nov. 14,

Family AEQIOPIDB. Genus NEPHILALeach. NEPHILAFEMOEALIS (Lucas). Epeira femoralis, Lucas, Thornson’s Arch. Ent. ii. p. 38, pl. xii. fig. 4 (1858). fiephila vittata, Keys. SB. Isis, Dresden, 1863, p. 142, pl. ii. fig. 2. LOC.Sierra Leone (Surg.- Capt. Clemenk) ; Liberia (Keyserling Coll., type of A’. vittata); Gold Coast (T. E. Bowdich); Ashanti (IT.H. Adam) ; Asaba, 150 miles up Niger (Dr. Crosse) : Accra and Wassan (B. A. HGlett) ; Cameroons (Capt. Burton, Miss Kingsley); Old Calabar (Miss Kingsky, H. A. Spencer); Benito River (B. L. Bates) ; Stanley Falls, Congo ; Angola.

NEPHILAWUASI Simon. +eira chrysoguater, Lucas, Thomson’s Arch. Ent. ii. p. 35 (not c7i~*ysogaster,Leach). Nephila lucasi, Simon, Ann. SOC.Ent. France, 1887, p. 270. LOC.Sierra Leone (Sur .-Capt. Clements);Ashanti(Mr. Macarthy); Accra (B. A. Higlett) ; 8ameroons (Capt. Burton, Miss Kingsley) ; Benito River (G. L. Bates); Wathen on the Congo (Miss Macomnick). NEPHILAPILIPES (Lucas). Epeira pilipes, Luma, Thomson’s Arch. Ent. ii. p. 40, pl. xiii. fig. 7. LOC.Fantee, Accra (B. A. HigZett) ; Benito River (B. L. Bates). NEPHILABEAQANTINA Brit. Capello. Nephila bragantinn, Brit. Capello, Mem. Ac. Sci. Lisboa, (3) iv. pt. 1: Descripciio de algunas especiee de . . . . Arachnideos, p. 11, pl. ii. fig. 4. LOC.Braganza, interior of Angola (Brit. Cap.). The British Museum has no examples of this species from W. Africa, but has received specimens of apparently the same form from Kinyamholo, Lake Tanganyika (A. Nutt). N. bragantinn differs from N. keyserlingii Blackw. (= hyrnencea Gerst.) in having the pdpi black, the legs black with the exception of a yellow band at the tip of the tibia and base of protarsus of 1st and 2nd legs, and no dark band in the middle of the sternum.

NEPHILAUEUENTATA (Fabr.). Araneus cruentatus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 427 (1793). Nephila genualis, Gerst. Von der Decken’s Iteisen, iii. 2, p. 502 (1873). Loc. Sierra Leone (D.El. Morgan, Sug.-Capt. Clememts); Ashanti (Mr. Macarthy) ; Onitsha on the Niger (Sir J. Mar8hull) ; Old Calabr (If,A. Spencer); Congo (J.Pinnock); Stanley Falls, Congo. 1899.1 AND smmaFROM TROPIUAL WEIBTAFRICA. 849 The following W. African species of this genus is unknown to me :- NIIPHILA CONSTEICTA Karsch. Ncphila constricta,Karsch, Zeits. gesammt. Naturwiss. lii. p. 834, fig. 4 (1879). Lac. Loango coast. Genus ASIGIOPIIAnd. et Sav.

ARGIOPBPLAVIPALPIS (Lucas). h’peiru jlauipalpis, Lucas, Thomson’s Arch. Ent. ii. p. 49 (1858). Argiope fivipa@s, Brit. Capello, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, i. p. 83, . pl. ii. fig. 2 (1866). Argiope pechueli, Karsch, Zeits. gesammt. Naturwiss. lii. p. 340 (1879). LOG.Sierra Leone (8ury.-Capt. Clentents) j Old Calabar (Miss Kingsley) ; Cameroons (Capt. Burton and Sir Harr?y Johnston) ; Beuito giver (G.L. Bates). The legs of this species vary in tint: sometimes bhey are noticeably striped black aud yellow, as in the form to which Karsch gave the name pechueli, and sometimes of a very much darker, more uniform hue as in the typical A.JEavipa7pk. The two forms occur at the game locality, and gradations in the coloration of the legs are traceable. I therefore regard A.pec7rueli as a synonym of A.fivipalpk.

ASGIOPIINIGSOVIITATA Thorell. Argiope nigrovittata, Thorell, (Efv. Vet.-Mad. Porhandl. p. 300 (1860). Argiope caudata, Blackwall, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xvi. p. 346 (1865). Argiope zairiensis, Brit. Capello, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, i. p. 82, pl. ii. fig. 1. drgiope suavissima, Gerstiicker, Von der Decken’s Reisen, iii. 2, p. 495, pl. xviii. fig. 10 (1873). Loo. Congo ; Benguela (J.J. Monteiro). Cfenus ARANEUSLinn. AEANIIKJSEUFIPALPIS (Lucas). Epeira mfiulpis, Lucas, Thomson’s Arch. Ent. ii. p. 422 (1858). Epeira senziunnulnta, Karsch, %its. gesammt. Naturwiss. lii. y. 334 (1879) ( 9 ) j Simon, Bull. SOC.21001. France, ix. p. 14, pl. ii. hgs. 7-8 (1884) ( 6,9 ). ? Epeira penioillipes, Karsch, loc. cit. p. 836 ( 6 ). LOC.Sierra Leone (Xurg.-Capt.Clements) ; Accra (a.A. HGZett); Cameroons (Ccvpt. Burton); Benito River (a. L. Bates). This species also occurs on the eastern side of the continent of Africa. It appears to me that the descriptions given of E. rujipalpis and 850 MR. B. I. POCOCK ON SCORPIONS, PMDIPALPS, [&OV. 14, fi. seinialtnulata were based upon examples belonging to the same species. Karsch's figure of the palp of E. penicillipes resembles that organ in mah examples of E. ru$paZpis sent by Mr. Bates. AEANEUSTHEYS (Walck.). Epeira the!&, Walckenaer, Ins. Apt. ii. p. 53. Epeira moreli, Vinson, Araneides de Madagascar, etc. p. 166, pl. iv. fig. 4 (1863). Epeira eclipsis, Marx, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 590, pl. lxx. figs. 6 a-6 b. This widely distributed tropical species was recorded from the Congo as Epeira eclipsis by Marx. The British Museum has no W. African representatives of it, but has received it in some abundance from Mashonaland (G.A. K. 2liarshaZl).

ARANEUSPACHANUS POC. Araneus pachanus, POC.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii. p. 447, pl. xiii. fig. 9 (1898). LOC.Benito River (a.L. Bates). Several 9 examples. Previousiy recorded from Karagesi (Emin Pasha) and Ruwenzori (Scott E22iot). This species presents a striking likeness, both in colour, form, and structural details, to the Oriental species that has been described BS A. decens, rump$, vufofeemoralis, &c. But the shape of the vulva seems to separate the African species, the scape being longer and the basal portion much more prominent beneath it.

AnANEus HBMATOUNMMIS, sp. n. (Plate LVI. figs. 8-8 c.) Colour. Carapace either a uniform blackish brown or reddish brown above,.pmsing into black towards the margins ; upperside of abdomen either uniformly blackish brown or ornamented with yellow on the anterior half-the yellow taking the form sometimes of a median field pointed in front and behind, broadest across the shoulder region, breaking up into spots all round its margin and interrupted along the middle line by an irregular black stripe ; sometimes OE a sharply defined median stripe, broadest in front and constricted in the middle and at the posterior end ; sometimes of a transverse recurved etripe behind the large sigilla, the extrkmities of which extend backward as an indistinct yellow stripe on each side circumscribing a median jet-black area which occupies the position of the folium. (In a young specimen the abdomen is testaceous, with jet-black folium and bright yellow median constricted stripe in front of it.) Sides and lower surface of abdomen black. Sternum, labium, maxills, and mandibles deep blackish brown; legs with cox% and femora uniformly blackish brown! patellse, tibia, and protarsi darker or lighter red, with their distal ends black, and frequently a median band ; tarsi black, with narrow red basal band. Carapace moderately elevated ; fovea subcircular, with longitu- 1899.1 AND SPIDMM PBOY TWPICAL WEBT AFRICA. 851 dins1 groove in front of it, somewhat as in Larinia; length o carapace exceeding that of 1st tibia, equal to that of 4th protarsus and tarsus and to patella, tibia, and half the protarsus of 3rd leg; width equal to length of 4th tibia and to 4th protarsus, less than that of 1st or 2nd tibia; median ocular tubercle prominent. Ocular quadrangle much wider in front ; the posterior eyes much smaller than the anterior and nearly a diameter apart j anterior medians about a diameter apart, more than a diameter from the posterior medians and from the edge of the clypeus ; eyes of anterior line when viewed from the front procurved, the upper edge of the laterals scarcely on a level with the centre of the medians ; lateral eyes not quite in contact. Mandibles moderately geniculate at the base ; fang-groove armed with 4 anterior and 3 posterior teeth. Legs armed with many strong spines ; spines black at the base and apex, reddish in the median portion. Abdomen heart-shaped, longer than broad, widely rounded in front, without shoulder-points, narrowly ovate behind, not sur- pasting spinners. Vulva with scape long and bent at right angles, its base as wide as the basal vertical, vestibular portion, which, when viewed from the side, is seen to send out a bitubercular prominence beneath the scape, from which it is separated by a narrow notch. Measurements in mil&netres.-Total length 22 ; length of carapace 9, width 7.2 ;length of abdomen 14, width 12 ;length of 1st leg 34, of 2nd 33, of 3rd 19, of 4th 30 ; patella and tibia of 1st leg 13, of 4th 11 ; tibia of 1st leg 8, of 4th 7. LOG.Benito River (a. L. Bates). Mr. Bates procured many specimens of this handsome species. ARANEUSEIRESIPRONS POC. AranezLs eresifrolzs, POC.Roc. Zool. 6oc. 1898, p. 509, pl. xli. figs. 3-3 b. LOG.Cameroons (H. H. Johnston). Previously recorded from Karagesi (Emin Pasl~~),Likipia (J. W. Gregory), Taru (Sfeuart Betton), and Mombasa (D. J. Wilson). This species is certainly nearly allied to A. strupifer Simon (Ann. SOC.Ent. France, 1885, p. 368), which, according to Simon, occurs both in Senegal and Cape Colony. In the specimens from the Cameroons the abdomen is frequently variegated above with sooty black, a type of coloration not observed in the East-African forms known to me.

ARANTCUSTYLOSUAPUS, sp. n. (Plate Lv. figs. 3-3 b.) Colour. Carapace testaceous ;cephalic region with blackish spots ; legs testaceous, with small black spots ; patellae, tibia, protarsi, and tarsi banded with black ; mandibles testaceous j sternum, labium, and maxillae inf uscate j abdomen olive-yellow, variegated with blackish, marked above with five tmsverse black lines, the anterior of which is the st,rongest and runs from one shoulder-point to the 852 ME. 11. I. POOO~KON SCORPIONS, PEDIPALPS, [Nov. 14, other, with its convexity backwards ; inferior and lateral surfaces darker than the superior, the inferior with a pair of yellowish posteriorly dilated bands running from the stigmata posteriorly towards the spinning-matumillae. Fges of anterior and posterior line recurved when viewed from above, those of anterior line also strongly recurved when viewed from the front, the laterals standing much higher than the medians ; median quadrangle a litt.le wider than long, nearly twice as wide in front as behind, the posterior separated by a very narrow space which barely equals half their radius, the anterior separated by a space which is equal to their diameter. Legs armed with numerous spines arranged iu more or less definite rows ; there being, for example, 6-6 on the lower side of the tibiEe and protarsi of the 1st and 2nd legs j spines black at base, pale distally. Abdomen lo er than wide, widely rounded in front, oval behind ; with distinct lack-tipped shoulder-processes, covered with short white hairs, intermixedY with particoloured bristles. Basal part of vulva very stout when protruded, and consistiug of a right and left, outer sheath, the halves of which do not meet in the middle line. Viewed from below, the two halves of the outer sheath show as a right and left rim surrounding a central pale portion, upon which rests the short but broad scape, the anterior part of which divides the rim of the right side from that of the left. The posterior end of the scape does not project SO far posteriorly as the posterior border of the subjacent portion of the vulva. Measurements in ntil1imetres.-Total length 12 ; length of carapace 5, of abdomen 9, width of latter 7.5. LOC.Benito River (a.L. Bates). In the form of its vulva and other features this species is evidently related to A. medicolu Simon, from Arabia and (according to Pavesi) from Somaliland, to A. mossambicensis, Pavesi, from Mozambique, to A. similis and striata, Bosenberg and Lenz, from Quilimane, and to A. cyrtoscctpus Poc., from the Transvaal.

ARAN~IJSRHINURUS, sp. n. (Plate LVI. figs. 9, 9 a). Colour. Carapace olive-brown, clothed with yellow hairs ; mandibles, palpi, and legs almost the same colour as the carapace ; distal end of femora, tibiae, protarsi, and the tarsi infuscate, especially on the 3rd and 4th legs ; upperside of abdomen chalky yellow, with dark sigilla spots and fine black line between them, also with a fine reticulated ornamentation of lines between the low pigment-spots; the tail and the lower side of abdomen black, with symmetrical bright yellow spots on each side of the spinners. Carapace shorter than tibia 1, about as long as patella and tibia 4 ; cephalic region moderately elevated, tlattish above longitudinally ; ocular quadrangle almost square, scarcely narrowed in front. The eges large and subequal, posterior medians about a 1899.1 AND SPIDEIBBFROM TEOPIUAG W~TAFEIOA. 853 diameter apart, anterior medians a little more than a diameter apart, distance between anterior and posterior medians less than a diameter ; anterior line of eyes straight or nearly so ; anterior medians less than their diameter from the edge of the clypeus. Legs longish, scantily spined, but furnished with long close-set bristles ; the spines setiform ; 1st leg much longer than 4th. Abdomen flat above, heart-shaped, with rounded sntero-lateral angles and anterior border, the posterior apex prolonged into a longish, stout ‘‘ tail,” which about equals the carapace in length ; spinners in the middle of the heart-shaped basal portion of the abdomen. Vulva with its basal vestibular portion not expanded, either laterally or posteriorly, at the base of the scape, which is long, slender, and slightfly curled at the tip. Meusurements in millimetwa.-Total length 9 ; length of carapace 2.5, of abdomen 6.5, of abdomen without tail 4, width of abdomen 35; length of 1st leg 12, of 4th 8. LOG.Benito River (B. L. Bates). A single adult female. This differsfrom all the Tropical African species of Araneus known to nie in having the ocular quadrangle approximately square, with the four eyes subequel, and the extremity of the abdomen produced into a longish caudal process. In both of these features it resembles the Burmese species A. thelurus (Thor.), but may be at once separated from it at least by the much greater length of the scape of the vulva.

Genus CYETOPHOEASim.

CPETOPEORAUITBICOLA (Forsk.). Loc. Benito River (cf. L. Bates). Widely distributed throughout Tropical Africa and Asia.

CYETOPHOEAANQOLBNSIS (Brit. Capello). Epeira angolensie, Brit. Capello, J. Ac. Sci. Lisboa, i. p. 79, pl. ii. fig. 4 (1868). Epeira ohinchoxensis, Karsch, Zeits. gesammt. Naturwiss. lii. p. 333 (1879). Lao. Sierra Leone (Surg.-Capt. Clernents) ; Benito River (B. L. Bates). Recorded by Brito Capello from the Rio Quilo. Karsch’s specimens from Chinchoxo appear to me to be specifically identical with those that Capello described. M. Simon (Hist. Nat. Araignkes, i. p. 775, 1895) adds this species to the synonymy of C. citrioola. But this is undoubtedly an error, C. angolensis, according to my determination, being distinguishable by the posteriorly pointed abdomen and wide head, with the lateral eyes far apart from the medians. The vulva is furnished with a distinct process. Three well-marked colour-varieties of this speoies am met with. 85-4 YE. E. I. POCOUK ON BOOEPIONS, PIODIPALPS, [Nov. 14, In one the upperside of the abdomen is entirely black ; in a second it is also black with a bright yellow transverse stripe crossing it from shoulder to shoulder ; in the third, which seems to be less prevalent than the others, the whole of the upperside behind the anterior shoulders is yellow.

OPHORALARINIOIDES Simon. Cyrtophora larinwidea, Simon, A.m. 8oc. Ent. France, 1894, 1). 156. LOG.Benito River (G. L. Bates). Described from Ogow6.

CYRTOPHORAMARGARITATA, sp. 11. (Plate LV. figs. 4, 4 a.) Colour almost as in C. unicolor Dol., a tolerably uniform yellowish brown; the abdomen darker than the carapace and limbs, legs indistinctly variegated, sternum and lower side of abdomen blackish. Curpuce smooth as in C. citricola; eyes as in the latter species, but the laterals closer together. Legs as in C. citricola, but with tarsi and protarsi shorter ; tarsus and protarsus of lst, for example, being distinctly shorter than patella and tibia of 1st. Abdomen truncate in front, narrowly ovate behind, not lobate laterally, and only weakly bilobate posteriorly, aa in C. anyolends ; studded above with larger and smaller smooth circular bosses, very like those of C. unicolor, but much larger and less numerous. Vulva as in figure (Pl. LV. fig. 4 u). Measurements in millimetrea of type.-Total length 14 ;length of carapace 6.5, of abdomen 9, width of abdomen 75; length of 1st leg 19, its patella and tibia 7, protarsus and tarsus 6. Loc. Benito River (a. L. Bates). At once recognizable from C'. unicdor by the strong curvature of the posterior line of eyes, narrow interval between the lateral eyes, absence of tubercles on the carapace, large size of tubercles on the abdomen, &c. From the rest of the W.-African species known to me it may be at once recognized by the features mentioned in the subjoined table. The four W.-African tipecies of Cyrtophora known to me may be distinguished as follows :- a. Abdomen long and narrow, produced iu front into R longish process overhanging the hse of the car&- pace ...... krinwdea Sim. b. Abdomen truncate in front, broadest at its anterior end. al. Abdomen without diatinct shoulder prominences and no lateral prominences ; its upperside studded with large circular tubercles...... margaritata, sp. n. bl. Abdomen with distinct shoulder prominences and one or more prominences on each side ; upperside studded with smaller tubercles. 4%. Abdomen with one prominence on each aide - behind tho shoulder, posteriorly deeply bifid ; 1809.l ARD SPIDBBS FROM TROPICAL W1ST ATRICA.. 855

eyes of posterior line strongly recurved ; rulve without ecape ...... citricola Forsk. ZJ*. Abdomen with two rominences on each side behind the shoder prominence, apex of abdomen not bifid; poaterior line of eyes much leas strongly recurved; vulva with distinct scape ...... a?cgo&mbB. Cap. Genus ARGPBOBPEIRAEmerton. AI~GYROEPEIRAUNGULATA (Karsch). Xeta ungulata, Karsch, Zeits. ges. Nsturwiss. lii. p. 834 (1879). LOC.Benito River (a.L. Bates). This species, recorded from the Loango coast, also occurs on the eastern side of the African continent. Genus CYOLOSAMenge. CPOLOSA INSULlNA (cost&). LOC.Cameroon Mountains, 4000 ft. (H. H. Joh~tow). Genus AOUSILASSim. ? AOUSILASAFRIOANUS Sim. ?Acusilns afi.icma5, Sim. Hist. Nat. AraignBes, i. p. 785 (1895). LOG.Benito River (a.L. Bates). The description of A. afrkanus is too brief to make sure of the correctness of the identification of the immsture female of a species of this genus which Mr. Bates procured. M. Simon’s example was obtained at Sierra Leone. ? Genus SALASSINASim. SALASSINAFORMOSA (Karsch). Cyclosa fomoea, Karsch, Zeits. ges. Naturwiss. lii. p. 835 (1879). LOC.Cameroon Mountains, 4000 ft. (H. H. Johnston). Recorded by Karsch from the Loango coast. According to M. Simon’s division of the Cycloseae, this species, if rightly determined, as I think is the case, falls apparently nearest to the genus Salassina, having the head short, the median eyes of large size and the quadrangle they form slightly narrowed in front. The tibiae of the legs, however, are not noticesbly incrassate, and there are no angular prominences on the fore part of the abdomen. The lesser recurvature of the eyes md the absence of a median series of spines from the lower side of the protarsus of the 4th leg seem to exclude the species from the allied genus AczCSilas. Genus CXROSTEISThorell. CBEOSTEISAEGOSTIOTUS, sp. n. (Plate LV. figs. 5-6 b.) Cobour. Carapace with thoracic portion reddish above, with s silvery white pstch at the sides ; cephslio portion blackish, with sn 856 MR. B. I. POUOCK ON BCORPIONB, PBDIPAIZS, [NOV. 14, oblong silvery patch of hair on the upperside between the ocular tubercle and the posterior vertical tubercles, and a silvery patch on the upperside of the lateral tubercles ; mandibles deep brown ; sternum bluish black, with central silvery patch; mnxillre and labium black; coxa of legs deep brown with bluish tint; tro- chantera and femora red ; remaining segments nearly black, with bluish lustre especially below; a white band at base of tibia and protarsi below, the tibia1 band broad only on the 1st leg, also a conspicuous white tarsal band on 4th leg; palp with femur red, the other segments blackish with white spots above. Abdomen blackish above and below, yellow at the sides anteriorly, the upperside with a vertically interrupted transverse silver band behind the anterior row of tubercles, and a series of silvery patches and lines forming a longitudinal median band extending over two thirds of the upper surface between the transverse silvery band and the posterior tubercle ; sides of upper surface with narrow transverse silvery stripes ; lower surface with a row of three silvery spots on each side, extending from the epigastric fold to the sides of the spinning-mammillae. Cephalic tubercles long, subspiniform, much longer than ocular tubercle. Length of carapace equal to width of bead, including ocultir tubercles, and as long as protarsus of 1st leg, shorter than protarsus and tarsus of 4th leg by at least half the length of the tarsus. Abdominal processes normal in number, as, for example, in C. mitralis, and all small and tuberculiform ; the bifid projection above the spinners rather prominept. Tibiae and protarsi of legs normally impressed above. Pulvu as in figure (PI. LV. fig. 5 a). Measuremen& in. millimetres.-Total length 14; length of carapace 6, of abdomen 10, width of abdomen 11. Loo. Benito River (B. L. Bates). Easily recognizable from the 8. and E. African species of the genus by the form of the vulva, and by colour, the almost complete absence of the white band at the base of the tibia on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs being exceptional. CBROSTEISALBESCENB, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 16.) Allied to the East-African C. nodulosa Pocock (P. 2.8. 1898, p. 514, pl. xli. fig. 7). Hairy clothing of head mesially white, laterally golden yellow ; upperside of abdomen covered with greyish-white hairs, diversified with black spots on the tubercles, sigilla, and elsewhere, and with narrow transverse black lines which laterally unite, circumscribing transversely elongate pentagonal areas ; lower side of abdomen black ; femora steel-blue ; upperside of patella, tibia, protarsus, and tarsus covered with silvery-white hairs, and varied with pale golden yellow ; extremity of protarsus of 1st and in a lesser degree of 2nd leg slightly infuscate ; 3rd and 4th legs more diversified than 1st and 2nd : legs banded below aa in C. lzOddO8a ; 1899.1 AND SPIDFIRB FROM TROPIUAL WIWT AFRICA. 057 tibia of all with basal white band ; protarsus of 1st and 3rd black, with basal band of 2nd and 4th white with black patch just beyond middle. Carapace with superior and lateral tubercles longer than in nodulosa. Abdomen (in type-specimen) not distended, its anterior portion low, nodular, not elevated. VuZva (as in figure P1. LVII. fig. 16) somewhat resembling that of dulosa,the anterior portion completely divided into a right and left half by a deep median groove j the chamber containing the two fossae smaller, more transversely oblong, with anterior rim less arched. Total length 15.5 mm., width of hend 7.5 mm. LOG.Benito River (G. L. Bat@).

CBROEITRISTURRIGER, sp. n. (Plate LVII. figs. 15,15 a.) Colour. Dorsal surface of carapace, legs, and abdomen a tolerably uniform greyish brown, covered with a coating of yellow and white hairs intermixed ; abdomen mottled with black spots and brownish patches and lines ; legs coloured as in C. nlbescens, but the distal spot on the protarsi reddish brown. Caraiiace with tubercles as in C. albeecens. Abdomen with its anterior portion elevated into a high, broad, subcylindrical prominence, the summit of which is about one third broader than long, with semicircularly rounded anterior tubercular border, and three large tubercles on the posterior border. Vulva as in figure (Pl. LVII. fig. 15 a). Measurements in miZ1imetres.-Total length 16 ; width of head 7; height of abdomen from vulva to summit of promineuce 13. LOC.Benito River (a. L. Bates); also young specimens of probably the same species from Sierra Leone (8urg.-Capt. CZements). Somewhat resembling C. petersi Kartrsch from Inhnmbane (Mon. Ak. Berlin, 1878, p. 324, pl. i. fig. 7), in the elevation of the anterior portion of the abdomen; but in C. petersii the column is narrower, with the summit rounded and not encircled with tubercles. The three species of the genus known from the Benito River may be diagnosed as follows :-

a. Femora of legs bright red ; tibioe of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th le s with scarcely a trace of basal white band; black undersife of abdomen ornaniented with three pairs of silvery spots ; upperside of abdomen velvety blark, furnished with silvery lines and tches ...... argosfictus. b. Femora steerblue ; tibk of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th legs with broad white basal band below ; lower side of abdomen uniformly black, upperside dirty yeuowirrh brown. ai. General colour of dorm1 surfam of body and legs white ; abdomen not elevated in front into a high thick column ...... _...... dbescens. hl. General aspect dirty yellowish brown ; abdomen elevated in front into a broad thick column ...... 2um-k~~. 858 MR. Re I. POCOUK ON SCORPIONS, PBDIPALPLI, mOV. 14, Genus CLADO~LEASim. CLADOMELEA LONGIPES (Cambr.). Cyrtarachne longipes, 0. P. Cambridge, P. Z. 5. 1877, p. 559, pl. lvi. fig. 1. Loc. San Salvador, Congo. Genus BASTERACANTHASund. GASTERACANTHACUETISPINA Gutkin. Basteracantha curvispinu, Gu6rin, Icon. RGg. Anim., Arachn. pl. ii. fig. 8, (1837). Gasteracantha walckenaerii, Lucas, Thomson’s Arch, Ent. ii. p. 425, pl. xii. fig. 7 (7 858). Basteracantha vaccula, Thorell, afv. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. xvi. p. 301 (1859); id. Eug. Resa, 2001. Arachn. p. 12 (1868). Qasteraenntha retracta, Butler, Trans. Ent. SOC. 1873, p. 157, pl. iv. fig. 12. LOC.Benito River (a. L. Bates) ; Sierra Leone. GASTEEACANTHACONNATA Butl. Qusteracantha cmmta, Butler, Trans. Ent. SOC. 1873, p. 168. LOC.Old Calabar ((hay). Closely allied to the Ceylonese G. geminata Fabr., but with no near affinity to Q. connata 8imon (Hist. Nat. Araigdes, i. p. 847, 1894), which the author makes the type of section 0 of his subdivisions of the genus Basteracantha. GASTERAUANTHAFORMOSA Vins., subsp. NANA Butl. Gagterncantha nuna, Butl. Trans. Ent. SOC. 1873, p. 161, pl. iv. fig. 4. LOC.Congo (type, without further history). The type of this species is young. 3 B. importuna and Q. molesta, O.P. Cambr. (P. Z. 5. IS%),p. 286, pl. xxvi. fig. 1, and pl. xxvii. fig. 13), from W. Africa, are probably the adult forms. GASTEIRACANTHABATESI, sp. n. (Plate LVI. fig. 10.) ? Qasteracantha connuta, Simon, Ann. SOC. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. 266 (nec G. connnta, Butl.). Colour. Carapace black, with a large pale spot on each side of the median eyes ; mandible shining black or red; sternum and coxm fuscous, indistinctly variegated ; legs yellowish brown, indistinctly annulated, tips of tarsi and protarsi black ; upperside of abdomen yellow, with a large anterior median brown spot marked with a thin ;ellow stripe like an inverted T, and on each side a black spot divided by a narrow transverse yellow stripe ; the rest of the ilpper surface variegated brown and black. Cephalic area elevated behind, the middle of the elevation forming a pair of close-set tubercles. 1899.1 AND SPID~SFEOM TEOPIOAL WEST AFRIUA. 859 Legs short ; patella and tibia of 1st less than width of head. Abdomen without inferior tubercle; the anterior lateral spines minute and lying far back behind the middle of the scutum and just in front of the posterior laterals, from the supporting prominence of which, however, they are separated by a rounded notch ; the anterior border lying between these anterior spinules widely and nearly evenly convex, forming an almost completely semicircular arch defined by the normal 10 sigilla, of which the 4 medians form a straight transverse line ; posterior lateral spines erect, very short, but borne upon the summit of a thick cylindrical prominence, the axis of which cuts that of the spines at an obtuse angle; posterior spines resembling the posterio laterals, but their axis in a line with that of the prominence ad directed straight backward. Measurements in mi2limetres.-Total length , of abdomen along middle line 6; width just in front of anterior spinule 9.5; width from tip to tip of postero-lateral spine 8. Loc. Benito River ((7. L. Ba&). This species seems to form a new section of the genus Qastera- mntha.

BASTDEAUANTHA(BTEOUANTHA) ROQDESI 0. P. Cambr. Uasteracantha royersi, 0. P. Cambr. P. Z. 5. 1879, p. 292, fig. 23 (a). Basteracantkt (ATtrocnnthn) sernajlava, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. 268, pl. vi. fig. 2 ( 9 ). LOC.Sierra Leone. Described from Assinie by M. E. Simon, and from Coanza by 0.P. Cambridge. GASTERAUANTHA(ISOXIA) PDNIZOIDDS Simon. Isoxiapenizoides, Simon, Ann. SOC. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. 269, pl. vi. fig. 4. LOC.Benito River (B. L. Rates). Recorded by Simon from Assinie. The foregoing species of Gastwacantha may be tabulated as follows :- a. Lower side of abdomen with large conical t,ubercle; spines large. u1. Anterior and median spines subequal and in contact ...... connata. bl. Anterior and median spines unequal and widely separated. a%. Spines with strong recurvature ...... czwvispilta. ba. Spines not or scarcely recurved ...... formma. b. Lower side of abdomen without tubercle; spines absent or short. us. Spines present. a4. Anterior border of abdomen widely convex; anterior s ines lying far back close to and much smaller than tge median spines ; head tuberculate above ...... but&. b4. Anterior and lateral borders of abdomen cutting at right angles the anterior spines, as large as the medians and widely separated from them ; head not tuberoulate ...... mqy?. bS. Spines absent ; abdomen widely rounded behind ...... pazmda. 860 MR. R. I. POCOCK ON SCORPIOKS, PBDIPAItPS, [NOV. 14,

Genus ARANZCHRAButler. ARAN~ECHRACAMBRIDGBI Butl. Arancethra cambridgei, Butler, Tr. Ent. SOC.1873, p. 175, pl. iv. fig. 8. Arancethra unyari, Karsch, Zeits. gesammt. Naturw. li. p. 322, pl. ix. fig. l(1878). LOC.Fernand Vas River (Du Chaillu; type); Lagos (Capt. Elmes); W. Africa; Fernando Po (Mr. Kalbreyer); Accra (U. A. Hiy!ett) j Loango River (H.L. Duygalz) ; Benito River (cf. L. Babes).

ARANBTHRABWLBRI, sp. n. (Plate L.V. fig. 1.) Colour. Carapace, mandibles, mouth-parts, sternum, and coxae reddish yellow j patella, tibia, and tarsus of palp black ; legs black, the femur of 1st and part of 2nd reddish ; tibiae of lst, 2nd, and 4th pairs with a broad basal yellow ring, the ring incomplete below on the 1st j upper and lower side of abdomen and the tips of the lateral prominences black ; sigilla reddish. Carapace and legs a8 in A. cambridgei. Abdomen of much the same form also as in that species, about twice as wide as long; t,he median portion of the anterior ,border simply emarginate, with a low tuberculiform prominence on each side j lateral portion of carapace furnished with five blunt conical lobes, one on the anterior border just in front of the antero-lateral sigillum, the posterior process lower t.han the other8 ; the entire convex posterior border of the abdomen for a space which exceeds half the length of the abdomen without tubercles; abdominal integument punctured as well as striolate ; sigilla very large, the six on the middle of the back arranged in a circular form, the quadrangle formed by the anterior and posterior pairs only, about twice as long as wide. Menmrements in miZ1imetres.-Length of abdomen 7, width 16. LOC.Benito River (a. L. Bates). Thisinteresting new species, which is dedicated toDr. A. G.Butler, the describer of the genus Arancethra, may be recognized from the typical and hitherto only known species of the genus by the following characters :- (I. Carapace, sternum, legs, &c. a rich dark red or blaok colour ; underside of abdomen entirely black, a black band acroea the fore part of the abdomen above; margin of abdomen furnished with at least 8 strong sharp spinifom processes, the posterior not very far from the posterior middle line ; si illa much smaller. cambridgei Butl. h. Carapace, sternum, corn, &c. reddisi yellow ; tibire of lst, 2nd, and 4th legs with a yellow band ; abdomen flavous below and without anterior black band above; abdomen furnished with only 5 lateral blunt tubercles, the posterior of these being far from the middle of the posterior border ; sigiua very large...... , ...... butleri, sp. n. 1899.1 AND SPIDERS FROM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. a(i 1 ~ETHRODE~,gen. nov. Allied to Aramthrcc, but differing in the following particulars :- a. Four median eyea elevated on a ronnded tubercle : lateral eyes also on a tubercle ; clypeus equal in height to half the length of the ocular quadrangle, which is longer than broad ; abdomen only oierlapping the posterior third of the carapace up to the median tubercle, its anterior and lateral margins armed with smooth rounded tubercles ; its uppsr surface furnished with about a dozen symmetrically nrranged varions-sized tubercles ...... Bthrodcs. 6. Ocular tubercles low, ocular I uadrangle slightly wider than loug; clypeus verylow, lesa tkan half theoculur quadrangle ; abdoinen overlapping tbe posterior two thirds of the carapace, armed marginally with strong spines, without tubercles above ...... Arunethra. ~ETHEODESMAMMOSA. (Plate LV. fig. 2.) Colour of abdomen a nearly uniform ochre-yellow ; cephalothorax darker. Abdomen. twice broad as its median length j its anterior border siuuous, mesially emarginate, armed with seven tubercles, not including the large tubercle on the antero-lateral angle ; L large tubercle on the postero-lateral angla and two smaller lateral tubercles in front of it ; the posterior border widely convex, with s series of vertical tubercles juet above it and one pointed posteriorly close to the large postero-lateral tubercle ; the sigilla deeply impressed and mostly subcircular ; tubercles arranged as shown in Plate LV. fig. 2. Vulva consisting of a semicircular depression in front and 0 narrow transverse plate above the genital aperture. Mecisurements in millimetres.-length of abdomen 12, width22.5 ; length and width of carapace 7 ; length of 1st leg 18. LOG.Benito River (a. L. Bates). TETRAGNATHALatr. TETRAGNATHACLAVIGERA Simon. Tetragnatha clauigcra, Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. 272. LOG.Benito River (G. L. Bates). One female specimen referred to this species, recorded by Simon from Assinie. Family OXYOPIDX. Genus PEUCETIAThorell. PEUCETIALONGIPES, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 17.) Coloour (in alcohol). Carapace pale green, thoracic portion sometimes tinted with brownish, a few black spots marking the position of sete on the head ; side of head with an indistinct or distinct vertical fuscous stripe running to the basal spot on the mandible and coutinued 08 n short stripe on the upper part of that appen- PSOC.ZOOL. S0~.-1899, NO.LVI. 56 862 ME. R. I. POUOUE ON SUOEPIONS, PEDIPALPS, [Nov. 14,

dage, the mandibles otherwise -unstriped ; sternum green ; legs yellow ; all the segments, including cox% and trochanters but not the tarsus, spotted with black at the base of the spines and also at the base of the large hairs on the femora, cox=, and trochanters. Abdomen greenish : a pair of yellow stripes on the ventral surface running from the epigastric fold to the spinners, and a pair of broader stripes of the same colour on the dorsal side, separated by an elongate greenish area, which is marked in front by yellow stripes running obliquely forwards and inwards and meeting in the middle line, and behind by yellow spots or stripes continued like the anterior stripes from the lateral yellow bands. Clypeus scarcely verticF1, the angle it forms with the upper surface of the head slightly obtuse ; carapace as long ILS tarsus of 1st leg, longer than patella, tibia, and tarsus of palp, a little shorter than tibia of 3rd leg, B little more than half the length of the protarsus of the 1st. Abdomen long, broad in front, narrow behind, more than twice as long as broad. Legs very long: the 1st more than six times as long as the carapace : 4th a little less than five times as long, armed with long black spines. Measurements in mi1limetre.k-Total length 19.5 ; length of carapace 6-5, of 1st leg 42, of 2nd 37, of 3rd 27, of 4th 30. LOC.Loango (in the Keyserling Collection). Sereral female specimens. Differs from all the African species known to me in the form of the vulva; further differs from P.puZchra Blckw. and P. foCifera Butl. (?= P. striata Karsch) in having no black bands on the front of the clypeus and mandibles, and from P. luteiceps Simon (Donaldson Smith, ‘ Unknown African Countries,’ p. 391) in having the ocular area less prominent, a single black stripe at the sides of the head and upper end of the mandible, Family LYCOSIDB, Genus OCYALEBud.

OCYALE ATALANI’A SaV. LOC.Accra (G. A. Higbtt) ; Benito River (G. L. But-). Distributed throughout Tropical Africa.

Family PISAUEIDB. Genus TETRAGONOPHTHALMAKarsch.

TETEAUONOPHTHALMAPHYLLA Karsch. ?Dobmedes exilipes, Lucas, Thomson’s Arch. Ent. ii. p. 385 (1858). Tetragonopkthalma phylla, Karach, Zeits. gesammt. Naturwise. li. p. 329, pl. ix. fig. 4 (1878). 1999.1 AND 8PIDER8 PBOY TROPICATI WEST AFRICA. 863 LOC.Sierra Leone (Surg.-Capt. Clements); Benito River (G. L. Bate). The web of this spider has been thus described by Surg.-Capt. Clements :--“Fig. 71 is from a photograph of a web which had a height of between 6 and 7 feet. There were some half-dozen of them built in a partially cleared space in the forest. The bottom part of the aeb is in the form of an inverted widely-spread fuiinel, the top being truncated, leaving a circular aperture of three quarters of an inch in diameter. The spider lived beneath the cone, and gained access to the upper portions of his snare by the hole in its top. Numerous threads arose from the fiinnel and were attached to an overhanging branch more than 6 feet above.” (‘ Science Gossip,’ 1893, p. 116, fig. 71.) It appears to me to be not improbable that this species is based upon adult examples of that which Lucas described as Doloinedrs exilipes. Genus PHALBASimon.

PEALBAFEROX, sp. n. (Plate LV. fig. 6, 6n.) Cokur. Carapace ochre-yellow, sparsely clothed with yellowiah hairs, with a narrow blackish-grey margin, some white hairs at the sides of the head and reddish hairs between the eyes ; legs ochre- yellow, clothed with ashy-grey hairs, which become blarker towards the extremities ; mandibles black, scantly clothed with yellowish- grey hairs ; sternum blackish, clothed, like the maxilla and labium, with black hairs; upper surface and sides of abdomeu clothed with reddish-yellow hairs, its lower surface with greyish-black hairs. Carupace about one-fourth longer than broad, its length about equal to that of tibia of 2nd leg and to protarsus of 1st and 4th legs and to femur, patella, tibia, and half the tarsus of the palp ; its width equal to tibia or protarsus of 3rd leg and almost equal to patella, tibia, and tarsus of palp. Cephalic region high, convexly rounded from before backwards and from side to side; ocular quadrangle much longer than wide, parallel-sided, the eyes aub- equal and ahout a diameter apart, the distance between an anterior and a posterior median of the same side equal to about two diameters, anterior and posterior laterals of either side more than twice aa far apart as anterior and posterior medians ; anterior and posterior laterals situated ou small tubercles ; anterior laterals about their own diameter above the edge of the clypeus ; anterior medians about their diameter above it. Mandibles long ; the fanggroove armed with four teeth along its posterior edge. Lep long and strong, 1, 2, 3, 4 ; the 1st more than four timw as long as the carapace, measured froin base of femur; patella unspined, except for a setiform ~piniileat the extremity of the uppereide; tibiae of 1st and 2nd armed with 4 pairs of spines below and 2 behind and 2 iu front; tibia of 3rd and 4th with 56* 564 MR. R. I. POCOaE ON SCORPIOKS, PEDIPALPS, [NOV. 14, 3 pairs of iuferior spines, 2 behiud, 2 in front, and 1 above; femora serially spined above. Abdomen oval, as wide as high, not twice as long as broad. Vdua as in figure. Jfeasurements in mi1limetres.-Total length 30 ; length of carapace 13, width 10; length of ocular area 3, posterior width 4; length of palyus 16, of 1st leg 52, of 2nd 51, of 3rd 39, of 4th 48 ; patella and tibia of 1st 19.5, of 4th 17. The two known species of this genus, P. ccmescem aud P. vulpiaa Simon (Ann. SOC.Eut. Belg. xlii. p. 10, 1898), from the Congo, are too briefly described to be identifiable. Both are snialler than P. ferox, P. cunescens being 20 am. long and P. vubpina 22 mm. Genus THALASSIUSSimon.

THALASSIUS OUINEENSIS (Lucas). (Plate LvI1. fig. 18.) Olios pineensis, Lucas in Thornson’s Arch. Ent. ii. p. 405, pl. xiii. fig. 6 (1858). 0. Colour. Carapace with narrow black rim, covered above and laterally with a mixture of white and brown hairs, sometimes the white predominating, sometimes the brown ; no distinct white marginal or submarginal band; the clypeus the same tint as the sides of the head ; abdomen a deep rich-broKn or greyish brown above, darker behind than in front, covered with a mixture of whitish and reddish-brown hairs: sometimes the white, sometimes the brown predominating ; ornamented with four pairs of symmetrically- disposed blood-red patches, the posterior patches often indistinct ; no lateral pale band ; lower surface tolerably uniform yellowish brown; legs a tolerably uniform greyish or brownish hue, not banded ; the protarsus sometimes darker at the tip. Carapace just about equal to tibia of 1st and to tibia and protarsus of 4th leg ; longer by about one-fourth of the tarsus than metatarsus of 1st ; its upper surface flat, as high behind as in front. Leys robust, thickly plumo8e, 4, 1 and 2, 3 in length ; patella and tibia of 4th a little less than those of lst, and distinctly less than those of 2nd. Lateral lobes of vulva long, oblique, converging posteriorly and meeting in a short median suture ; the depression between them semioval, widely open in front, aud filled in with a completely chitinous irregular sclerite (see Plate LVII. fig. 18). d. Resembling 2 in colour; legs much longer, but equally strongly plumose. Palp when extended not reaching apex of femur of 1st leg ; its tibia subcylindrical, unarmed ; tarsus piri- form, shorter than patella and tibia taken together. Mensurvnzrnts in nii1limetres.- Q . Total length 24 ; length of carapace 11, of 1st leg 42. 2nd leg 42.5, 3rd leg 39, 4th leg 44. d . Total length 22 j length of carapace 10, of 1st leg 52, 2nd 52.5, 3rd 48, 4th 54. Loc. Benito River (a.L. Batee). This species has apparently not been rediscovered eince Luca 1899.1 AND SPIDERS FROM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. 865 described it in 1858. Hence its generic position has remained o matter of doubt.

THALASSIUSFORMOSUS, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 19.) 9 . Resembling the preceding in its robust, thickly plumose legs, form of vulva, Bc.; but differing essentially in colour. Bide of carapace covered with a thick coating of yellow hairs, with a narrow brown inferior band above the block border ; upperside mostly covered with deep-brown hairs, which on each side invade arid break the continuity of the lateral yellow posterior area. Clypeus brown, the brown area sharply defined at the sides by the yellow hair clothing the side3 of the head. Upperside of abdomen yellow and rich olive-brown, the latter arranged in distinct patterns, forming a posterior median patch, in front of which there are five transverae stripes, the anterior broader than the posterior ; also small deep brou n spots scattered here and there ou the yellow, and the blood-red patches noticeable on pineensis also present. Upperside of legs yellow, banded with brown; fumora with a broad basal brown baud and a narrower band of the same colour, about one fourth of the distance from the apex ; patella brown, slightly yellow distally j base of tibia narrowly, apex more widely brown ; base and apex of protarsus aud of tarsus brown. Measurements in ~nillimetres.-Total length 21 ; 1eDgth of carapace 10, 1st leg 35.5, 2nd leg 36, 3rd leg 33, 4th leg 38. LOC.Benito River (G. L. Bates). Although not quite adult, the type of the species shows the same form of vulva as in subadult examples of T. pineensis.

THALASSIUSINORNATUS, sp. n. 2. Colour much as in T. guineewsis; carapace and abdomen covered with a uniform mixture of brown and yellowish-grey hairs; abdomen ornamented posteriorlv at the sides with some blood-red patches running into ill-defined stripes ; integument of abdomen olive-yellow, with a median anterior pale narrow lanceolate area ; lega uniformly brown, covered with greyish-white hairs. Curupace a little less than tibia of 1st and 4th and than protarsus of 4th leg, slightly longer than protarsus of 1st. Leys mnch less thickly plumose than in yuineensis; patella and tibia of 4th a little less than those of 1st. Lower side of abdomen covered with short slender hairs, interspersed amongst the normal hairy coating. Lateral lobes of vulva irregularly subquadrate ; the inner edge longitudinally truncate and almost contiguous throughout their length, being merely separated for a short distance anteriorly by a narrow median sclerite ; anterior depression of vulva marked with a pale niembrauous spot on each side, and on the inner side of the spot with a black, thickly chitinous ridge. LOG.Benito River (G.L. Bntes). Iu colour, &c., closely resembling the Somaliland species T. unieo7or Sinion (in Donaldson Smith's ' Through Unknown African 866 U.It. I. POUOCK OX SCORPIONS, PBDIPALPS, [NOT. 14, Countries,' p. 389, 1897). The latter, however, has the lower side of the abdotnen covered with sets, which are longer and more riumerous than- in T. inornutus ; there are no blood-red markings on the abdorneu, and the dqwession of the vulva has no pale lateral spot and black ridge.

THALASSIUSAURATUS, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 20.) Colour. Carapace uniformly covered, except on the clypeus which is brown, with pale hairs, white at the sides and becoming yellowish on the summit j abdomen covered above with golden-yellow hairs and marked in its posterior half with some sniall symmetrical brown spots ; sides of abdomen brownish red, dwker above than below, lower surface bright yellowish brown ; legs uniformly deep chocolate-brown. Curapuce as long m protarsus and one-fourth of the tarsus of the 1st leg, slightly shorter than tibia of 1st and than tibia and protarsus of 4th. Pulvu very like that of 7'. replk, but the anterior depression filled in at the sides and leaving a longitudinally oblong median depression. LOG.Beiiito River (a. L. Bates). A single adult female. Recognizable from the other species by the uniform golden-yellow colour of the upperside of abdomen and carapace, and uniformly deep brown legs.

THALASSIUSLEUCOSTICTUS, sp. n. Colour of carapace brown, with a broad yellow band on each side running from the clypeus almost to the posterior border, its upper edge tolerably even, the lower irregularly jagged on a level with the coxa of the 2nd and 3rd legs, where the space between the stripe and the lateral margin is widest ; a few small white spots on the dorsal surface of the carapace and one on each side above the anterior extremity of the stripe. Abdomen a deep rich velvety brown above, with a broad yellow stripe on each side, the stripe strnight throughout its length, not geniculate, but at its posterior end irregularly jagged above, forming incipient white spots ; anterior part of upper surface of abdomen with a few symmetri- callp arranged yellow spots ; sides of abdomen below the stripe spotted with yellow ; legs and palpi brown, spotted with yellow stripes above, protarsi in addition ringed with darker bands; lower side of legs, sternurn, and mandibles a tolerably uniform fawn-brown j lower side of abdomen a little darker than sternum, with a few white spots at the sides. Carupme shorter than the 1st and 4th tibia and not quite so long as the 4th protarsus, longer than the 1st protarsus; width of carapace just about equal to tibia of 3rd leg. Ocular quadrangle longer than wide, shorter than height of clypeus ; posterior median eyes larger than anterior medians. +gs 4, 2, 1, 3, strongly and normally spined ; protarsi not very noticeably plumose. 1899.1 AND SPIDERS FROY TROPICAL WEIST AFRICA. 86;

Measurements in rnil1imetres.-Total length 14 ; length OE carapace 6.8, width 5.8 ; length of 1st leg 275, of 2nd 28, of 3rd 23.5, of 4th 29. LOG.Benito River (G. L. Bates). ltesembling Y'. spiinosissinaus Karsch, from the same area, in colouring, but recognizable, according to the description of the latter, in having the legs ornamented with white transverse stripes and Bpots. Although the type of this species is not quite adult, the colouring will probably be found to aEord a better criterion of its specific distinction than the form of the vulva.

THALASSITJSLEONENSIS, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 21.) Colour a uniform reddish brown above and below ; carapace and abdomen with a silverg a hite band extending from the sides of the clypeus almost to the spinners, the band on the carapace considerably narrower than the brown margin external to it. Carapace normally high, as high hehind as in front, its width equal to the area between the posterior border and the posterior lateral eye; its length equal to length of tibia or protarsus of 4th leg j slightly exceeding tibia of 1st and 2nd, width slightly exceeding tibia of 3rd. Vulva practically as in T. spenceri P. Cambr., from Cape Colony (see P. Z. S. 1898, pl. iv. fig. 1b), but longer as compared to its width owing to the greater leugth of the lateral lohes. Measurements iii mil1imetres.-Total length 21 j length of carapace 9.5, width 8 ; length of 1st leg 35, of 2nd 35.5, of 3rd 33, of 4th 38 j tibia of 4th 9.5, protarsus of 4th 9.8. LOC.Sierra Leone. The type of this species is the specimen from Sierra Leone referred by Mr. I?. Cambridge to 7'. spenceri, the type of which came from East London in Cape Colony (P. !A. 9. 1898, p. 30). The two specimens appear to me, however, to be specifically distinguishable. In 5". spenceri the carapace is very slightly shorter than tibia 1 (not longer as stated in the synopsis : Zoc. cit. p. 29), and barely exceeds the 1st protarsus, and the width of the carapace is a shade less than tibia 3 j the lobes of the vulva, too, are shorter and smaller.

THALASSIUSBATESI, sp. n. General characters as in T. Zeonenais, but with yellow band on carapace and abdomen broader. Vulva differing in that the hairy lateral lobes do not meet in the middle line, but are separated in front by a median shining hairless sclerite, which is itself divided by a central longitudinal sulcus. Measurements in millimetres.-To~al length 22 ; length of carapace 9.2, width 7.5; length of 1st leg 36, 3rd 36, 4th 39; protarsus of 1st 8, of 4th 9.8. Lac. Renito River (G. L. Bntes). Only the female known. 808 ME. B. I. POOOCK ON SCORPIONS, PEDIPALPEI, [Nov. 14,

TEALASSILTSRBGALIS, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 28.) Colour. Carapace and abdomen with a pair of broad yellow bands extending from dypeus to spinners, covered elsewhere with yellowish rusty-red hairs ; legs strongly banded ; femora of legs yellowish red, those of 2nd pair slightly, of 3rd and 4th pairs distinctly banded with black ; apex of femora, whole of patella, bad seventh and apical third of tibiae, basal and apical fourth of protarsi and tarsi black ; the rest of the legs yellowish red. Carapace a little less than tibia of 1st leg, excelling its protarsus by about one fourth the tarsus, distinctly shorter than both tibia and protarsus of 4th. Lobes of vulva in contact along the posterior half of the inner edge, separated in the anterior half by R median heart-shaped sclerite, the depression in front of the lobes marked with two posteriorly converging black ridges. Measurements in rni1limetres.-Total length 22 ; length of carapace 9, width 8 ; length of 1st leg 36, of 2nd 36, of 3rd 32, of 4th 38 ; protarsus of 1st 8, of 4th 9.8. LOP.Benito River (a. L. Bates). An adult and an immature female. THALASSIUSMSIGKIS, sp. n. (Plate LVII. figs. 23,23 u.) 9. Colour. Carapace brownish red, covered with brownish hairs speckled with white, with a black edge, within the black edge a white rim which broadens on each side of the head, the face uniformly dark, sides of thoracic portion posteriorly blackish j mandibles black with yellowish hairs ; abdomen brownish above, speckled with white hairs and with white spots at the sides ; lower side of abdomen, sternum, and cox= greyish jellow. Legs variegated above ; femora yellow, indistinctlp variegated j patellae yellow, blackish at the base ; tibiae yellow, black at base and apex ; protarsi yellowish,also black at. apex and base ; tarsi yellowish ; the yellowish areas of the legs covered with white hairs, the darker patches with dark hairs. Curapace nearly circular, a little longer than wide, the width equal to the length from the posterior border to the anterior pair of eyes j length slightly less than protarsus of 1st leg, about equal to tibia of 3rd, width slightly shorter than tibia of 3rd ; carapace low, higher in the cephalic region than posteriorly, not strongly elevated behind ; clypeus scarrely exceeding the ocular quadrangle; ocular quadrangle longer than broad, slightly narrowed in front, the posterior median eyes much larger than the anterior median. Legs 4, 2, 1, 3 j the lst, 2nd, and 4th subequal; patella and tibia of 1st and 2nd about equal and a little longer than those of 4th; protarsus of 4th excee ding that of 1st by about one third the length of the tarsus. Abdomen broadest. in its posterior half, gradually narrowed in front, abruptly narrowed behind. Measurements in mil1inzetre.s.-Total length 16 ; length of carapace 7.7, width 7.2; length of 1st leg 34, of 2nd 345, of 3rd 31, of 4th 35. LOC.Benito River (a. L. Bates). 1899.1 AND BPIDEBB XBOM TROPICAL WEST AFEICA. 869 The characters of the foregoing species of TholnsSius may be tabulated as follows:- a. Cam ace flatter and less elevatad behind, cephalic region bigier than thoracic; legs yellow, banded and spotted with black ...... idpis. I. Carapace high and more convex behind, level along upperside; cephalic area not higher than thoracic. a'. A broad yellow lateral stripe extending from side of head to spinners. u'. Lags yellow, strongly banded with black ; patella black.. regdis. 6'. 6'. Legs yellowish brown, at moat spotted above with white. a3. Upperside of legs ornamentedwitb silvery white spots and bands, white spots also on upperside of abdomen above yellow band...... leucostictus. IS. Upperside of legs and abdomen not spotted with white. d. Lateral lobes of vulva in contact, not separated mesially by a shining hairless sclerite ...... Zeoimais. P. Lateral lobas of vulva separated posteriorly in the middle line by a shining hairless sclerite ...... balesi. b'. NO definite longitudinal yellow band extending from head to spinners. as. Legs robust, thickly plumose distally; lateral lobes of vulva elongate, obliquely converging, and meeting posteriorly in a very short suture. d. Legs and upperside of abdomen strongly banded; clypeus darker tban side of head ...... fmsurs. I'. Legs and abdomen not banded; clypeus same colour as sides of head ...... gaineenais. I'. Legs thinner, not thickly plumose ; lateral lobes of vulva subquadrate, meeting or nearly meeting in a long median suture. u'. Upperside of thorax and abdomen nearly unifornily golden yellow ; legs chocolate-brown ...... auratzrs. I'. Upperside of thorax and abdoinen covered with brown and yellow hairs; legs pale, covered with greyish-white hairs ...... inornutas. The following West-African species are unknown to me :- T. spinoeissimus Karsch (Zeits. gesammt. Naturwiss. lii. p. 345, 1879), described as a Ctenus from the Loango coast, will fall apparently under section b' of the above table; but seems to differ from both T.bnteai and T. leonensk in having the brown tield of the upperside of the abdomen laterally spotted with white, perhaps as in T. leucostictus. The description, however, contains no statement to the effect that the legs are ornamental as in T. leucostictue. T. pielus, Simon (Ann. SOC. Ent. Belg. xlii. p. 17, 1898), from OgowB, will according to colour characters fall under section a or as, resembling 2'. insignis in some respects ; but since M. Simon makes no mention of any peculiarity in the form of the carapace, it is not permissible to suppose that his species is identical with T. insignis. Genus DOLOMEDRSLabr.

DOLOMEDESTRALNSFUGA, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 24.) 8. CoZour a tolerably uniform yellowish brown; carapace covered above with olive-brown hairs, with a broad marginal snow-white 870 MB. It. I. POCOCK ON BCORPIONS, PDIPALPS, “OV. 14, band extending from middle of clypeus to side of posterior emargination. Upperside of abdomen covered with short hairs of a rusty-red hue j a snow-white lateral band set off above and below by a narrow darker stripe ; legs and ventral surface not varied. Carapaee nearly circular, its width equal to the length of its upper surface from poaterior median eyes to posterior emargination ; its upper surface posteriorly elevated, a little higher than cephalic region ; length a little less than tibia of 3rd and a little greater than the tarsus of 4th leg, a little excelling half the length of the patella and tibia of 1st and 4th. Eyes of anterior line a little recurved; laterals much smaller than centrals, their upper edges in a straight line ; anterior line noticeably wider on each side than line of posterior medians, the latter much larger than anterior medians j ocular quadrangle less than height of clypeus, much wider behind than in front, its posterior width exceeding its length. Inferior border of mandible armed posteriorly with 4 teeth. Legs long and slender, 4, 1, 2, 3 in length j patella and tibia of 1st and 2nd subequal and a little shorter than of 4th j protarsus of 4th equal to protarsns and one third of tarsus of 1st; patella armed with 3 spines, one on each side and one median apical; tarsi not scopulate, thickly setose below. PaZp extending past middle of tibia of 1st leg ; tibia1 segment longer than patella, distally incrassate, armed externally with a crescmtically upcurved pointed spine, and on the inner side with a short quadrate lightly emarginate buttress ; tarsus about as long as patella and tibia, short in its basal half, subcylindrical distally. Meagurernenta in mil1imetres.-Total length 21 ; length of carapace 18.3, width 9 ; length of 1st leg 56, of 2nd 54, of 3rd 48, of 4th d@. LOC.Benito River (a. L. Batea). An adult male and an immature female. In this description some characters considered to be of generic value have been repeated to substantiate the claim of the species to be ranked in the genus Dolomedea. This genus is, according to Simon, replaced in Tropical Africa by the allied form Tapinothele, which has been recorded from Zanzibar (Hist. Nat. Araignhes, i. pp. 310 t 333, 1898). But the species here named tmnsfup does not appear to differ in any important particulars from the genus Dolomedea as characterized by Simon, and certainly does not fall into the genus Tapinothele.

Family CTENIDB.

Genus CTENUS.

CTENUSBURTONI F. Cambr. Ctenus burtoni, F. Cambr. Proc. Zool. 8oc. 1898, p. 25, pl. iii. figs. 3 a-f. LOC.Cameroons (Capt. Burtoga) j Benito River (G. L. Bates). l899.] AND SPIDERS .FROM TROPICAL WEST ILFBIOA. 871 This species ia apparently nearly idlied to Phoneutriu capulinu Karsch, the colour of the mandibles being apparently the same in the two species and both of them possessing the beard-like fringe of hair on t.he lower side of the legs, upon which Karsch lays SO much stress. Fortunately the question can be without dif8cult.v settled by a comparison between the palpus of C. capulinus and the figures of that of C. burtoni which Mr. Cambridge has published.

CT~NIJSOCCIDEINTALIS F. Cambr. Ctenus om'dentnlis, F. Cambr. Proc. Zool. 8oc. 1898, p. 22. LOC.W. Africa (without further history).

CTENUSXIRGSLEYI F. Cambr. Ctenus kingsleyi, F. Cambr. Proc. Zool. SOC.1898, p. 21, pl. iii. fin.v 6. LOG.Cameroons (Miss Kinysley).

CTENUSSCOPULATUS, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 25.) Colour. Carapace deep mahogany, clothed with short reddish- brown hairs, hairs on the face and upper half of mandible deep carmine ; mandibles shining black : legs same colour as carapace above; femora redder below, especially the base of the 1st and 2nd in front ; scopulao greyish black. Abdomen indistinctly variegated black and red above, the sides especially in front clothed with bright reddish hairs interspersed with longer hairs of a paler tint j the lower surface behind the epigastric fold entirely covered with a broad velvety-black field, narrowed and oval behind and sharply marked off at the sides by t4e red hairs of the lateral surface and in front by the reddish-yellow epigastric region; steruum and coxao blackish brown. Carapace longitudinally horizontal above, a little shorter than palp measured from base of femur, longer than patella and tibia or than tarsus and protarsus of 3rd leg, a little shorter than 4th protarsus, just about equal to protarsus and tarsus of 2nd j its width just about equal to tibia of 2nd and of 4th; ocular quadrangle longer than wide, narrowed in front, exceeding height of clypeus, which nearly equals three diameters of anterior median eyes. Lgs 4, 1, 2, 3; tibiae of 1st and 2nd with 5 pairs of inferior Rpines, not spined above, of 3rd and 4th with 3 pairs and 2 anterior and 2 posterior spines and 3 superior spines ; patellse of 1st and 2nd unspined, of 3rd and 4th with 1 anterior and 1 posterior spine; tibiae of 1st and 2nd scopulate below, of 3rd scopulate below at its distal end ; protarsus of 4th scopulate except in the basal fourth of its length; protnrsi of 1st and 2nd without inferior apical spine. Vulva cousisting oE a reddish, heart-shaped, convex, median sclerite, with a small shining black dentiforin process on each side of its posterior extremity. 872 MB. E. I. POCOCK ON SCOEPIOKE, PEDIPALPB, [Noo. 14, &eaeurements in mil1imetres.-Total length 31 ; length of carapace 15, width 12 ; length of palp 17, of 1st leg 50, of 2nd leg 47, of 3rd leg 38, of 4th leg 61 ; patella and tibia of 1st leg 26, of 4th 17, protarsus of 1st 12, of 4th 16. Loc. Benito River (0. L. Bates). Rivalling the preceding species, C. Xringsleyi and C. occiclentalis,in size, and resembling them in t,he absence of the inferior apical protarsal spine of the 1st and 2nd leg; but at once recognizable from both by its coloration, especially of the lower surface of the abdomen. It further resembles C'. kitigsleyi in having the carapace shorter than the 4th protarsus and very much in the form and size of the vulva, but differs from it and approaches C. occicZenta2is in habing the carapace longer than the patella and tibia of the 3rd leg. The black patch on the lower side of the abdomen in C. swpulatus calls to mind the somewhat similar colouring found in Phoneutria melanogastra of Bosenberg and Lenz (JB. Hamburg. Mus. xii. p. 12, pl. i. fig. 14), from East Africa; but the two species are certainly quite distinct, seeing that P. melarwgastra is less than half the size of C. scopulatus and has a median pale stripe 011 the carapace. And lastly from Simon's species C. erythrocldis from Landana (Bull. SOC. Zool. France, i. p. 222), which also has red hairs on the base of the mandible, C. scopulatus may be recognized by the absence of pale bands on the carapace and the presence of the black field on the lower side of the abdomen. Ctenue auricularis and C. capulinus of Karsch, from Chinchoxo, also seem to differ in colour from C. scopu2atus, as well as from C. occitlentalis and C. kinysleyi (see Zeits. gesammt. Nnturw. lii. pp. 347-348, 1879).

CTENUSRIVULATUS, sp. n. (Plate LVII. figs. 26, 26 a.) 0. Colour. Carapace covered with blackish or olive-brown hairs, with a median pale golden stripe, and a broad irregular interrupted Rubmarginal band extending from the sides of the clypeus to the posterior border ; upperside of abdomen ornamented with a median golden-yellow or greyish band, narrow in front and iudented at the sides with four pairs of large black spots ; sides of abdomen blackish, mottled with yellow or grey spots ; on the lower side the pale spots are arranged in definite longitudinal posteriorly converging lines : sternum, coxae, and lower side of legs uniformly deep brown ; upperside of legs varied, especially on the femora, with golden-yellow bands, the rest of the segments tinted with yellow ; palpi uniformly dull brown ; mandibles black in front, without bright coloured base. Carapace slightly elevated above behind the fovea, as long as patella+tibiaof 3rd leg, aj tibia of lst, and a little longer than protarsus of 1st and than tibia of 4th, about four fifths of the protarsus of the 4th ; ocular quadrangle more narrciwed in front than in C. scopulrrtua, its eyes relatively larger, the airterior separated by a space which about equals the radius. Legs 4, 1, 2, 3; patellattibia of 4th a little less than of 1st 1899.1 AND SI’IUERY FIXOM TItOPICbL WEST AFRICA. ‘873

and a little more t,han of 2nd ; protarsi of 1st and 2nd legs without iiiferior apical spine ; tibia of 1st lightly scopolate. Vulva consisting of a median red sclerite, shaped like the ace of spades, as broad as long, its anterior border with a median for- uwdly directed prominence and convex sides ; the lateral tooth less prominent than in C. scqiu.lntus. 6.Similar in colour to $? ,legs much longer (cf. measurements). Legs not fringed as in C. burtoni aud C. capdinus; tibia1 spur of palpns long, viewed from above diverging externally, then turned forwards at apex ; seen from the outside aspect, the upper edge is nearly straight, the lower concave, with the apex stronglg bifurcate, the upper branch of the fork slightly hooked apically, the lower truncate with acute inferior angle ; tarsus with only a small tuberculiforrn promiuence at base on outer side. Mecisurements iii mi11imtres.- 2 . Total length 26 ; lenglh of carapace 12, of 1st leg 44, 2nd 49, 3rd 34, 4th 47.5. 8. l’ot,al length 20; length of carapace 11, of 1st leg 57, 2nd 50, 3rd 41, 4th 57. Lnc. Benito River (G. I;. Bates). CTEYUS(LEPTOCTENLJS) AGILIOR, sp. n. (Plate LV. fig. 7.) 6.Colour. Carapace with pale median band constricted just behind the head, 1at)erally infuscate, pnler above the border, area around eyes black ; mandibles pale, infuscate externally ; palpi and legs pale, obscurely handed with greyish black ; upperside of ahdomm clothed with olive-yellow hairs, and diversified with red and black marliing ; underside flavous. Cwoprtce with a deep depression betiiiid the head ; head and posterior portion elevated ; clypeus narrower than anterior median eyes. /Icy? wry long antl slender : tarsnl and protarsal scopulae very scxnty ; tibia of I st, arnit:tl with 4 anterior and 4 posterior spines and with (ipairs of inferior spines ; protarsus of 1st with 3 pairs ol‘ inferior spines, arid with 1 anterior and 3 posterior spines ; pat,c,lla: spined in front and behind. I’ctlp with tibia longer than pat-ella, and furnished externally wii h a Iaige bitid prominence, of which the upper branch is longer antl sharper tlian the lower ; base of t,arsus above furnished with n conical process ; tip OF tarsus prolonged and subcylindrical ; t,arsus not- so long as patella and t,ibia taken together (for struc- turd details of tarsus sec P1. LV. fig. 7). Mectsuremeds i,~,,riZZii,1Pt,.Ps.-Total lcngtli 10 ; length of campace 5, of palpus 9, of 1st leg 33, 2nd 2!j, 3rd 24? 4th 37; tibia of 1st 10, of 4111 9. LOC.Henito ltiver (G. L. Bates). A single adult 6 example. ill. Simon has recently described two species of Cteitus (/+to- ctmir~)from West Africa, namely C. (L.) I!/cosiitus and C. (L.) cccvclcnf~s, both from t,lie Jjio Pungo (Ann. SOC.Ent. Prance, 1897, pp. 4!)3-4). Both are based upon females, and are not comparable with the wale described above. From C. (L.) modestus (id. Zoc. 874 MR. It. I. POCOCK ON SCORPIORS, PmDIPbLP8, [Nov. 14, dt. p. 492) from Zanzibar, of which the male is known, C. (L.) agilior certainly differs in having the tibia of the palp longer than the patella and both together longer than the tarsus, and jn the form of the tibia1 apophysis, which is described as acute and erect. Family HETEROPODIDB. Genus SELENOPSLatr. SmmNoPs ANNULATUS Simon. Selenope annulatq Simon, Bull. SOC.Zool. Fr. i. 1879, p. 15. LOC.Benito River (a. L. Bates). Becorded from bpchoxo. The following species from the Congo Region may be identical with the preceding :- S. eectov, Rarsch, Zeita. ges. Xaturw. 1879, p. 342. S. biichneri, id. Bed. ent. Zeits. xxv. p. 94 (1881). S. brownii, Marx, P. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 589 (1893). Genus TOEANIASimon. TOBANIAOUCIDBNTALIS (Simon). Isopeda occidental&, Simon, Ann. SOC. Ent. Fmce, 1887, p. 264. Loc. Benito River (G. L. Bates), Accra (G. A. Hiylett) ; Afraln Plain, inland of Ashmti. Recorded by Simon from Assinie. TORANIAVABIATA, sp. n. (Plate LVIII. figs. 30-30d.) 9. Colour. Carapace castaneous, clothed with ashy-grey hairs, wiLh o thickened white stripe along the posterior slope, the white emphasized by a conspicuous bicrescentic black stripe in front and a pair of narrower black stripes behind ; ocular area black ;clypeus clothed with white hairs ; mandibles nearly black, clothed with greyish hairs above; maxilla and labium black; pnlpi clothed with grey hairs, mottled with black, tarsi fuscous; legs grey, mottled with black above ; femora with three largish black spots above, ashy black below, those of the posterior pairs paler than the others ; patellae blaok beneath ; tibiae white at base and apex below, black in the middle ; scopulae blackish grey ; sternum testaceous ; cox= also testaceous, those of first three legs and of the 4th slightly black in front ; abdomen mottled ashy grey above, with a strong transverse sinuous black stripe in the posterior fourth of its length and irregular blackish patcbes at the sides and smaller spots in the middle ; lower Bide of abdomen yellowish grey, with four narrow blackish longitudinal lines. Carapace as broad as long, not quite so flat as in T. ocoidentalis, a8 long as tibia of 1st leg and as protarsus and half the tarsus of the 4th leg, a little longer than patella, tibia, and tarsus of palp. Etjea .of posterior line recurved; distqpce between medians less than 1899.1 AND SPIDBES FROM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. 875 between medians and laterals ; eyes of anterior line with superior edges on a level, the laterals nearly twice the diameter of the medians, at all events much larger ; ocular quadrangle longer then wide, parallel-sided, the anterior eyes considerably larger than the posterior and closer together. Mundibles weakly geniculate basally ; inferior edge with 4 teeth behind, 2 in front. Legs 2, 1, 3 and 4 ; 2nd excelling 1st by length of its tarsus ; spine-armature as in T. occidentalis, but with anterior spine on all the patellae and a posterior on all the patellae but that of 4th leg. Vulva as in occidentalis, consisting of an anterior central depression followed by a pair of subcircular lobes separated in the middle line by a median groove (Plate LVIII. fig. 3Od). 8. Resembling 9 ,but less vividly coloured and with longer legs; carapace equal to length of tibia of 3rd leg : palpal organ as in fignre (Plate LVIII. figs. 3Ob-30~);the tibia with a pair of strong subequal external spurs. Meaeurements in millimetree.- 9. Total length 18 ; length of carapace 8, of 2nd leg 36, 4th leg 28. 8. Totallength 16.5 ; length of carapace 8, of 2nd leg 42, of 4th leg 33. LOG.Benito River (U.L. Batee). This species and the foregoing may be at once distinguished as follows :- a. Larger, up to 30 mm. or over; anterior median eyes scarcely smaller than anterior laterals ; sternum black ; cox= of 1st and 2nd legs deep blackish brown; femora witlf exception of the lst, which haa a black basal spot, yellowish red beneath ...... occidentalis Sim. b. Smaller, barely 20 mm. in length; anterior niedian eyes much smaller than anterior laterals ; sternum testa- ceooa; cox= of 1st and 2nd legs infuscate only in front ; femora of legs, especially of 1st and 2nd pairs, why black beneath ...... uuriata, sp. n. Genus RNMMIUSSimon.

REMMIUSTULTUOSUB Simon. Remmius uultuoszur, Simon, Ann. SOC. Ent. .France, 1896, p. 484. Loc. Benito River (a.L. Bates). ? REMMIGETULPINUS Simon. Remmiua vulpinus, Simon, Ann. SOC.Ent. France, 1896, p. 485. LOG.Benito River (U.L. Batee). A single immature female doubtfully referred to this species.

Genus 8PAEABSUB Latr.

SPARASSUSBENITENSIS, sp. n. (Plate LVI. &s. 12, 12a, & Plate LVIII. fig. 27.) 9. Colour of carapace a uniform ochre-yellow, clothed with 876 WE. B. I. POCOCK ON BCORPIONLI, PBDTPALPB, [NOV. 14,

yellow hairs : mandibles, maxillae, and labium mahogany-brown ; sternum and legs much the same coloiir as the carapace; femora redder below, indistinctly spotted above : protarsi covered above with a clothing of greyish hairs, the rest of the segments scantily hairy; abdomen covered with brightish yellow hairs, marked above and at the sides with short darker stripes and with a darker median longitudinal stripe emphasized by three pairs of black spots ; dark blackish brown over the spinners. Carapme a little longer than tibia of 4th leg, equal to the length of its protarsus, a little longer than patella, tibia, and tarsus of palp, and a little shorter than rotarsus and tarsus of 3rd leg ; its width about equal to tibia o! 4th leg, and to patella, tibia, and tarsus of palp. @ea of posterior line subequally spaced, space between the medians almost equal to twice their diameter ; ocular quadrangle parallel-sided and about as long as wide ; the anterior median eyes a little larger tban the posterior median, about a diameter apart, less than a diameter from the anterior laterals, which they equal in size and with which they are in the same straight line ; clypeus less than diameter of anterjpr median eye. - Legs long and slender ; tibiae of legs armed with 11 spines, the odd spine being in the dorsal middle line ; patellae armed with an anterior and a posterior spine ; protarsi of 1st and 2nd scopulate to the base, of the 2nd less closely than of the 1st ; basal portion of 3rd scarcely scopulate ; 4th protarsus only scantily scopulate in its distal half. Vulva as in figs. 12, 12a, Plate LVI. Measurements in milZimetres.-Total length 14; length of carapace 6, width 5.5 j length of 1st leg 28, of 2nd 29.5, of 3rd 20, of 4th 235 ; patella and tibia of 1st 10.5, of 4th 8. 8. Colour. Carapace yellow, clothed with ferruginous hnirs and mottled with white bands and spots ; legs mottled with white blotches and bands ; upperside of abdomen variegated with white and olive-green hairs. Carapace distinctly longer than broad, the length a little less than tibia of 3rd and than half patella+ tibia of 1st leg. Eyes of posterior line practically stmight ; anterior medians about half their diameter apart and B little nearer to the laterals, which are distinctly smaller. Legs moderately long; 2nd surpassing 1st b.7 barely half its tarflus; 3rd slightly surpassing tibia of 2nd and middle of protarsus of 4th; 2nd a little less than six times, 4th a little less than five times, as long as carapace ; tibiae with a pair of apl’cal inferior spines j patellae with anterior and posterior spine. PaZp with tibia considerably longer than patella, armed with 5 long spines; the apophysis short at the base, its distal portion bent downwards nqrly at riglt angles and forming a slender spiniform proeess; tarsus ovalq about as long as patella and tibia. 1899.3 AND SPIDERS FROM TBOPICA& WBT APRICA. 877 bfeastcrenbent8in miUinzetres.-!l'otal length 13 ;length of carapace 6, width 48 ; leugth of 1st leg 33, of 2nd 34, of 3rd 22.3, of 4th 28; patella and tibia of 1st 12.5, tibia of 3rd 6. GC.Benito River (G. L. Bates). SPARASSUSBATESI, sp. n. (Plate LVIII. fig. 29.) $? . Colour. Carapace, sternum, palpi, and lags flavous, less darkly coloured distally, with blackish-grey scopulae on the protarsi and tarsi ; tarsus of palp also with blackish-grey scopulae; mandibles black ; abdomen golden yellow, intermixed with brown, with transverse darker stripes passing outwards from the middle line ; sides of abdomen golden yellow, indistiuctly mottled ; lower side of abdomen yellow. Carapace high, about as long m broad ; cephalic region strongly convex from side to side and from behind forwards ; width of head almost equal to its length measured from the anterior end of the fovea ; eyes more widely spaced than iu 8. benitetLsis ; the ocular quadrangle distinctly narrowed in front. MunrEibles with 4 teeth behind and 2 in front. Legs m in the preceding species, but without patellar spines aud with only two pairs of spines on lower side of tibia. Vulva as in fig. 29, Plate LVIII. Measurements in mil1imetres.-Total length 14; length of campace 6, width 5.9 ; width of head 4 ; length of 1st leg 26, of 2nd 28, of 3rd 19.5, of 4th 23. Lac. Benito River (G. L. Butes).

SPARASSUSTRIFURCATUS, sp. n. (Plate LVIII. fig. 28.) d . Colouv. Integument pale olive-yellow, clothed with heirs of a golden-yellow hue ; mandibles pale ; tarsus of palp infuscate. Carapace high, convexly rounded, a little longer than broad, its length nenrlg equal to tibia of 3rd leg and to half the patella and tibia of the 1st. Eye8 of posterior line very slightly recurved, subequal, subequally spaced, the medians a little less than two diameters apart; eyes of anterior line straight by their centres, medians larger than laterals, half a diameter apart and a little more than that from the laterals. Leg8 2, 1, 4, 3; 2nd surpwsing 1st by a little more than its tarsus, 3rd barely surpassing tibia of 2nd and not reaching tip of protansus of 4th ; 2nd leg only a little more than five times BB long as the carapace, the 4th rather morethan four times; patells of lst, 2nd, and 4th with an anterior spine ; no apical spines on under side of tibiae. Palp with tibia a little longer than patella, both without spines ; tibia1 apophysis consisting of 3 strong teeth, the upper the thickest, obliquely truncate apically, and ending in a sharp point, the inferior shorter und thinner than the rest ; tarsus ebngate oval, about as long as patella + tibia taken together. Meusurements in mi1Zirnetres.-Total length 13; length Q€ carapace YROC. ZOOL. 8OC.-1899, NOi LvlI. 57 878 XI&. R. I. POC‘OCK ON SCORPIONS, PEDLPALPS, [NOV. 1-19

6-5, width 58; length of 1st leg 31.5, of 2nd 35, of 3rd 24, of 4th 28; patella + tibia of 1st leg 12, tibia of 3rd 6. LOG. Cameroons.

SPARASSUSRUFILATUS, sp. n. (Plate LVI. figs. 23, 13a.) d . Colour much as in S. trifurcatus, except that the legs are more orange-red, though the bases of the femora remain pale ; the upperside of the abdomen studded with dark reddish-brown spots and the lower side behind the epigastric fold uniformly pinkish brown. Carapace vbry slightly longer than wide, less than tibia of 3rd and than half the patella + tibia of 1st leg. Eyes of posterior line slightlp procurved, subequal and subequally apaced; eyes of anterior line closer together, equally Spaced, distance between medians about half their radius. Legs very long, 2nd surpassing 1st by its tarsus and one third of its Frotarsus; 2nd leg about seven times as long as carapace. Tibia without apical inferior spines ; patellae unspined. Pa$ with tibia cylindrical, much longer than patella, and armed internally with a single long spine : patella unspined ; tibia1 apophysis consisting of a forwardly directed spur, the apex of which is pointed and hooked ; tarsus very large, its external edge concave, internal convex ;* palpal organ constrticted as in fig. 13, Plate LVI. Heasurements an miZliinetres.-Total length 14; lengthof carapace 6.5, width 6 j length of 1st leg 40, of 2nd 45.5, of 3rd 29, of 4th 33 ; patella + tibia of 1st 14.8, tibia of 3rd 7.8. LOG.Cameroons.

The females of the foregoing species may be recognized i~s follows :- a. Head narrower,its width ouly equal to thelength between the anterior end of’ the fo\ea and the posterior line of eyes ; oyes closer together, the ocdar quadrangle scarce1 narrowed in front; mandiblesreddish brown ; tibia wid 3 pairs of inferior spinea ; patellse at least on 2nd and 3rd legs #pi.@ in front and behind ...... bemtcmia, sp. n. b. Head bdder, its width almost equal to the entire length measured from the apex of the fovea ; eyes more widely spacpd, the ocular quadrangle distinctly narrower in front; mandibles blark; tibim with two pairs of spines beneath, patelloe unspinrd ...... butesi, sp. n. The males of the species here described may be determined as follows :- a, Tibial process of ~alptrifnrcate (tibise of legs without inferior apical spines ; 2nd Ie a good deal loneor thon let, and only a little niore 8an five tiwes aa long as carapace; patella and tibia of palp without spines) ... Ir$mutcls, up. n. b. Tibia1 process of pnlp simple, undivided. d. Tibial rocess stout at bale, its distal hnlf slender and bent iwnwards almost at right angles ; tibis of legs with two pairs of inferior spines; 2nd leg only a little longer thsn lst, and less than six times as long a8 carapace ; tibia of palp strongly spined ...... benitemis, q~.n 1899.3 AND SPIDEIM PROX TROPICAL WEST API~ICA. 8i9

b'. Tibia1 process of palp stout, straightisb, hooked at apex; tibioe of lege with 3 pairs ofspines; 2nd leg considerably longer than 1st and about seven times as long as carapace; tibim of palp with only 1 spine ... rujlatzis, sp. n. Spnrssua (OZios) uZluuudi Simon (Ann. SOC. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. 264), from Assinie, resembles S. batesi in certain characters, for example in having the carapace as wide as long and the mandibles black ; but according to Simon the eyes of the anterior line are procurved in S. alluaudi, whereas they are straight in 8. bat& aud the upperside of the abdomen is ornamented with a longitudinal, lanceolate fuscous band.

PALYSTODES,geu. nov. Carapace abont one-third longer than wide, rather low, moderately convex, flat above longitudiually ; the cephalic area not raised. Eyes of posterior line nearly equidistant, very slightly recurved, the medians larger than the laterals, which are sessile ; those of anterior line also equidistant, their lower edges on a level, the medians much smaller than the laterals, their diameter less than the radius of the latter j cl! peus low, less than the diameter of auterior medians ; quadrangle of median eyes much longer than wide, wider behind than in front, the eyes subequal. Alandibles armed below with 3 teeth in front and 3 behind. Legs 1, 2, 4, 8, completely laterigrade, very long and slender. Recognizable from Pdystes, to which it, is most nearly related, by having the carapace narrower and its upper surface flat from the eyes to the posterior end of the thoracic fovea. In Palystes the carapace is strongly convex longitudinally. PALYBTODESl'LuMosus, sp. n. (Plate LVIII. figs. 31, 31a.) d. Colour. Carapace castaneous, covered with a coating of brownish hairs, mottled with darker and lighter patches; mandibles deep mahogany, clothed with mottled greyish-yellow hairs ; labium and maxillae black ; sternum black, striped with red bands, which cross it transverselg on a level with the coxa ; coxae covered with rich yellowhh-red hairs, black in frolit ; legs blackish, femora spotted with white below, white spotted with black above, with tufts of brownish hairs in front ; patellse white below ; tibiae with two white stripes below, one median and one apical ; upperside of tarsi and protarsi brownish, mottled with tufts of hair; scopula of tarsi and protami rusty red: the colouring of the 4th leg less distinctly marked than that of the others ; apex of femora, tibia, and protarsi, especially of 4t.h leg, with short tufts of hair, soinewhat as in some species of Pandercetes ; palpi black, mottled above, the hairs niore uniformly flavous below ; tarsus covered with ferruginous hairs, fuscous apically below. Abdomen mottled with greyish- yellow above, with tufts of brown hairs, a short anterior mediirn black stripe, and on each side of the middle line a large soini- circular black stripe, the anterior and posterior ends of which 57" 880 YE. El. I. POCOCK OX SCORPIONS, PEDIPALPS, [NOV. 14, are almost in contact in the middle line, the former just in front of the middle of the upper surface, the latter a little distance in front of the spinners; lower aide of abdomen covered with a broad undivided field of deep rich, nearly blood-red hairs, a narrow arched transverse black stripe behind the epigastric fold ; the epigastric region blackish, relieved, especially posteriorly, with golden-yellow hairs; sides of abdomen above the red field greyish, iiiottled with red anteriorly. Carapace equal to length of 4th tibia and 3rd femur, width equal to about half the length of protarsus and tarsus of 2nd leg. Legs-spines of 1st and 2nd femora, 3, 2, 3 ; of 3rd, 2, 2, 3 ; oE 4th, 3, 2,2 ; 1st and 2nd patellse, 1,l; of 3rd and 4th, 1 anterior ; tibia, 2,2, 2 below, 2 in front, 1 above, and 2 behind ; protarsi, 2, 2 below, 2 behind, 3 in front; tibise of 1st and 2nd sinuous; femora of 1st and 4th equal ; 1st leg nearly five times as long as carapace, 3rd leg about three and half times as long, 4th about four times as long. Abdomen more than one third longer than broad, voluminous, broadest just behind the middle, then narrowed abruptly to its termination. Vulva consisting of a transversely oval pit, followed by a pair oE skeletal pieces separated by a narrow median sclerite. Mecrsurements in mi1limetres.-Total length 26 ; length of carapace 11, width 8; length of 1st leg 56, of 2nd 52, of 3rd 39, of 4th 43 (all measured from base of femur) ; patella and tibia of 1st 21, of 4th 16 ; protarsus of 1Rt 14, of 4th 12, LOC.Benito River (a. L. Bates).

Family THOXISIDA.

(bus PHRYN.ARACIINEThorell.

PHRYNARACHNBBUGOSA (Latreille). !l'homim~ruyosus, Latreille, Now. Dict. d'Hist. nat. xxxiv. p. 62. Thornisus foka, Vinson, Arandides Madagascar, tc. p. 69, pl. xiv. fig. 4 (1863). Loc. Benito River (G'. L. Bates). The specimen of Phrynarachnt! obtained by Mr. Rates seem3 identical with an example in the British Nluseum froin Mada- gascar.

PHBYNARACHNEMARMORATA, sp. n. (Plate LVI. fig. 14.) 2. CoZaour. Carapace with a large jet-black patch on each side of the thoracic portion j the margins yellowish brown and the middle liue clearer yellow ; Lead infuscate, the ocular tubercles ainber-yellow, a yellowish-white band passing from the median eyes to the lateral angles of the clypeus ; upper portion of mandible yellowish white, lower portion infuscate ; basal half of palpi yellowish white, tibia and tarsus iafuscate; legs of 1st and 2nd 1899.1 AND lPIDEBS FROM TEOPIOAI, WElT AFltlCA. 881 pairs with coxae, trochanters and femora, patellae, and basal half of tibiae yellow, clouded or marbled with black ; distal half of tibiae and protarsi black, slightly variegated with yellow, tarsi yellow ; 3rd and 4th legs black, with tarsus and basal half of femur yellow, and the rest of the segmeiits varied with yellow marks; sternum yellow, clouded with black ; upperside of abdomen black in its anterior half, with a median yellow stripe, the posterior half reddish brown in the middle, jet-black on the posterior angles ; B large yellowish-green triangular patch spreading in from the sides in front of the posterior augles ; sides of abdomen whitish yellow ; ventral surface yellowish brown, varied with black marlrings. Carapace a little excelling tibia of 1sb lrg in length ; flat above, not elevated posteriorly as in rugosa, the tubercles high and conical ; eyes of anterior line a little more recurved ; median ocular quadrangle inore narrowed anteriorly than in that; species. Legs longer than in rugosa ; the tibia of 1st and 2nd pairs more strongly bowed ; tubercles on femora larger j spines on protarsi more numerous and longer, those on upperside of the segment forming a distinct long pectinated series, which distally largely overlaps the base of the tarsus. Abdomen widest along its posterior border, which is truncate ; width across the middle less than the length ; width across posterior angles exceeding the length ; tubercles large and conical, not low as in rugosa. VuLa consisting of a median auteriorly narrowed piriforln lobe, lodged in a depression bounded by a semicircular border. Measurements in mi1limetres.-Total length 9 ; length of carapace 42, width 3.8 ; length of abdomen 5, width posteriorly 6. LOG. Benito River (C?. L. Bates). Easily recognizable from P. rugosa by the variegated colouring, stronger tuberculation, longer anterior legs, Lc.

Genus THOMISUBLatr.

THOMIltJl TBIPUNUl'ATUS LUCaS. Thomisus trkunctatus, Lucas, in Thornson's Arch. Ent. ii. p. 400, pl. xii. fig. 3 (1863). LOC.Sierra Leone (Sui*g.-Cupt.Clements), and subadult specimens probably referable to this species from the Benito Ever (a. L. Bates). Genus PLATYTHOMISUBDol. PLATYTHOMISUl NIGBICEPS, Sp. n. (Phk?LVI1.T.. fig. 32.) 9. Colozcr. Carapace coal-black, with narrow yellow margin at the sides and posteriorly j mandibles, maxillae, labium, and sternum black; palpi yellow, infuscate quite at tip of tarsus; coxm and trochantere of all the legs yellow j femora of 3rd and 4th ptrirs also yellow except for a black apical ring ; femora of 1st and 2nd pairs deeply infuwate, yellow quite at base ; remaining segments of all 882 ME. R. I. POCOOK ON SCORPIONS, PNDIPALPS, [Nor. 14, the legs jet-black. Abdomeu variegated j upperside yellow, with three pairs of large black patches, the anterior pair united by a narrow bridge, the third pair the smallest and triangular j these are followed by a transversely crescentic black stripe, the concavity of which is posterior; behind this are two median black spots, one behind the other ; on each side of the ribdoinen is a broad black stripe, which unites with its fellow of the opposite side above the pedicel in front and stops short some lirde distance above the spinners behind ; spinners black, with a dorsully incomplete black ring arouud thein ; the ring is connected in the middle line below with a pair of broad black stripes, which unite posteriorly, are separated by a narrow median yellow stripe, and extend from the epigastric fold to tho posterior third ol the lower side of the abdonien ; region of vulva arid lung-books brown, darker mesially. Carapace as wide as long, strongly convex ; cephalic area sloped downwards and forts ards j its total length about equal to tibia of 1st leg and to patella and tibia of 4th. Eyes of anterior aud postcrior lines distinctly recurved when viewed from above; distance between anterior and posterior medians equal to that between anterior and posterior laterals; distalice between posterior medians greater than that between posterior median and lateral on each side ; distance between anterior medians less than between median and lateral on each side; ocular quadrangle much wider thau long, much narrowed in front, the distance between the posterior medians at least one third greater than that between the anterior medians. Legs long ; 1st leg about four times as long as carapace j tarsi of 1st and 2nd nith thick apical scopula; protarsi and tarsi of 3rd and 4th also scopulate j tibia and protarsi of 1st and 2nd uot visibly spined beneath. Abdomen voluminous, not quite twit-e as long as wide, broadest just behind the middle, rocinded in front, narrowed and somewhat pointed behind. Xeasurements in miZ2intetres.-Total length 17; length of carapace 5.8, of 1st leg 22.5, 2nd leg 21, 3rd leg 12,4th leg 145j length of abdomen 12, width S.3. Lor. Benito River (G. L. Bates). A sihgle 0 example.

PLATYTHOMISUSINSIGNIS, sp. n. (Plate LVIII. fig. 33.) 9. Colour. Carapace orange-yellow, with a narrow black rim, incomplete behind but complete along the clypeus ; ocular area involved in a broadiah transverse black stripe ; mandibles yellow, broadly black externally and apically, maxills and labium yellow, the latter infuscate marginally, the former internally at the apex j sternum yellow, with auteriorly and posteriorly incomplete median black liue j pdpi yellow, tip of tarsus blackish j legs coloured as in nigi-iceps, but with more black at the distal half of the femora. Abdomen mostly yellow, the upperside with three pairs of black patches, the posterior pair small and followed by a small median black spot ; anterior surface of abdomen with a broad transverse l899.} AND SPIDERS FROM TBOPICAL WEST AFRIOA. 883 black stripe, which on the sides of the abdomen breaks up into a fan-like arrangement of narrow black longitudinal stripes extending as far as the spinners ; spinners black ; the lower surface of abdomen testaceou8 yellow. Structurally allied to P. niggceps, but the ocular quadrangle wider as compared with its length : legs distinctly shorter, the 1st less than four times as long as the carapace; length of carapace much greater than that of tibia of 1st leg and distinctly greater than patella and tibia of 4th ; tibiae and protarsi of 1st and 2nd legs distinctly spined below; abdointn about one third longer than wide, a long oval, not noticeably wider behind the middle. Mensurements in ntillimetres.-Total length 21; length of carapace 7, of abdomen 14.5, width of abdomen 9.5; length of 1st leg 25, of L?d 25, of 3rd 16, of 4th 17. Loc. Benito River (G. L. Bates).

The previously described african species of this genus are :- P. heraldiws, Karsch, Zeits. ges. Naturwiss. li. p. 315, pl. viii. fig. 4 (1878); Simon, Hist. Nat. AraignBes, i. p. 1016, fig. 1077 (1895). From Zanzibar and Lake Tanganyika. [I have seen no specimens of this species, but it certainly differs from all those enumerated in the table below in having the upperside of the abdomen black with jellom spots, instead of yellow with black spots.] P. sex-maailatus, Simon, in Donaldson Smith's ' Through Un- known African Countries,' p. 388 (1897). Prom Somdiland. P. pant?ierinus, Poc., Ann. t Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ii. p. 445, pl. xiii. fig. 7 (1898). From Nyasalaud. The four Tropical African species of this handsome geniis, represented in the British Museum by the typical examples, may be distinguished as follows :-

a. Carapace, mandibles, labium, maxillse, and sternum jet-black; lower side of abdomen with a pair of broad black narrowly separated bands, which unite posteriorly ...... nigriceps, sp. n. I. Carnpace principally yellow or red, margined or spotted w:th black, and black in the ocular region; mandibles, maxillse, labium, and sternum principally or wholly yellow ; abdomen without black bands on the middle of its ventral surface. ul. Carapace red or yellow, with a black margin and transverse black frontal stiipe; mandiblee externally black ; black abdominal spots large. I?. Femora of 1st and andlegs deep blackish green ; the black margin of' carapace extending right round beneath the clypeus but not joining the ocular stripe : sides of abdomen ornamented with narrow branching; stripes arranged longitudinally ; no black rings round the spinnera below ...... imigwis, sp. n. 1'. Femora of 1st and 2nd legs clear ycllow; black margiii on carapace not extending on to face, 884 ON SCORPIONSm. FBOM TROPICAL WEST AFRICA. [Nov. 14,

stopping short on a level with the 1st leg; frontal stri involving lateral angles of campace and 8% of abdomen occupied by a continuous blackstripqextending to tbe s inner6 ; spinnera surrounded by ring of black gelow .. . se.zvmmdatwa 8im. b' Oampaoe yellow,not margined with black,spotted with black ; mandibles not black externally ; black abdominal spots emall ...... pafltkinctd Poc.

EXPLANATTON OF THE PLATES. PLATELV. Pig. I. Arawthra butkn' (p. 860). x 4. 2. Bthrob mzmmosu (p. 861). x 3 (nearly). 3. Araw tyloacapus (p. 851). x 2. 3a. ,, ,, vulva from below. 3b. ,, ,, vulva from behind. 4. Cyrtopbra margaritata (p. 854). x 2. 4a. ,, ,, vulva. 6. Cmostris argoslictw, (p. 856). x 2. 5 a. ,, ,, vulva. 5 b. front leg from below. 8. Phalza fero3.i' %3), vulva. 6 a. Lgram of arran ement of eyes. 7. Cdk (&toctmw)ogilior (p. &3), tibial Rpurs of pulp (spurs shaded).

PLATELVI. Fig. 8. Araiieus hatociiemis (p. 850). x 14. 8a- 9, var. 81. 1, var. 8c. ,, vulva, lateral view. 9. Araneus rhinurrus (p. 852). x 2. 9 a. vulva, lateral view. 10. Ga&racant& bat& (p. 865). x 2. 11. Phrmeyscsa baentata (p. 843), palpal organ. 12 & 12a. 8parassua benitenlria (p. 8T5), two forms of vulva. 13. 8parambs rujilatus (p878), palpal organ froin below. 13a. ,, ,, tibial spur of palp. 14. Phyiiarachne maimata (11. 880). x 3.

PLATELVII. Fig. 15. C'wostris turriger (p. @7), side view. x 14. 15a. ,, vulva. 16. ,, db&ens (p. 8%), vulva. 17. Pmcetia longipes (p. 861), vulva. 18. 17ralasmka uineensis (p. 864) vulva. 19. ,, !mom @.\865),luteml view of carapace. 20. ,, auratrcs (p. 866), vulva. 21. ,, Zeownsis (p. 867), vulva. 22. ,) regdia (p. as), vulva. 2% ,, ins&Jnia (p. 868),vulva. 23 a. lateral view of carrrpaca. 24. Dol&eda tra&fya (p. 869), tibid spur of d. 25. Ctenua scopuh (p. 871), vulva. 25. ,, rivubtw (p. 8'72) tibial spur of d. 26a. ,, ,, central portion of palpal organ.

P.ZS.1899 P1 LX,

SSRowardel PJSrmthth M7ntni-i Fr LII II t TADPOLES 1 MICROHYLA OIWATA 2 MICROHVLA(7 SF'? 3 BUFO PENANCEh'S1:i 1899.1 BATEAORIANS OF THE MALAP PBNINSULA AND BIABL 885 PLATELVlIL Fig. 27. r9parasmu, hit& (p. 876), tibial spur of 8. 28. ,, tqtlmafus (p. 877), tibial spur of d. 29. ,, bateei (p. 877). vulva 30. Tmaniu vuriatu (p. 874), tibial rpurs (upper or right, lower or left). 30a. ,, ,, lower tibial s ur from below. 306. ,, ,, palpal organ from below. 30c. ,, . ,, membrane proceee of -.palpal organ. . 30 a. vulra. - 31. Pa&todeS &mwwa (p.-- 879),- 9.. x If. 31 a. vulva. 82. Plat&omisus :i@q~ (p. Wl), Q. x 14. 33. ,, idgnis (p. 882), 9. x 4.

3. Notes on a Second Collection of Batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula and Sam, from November 1896 to September 1898, with a List of the Species recorded from those Countries. By STANLEYSYYTH FLOWER, 5th Fusiliers, F.Z.S. [Received May 29,1699.1 (Plates LlX. & LX.) To the List of 34 Batrachians from the Malay Peninsula published in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings,’ 1896 (pp. 897-914), eight species can now be added, vie. :-&nu kuhlii Schleg., R. macro- dactyls (Gtiinth.), R. larutensis Blgr., Aficrohyla ornata (D. & B.), M. leucostigma Blgr., Bufo divergem Peters, and two large species of Rhacophorus ; making a total of 42 species. In the British Museum Catalogues of Batrachians 11 species hare been recorded from Siam. Nine species can now be added, viz. :--Rnna macrodnctyla (Qiinth.), R. nigrovittata (Blyt$h),Cab- phrynuspleuroatigma Tschudi, Microhylu ornata (D. & B.), M.inornata Blgr., M. pukhra (Hallow.), H. aiatina (Boie), M. berdmorii (Blyth), and Bufo macrotis Blgr. ; making a total, of 20 speciea. This list must represent, however, but a small proportion of the forms which will eventually be found to inhabit this part of the world. In this paper n little-known frog, Rana plicatdla, first made known by Stoliczka, is redescribed, and the tadpolee of the following species are described, I believe, for the firat time:- Ram macrodon, R. tigrina, Hicrohyla ornata, Bufo pwngemk. Besides these there is a very remarkable t,dpole from Penang, the adult form of which, so fr aa I have been able to discover, is undescribed; it is hoped this notice of it may attract other collectors to observe it and to find out to what species it belongs. I have to acknowledge my sense of obligation to Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., for his invaluable advice and very kind help in answering many questions for me in letters during the last three years. 886 MR. STANLEY 9. FLOWER ON TIlE [Nov. 14,

Order ECAUDATA.

Family I~ANID.~.

1. O~~c~ossusLIMA (Qravenh.). 0.rygbssus limn, Blgr. cat. Batr. Sal. p. 5. I‘ &to’ limpong ” of the Malays of Kedah. Localities. In the P. Z. S. 1896, p. 897,l wrote :--l‘This species is said to occur in the Malay Peninsula, but I have not been able to find it recorded south of Tenasserirn, though it occurs again in Java ” ; but since then, in June 1898, I found it numerous near Alor Star and at Jenan, in the State of Kedah, Malay Peninsula. M. Mouhot obtained specimens in Siam and Cambodia. I obtained specimens at the following places in Siam:-one Bangkok (July), many Sapatoom (August), niany Ayuthia (December), one a few miles north of Ayuthia (February), many Pakpreo (June), and one Bawtong Kabin (March). Habits. This is a thoroughly aquatic frog, to be found in small ponds. Colour (in life). Above olive-brown (Ihbin specimen dark, Pakpreo ones light), lighter and greener on limbs, with or without a pale yellow vertebral line ; beneath yellow, more or less handsomely marked with dark olive-brown, including a narrow line along middle of abdomen; back of thigh conspicuously marked with two yellow lines or a broad black one. Iris : narrow gold line surrounding the black diamond-shaped pupil, remainder brown. A particularly handsome individual from Bangkok was coloured in life :-Above olive-brown mottled with dark brown, a broad black-edged vertebral line grass-green anteriorly, shading to olive- green posteriorly; beneath pale yellow, a pair of very distinct black lines from the chin to the breast (the tubercles on these lines form small yellow spotR), a black line beneath each arm, three longitudinal irregular dark brown lines on each side of the body, an L-shaped black line on each side of the base of the thighs, a very broad black line along the hinder side of the thigh, above it being two narrow parallel ones, the interspaces forming pale yellow lines. The eyes of 0. limn in life are very prominent and look upwards and outwards. Size. The largest specimens measures snout to vent 33 mm. Dietribution. Lower Bengal, Burma, Southern China, Siarn, Cambodia, Cochin China, Malay Peninsula, Java.

2. Ox~a~ossusLBTIS Giinther. O.m~gl08SUShis, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 6 ; Blgr. P. 55. S. 1597, p. 228 (tadpole). In the Museum at Taiping there are specimens from swamps 1899.1 BA’PBACHIANS OF THE MALAY PBNINSULA AND SIAM. 887 near Taiping, Perak; and Ur. Hauitsch (Rep. Libr. & Mus. 1898) records the species from swamps near Iph, Pen& (March). fitribution. Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Sipora (Menh- wei Islands), Borneo, Flows, Celebes, Philippines.

3. Ox~o~~ssnsMAETEXSII (Peters). PhynogZossue martenuii, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 19. O.~ygZossusmarteilsii, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 6. Localities. I obtained specintens at the following places in Siarn :-one Bawtong Kabin (March), one Chantnboon (January), many in the Dong Phya Fai (November), elevation 900 feet, and a few near Ayuthia (February and June). Habits. This species does not seem so thoroughly aquatic as 0. lima; out of seventeen individuals I caught at the above places only two were actually in ponds, though all were near water. Cbbur(in life). Sometimes a narrvw yellow vertebral line is present. Behind the eyes a broad transverse patch of red-brown and orange is couspicuous. lris yellow, closely and finely speckled with brown. The diamond-shaped pupil is dark led in colour. Size. The largest specimen measurea snout to vent 27 mm. fitributwn. Sinm.

4. HANACYANOPHLPCTIS Ychneider. Rana leecherzaultii, Cantor, p. 138. Rana cyunophZyctis, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 17; Anderson, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 660, pl. xxxvii. fig. 2 (tadpole). This frog does not seem to hove been observed in the Malg Peninsula since Cantor’s time. Habits. South Arabia, Baluchistan, Cashmere, Himalayas (up to 6000 ft.), India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula.

5. RANAEUHLII Schleg. Rana kuklii, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Ssl. p. 20; P. Z. 8. 1809, p. 166. hxzlities. This frog, not previously recorded from the Malay Peninsula, waa found by Dr. Hanitsch in Perak in 1897. In April 1898 I obtained four s imens in the same locality, Maxwell’s Hill (Larut BTs, Perag.. ), at an elevation of 3500 feet. Colour (in life). Above olive-green, with irregular, indistinct small blmk spots; a distinct black transverse line between the eyes, the skin immediately in front and behind this being yellowish olive. Limbs yellowish olive, extensively s otted with dark olive- brown, which spots have a tendency to Porm cross-brs. Chin and sides of head, neck, body, and limbs chrome-yellow. Lips extensively mottled with dark olive-brown. Lower surfaces bufl. Tympanic fold black. Web of hind feet pale yellowish olive. Iris : a narrow rim of gold rouud black pupil, remainder bronze with a black cross (much as in Rana mmh). ,Si:c. The largest measured : snout to vent 90 mm. ; width of 888 MR. B'l'ANLEY 8. FLOWBR ON THE [Nov. 14, head 38 mm. ; srm 46 mm. ; leg 115 mm. The largest 2 measured : snout to vent 70 mm. ; width of head 67 mm. Dktribution. Southern China, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sipora (Mentawei Islands), Java, Borneo, Celebes.

6. RANALATICBPS Blgr. Rana laticeps, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 20, PI. i. fig. 1 ; S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 897. Dr. Haoitmh (Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1898) records obtaining Ram Zatieeps from Gunong Kledang, Ipoh, Perak, in March 1898, at an elevation of 2000 feet. Distribution. Khassya, Bengal, Malay Peninsula. 7. RANAMACBODON Kuhl. (Plate LIX. figs. 1, 1a) Rana macrodon, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 24. In the P. 8.5. 1896, p. 898, I pointed out that there appear to be two forms of this species in the Malay Peninsula ; since then I have seen a large number of these frogs, all of which were referable to one or other of the varieties, but I found large specimens of the Penang variety may approach the 8ingapore variety in colour (having the upper parts reddish or brownish yellow), and in the distance of the nostrils apart being less than the interorbital space. The stomachs of these big frogs generally contain a good deal of foreign matter, bits of leaves, small twigs, snnd, fine granite, gravel, and angular pebbles as much as 10.5 mm. in diameter. Their food consists of snails, crabs (Thelphusidae), caterpillars, beetles, crickets, ants, &c., and twice I have fouud the remains of scorpions (Homurus sp. incert.) in their stomachs. Sometimes there are a number of parasitic worms between the kidneys and the back. The fang-like bony prominences in the lower jaw are sometimes very sharp and nearly 5 mm. in length. huditiee. Penang Hills, 1900 to 2200 feet (November 1896, March and April 1898) ; Laruti Hills, Perak, 3200 to 3400 feet (April 1898): in both of these localities the Penang variety is numerous about water (mountain streams and pools) and grows to a large size. I also got two very typical specimens of this variety near the foot of Gunong Phi, Johore (September 1597), from which State this species had not previously been recorded ; and it is interesting to thus find the Penang variety at a low elevation (about 200 feet) and so near the island of Singapore. So far I have not come across the Singapore variety on the mainland or at Penang. Cohur (in life). One specimen from Penang was unusually coloured, the upper parts being rich bronze-red and the linibs handsomely marked with yellow and dark brown ; below (as usual) the chin wafi white and the remainder pale orange. Iris (noted from many specimens) : a narrow ring of bright gold round the 1899.1 BATRAOHIANS OF THE MATAY PININSULA AND SIAX. 853 black pupil, remainder pale goldon finely speckled with black, and a broad horizontal line a,nd a narrow perpendicular line forming a black cross on the eye. Size. 8. Snout to vent 120 mm. : width of head 48 mm. ; leg 183 mm. 9. Snout to vent 88 mm. : widkh of head 30 mm. These measurements are from Perak specimens, Penang ones attain an equal size. Singapore specimens reach snout to vent 165 mm. : width of head 76 nim. (P. Z. Y. 1896, p. 901). Distribution. Upper Burma, Tenasserim, Mday Peninsula, Sipora (Mentawei Islands), Java, Lombok, Flores, Natunas, Borneo, Philippines.

Tadpole. In March 1898 I found tadpoles of this species iu the clear, swift hill-streams of Penang, about 1900 feet above sea-level ; they frequented the edges of the stiller pools. They are typical Rana tadpoles in habits and appearance ; the mouth, I find on comparing my drawing with the figure by Boulenger (P. Z. S. 1891, pl. xlv. fig. 1a), seems similar to that of R. escuknta.

Deswiptiow of the Tadpole. Leiigth of body about once and a half its width, about half the length of the tail. Nostrils about halfway between the eyes and the end of the snout. Eyes on the upper surface of the body, nearer the end of the snout than the spiraculum, the distance between the eyes once and a half to twice as great as that between the nostrils, and slightly greater than the width of the mouth. Ypiraculum on the left side, pointing backwards and upwards,nearer the anus than the end of the snout, visible from above and from below. Anus opening on the right side, close to the lower edge of the subcaudal crest. Tail about four times as long as deep, acutely pointed ; upper crest convex, slightly deeper than lower, not extending to base of tail ; the depth of the muscular portion of the tail, at its base, about & of the greatest total depth. Mouth. Beak broadly edged with black. Sides and lower edge of the lip bordered with papillae ; upper lip with a long series of teeth, followed on each side by a short series of very fine teeth. Lower lip with three series of tedth : 1st very short, weak and uninterrupted ; 2nd also uninterrupted ; 3rd longer, narrowly interrupted and stronger than the two outer rows. Colour (in life). Above light reddish brown, of exactly the same colour as the sand on the bed of the streams they inhabit, mottled in places with darker brown ; a dark brown line through the eye, sometimes other dark lines radiating from the eye. Crests and posterior portion of muscular portion of tail colourless, with $90 MR. ST.LNLEP 8. FLOWER ON THE [XOV. 14, irregular dark brown vertical bars. Belly buff and transparent, showing the coil of the intestines. Iris golden, with black cross marks. Size. Largest specimen measured in total length 34.25 mm. ; length of body 11.25 mm. ; width of body 7-75 mm. ; length of tail 23 mm. ; depth of tail 5.5 mm. The recently transformed young measure from 9.5 to 11 mm. from snout to vent. The smallest frog which bad the yellow vertebral line developed measured 13 mm. from snout to vent.

8. RANAPLIOATELLA Stol. 1Zann ylimtelln, Stol. J. A. 8. B. 1873, p. 116, pl. xi. fig. 1 ; Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 26. Rana plicatella waa described by Ytoliczka froin a single specimen (apparently), which had been at least two gears in RpiPits; its locality was either Penang or Province Wellesley : unfortunately he does not mention either the sex or size of the type specimen. A frog caught by me in Penang I refer to this species, as it entirely agrees with his description and figure, except in the following points :-lst, a larger head; 3nd, the presence of a knob- shaped prominence on the occiput ; 3rd, the upper surface of the body has about 12 longitudinal folds instead of 8 ; 4th, difFerences o€ colour, mostly attributable to Stoliczka’s heiiig a spirit-specimen, except that mine has 5 transverse dark bands 011 the femur instead of 6, the “ horseshoe-shaped yellow mark, open below, round the anus” is absent and a pale vertebral line is present. The 3rd and 4th points may well be individual variations, while the 1st and 2nd may be secondary sexual characteristics, my specimen being an adult male. This frog resembles Rana Zuticep Blgr., known from India and M~WCB,and Ram dorice Blgr., from Burma, in many respects; but differs from the former in, lst, the distinct and larger tympanum ; 2nd, the less broadly webbed toes : and from both in, lst, the distinct longitudinal glandular folds on the back ; 2nd, the prominence on the occiput. Description. Vomerine teeth on two straight ridges, commencing on a line with hinder edge of choanae and running obliquely back from them, converging behind so as to meet, if prolonged, in an angle rather greater than a right angle. Lower jaw with two fang-like bony prominences in front. Head very large ; snout bluntly pointed ; canthus rostralis distinct, rounded ; loreal region slightly concave ; occiput swollen at the sides, interorbital region convex, the swelling produced posteriorly and ending in a knob- shaped prominence 1.5 mm. in height ; in life this feature is very prominent and at once attracts the attention. Nostrils lateral, somewhat directed upwards, rather nearer the end of the snout than the eye, their distance apart is slightly greater than the interorbital space. The breadth across the gape is much greater than the distance from angle of mouth to end of enout. Eye prominent. The interorbital epace is much greater than the width of the upper 1839.1 B1TllACHIdNS OF THE MALAY PEXlXBlJLA AND SIAM. 691 eyelid. Tympanum distinct, slightly larger than the eye. A prominent tympanic fold. Fiugers moderate, 1st slightly longer than 2nd ; toes about three-quarter webbed, the web reaching on the 4th toe “ to scarcely beyond the basle of the third ultimate joint,” on the otber toes to the base of the tips, it is deeply emarginate. Tips of fingers and toes dilated into amdl but distinct disks. Tarsal fold very Blight. Suharticular tubercles of toes well developed. Inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, pTomiuent : practically uo outer tubercle, a mere white spot (this can be distinguished iu Stoliczka’s figure, dorsal aspect, on the right foot). The hind limb being carried forward along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches to the nostril. Head smooth above, hinder half of the eyelid tuberculated : skin of back with long longitudinal folds, with numerous smdl tubercles between thetn j loreal region, chin, angles of jaws, parts of forearm, and sides of body scattered with small rounded tubercles ; anal region densely studded with small tubercles ; back of tibiae scattered with small tubercles, which are pointed and prominent in life; back of thighs, feet and lower surfaces of throat, body and limbs smooth. Testicles white, 2.3 mm. in length. Size. Length, snout to vent 39 mm.; arm 24; leg 68 ; femur 17.5; tibia 21.5 ; foot 29 ; width of head 19 ; diameter of eye 4.23 ; diameter of tympanum 4.5 ; length of inner metatarsal tubercle 3. Colour (in life). Above bronze (changing from bright yellowish red to dull brown shades), with a bright yellow narrow vertebral line, a black chevron (pointiog backwards) between the ejw ; the tympanic fold and some of the longitudinal folds are edged with black. Limbs with dark brown cross-bars. Belly very bright sulphur-yellow ; underneath of chin, t.hroat, and limbs pellowish bronze. (In spirit the bronze colour of the upper surfaces turned to olive-brown.) Eye. Pupil black (dark red in some lights), horizontal diamond- shaped. Iris : a very iinrrow ring of red round pupil, remsinder golden, closely speckled with dark bronze, a narrow black vertical liiie across iris and also a broad ill-defined black horizontal one. One specimen, d,found in the jungle on Penang Ell, at an elevation of about 2400 feet, 19th March, 1898. It took wonderful long hops. Distribution. Malay Peninsula (Penang). 9. RANATIGRINA Daud. (Plate LIX. iigs. 2, 2(1.) 22ana tigrim, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 26; 5. Flower, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 901. Siamese. “ Kop ” : term also applied to other species of frogs. J found this species common on the Bangpakong river (from Tahkumen to Kabin) in March and April 1897, where it ww to be found among the sedges by the river’s bank ; itH croak (a loud “opp, opp, opp,’’ repeated 8 or 9 times), which sometimes was 898 Ylt. STAXLEY 9. FLOWER ON THE “ov. 14, heard in the middle of the dav, betraying its presence. During the dry season I have not seen this frog at Bangkok, but from the middle of May to August they are very plentiful in suitable ponds and are to be bought in the market, as R. tiyrino is eaten by the Siamese ; I have heard Malays speak of the Siamese by the name (* Frog-eaters,” in consequence of this. Small Siamese boys may be seen fishing for these frogs with a short rod and a very fine line with a small hook with a white bait : this is danced and dangled over the surface of the water near the edge of a pond 5t9 if it were a fly hovering about : when a frog springs at this the angler has to ‘(strike ” very quickly, to catch the hook in the frog’s mouth to draw it out of the water. I also found this species at Ayutbia in June. Breeding-eeccson. A pair were observed in copuld in Bangkok in May, the male was considerably smaller than the female j during the latter half of July females were to he found with the ovaries distended with spawn, ready for expulsion. But well-grown tadpoles were found as early a3 the first week in June, in Aynthia, and on the 28th July in Bangkok, when young frogs were leaving the water. Thus the breeding-season must extend over some months. Colour (in life). Description dmwn LIP from adult specimens of both sexes caught in Bangkok in May :- Above olive-brown or pale olive-green, with very dark greenish- brown or black spots on the head, sides, and limbs ; the back either spotless or with large dark spots; on the legs the s otu may become broad dark transverse burs : no vertebral line. BeP ow, body and limbs immaculate silvery white, between which and the green upper surface there is an irregular spaee of lemon-yellow with greenish-brgwu spots. The lips, chin, and uuderneath of head are lemon-yellow, with more or less distinct dark spots; sometimes there is a median dark line from the synipbysial angle to the breast. The vocal sacs of the male are dark grey, shaded with pink. Iris dark brown, with narrow golden ring round the black pupil. Half-grown specimens are often prettier coloured than the adults, being rich green above and pure white below, with many Mack markings. Size. An adult $? from Bangkok measured snout to vent 142mm.; another individual (sex not recorded) 153 mm. Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim, India, Ceylon, Burma, China, Formosa, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Philip- pines, Lombok, Ombaai, Sumba. Description of the lhdpole. Drawn up from specimens obtained in June 1897 at Ayuthia, Sam. Length of body once and a half its width, rather more than half length of tail. Nostrils a little nearer to the eyes than to the end of the snoub. Eyes on the upper surface of the body, nearer the 1899.l BATRACHIANS OF THE MALAY PNNINMJLA .4ND SIAM. 893 end of the snout than the spiraculum, the distance between the eyes twice the distance between the nostrils, and about equal to the width of the mouth. Spiraculum on the left side, directed backwards and upwards, a little nearer the anus than the end of the snout, visible from above and from below. Anus opening on the right side. Tail from 3$ to 4 times as long as deep; acutely pointed; upper crest convex, a little deeper than the lower, not extending on to the back ; depth of the muscular portion at its brave abont half the greatest total depth. Mozcth. The large powerful beak is entirely black j the upper mandible terminates in front in a long sharp tooth-like prominence ; the lower mandible is bicuspid, each ‘‘ tooth ” being long and sharp. The lips are bordered with very short fleshy papillae: inside the upper lip are five series of fine, black teeth; the 1st series is uninterrupted, the second slightly interrupted by the individual teeth being (‘grouped with intervals ’’ about the centre of the line ; the remaining series are broadly interriipted, the 5th being very short and difficult to distinguish : the lower lip has also five series of teeth; the 1st is short and uninterrupted, the second long and uninterrupted, the remainder broadly interrupted and very short. Colour (in life). Above yellowish brown, mottled with darker brown, a very distinct dark brown crescent-shaped mark above each nostril. Below white, purplish grey about the chin and throat. Tail yellow, mottled with brown, an horizontal dark line along the median line of the basal third of the muscular portion. Iris golden. Size. Total length 54 mm.; length of body 18.5 ; width of body 12.5 ; length of tail 33.5 ; depth of tail 9. Habits. Those of ordinary Rnnn tadpoles.

10. RANALIMNOCHAEIS Boie. Ram gracilis, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 28. Localities 4 Hnbits. This species is very numerous in Bangkok, where I have observed it in the monthR of Jan., Feb., Mar., June, July, Bug., Oct., Nov., and Dec. Small specimens abound in the evening, hopping about the grass, they are very active. In the hot weather, in spite of the burnt up condition of the ground and grass, these frogs still appear at night, and, when one tries to catch them, take refuge down the sun-cracks in the parched earth. Specimens over 50 mm. snout to vent are of comparative rare occurrence. I have also found this species common along the Bangpakong river, at Chantaboon, Paknam Menam, in fields beyond Sapatoom, Ayuthia, Pakpreo, Dong Phya Fai (up to 900 feet elevation), in Siam ; at Taiping, Kuala Kangsar, and Chumar in Perak, and at Alor Star and Jenan in Kedah. In a former paper (P. 8.S. 1896, p. 902) I wrote of this species PROC.ZOOL. SOO.-1899, NO.LVIII. 58 894 ME. BTMLBY 8. FLOWm ON “HB mov. 14,

at Singapore :-cr It does not attempt to escape by jumping into the water.. . .but even if touched squats down close. . . .so is easily caught.” The individuals I met at Chumar had this habit, but elsewhere, at Taiping, Bangkok, Bc., I found them very agile and difficult to snare. In captivity they feed readily, eating insects in the same manner as R. temporniia does; winged termites they devour in large numbers and ail1 also manage grasshoppers of comparatively large rize ; when suddenly seized in the hand or when caught by a snake, they utter shrill piercing shrieks of alarm. C’oZoozc~ (in life). Bangkok specimens not nnfrequently have n very distinct grass-green vertebral line, others none at all j in the Dong Phya Fai the commonest colour-variety was one I have not seen elsewhere, there being transverse bands of bright grass-green across the back, but specimens with yellow vertebral lines were also to be seen. The sexes are coloured alike, except that the male may have a broad black M-shaped mark on the throat. The following description applies to Taiping specimens :- Above olive-brown, irregularly mottled with darker ; vertebral line either absent, or 11 ell defined, narrow and yellow, or irregular, broad and orange-coloured. Limbs extensively marked w ith dark brown ; hinder portion of thigh yellow, marbled with dark brown. Underneath of head, neck, and body pure white, but lower surface of limbs yellow. Both upper and lower lips white, with large distinct dark brown blotches ; the point of the snout white, with a well-defined very dark brown blotch on each side. Size. A pair caught in eopulh in Bangkok, 24th July, 1898, measured :- 6.Snout to vent 46 mm. Q . Snout to vent 52 mm. Distribution. Sikbim, India, Ceylon, Burma, China, Hongkong. Hainan, Formosa, Japan, Yiam, Malay Peninsula, Java, Lombok, and Borneo.

11. RANAHASCHEANA (Stol.). Polyped

12. RANAERYTHEBA (Schleg.). Rana erythrcea, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 65. “Katak pisang” of the Malays according to Mi.. L. \Yray. Personally 1 think ‘(Kata’ pisang ’’ (or Banana Frog) is the proper Malay name for a Bhacophoms, but no doubt any frog with large digital disks would he considered a tree-frog and called by tlie same name. Localities 4 Habits. I found this pretty frog fairly numerous on the Bangpakong river, from Tahkamen to Kabin, duriug March and April 1897, in places where there was long grass on the banks ; also in ditches at Sapatoom, near Bangkok, in Jan. 1898, where its green aud yellow colours exactly matched the leaves of the water lettuce (Pistin stratiotes’) among which it was to be found. In Taiping, Perak, in April 1898 it was very numerous in ponds and ditches j two individuals were caught in Penang, April 1898, and I also observed it near 91or Star, Kedah, in June 1898. It is a true water-frog, and appears to occur only at low elevations. Colour. The Bangpakong frogs were more ornamental than Singapore specimens (vide P. 8. S. 1896, p. 203, pl. xlv. fig. 2), although the scheme of coloration was the same. They were as follows in life :- Above brilliant green ; along each side a line of similar green, separated from the green back by a broad light yellow line (from above the eye to the side of the vent), bordered above and below by broad lines of intense black ; below the lateral green line is another line of pale golden yellow (from the angle of the mouth along the side, gradually narrowing and disappearing before it reaches the inset of the hind legs), bordered above by a broad line of intense black aud below by an irregular line of dark green with iridescent golden shades. A black line on each side of the head from snout to eye ; upper lip very pale golden yellow ; tympanum dark rufous brown, with a bright green spot in the centre. Lower parts white, with pale iridescent golden shades. Limbs as in Singapore specimens, above yellowish brown speckled with dark brown, below immaculate buff. Iris: very narrow golden ring round pupil, remainder golden-bronze finely speckled with black. Size. The large Siamese specimen measured, snout to vent 74 mu. Distribution. Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines. 13. RANAWAUBODAOFYLA (Giinther). Eanu naacrodactykr, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 54. Loodities. Of this species, which had hitherto been recorded 1 Kindly identified for me by Mr, H. N. Ridley, F.L.S. 58’ 896 'MR. STARLEY 8. FLOmON vov. 14, from Burma and Southern China, I obtained many specimens near Jenw and Alor Star, Kedah, in June 1898, and near Sapatoom, Bangkok, Siam, in A-ugust 1898. Habits. In each case they were living among swampy paddy- fields ; they sat in the grass on the ridges between the submerged fields, and as one walked along took great leaps away into the water, which, however, they did not seem to like, as they nearly always at once suam back to the bank. They are remarkably nimble, active frogs, and specimens I had in captivity used to climb up a vertical surface of glass like a true tree-frog. Colour (in life). Above rich dark brown, spotted with black, and in some individuals mottled with dull yellow and vivid green, with five very distinct longitudinal lines, which are white with golden shades (the centre line is from the snout to vent, the next pair from the upper eyelids to the sides of the vent, and the outer ones from the tympanum to the inset of hind leg). Below, head and body white, limbs yellowish. Upper Rurface of limbs reddish yellow, handsomely marked with dark brown, three lines along the back of the thigh being most conspicuous. his golden. Size. Snout to vent 38 mm. ; hind leg 63 mm. Distribution. Burma, South China, Siam, Malay Peninsula. 14. RANANIGROVITTATA (Blyth). Rana nigrovittata, Blgr. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xiii. 1893, p. 334, pl. viii. fig. 3. This species, not hitherto recorded from Siam, I found very numerous along the banks oE the river at Muok &ek in the Dong Phya Fai, elevation 900 feet, in November 1897 ; both during the heat of the day, in the afternoon, and in the evening they kept up a continuous, loud and rather musical croaking, something like that of Rhacophorccs leucomystua, only the note is louder and uttered much more often. They were very active. Size. The largest specimen caught measured from snout to vent 58 mm. Distribution. Burma, Siam.

15. RANALABIALIS Blgr. Rana labialis, Blgr. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xix. 1887, p. 345, pl. x. 6g. 1; S. Plower, P. Z. 5. 1896, p. 903, pl. xlv. fig. 3 (tad pole). In Sept. 1898 in Singapore I saw several specimens of this frog both in the Botanical Gardens and in the jungle on Bukit Timah ; it was in each case observed sitting on the leaves of plants or in bushes, so evidently is not a true water-frog like R. erythrma. Rana labialis can change its colour rapidly from green to brown. Distribution. Malay Peninsula and Mentawei Islands. 16. RANALUCTUOSA (Peters). Rann luotuosa, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 68. Localities. Common on Penang Hill, elevation 2000 to 2200 feet (Nov. 1896 and March 1898), rand obtained by Mr. A. L. Butler 1899.1 BAFRAOI~~ANSOP vrn ~A~AYPSAWSULA AND SUM. 897 in the Larut Hills, Perak, elevation 4000 feet, in March and April 1898. Colour. In the P. Z. 5. 1896, p. 904, I described the life coloration of this species, but haling since then examined more specimens I think the following account to be more complete :- Top of head and back rich dark chocolate-brown (in very small frogs of this species the back is a very bright red, more vermilion than chocolate), bordered on each side from the nose to above the vent by a very distinct line, usually all white but sometimes white only on the head, merging on the body to yellow and then orange. Sides of head, neck, and body are very dark brown or black : somp- times a very distinct line of lemon-yellow spots from behind the nostril to angle of mouth, smaller anteriorly and getting larger posteriorly; sides of the body with a few white spots iii nu irregular line from angle of mouth to thigh, or else evteiisivelg spotted with small white or yellow spots. Tympanum dark reddish brown, sometimes nearly black. Limbs very dark brown or bluish black, with marblings iisually bluish white or very pale grey in colour but varying from white to orange ; the hands, feet, and toes may have as dark a ground-colour as the limbs and as distinct light marblings, or the black may turn to brown and the marblings be less conspicuous. Lower surfaceB, chin, and throat dark brown, sometimes near17 black and immaculate (March), or dirty buff like the abdomen (Nov.); body dirty huff or dark brown mottled with yellowish buff j limbs brown, sometimes spotted with white. Iris pole golden bronze, extensively marked with very dark brown. Size. An adult 9 from Penang measured:-snout to vent 51 mm.; arm 30 mm. ; leg 82 mm. Diekibtctioa. Malay Peninsula, Borneo. Tadpoles. Both in November 1896 and in March 1898 I found many tadpoles of this species in small ponds on Penaug Hill, but none with legs developed (though in March 1896 there were tadpoles with legs and also recently transformed young frogs about, in the same locality); they agreed with those described and figured P. 2;. 5. 1896, p. 904, pl. xlvi., except that some had about 8 lony papillre along edge of lower lip.

17. RANAGLANDUMSA Blgr. Rana ~/luntlulo.sic,Blgr. Cat. Batr. 8a1. p. 73, pl. vii. Known from Perak (specimen in Museum at Taiping), Malacca ( Hervey), and Singapore (Riclley). Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Palawan.

1s. RANAESCULENTA L. Bnna esculenta, Blgr. Cat. Batr. 8al. p. 38. The British Museum contains specimens of the variety chirceiayis Osbeck, from Bangkok, Siam. Distiibutiow. Central and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia, Cora, Japan, China, Siam. 898 MR. BTAIiLEIY 8. FLQWMR ON THE [Nov. 14,

19. HANALARUTEN~IS Blgr. Rana larutensis, Blgr. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) iii. 1899, p. 273, pl. xi. fig. 1. In April 1898 these frogs were numerous sitting on the rocks in a swift rocky mountain-stream in the Larut Hills, Perak ; their colour harmonized wonderfully well with their surroundings. They were difficult to catch, being exceedingly active jumpers and climbers. C'olour (in life). Above pale yellowish green, the head and body very extensively blotched with black, the limbs with black transverse bars. Below, head and body pure white, limbs pale green and grey, underneath of hands and feet very dark, and web between toes black. Ins : very narrow gold ring round pupil, remainder dark olive-brown. Size. Snout to vent 60 mm. Distribution. Malay Peninsula.

20. ? RRAUOPHORU~REUTICUS (Peters). hliucwphorus ?hecticus, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 78. In the Museum at Taiping there is a large tree-frog from Iciuta, Perak, which is perhaps of this species. Uistribution. Samar Island in the Philippines, and possibly Malay Peninsula.

21. BHACOPI~ORUSLEUCOYYBTAX (Gravh.) (Plate LIX. figs. 3, 3a.) Rhacophorus nuzcukctus, part., Blgr. Cat, Batr. Sal. p. 83. " Kata' pisang " of the Malays. ['' Pisang "=banana.] Coewlities. Since writing of this frog in the P. Z. S.I8FKi, p. 905, I have observed it in the following localities: Sia~i-Bangkol~ (Jnne and July), Kabin (March), and obtained one pouug specimen from Chantaboon : Malay Peninsula-Singapore (March, April, May, September, and October); Larut Hills, Perak, 3400 ft. (April); Penang Hills, 2200 ft. (March, April, and November) : Alor Star, Kedah (May and June); and there are specimens from Kuala Lumpor, Selangor, in the Museum at that place. Hrtbits. This species apparently breeds at various times of the year, specimens are frequently to be seen in the evenings in c0pu.U on the edges of the rain-water butts of houses, both in March and April (Singapore and Penang Hills) and in October (Singapore), and probably in other months also. The spawn %oats on the surface of the water enclosed in an envelope resembling white foam. I have noticed tadpoles in the following months: January, February, March, April (Singapore); May (Kedah) j June and July (Bangkok) ; November (Penang) ; December (Singapore) ; and newly transformed young were just leaving the water in September 1898 in Singapore. C'olour. Beuides the six varieties of colour mentioned P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 906, I have observed in one cam on Penang Hill another 1809.1 BAPBAOEIILNB OF mm MALAY PIDNINSULA AND AM. 890 very notiiceable one :-Upper parts pale cream-colour, a black line along each side starting from behind the eyes, some black spots on posterior part of back, and brown cross-bands on limbs. Newly transformed young in Bangkok (June) were coloured as follows :-Above pale olive-brown, with on each side a black line from the snout passing through the eye to the inset of the hind leg ; a black spot on each supraorbital region prolonged backwards to the neck as a black line, these lines converge but do not meet ; ou the shoulders are two diverging black lines ; the remainder of the back is spotted with black ; the hind limbs are transver,sely banded with dark brown ; the lower surfaces are white. Size. The largest of a series of adults examined on Peiiang Hill in March 1898 measured :- d . Snout to vent 51 mm. : hind leg 77; testicles, length G mm. 2 . Snout to vent 73 mm. ; hilid leg 107. Largest eggs in ovaries 2 mm. in diameter. Distribution. Sikhim, Aesam, Burma, Southern China, Hoiigkoilg, Formosa, Cambodia, Cochinchina, Siam, Malay Peninsula, .Javn, Yumba, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines. Tadpoles. Specimens from Bangkok agreed with the dsscriptioii (P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 906, pl. xliv. fig. 2), except for some differences in the mouth and in colour, which were as follows :- Mouth. Beak broadlg edged witb black, lower mandible finely serrated along the cutting-edge ; sides and lower edge of the lip bordered with small, ehort, round papillae, except in the centre of the lower lip, where there is a space devoid of papille. Upper lip withJive series of fine teeth, the uppermost uninterrupted, the second narrowly iuterrupted, the remainder broadly so, the fifth series is very short ; lower’lip with three long series of teeth, third narrowly interrupted, the other two uninterrupted. Colour (in life). Above yellowish brown, mottled darker and lighter; below white, purplish grey on the throat; muscular portion of tail very pale brown, crests colourless and transparent j a very noticeable light yellow spot on the point of the snout ; a dark brown line from corner of mouth to eye. Iris yellow. A specimen from the Waterfall Gardens, Penaug, agreed with these in having the 3rd series of teeth in the lower lip narrowly interrupted in the middle, but differed from them and from thone originally described from Singapore in having at each of the upper corners of the mouth four loug fine papillae.

22. XHAUOPHORIJSNIGROPALMATUS (Blgr.). Rhacop?~omsnigropakncitus, Blgr. Ann. C Msg. N. H. (6) xvi. p. 170 (1895). In the Museum at Taiping is a single specimen of a large frog caught in Upper Perak by Mr. L. Wray (jun.); by his kind per- mission I was allowed to examine it. Description. Vomerine teeth in a straight line between the front edges of the choanae. Snout rounded. Centhus rostralis distinct. Loreal region decidedly concave. Nostril nearer the tip of the snout; than the eye. Interorbital space broader than tbe upper eyelid. Tympanum half the width of the eye. Fingers and toes 900 MR. STANLEY 8. FrBWEk ON T- [Nov. 14, webbed to the disks, which are as large as the tympanum. Sub- articular tubercles distinct ; a small inner metatarsal tubercle. The hind limb being carried forward along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches nearly to the nostril. Skin smooth, granulated very markedly on the belly and under the thighs. Fold round tympanum not noticeable. A large flap of skin behind the forearm. Cutaneous fringe on both 1st and 4th finger, and 1st and 5th toe. A transverse flap of skin above the vent, and a flap of skin on the tibio-tarsal articulation. Length, snout to vent, 98 mm. Mr. Wray sent me the following note about this specimen, which has been identified by Mr. Boulenger. “ Flying Frog collected in Piali Valley, Upper Perak : above, it is a lovely bright green, with hands and feet tinted yellow and a white patch on each thigh. Below, it is pink dotted over with yellow. The sides of the body are chrome-yellow, and its webbed hands and feet are yellow and black.” 111 answer to further enquiries Mr. Wray tells me he did not see it fly, but caught it sitting on a tree. The name “Flying Frog” seems to be taken from A. R. Wallace (‘The Malay Archi- pelago,’ edition 1894, fig. on p. 30). Distvibution. Borneo and Malay Peninsula.

23. BHACOPHORIJSLEPROSUS (Schlegel). lthacophorus lep1-08~6,Blgr. P. Z. S. 1890, p. 284. This species has been obtained by Mr. Wray in the Larut Hills, and the Batang Padang Mountains, Perak (J. 8. B. R. A. S. 1890, no. 21, p. 144). Distrzbution. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.

24. IXALUSPICPUS Peters. Ixdus pictus, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 99; S. Plower, P. 2. S. 1896, p. 908. Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Borneo. 25. IXALUSAWER Blgr. Ixulus mper, Blgr. P.Z. 8. 1886, p. 416, pl. xxxix. fig. 1. There are specimens, obtained by Mr. Wray in Perak, in the British Museum and in the local Museum at Taiping. Signor Fea obtained two specinieus at Thao, Karin Hills (Blgr. Ann. AMUS. Civ. Genova, series 2, vol. xiii. [xxxiii.] 1898, p. 37); and it is also recorded from hills between Burma and Siam (W. L. Sclater, P. 8.9. 1892, p. 347). Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Burma.

Family ENBYBTOMATIDB.

26. CAL~PHRYNUSPLEUROSTIBYA Tschudi. Culophryiam pbzo.ostyma, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 158; S. Blower, P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 908. 1899.l BATRACHIANB OF ‘PHp1 MALAY PBNlN8TJLA AND STAY. 901 Localities. Of this interesting frog, which does not seem to have been previously recorded from Siam, I obtained a specimen at Bawtong, Kabin, in March 1897. I also got one near the foot of Gunong Pulai, Johore, in September 1897; and Mr. Ridley obtained a specimen in Selangor, in July 1897 ; these are the two first reported occurrences of this species on the mainland of the Peninsula. Habits. Nothing is known definitely of the habits of this frog, but it is supposed to be the author of a remarkable strident call heard in certain Malay jungles, which may be written LL waalk, waalk.” There is a big field of interesting work in determining the animals whose voices are heard both by day and night in ungle-clad districts j neither the English pioneers nor the Malays k now for certain what animals make some of the most noticeable jungle calls : as an instance I may mention thht in June 1898 in the woods round Jenan, Kedah, a cry of 6L koop ” was to be heard, even at high midday, which we imagined to be made by some batrachian, but diligent search on the part of several local Malays, my Siamese “boy,” and myself failed to discover anything in the spots whence the sound seemed to have proceeded. Colour (in life). Kabin specimen (March).-Above blight yellowish bronze j a broad dark brown line from snout to inset of hind leg, passing through eye. At inset of hind leg is a conspicuous black spot surrounded by a white ring, the greater part of the thighs is bright vermilion. Johore specimen (September).-Above rusty red-brown ; a narrow black lifie (bordered above with yellow) from snout to inset of hind leg, passing through eye. Just above where this black line terminates on either side of the back is a conspicuous round black spot. The lower surfaces are a paler red than the upper, and the lower aspect of the hind leg is marbled with dark brown on a buff ground. Size. Kabin specimen, snout to vent 36 mm. Distribution. Burma, South China, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Natunas, Borneo. 27. MICEOHYLAOBNATA (Dum. & Bibron). (Plate LX. figs. 1, la, 1b.) Microhylu ornatu, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 165. Localities. This little frog was obtained by M. Mouhot in Cambodia, but it does not seem to have been previously recorded from either Siam or the Malay Peninsula. I have found it in Bangkok in the months of Jan., Feb., March, April, May, June, July, August, and December j at Paknam Menam in August ; in the Dong Phya Fai, at an elevation of about 900 feet, in November ; at Ayuthia in February ; at &bin in March ; at Chantaboon in January; and in the Royal Siamese Museum etores were some specimens labelled (‘Bangpain, Oct. ’93.” In March 1898 I obtained a single frog in the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, which is referred to this species; and in June 1898 found it numerous 902 MR. dANfEY 8.l?LOWEl& ON T~0 [Nov. 14, near Alor Star in Kedah, and also near Jenan in the same State caught a particularly handsome little frog which is referred provisionally to M. ornata, but which differs considerably in appearance from Bangkok individuals. Habib. This very actrive,elegant frog is to be found hiding during the day under stones, logs, &c. in the crevices of the mud in dried-up pools and among dead leaves. Once I found two in an ants' nest, situated in the ground under some brickwork. It comes out at dusk and seems Lo remain abroad all night. At night in December and January these frogs may be heard croaking in Bangkok ; considering their small size they produce an aston- ishing volume of sound, the noise seems to me indescribable on paper. Colour (in life). Usual Bangkok specimens.-Above reddish olive, with a large dark brown mark on the back beginning between the eyes, then narrowing and then widening as it extends to the hind part of the body ; a broad darker brown line along the side of the head and body ; limbs with irregular dark brown cross-bars ; a dark horseshoe mark round the vent. Lower surfaces white, extensively spotted witch brown ou the throat and chest. Iris : golden ring round pupil, remainder golden speckled with bronze. The Penang specimen was above yellow marked with rich dark brown, and below pale immaculate buff. Size. The largest Siamese specimens noted measured-snout to vent, d 22 mm., 9 23 mm. Penang specimen (sex not recorded), snout to vent 24 mm. Distrihzctiori, Kashmir, India, Ceylon, Burma, Southern China, Cambodia, Siam, Malay Peninsula.

Tadpoles. At the end of December 1896 I fouiid tadpoles of this species in a small pond in Bangkok; they were numerous all through -January and February 1897, aud the young frogs were leaving the water at the beginuing of March. On revisiting the saine poud tbe following winter (1897-983 I €ailed to see a single specimen. DeecriptiotL. Length OE body once and three quarters its width, a little more than half the length of the tail. Nostrils placed close together on the upper surface of the head, nearer the end of the snout than tbe eye. Eyes on the sides of the body, visible from above and from below, their distance apart is about five times the distauce between the nostrils, and also much greater than the width of the mouth. On the back between the eyes are a pair of shields, oval in outline, placed side by side ; they are not conspicuous in the living tadpole, but in specimens shrunk in spirit they become so. Spirrtculum median, on lower surface of body, opening into a transparent sheath of skin, in front of the anus. Anus median, opening in the lower edge of the subcaudal crest. Tail about four times as long as deep, ending in a very finely produced point ; upper crest not extending on to the back ; 1899.1 BATRAUHIANS OF THE MALAY PEN~SUL~AND SIAM. 903 lower crest deeper than the upper. The mouth has neither hard beak, labial teeth, or papillse, but consists of a simple upper lip and a contractile lower one. Colour. In life these tadpoles are transparent and almost colourless. The eyes and viscera are therefore very noticeable. But there are a number of minute yellowish-brown spots, particularly on the back, where they form a somewhat diamond-shaped figure, and on the muscular portion of the tail. Size. Length of body 7 mm. ; width of body 4 mm.; length of tail 13 mm.; depth of tail 3 mm. The recently transformed young measure about 7.5 mm. from snout to vent. A remarkable feature of these tadpoles is that the hind feet are for a time completely webbed, the web is very fine and colourless; when the young frogs leave the water this web disappears. N.B.-At various times I have found iu Penang some very remarkable tadpoles (Plate LX. figs. 2, 2a-2c), the affinities of which could not be conjectured, till, having made out the tadpole of Microhykz ornata, there seems no doubt they belong to some Engystomatoid Batrachian. Although the species they develop into is still unknown, I think it desirable to describe the tadpole in this paper. The first tadpoles with the spiraciilum thus placed, and with this simple mouth, that I came acrosa, I caught in Singapore early in 1896. At the time I imagined them to belong to Callula pulchra (and still do so), but was unable to prove it ; on later occasions I have found these “ transparent tadpoles” in Bangkok (where I was able to observe them grow into M. ornata), in the Dong Phya Fai, in Kedah, and on Penang Hill, all of which I haw no doubt are of the genus Microhyla. These ‘‘ transparent tadpoles ” (of which I have observed four or five different species), besides differing in structure, differ entirely in habits from the tadpoles of the Banidre and Bufonidse. Instead of passing a great deal of their time on the bottom, they are usually just under the surface of trhe water, continually opening and shutting their mouths ; they are very delicate, and difficult to transport alive in a bottle even for a few miles.

Description of a Transparent Tudpoles,” Pemy (Nov. and Dec. 1896). Fm.The length of the body is about 14 its width ; the length of the tail is from 14 to 1s the length of the body. Nostrils. Distance of nostrils apart 1.4 mm.; distance from nostril to end of snout 25 mm. ; distance from nostril to eye 4 mm. The nostrils are placed close together on the upper surface of the bead, and are nearer the end of the snout than the eye. The distance to the eye is from 14 to 1: the distance to the end of the snout. The distance between the nostrils is about Q the distance betv een the eye#. 904 ME. ISTANLBIP 8. FLOwDIl ON THE [Nov. 14, Eyee. Distance of eyes apart 7.5 mm. The eyes me on the eide of the head (looking out horizontally), and are visible from above and from below. Syiranclum. Distance of opening of spiraculum from the eye 10.5 mm. The spiraculum is median, on the lower surface of the body, opening into a transparent sheath of skin directed backwards and downwards j the opening being in a vertical line drawn behitad the body. The width of the opening of the spiraculum is from 2 to 3 mm. Anus. Median, opening into a dark-coloured sheath of skin directed backwards and downwards, behind and nearly parallel to the sheath of the spiraculum, but longer than it. The opening is B longitudinal cleft. These two tubes are very prominent in the live tadpole. Tail. The tail is of remarkable appearance, owing to its coloration, the pigment in the crests ending abruptly, and also being continued further along the outside of the crest than along the part nearest the muscular portion ; consequently the tadpole when seen alive in the water has apparently a trifurcated tail, a very long centre point and short upper and lower one. The end of the tail is prolonged to a very fine point or filament, which in life is almost continuously being vibrated rapidly from side to side, the end frequently curving round so as to be almost parallel with the rest of the tail. The upper crest is convex and does not extend on to the back. The lower crest is deeper than the upper, and forms a double curve, the deeper being that behind the opening of the anus. Mouth. The mouth is 3.5 to 4 mm. in width. The mouth is situated at the extremity of the head, and not on the lower surface; the lower lip projects beyond the upper : this is particularly so in young specimens, where the mouth appears to be on the upper surface of the head. These young tadpoles frequent the surface of the water, and their mouths are constantly expanding and contracting (which words seem to imply the motion better than ‘‘ opening and shutting ”). There are no papilla round the lips, labial teeth or horny beak, but the mouth consists of simple upper and lower lips, the latter with a very deep notch in the centre which expands when the mouth is open. CoZour (in life). These tadpoles are very transparent and the amount of colouring varies in individuals. The upper surfaces and sides of the hinder parts of the body are generally yellowish brown, mottled along the vertebral line with very dark brown. The lower surfaces and sides of the head are colourless or a pale dirty buff. The muscular portion of the tail is pale yellowish brown, getting darker towards the point. The crests are buff mottled with yellowish brown, along both edges are irregular dark brown marks; the brown mottling gets more continuous and darker towards the point of the tail till it ends abruptly, 8s described above. Iris bright yellow. 1899.1 BATRAOHIANS OF THB MALAY PBNIXSUU AND SIAM. 906 Size. A good specimen with hind legs developed was in total length 37.5 mm.; length of body 13.5 mm.; width of body 10 mm. j length of tail 24 mm. ; depth of tail 11 mm. The toes are fully webbed and tips well dilated.

28. MIOBOHYLAINOBNATA Blgr. Microhyln inornata, Blgr. P. I;. S. 1890, p. 37. This little frog was described from specimens obtained by Prof. Moesch near Deli, Western Sumatra (P. Z. S. 1890, p. 37); subsequently it was found at Palon, Yegu, by Signor Fea (Blgr. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 1893, p. 39), and near Bangkok, Siam, by the late Dr. E. Haase (Boettger, 2001. Anzeiger, 1893, no.433, p. 430). I have not met this species alive myself, but I received a number of specimens said to have been caught at Chantaboon, Sism. Distr&twn. Bum, %am, Sumatra.

29. MIOBOHYLALBIUOOSTIBMA Blgr. Mimohyk leucostigma, Blgr. Ann. t Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. iii. 1899, p. 275, pl. xii. fig. 1. I obtained three specimens in the Larut Hills, Perak, at an elevation of 3500 feet in April 1898 ; two of these (the types) sre now in the British Museum, and the third in the Raffles Museum at Singapore. A pair were caught in cop&: as the mode of embrace does not seem to have been recorded for any Asiatic Engystomatoid Batrachian, it is interesting to note the embrace was axillary, and the fingers of the male did not meet on the breast of the femnle. Colour (in life). Above intense iridescent black, with very small scattered bluish-white spots, which get larger towards the sides and in the anal region. Below very rich dark brown (blacker on the throat, redder on the belly and thighs), nearly covered with large very distinctly defined spots of intense yellow. Upper surface of limbs reddish brown, with black cross-bars, and thickly studded with very small white spots. Upper surface of hands and feet brown, with bright yellow spots. Lower surface of hands and feet reddish brown. Iris very dark brown, very minutely spotted with pslo gold. Pupil circular. The sexes do not appear to differ in coloration. Size. 8. Snout to vent 25 mrn. ; arm 14 ; leg 39. 2. Snout to vent 27 mni. j arm 155 ; leg 405. Distribution. Malay Peninsula (Perak). Mr. Boulenger informs me the same frog bas been discovered in Borneo, on the Baram river, by Mr. C. Hose.

30. MICROHYLAPULCHBA (Hallow.). .&~Oh~kc yuZohru, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 165. M. Mouhot obtained this species in Cambodia, and I found 8 single specimen under a stone in the Dong Phya Fai, Siam, in 906 ME. STANLEY 8. FIIOWB~EON TH.B [Nov. 14,

November 1897. It is a singolarly handsomely marked frog, and well merits its specific name ofpulchra. Distribution. Siam, Cambodia, China, Hongkong.

31. MICROHYLAACHATINA (Boie). ;IficrohyZa uchatinn, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 166. Localities. This pretty little frog was known to inhabit the Malay Peninsula from d and 9 specimens sent to the British Museum from Malacca by Mr. D. 3’. A. Hervey ; it does not seem to have been previously recorded from %am. I have obtained specimens on Penang Hill, at from 2000 to 2500 feet elevation, in Nov. 1896 and April 1898 ; in Taiping, Pemk, in May 1898 ; in Bangkok in July 1898 ; in the Dong Phya Fai, about 900 feet elevation, in Nov. 1897 ; and I have received specimens from Chantoboon. Habits. A very active frog; at times taking very sudden, long hops like a “grasshopper ” insect, at others using its dilated digital disks in climbing like a true tree-frog. Colour (in life). Upper parts vary from very pale light bronze- brown to rich bronze-red, speckled in irregular longitudinal lines, with very small dark brown spots, a very pale yellow vertebral line, and a conspicuom dark brown or black pattern on the back. The sides are rich dark brown or black. Lower parts purplish buff. Iris golden. Size. Snout to vent 20 mm. Distribution. Tenasserim, Sinm, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Moluccas.

32. MICROHYLABERDMORII (Blyth). Microhyln berdmorii, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 166. Localities. This species, although known from Burma, Malacca (Davison), and Cambodia, does not seem to have been recorded from Siam. In Nov. 1897 I found it numerous near Hinlap, in the Dong Phya Pai, Shm, elevation about 700 feet. Habits. Nocturnal, frequenting the neigltbourhood of water, an extraordinary good jumper (even for a frog). Size. Snout to vent 43 mm. Distribution. Burma, Siam, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula.

33. CALLULAPULCHEA (Bray). Hyltedactylus bivittatus, Cantor, p. 143. Calluln pulchrn, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 170 (hand &c. fig.); 5. Flower, P. 8.S. 1896, p. 908. “ Eung-ahng ” of the Slamese. ‘‘ Bull Frog ” of the English in Singapore and Siam. LOWk&%. This species apparently does not occur in Penang ; but is now common in Singapore, having been (from all mounts) imporked into that island from Siarn. The only instances of its occurrenoe on the mainland of the Peninsula (that I know of) are 1899.1 BATICAOJXIANS OF TEE MALAY PEIPIB~JLAAND SIAM. 907 the single male obtained from a field near Malacca by Cantor, and specimens in the Museum at Kuala Lumpor, from that place, where it is said to be common. In Shm I have observed it in Bangkok (Jan., May, June, July, Aug., Nov., and Dec.), at Paknam Menam (Bug.), at Tahkamen on the Bangpakong river (April), and I have also received specimens from Chantaboon. Habit-s. From having kept many specimens in captivity for months at a time, and also observed them frequently in their native haunts, I think CnUu7a pu2chi.a is the clejerest batrachian I have come across : they are good swimmers, can hop \!ell on laud and also cliaib fairly, though slo\vly; ours in captivity in the evening often go up the glass hide of their case, but they manage better in a corner than on a plain vertical glass wall. During the raius, when every evening swarms of insects flew into the house attracted by the light and were a great annoyance at dinner-time, we were in the habit of putting a Callula or two on the dinner- table : they seemed to understand what they were there for, and instead of jumping off the table or being alarmed by us or the servants, caught and ate the 0yiug insects, one after another, as they alighted on the cloth. Termites, ants, moths, small beetles, crickets, and grasshoppers they devour eagerly, but the larger crickets aud grasshoppers they cannot manage to hold to got them into their small mouths ; they seem more clever in catching their desired prey than either Rana or Bufo, and also show curious discrimination in not attempting to seize the wiuged bugs, which often come into the house at the same time as the swarms of ants, termites, Qc. During the rainy season in Bangkok almost every evening, after a wet day, the whole air is full of the booming of these frogs-“eung- ahng, eung-shng, eung-ahng,” now rising, now falling, and the sound continues all night. In some of the roads where there is low land and much water on each side, and Callula swarms, you can hardly hear yourself speak for the noise, but at the distance of a quarter or half a mile the sound is not unpleasant and is like that of a great weir or waterfall. In Singapore possibly they croak on suitable evenings all the year round : personally I have noted them doing so in the months of March, April, Ma]-, June, July, Sep- tember, October, and December. In captivity they continue to make their characteristic sound ; also apparently they can make a quite different noise : on more than one occasion we were disturbed at night in Bangkok by shrill screams apparenhly of a person in great fear and pain ; the noise seemed to come from the room where the Callula were kept, but on procuriug a light and going there, I found them sitting quietly in their vivarium as if nothing had occurred, so it cannot be proved that they were the authors of these really alarming cries’.

1 Our knowledge of the strange cries that animals make at times must still be very meagre. Various noises occurred from time to time in the old ruinous palace I lived in at Bangkok that I did not succeed in tracing : the natives (as usual) attributed them to the supernatural, but I have no doubt they were so8 ME. armmy 8. PLOW~BON ma [Nov. 14, 1 bve been told the Laos eat Ccillula pulchra, but the Siamese in Bangkok do not, though they esteem Rana tigrina as food. Distribution. India, Ceylon, Burma, South China, Siam, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Celebes.

34. PHEYNELLAPULCHBA Blgr. Phrynella pulchra, Blgr. A. M. N. H. (5) xix. 1887, p. 346, pl. x. fig. 2. Distribution. Malay Peninsula (Malacca), Snmrttra, Mentawei Islands.

35. PRRYNELLAPOLLICARIS Blgr. Phrynella pulchra, Giinth. A. M. N. H. (5) xx. 1887, p. 313, PI. xvi. fig. B; L. Wrap, J. 8. B. R. A. S. 1890, no. 21, p. 141. Phynellapollicaria, Blgr. P. Z. 9. 1890, p. 3’7. Diatm’bution. Mday Peninsula (Perak).

Family BUFONIDIE.

36. NEGTOPHRYNEGUENTHERI Blgr. Nectophryne guentheri, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 280, pl. xviii. fig. 3 ; 8. Plower, P. Z. 5. 1896, p. 910. Mr. Ridley obtained another specimen on Bukit Timab, Sing]&- pore, in March 1898. Distribution. Malay Peninsula (Singapore), Mentawei Islands, Natuna Islands, Borneo.

37. Bmo PENANGENSIS (Stol.). (Plate LX. figs. 3, 3a.) Ansonia penanyen&, Stol. J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 152, pl. ix. fig. 4. Bufopenangensis, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 287. Lowlities. I have found this species in the hills of Penang, elevation 2000 feet, in March 1898, and in the Larut Bills, Perak, elevation 3000 feet, in April 1898. Dr. Hanitsch (Bep. Baffles Libr. & Mus. 1898, p. 5) records specimens from Gunnng, Kledang, Perak, elevation 2100 feet, caught in March 1898. Habite. My Penang specimens I caught after dark hopping on the ground on paths through the bill-jungle ; the Lariit specimens I found by daylight crouching on the nearly vertical face of some rocks on the side of a rushing mountain-stream : they were easily caught in the hands. The iris in life is golden.

made by animals, probably reptiles or batrachians, that we generally oonsider to be mute. I have not seen it recorded that the Lizard Uromastix czgyptius has a voioe, but specimens now living in my house here olbn make a low noiee, a sort of guttural aackling, audible 3 or 4 yards OK Testudo margbata at times utters a plaintive cry, very like a shee bleating ; and Testzcdo rudiata has a low querulous bark; probably many otEer instance8 could be given.-S. S, F., Ghiwh, Egypt : 13-699, 1899.) BATEAUHIANS OF rn MALAY PININSULA AND SIAY 909 Size. The largest specimen from Penang measured, snout to vent, 37 mm. Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Borneo. Tadpole. Tadpoles and newly transformed young toads were found in abundance in two streams on Penang Hill, at elevations of about 1800 feet, during March 1898. Habits. These tadpoles live in the swift-flowing hill-streams, and are to be found where the torrent is rushing fastest, fixed to the face of the granite boulders which obstruct the stream; a favourite place of theirs was a perpendicular wall of rock which the water fell over in a small cascade j they hold on so fast with their mouths that they cannot easily be pulled off, but have to be plucked away from the rock between one's finger and thumb. They move upstream and about the face of the rock by means of their mouths; when placed in a glass bowl they never laid on the bottom (as most tadpoles do), and seldom swam about but fixed themselves to the glass sides. In captivity they died in a few hours, the still water probably not suiting them. Descriytioi, of the Tadpole (in the 3rd period). Forin. Length of body from rather more than once and a half to rat,her less than once and two thirds its width, nearly half the length of the tail. Nostrils much nearer the eyes than the end of the snout, about a quarter the distance. Eyes on the sides of the head, looking outwards and upwards, not at all prominent in life ; the distance between the eyes is rather more than once and a half ns great as that between the nostrils, and little more than half aa great as the width of the mouth. A strongly marked lachrymal canal from in front of the eye to the nostril. Mpiraculum on the left side, directed backwards and upwards, rather nearer the eye than the anus, not at all prominent in life. Anus median. Tail six times as long aa deep, acutely pointed; upper crest only on posterior two-thirds of tail, lower crest whole length of tail, but only the posterior two-thirds are pigmented ; crests of equal depth "or herslightly deeper. Mouth. The large mouth forms an organ for adhesion and locomotion. Beak white ; lower jaw edged with black, upper with a conspicuous black diagonal mark on each side. The lips form the rim of a sucking-disk, when not fully expanded they take a crenular form (in spirit-specimens this is very marked) ; the upper lip, which has its edge turned in and terminating in the 1st row of upper labml teeth, is smooth and free from papilla; the enlarged muscular lower lip is thickly studded with very small short rounded papilla. There are two uninterrupted series of upper labial teeth of equal length, the 2nd being slightly stronger than the 1st : three uninterrupted series of lower labial teeth of equal length but shorter than the upper series ; the 3rd is the strongest and the 1st the weakest. PEW. %OJi BOO.-1899, NO. LE. 69 9io MI. S~AIVLBY8. Pbtmk 0% TBB mov. 14, Cotou~(in life). Upper surface sepia-brown, mottled darker and lighter j the disk round the head is translucent, colour ellow very finely speckled with sepia-brown. Lower surface ye17 owish buff, the intestines showing the transparent skin as a dark pu lish patch. Muscular portion of tail sepia-brown mottled with yexw ; the crests are transparent, finely speckled with sepia-brown towards their edges, which are dark brown. The legs as soon as they appear have the bright colour and distinct markings of those of the young toad j when the fore limbs appear the back begins to take the markings of that of the young toad. Iris, a narrow ring of reddish yellow. Colour (in life) of newly transformed young.-Upper surface of head and body yellowish brown, extensively marked with black ; sides of head and body spotted with orange and yellow. Limbs red, with dark brown cross-bars. Below purplish grey, with numerous very small whitish-yellow spots. Size. Taclpoles (3rd period) : total length 34 mm. ; length of body 12.5 j width of body 7 ; width of mouth 6 ; length of tail 21-5 j depth of tail 3.5 j depth of mouth 5. Newly transformed young : snout to vent 13 to 14 mm.

38. BUFOYELANOSTIOTUS Schneid. Byfo mctanostictus, Cantor, p. 142 j Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 306 ; Blgr.Faun.Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 505(fig. p.506). ; 8. Flower, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 911, pl. xliv. fig. 3 (tadpole). 6‘ KBkong,” ‘‘ KBtak pfirii,” of the Malays of the Peninsula, according to Cantor. ‘‘ King-kop ’’ of the Siamese. Localities. This is the common toad of the Malay Peninsula and Hiam, to be found in abundance at all seasons of the year j I have observed it in the following localities :-Penang (from seaJeve1 to the summit of Western Hill, 2725 feet) ; Alor Star, Aiiak Bukit and Kulim, Kedah j Taiping, Perak ; Johore Bahru ; Siiigapore ; Paknam Menam, Bangkok, Ayuthia, Pachim, Kabin, and Chanta- boon in Siam ; and at Kosichang, an island in the Gulf of Siam, where exceptionally large individuals were seen. Specimens from the same localities vary considerably in roughness, some are nearly covered with strong spinous warts. HaLits. This species resembles Bufo vulgaris in habits andmanner of feeding,and does well in captivity, readily eating beetles, termites, ants, crickets, grasshoppers, &c., but refusing millipedes. As a rule it frequents cultivated places, or the neighbourhood of paths and clearings, only once have I found a specimen in virgin jungle. At certain seasons the males make a good deal of noise croaking, both when wild or when kept in a vivarium ; while croaking the single vocal sac under the chin is distended into a globular form. I have heard them croaking in February (at Ayuthia), in March (at Pachn), in July (at Bangkok), and in November (in the Penang Hills). The Siamese are much afraid of toads j a man I employed 1899.1 BATBACHIANB OF TRPl !&Atby PBNINSTh.4 AND BtA& 911 in collecting would handle frogs, snakes, lizards, &c., and pick up scorpions, large spiders, &c., but could never be persuaded to even touch a toad. C’olouv. In the breeding-season the inales aamne a very haud- some appearancet the throat becoming bright chrome-yellow, and the sides of the head and cheet yellow, spotted with black. Size. The largest Bangkok specimen measured 116 mm. from snout to vent. Disttibution. India, Ceylon, Burma, Yikhirn Himalayas (up to 10,000 feet), Southern China, Hongkong, Cambodia, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Philippines. Tadpoles. I have observed the tadpole of B. mdanostictus in April and October in Singapore; in March in Penang (mouth exactly as described in P. Z. S. 1896, p. 912 ; but colour of caudal crests almost none, transparent) ; in July and August in Bangkok; and at Batu Gajah, Perak, in December I caught a tadpole exactly like t’hose of this species, except that the 2nd series of teeth in the upper jaw was uninterrupted.

39. BUEOMACROTIS Blgr. Bufo inaci-Otis, Blgr. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genova, (2) v. 1887, 1). 422, pl. iv. fig. 3 ; Blgr. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 502. Localities. This toad, previously known froin Upper Burma and Pegu, has not been recorded from Siam before. I found it fairly iiumerous at Bawtong Kabin in March 1891. This species and B. melanostictus frequented the same spots. Size. Snout to vent 46 mm. Distribution. Burma, Siam.

40. BUFOPABVUS Blgr. Bufoparvus Blgr. A. M. N. H. (5) xix. 1887, p. 346, pl. x. In November 1896 I found a single specimen under some dead leaves in jiingle by the Waterfall Gardens, Penang. It was a very active toad, hopping like a frog ; in captivity it refused to feed. The eyes are large and prominent, and the tympanum very distinct. Colour (in life). Above rich dark reddish brown; limbs dark brown mottled with light red. Below yellowish buff and purplish grey, speckled on the chin, throat, chest, nud lower legs with dark brown. Iris golden and vandyke-brown, minutely speckled with black. Distribution. Pegu, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.

41. Bmo QUADRIPORCATUS Blgr. Bufo pundriporcatus, Blgr. A. M. N. H. (5) xix. 1887, p. 347, pl. x. fig. 4; Giinth. A. M. N. H. (5) xx. 1887, p. 314, pl. xvi. fig. c. 59. 912 MR. STANLEY 8. PLOWBR ON THEl [Nov. 14, Distribution. Malay Peninsula (Perak and Malacca), Sumatra, Borneo. K.B.-Mr. L. Wray (Perak Museum Notes, vol. ii. part ii. p. 135) credits me with having presented the Museum at Taiping with a toad of this species from Penang ; the toad in question, however, was a specimen of B. asper.

42. BUFODIVERGENS Peters. Mr. A. L. Butler informs me he has obtained this species in Balangor during the latter half of 1898 ; it had not previously been recorded from the Malay Peninsula. Distribution. Malay Peninsula.

43. BUFOABP~ Gravenh. Bufo asper, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 313; 8. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1896. D. 912. This is the grandest batrachian known to inhabit the Malay Peninsula, and interesting in many ways : its size, rugged coat, and prominent yellow eyes at once attract attention ; its muscular strength is unusually great for an animal of this class ; the strong scent of musk it gives out when excited or alarmed is remarkable ; its habit of pretending to be dead is very curious j and, lastly, its motive for frequenting only particular caves and waterfalls would be most interesting to work out. For this reason I give each place and date on which I have met the species :- Great Waterfall, Botanical Gdns., Penang : 24.3.95 ; four. 19 7) 9, 30.3.96 ; two ( d d ). 3) 3, 9, 23.4.26 ; three ( Q .) Y9 33 19 8.3.98 ; two. 97 9, Y, 14.6.98 ; one. On 1st Jan., 1896, J searched this place without seeing a single toad. Penaug Hill, elevation about 2000 feet ; 26th November, 1896, one individual. Penang Hill, elevation about 2000 feet; April 1898, three individuals. Batu Caves, Selangor, 28th and 30th June, 1898. In the dark part of these caves there were numbers of B. asper; on the 28th I saw about twenty individuals, some were several hundred yards underground (perhaps half a mile) and in places where no daylight could ever penetrate. All the toads seen in the caves were well-grown specimens, apparently adult ; their rugged backs and colour exactly match many of the rocks in the caves. The excrement of these toads contained wings of small beetles and cockroaches. 1889.1 BATEAUHIANS OF IHBI MALAY P~NSULIIAND SYAM. 913 Colour (in life). General colour varies from yellowish brown, irregularly darker on upper surface, to rich reddish brown and blackish. Iris: a narrow golden line round pupil, remainder golden, very finely speckled and vermiculated with very dark bronze. Size. Largest Penang specimen I have measured waa, snout to vent 170 mm. (69 inches). Distribution. Tenasserim, Mergui, -Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo.

N.B.-BuFo OAT~EATUBGiinther. Bujb pleatus, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 314. The type specimen, a female, was obtalued by M. Mouhot in Cambodia, so the species may be eventually found in Siam.

Family PELOBATIDX.

44. LEPTOBEAUHIUHHASSELTI Tschudi. Leptahrcic7~iuin7iasseltii, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 441 ; S. Flower, P. %. 8. 1896, p. 913 ; Hanitsch, Rep. Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1897, p. 8. Distribution. Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java.

45. ~~EOALOPHEYSNABUT.4 (Schleg.). .MegaZop7~ysinontana var., Cantor, p. 140 ; part., Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 413. Meyabphrys nasutrc, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 443; 8. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 913. “Katah bertandu” of the Malays of Perak, according to L. Wray, jun. Cantor obtained two specimens on the Pentland Hills, Penang, at an elevation of about 1800 feet. When in Penang during March and April 1898, I obtained one adult specimen from a valley ; and two adults, two small specimens, and many recently transformed young from the hills at elevations of from 1800 to 2000 feet. This species is also found in Perak (specimens in British and local Museums) ; in Selangor (one specimen in lo(:a] Museum, caught about 15 miles from Kuala Lumpor, 1898); Malacca (Raffles Museum) ; Johore (Rdes Mus.) ; and on Bukit Timah, Singapore (Raffles Mus.). Colour. Cantor gives a good description of this species, but 6‘ above, pale greyish-brown ; ” in four specimens which I observed alive for several days I found they were capable of altering their colour to a great extent-olive-brown, red-bronze, yellowish bronze or chocolate, but in every case the colours and sbdes resembled those ~eeuin dead leaves ; the rich dark-brown 914 MR. STANLEY 8. FLOWER ON THB [Nov. 14, markings on the sides vary very much in intensity from time to time. Size. d from Penang: snorit to vent 80 mm. ; width of head at angle of jaw 36 mmT . 9 from Yenang : snout to vent 90 mm. ; width of head at angle oE jaw 46 mm. D&tribrttion. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

N.B.-MFIGIALOPHRYSMONTANA Kuhl. MegaZophrys mmtann, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Sd. p. 442. A frog in the Museum at Taiping, said to have been caught in Perak, apparently belongs to this species. ZXqtribzctwn. Java, Sumatra, Dinagat Island j Malay Peninsula (possibly).

46. MEGIALOPHRYSLONQIPFIS Blgr. MegaZophrys long+es, Blgr. P. 8.H. 1885, p. 850, pl. lv. j Uiinth. A. M. N. H. (6) xx. 1887, p. 316. This species was first discovered by Mr. Wray; in April 1898 Mr. Keilich again obtained it in the Larut Hills in Perak, at, an elevation of 4500 feet. Distribution. Malay Peninsula (Perak).

Order CAUDATA.

Family SALAMANDRIDAL

47. AMBLYSTOMAPPRBIMILE (Gray). Amblystoma per&de, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Grad. Lc. p. 47. Two specimens were collected by M. Mouhot in Siam, (‘probably at a considerable altitude.” Distribution. Siam.

Order APODA. Family CBOILIIDX. 48. ICHTHYOPHISQLuTmosua (Linn.). Qicrium glutinosum, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 441 (1864). Ichthyophis glutinosus, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Grad. &c. p. 89, pl. iv. 6g. 2 (1882); Blgr. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 515, fig. p. 516 (1890). 6‘ Ngu pling ” or leech-snake ” of the Siamese. 1899.1 BATBACUNS OF TRE~&LAY PE~NI~CBULAAND SUM. 916 I have come across the following specimens :-

Number of Approximate length Locality. oiroular folds. in millimetm. (!) Bangkok ...... 366 560 (11) I, (Feb. 1898) ...... 820 304 (eij; ,, ...... >%4 2!M (1v) ,I ...... 312 282 (q)* I9 ...... 305 180 136 (m)* 99 ...... 308 (vii) A uthia (June 1887) ...... __ - (viii) Clnntnboon ...... 332 304 ’ (ixj * Penang, 1800 ft. 297 m (April 1898) 287 iMarch1898) 298 196 1::: 188 (xiv)* ,, f April 1898). 294 174 The counted number of circular folds must always be more or less approximate, as they are not all complete rings, some bifurcating in places ; but t’his table shows how very much they vary in number in individuals regardless of the length. Mr. Wray hm shown me a specimen obtained bey him in the Larut Hills, Perak, at between 3000 and 4000 feet elevation, and Mr. A. (3. B. Van Sommeren had in his collection one from the Penang Hills from about 2200 feet. Dr. Hanitsch (Rep. Baffl. Libr. 86 Mus. 1898, p. 5) records specimens from Ipoh, Kinta district of Perak, caught November 1897, and from Giinong Panti, Johore, caught June 1898. Habite. In life the tentacles are constantly being rotruded and retracted, and the throat is in constant motion, like a Prog’s. These creatures are gentle and make no attempt to bite ; although their usunl movements are very slow and deliberate, when they want to they can wriggle away with surprising speed. They do not feel at all slimy when handled. These remarks apply equally well to I. momchrouu. Colour (in life). Very dark rich purple, each circular fold showing as a narrow paler ring. Along each side of the body a bright lemon-yellow line, very distinct nnd sharply defined at the edges, but varying very much in width in specimens of about equal length. The eyes, though so small, are bright; they are black, with a very narrow pale brown ring round them. The tentacles are white. Distribution. Mountains of Ceylon, Malabar, Eastern Himalayas, Khdisi Hills, Burma, Siam, mal lay Peninsula, Sumatra, Mentswei Islands, Borneo, Java.

* In the ten speoimens marked with sn asterisk the tentacle is considerably nearer the eye than the nostril ; of its position in the remaining specimens I 5nd I have made no note. 916 BAPBAUHIANS OF THI MALAY PENINSULA LV SUM. [Nov. 14,

49. IOHTHYOPEISMONOCHEOUS (Blkr.). Ichthyophis monochrous, Blgr. Cat. Batr. Grad. Btc. p. 91, pl. iv. fig.- 1 (1882). In April 1808 on different days I obtained two specimens from under a stack of firewood near ‘‘ Maxwell’s Bungalow,” in the Larut Hills, Perak, elevation 3380 feet. 1st. Number of circular folds about 313 ; length 208 mm. 2nd. Number of circular folds about 309; length 167 mm. As in I. glutinoaus, some of the circular folds either bifurcate or converge into each other ; therefore the number, in counting the same individual at different parts of its circumference, varies. Colour (in life). Uniform purplish black. Tentacles white. Anal region and tip of tail pale pinkish. The eye appears as an inconspicuous black speck (but turns whitish in spirits). Distribution. India (Sikhim, Western Ghsuts, Surnt, Malabar), Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java. ADDaNDA.-Mr. A. L. Butler has recently obtained in the Malay Peninsula examples of two species not included in this list-Rann jerboa from the Batu Caves, -Selangor, and Nectea atbasper from Sungei Buloh : he also obtained in Kuala Sumpor a male Runn macrodon, measuring ‘‘ exactly nine inches ” (228; mm.) from snout, to vent.

EXPLLLNATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATELIX. Fig. 1. Rana macrodon (p. %8). Tadpole. x 2. la. ,, ,, mouth. x 15. 2. Rana t

PLATELX.

Fig. 1, 1 a! 1 h. Microhykz oniata (p. 901). Tadpoles. x 4. 2. Mzcrohyla (i’), sp. ? (p. 903). Tadpole, side view and iipper view. x 3. 2a. ,, ,I ,, front view of mouth, shut. x 6. 2b. ,, . ,9 ,, front view of mouth, open. x 6. 2c. 11 ,, side view of mouth, shut. x 3. , 3. Bufo penailgensis (p. 908). Tadpole, iipper and lower views. x 2, 3a. ,, ,, mouth. x 5.

P.Z .S-.1899.Pl.LX.

J.Srmt dd etlith. MxmternBroe imp. MALE CHILIAN GUEMAL. (Mazamabisulca .) 917

4. Specific Characters of the Chilian Guemal. By R. LYDEKKER. [Receired August 30, 1899.1 (Plate LXI.) When describing that subgeneric group of American Deer commonly known as Guemals in ‘ Deer of All Lands,’ I had no mounted specimen of the Chilian species $0 compare with the one of the Peruvian Guemel in the British Museum; the latter having suffered considerably from fading. Consequently, I was compelled to rely on the descriptions of others ; and now that the Museum (thanks to Dr. H. P. Moreno) has acquired a beautiful male of the Chilian Guemal, I find that there are several iuaccuracies in my description. In the first place, the Chilian Guemal is a considerably larger animalthan thePeruvian species, theshoulder-height in the mounted specimens of these species in the Museum being respectively 39fr and 334 inches. Secondly, it is much more uniformly coloured than its northern relative, the greater portion of the under-parts, limbs, and buttocks being of the same tint as the back, instead of very much lighter. The faded condition oE the ikhseum specimen of the Peruvian species does not admit of the original tint of the hair being precisely determined ; but it was evidently speckled after the manner of the Chilian form. In the latter, the general colour of the head and upper-parts is hright greyish-yellow speckled with black. A broad black band runs up the middle of the face from the muzzle to terminate in a fork between the eyes; the sides of the muzzle being brown and the extremity of the chin whitish. The upper surface of the tail is coloured like the back, while the under surface is white ; there is no trace of the brown patch on the rump and the brown upper surface of the root of the tail characteristic of the Peruvian species. The under-parts and limbs, with the exception of the inguinal region, the front and upper part of the inner surface of the thighs, and a streak on the postero-internal surface of the fore legs (which are greyish white), are also coloured like the back ; thus presenting a very striking difference from the Peruvian animal, in which they are very much lighter. The tarsal tuft, too, instead of being dark umber-brown on a whitish ground, is likewise of the same speckled hue as the upper-parts. In regard to’the antlers, they are distinguished from those of the Chilian species by the forking taking place at a considerably greater distance above the burr, so that between the latter and the upper surface of the fork there is an interval of nearly two inches instead of less than an inch. The antlers of the specimen figured in the drawing (Plate LXI.), which came from Patagonis, are comparstively thin and smooth. In a head from Ultima Eaperanza, Patagonis, recently acquired by the 918 MR. It. LYDEKKEX ON THE CHILIAN GIUEMAL. POV. 14, Museum, the antlers are, however, much stouter and more rugose, perhaps indicating an older animal. Moreover, in the same specimen (represented in the figure, p,, 018) the general tone of the hair is greyer and less rufous, while the black inark on the face

Head of an adult male Chilian Guemal (Mumma biawlcn). irr narrower and less deep in colour. Now this specimen is stated to have been killed in June, that is to say in the middle of winter. And it would accordingly seem that the Quemals, like so many 1899.1 ON A SHARK-~H)THED DOLPHIN FROM PATAQONIA. 919 Deer, exhibit a reddish phase in summer, and a more greyish (blue) tint in winter. The Chilian Guemal was originally named from specimens obtained in the Andes of the country from which it takes its popular title ; probably on the east side of the main range. I can find no reason for separating the Patagonian animal, even racially. It has sometimes occurred to me that the Peruvian and Chilian Quemals might be nothing more than local forms of one widely- spread species ; but the important points of difference indicated above leave little doubt as to the propriety of regarding them in t.he light of separate species.

5. On the Skull of a Shark-toothed Dolphin from Patagoilia. By R. LYDEKKER. [Received September 7, 1899.1 In 1893 I described and figured ’ an imperfect skull of a Shark- toothed Dolphin from a Tertiary deposit at Chubut, Patagonia, which was clearly generically dbtinct from Squdodon, and seemed to me to require a new name. I accordingly suggested the title of Prosqualodon australis. From Squalodon this Dolphin evidently differed in the smaller number of teeth, and apparently in the shorter and more laterally curved lower jaw. Moreover, I. came to the conclusion that the nasals, instead of formiog mere nodules of bone lying in depressions of the frontals, were of triangular form, and to a certain small extent roofed over the base of the nose- cavity. Unfortunately, the extremity of the rostrum was so broken as to preclude the possibility of estimating the total length of the skull. This deficiency is supplied by a skull from the same deposit recently acquired by the British Museum, to which my attention has been directed by Mr. C. W. Andrews. This specimen has B general resemblance to the skulls of the short-beaked Dolphins of the present day, such as P?Locmaa, Granipus, Globiceps, &c. In size it apparently comes very close to the skull of I’seudowci crasdens, but is relatively shorter, and therefore more like that of Cogia brevicqs, so far as proportion is concerned. It agrees in all respects with the type skull ; and there is one detached tooth remaining, which is of the same Squalodont type as those of the latter. With the exception of a certain amount of damage to the region of the blow-hole, the new skull, in spits of numerous fractures, is comparatively but little imperfect on the upper surface. On the under surface the pterygoids, which afford such characteristic features in differentiating the skulls of the existing Dolphins, are wanting. Of the lower jaw only the greater portion of the right man- dibular ramus is preserved.

1 An. Mus. LaPlata,-Pal. Arg. vol. ii. art. 3, p. 8, pl. iv. (1893). 920 YR. R. LYDEEKEB ON A [Nov. 14, The extreme shortness of the skull (only a very small portion of the tip of the rostrum being miseing) indicates the wide difference of the genus from Squnlodow; and we t,hus have evidence that the Squalodontidce, like the Delphiniclce, were represented by a long-beaked and a short-beaked group. The question will therefore arise whether the two groups of the last-named family may not be inde endently derived from the two corresponding groups of the Squayodonts. Pig. 1.

Upper surface of a skull of Prosqaalodon australis, from the Tertiary deposits of Ohubut, Patagonia. W.., frontal ; m., maxilla ; Pmx., prernaxilla ; Ero.. supra-occipital ; Pa., parietal. 1 a. Naiial region of specimen in the La Plah Museum. Be this as it may, the general characters of the fossil skull are essentially those of modern Dolphins, asymmetry being but slightly developed, while the proximal extremities of the prernaxillae and maxilla overlie aud conceal the frontals to the same extent. The prernaxillae, although their vomerine borders are perhaps slightly imperfect distally, seem, however, to have roofed over the mesethmoid channel to a less degree than in existing Dolphins, thus 1899.3 SHARK-TOOTEBD DOLPEIB FROM PATAWNfA. 921 leaving in the dry skull the greater extent of the vomer exposed, very much as in Oogia. In life the exposed mesethmo-vomerine channel was doubtless occu ied by a large mesethmoid cartilage. It is much to be regrette $ that the narial region of the British Museum specimen is imperfect, the nasal bones being wanting. I have therefore had reproduced (fig. 1 a, p. 920) this region from my original plate, from which it will ,be seen that the nasal bones, instead of being reduced to irregular nodules lyiiig in depressions of the frontals, form a slight penthouse to the upper end of the blow-hole. In my original paper I stated that the niolariform teeth were double-rooted, like those of Squabdon ; but, a detached specimen (fig. 2a, p. 921) shows that the two fangs have coalesced, although separated by a deep groove. And it appears that the same feature,

Fig. 2.

Lateral aspect of the specimen of Provpzlodon azlstralia re resented in 5g. 1. 3 a. A molar tooth associated with the sku{. judging from the sockets, obtains in all the teeth of this type. Home of the hinder molars mere, however, siugle-fanged; and the whole number of taeth did not apparently exceed ten or eleven pairs in each jaw, against the fifteen pairs of Xqunlodon. Whether the anterior teeth were of the slender inciaiform type of the similarly situated teeth oE SquaZodon cannot be ascertained. The CUE~Son the molars are leas developed than in the latter. The new specimen accentuates the distinction of P~*oequalodon from the last-named genus ; and whereas in the structure of the nasals the South-American genus is the more generalized of the two, in the characters of the teeth it is the more specialiied. It is worth mention that the retention of roofiug nasals in Pro- sqzutlodolz and in a second Patagonbn genus, for which I have suggested the name Argyrodelphis, removes any difflculty, so far 822 MB. B. LSDEIKKER ON THI DEINTALFORMULA OF [Nov. 14 as this part of the skull is concerned, in deriving the Whalebone from $he Toothed Whales. But whether such is the true phylo- geny may be left an open question; and I may add that, for several reasons, I do not propose on this occasion to discuss the geological age of the deposits from which Prosqualodon was obtained.

6. The Dental Formula of the Marsupial and Placental Carnivora. By R. LYDEKKER. (Plate LXII.) [Received October 21, 1899.1

Since the views expressed in the Study of Mammals ' 1 with regard to the dental succession in the Mammalia generally, and the homology of the individual teeth- of the cheek-series of the Marsupials with those of the Placentals, are out of harmony with the results of recent investigations, 1,think the tiine is ripe for a statement that I, as the surviving author of that work, no longer hold them. And I do this the more readily because it appears to me that some emendations in regard to the names employed for certain of the teeth of the cheek-series are urgently required. I may commence by the statement that I fully accept the view that the milk-teeth plue the so-called true molars constitute the first, or original series, and that the premolars form the second series ; this being precisely the opposite of the view taken in the work referred to 2. Apart from other considerations, 1 regard the fact that the last tooth of the milk-molar series (as well as sometimes the tooth in advance of it) is always similar in structure to the true molars as a very strong argument in favour of this view. And I likewise accept the view that the whole of the teeth of moderii Marsupials, with the exception of the single replacing pair in each jaw, belong to the first series. This being so, I come, without further preliminaries, to the consideration of the special subject of the present communication ; that is to say, the serial homology of the individual cheek-teeth in the Marsupial and Placental Carnivora, and the dental formula that will best express this homology. It will simplify matters to confine our attention in the main to the teeth of the lower jaw, as what holds good for these will be likewise applicable in the case of those of the upper jaw. To go no further back than the publication of his ' Odonto- graphy,' we find Sir R. Owen in that work' giving the lower dental formula of Canis, which may be regarded as typical for the

' Elower and Lydekker, 1891. * I do not propow to take into oonsideration the evidenae in favour of the occasional mence of an aborted eucaessional wriea to the true molars. Page &. P.Z S 1899 P1 LXII

J Smt del ethth MmternBros y"p LOWER TEETH OF PLACENTAL &MARSUPIAL CAFtNIVORA

$809.] TmYAEBUPIhL AND PIIAU~AZUABNIVOBA. 923

Placental Carnivora, as i. 3, C. 1, p. 4, m. 3 ; while he gives that of the Marsupial Thylacinus’ as i. 3, c. 1,.p. 3, m. 4. Nothing is said as to any replacement in the dental series of the latter genus, or in Marsupials generally; the division of the cheek-series into premolars and molars having been apparently made solely from the form and characters of trheteeth themselves. But, it is important to recognize that the premolars and molars mere regarded as being numericallay just the reverse of one another in the Dog and the Thylacine ; and that this view has been accepted by almost all subsequent writers till quite recently. In 1867 Sir William Plower a carried matters one stage further by proving that, when any replacement at all occurred, only one pair of teeth in each jaw was changed in the modern Marsupials ; this pair bein the third of the cheek-series of seven. It was further arguef that this replacing pair of teeth corresponded to the fourth cheek-tooth of the Dog, thus indicating that one premolar tooth (the first) was wanting in the Marsupial cheek-series, and hence suggesting that the full series in that group was originally i. 3, c. 1, p. 4, m. 4. It is, however, noteworthy that the three premolars of the Thylacine were still called p. 1, p. 2, and p. 3 ; and that the same notation was retained in the article ‘‘ Mammalia” by the same writer in the 9th edition of the ‘Encyclopsdia Britannica.’ By the date of the issue of the third volume of‘ his ‘ Anatomy of Vertebrates ’ (1868), Owen had likewise recognized the fact that only a single pair of teeth were replaced in each jaw of the Marsupials ; this, he said, “giving the extent of the theoretical deciduous series.” From this it may be inferred that he did not accept the homology of the replacing tooth of the Marsupials with p. 4 of the Placental series. But in a later part of the second volume (pp. 378 & 379) occurs the following very remarkable statement, which, although not altogether an exact solution of the problem, makes a very near approach to it :-“ The observed phenomena of the development and change of the teeth led to the generalisation that the Mar- supial differed from the Placental Diphyodont Mammals in hsving four true molars, i.e. m. 4 instead of m. 3; and also that they differed in having only three premolars, i. e. p. 3 instead ofp. 4; the typical number of the grinding series, 7, being the same ; and it waa convenieut for comparison to symbolise them accordingly. Since, however, there is reason to conclude that m. 1 in the Pla- cental Diphyodonts is R continuation of the deciduous series of molars, which might be symbolised as dm. 5, and only becomes a permanent molar because there is no premolar developed above it, so we may regard the tooth marked rn. 1 [that is to say, the fourth of the cheek-series] in Thylacinus as being an antecedent tooth of the deciduous series, rendered permanent by a like reaaon, the suppression of p. 4. In other words, that m. 1 in Thykcinus is the homologue of dm. 4 [the last milk-molar] of Xus [or Ounis], IbicE. p. 371. Phil. Trans. 1867, p. 631. * PSge285. 924 MR. E. LYDEKKEE ON TEE DIWTAL FOEMUI,A OF mov. 1.4, and that the true homologue of pm. 4 is not developed in the Marsupialia.” In this passage, then, the great anatomist recognizes, firstly, that the first true molar of Placentals belongs to the first series of teeth ; and, secondly, that the fourth cheek-tooth of the Marsupials is a persistent last (fourth) milk-molar. And it is merely in order to obtain general recognition for these two important facts that the present paper is chietly written. The next amendment in the dental homology of the Marsupial and Placental Carnivora was made by Professor A. Gaudry I, in 1878, who, shck by the resemblance between the teeth of the Creodont and Marsupial Carnivora, applied the same formula to both, thus making the lower dentition of Thylacinus i. 3, c. 1, p. 4, m. 3, or the same as that of Hymodon and Cank. He then pointed out that although the Creodonts differed from ThyZacinw and its allies by a complete dental replacement, yet the former likewise differed from modern land Carnivora by the circumstances that all their three true lower molars were of a carnassial type, and that they closely resembled the corresponding lower teeth of the Thylacine. No attempt was, however, made to show why the latter animal, in common with its kindred, should have four teeth of this same carnassial type. In 1887 appeared a paper by M-r. 0. Thomas 2, in which the replacing tooth of the Marsupials was definitely regarded as representingp. 4 of the Placental series, and was accordingly termed the fourth premolar ; the second tooth of that series being regarded as missing in the modern Marsupials. In this communication the author suggested the use of the term ‘‘ milk-premolars,” in lieu of milk-molars. Mr. Thomas’s nomenclature of the Marsupial series mas adopted in the ‘ Study of Mammals.’ It was some years after the appearance of the paper last referred to that the researches of Messrs. Kiikenthal and Rose afforded grounds for regarding all the teeth in advance of the replacing premolar of niodern Marsupials as milk-teeth, and the identification of the true molar series as corresponding serially with the milk set rather than with t)he premolars. To these discoveries I need not refer further than to say that a useful summary of them is given by Professor Osborn in the ‘ American Naturalist ’ for 18933. I accordingly pass on to two papers by Seiior Florentino Ameghino, in the course of which the remains of certain Marsupial- like Mammals from the Tertiaries of Patagonia are described and figured under the group-name of Bparassodonta.” In the Erst of these communications the animals in question are said to be referable neither to t,he Carnivora Vera, the Creodontia, or the

‘ Lea Enchainetnente, etc.-Mammifk-es Tortiairw,’ pp. 13-19. Phil. Trans. 1887, p. 447. Many of the views propounded here were modified in a paper published in the Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. mr. 6, vol. ix. p. 308 (1892). Vol. xxvii. p . 493-508. Bol. Ac. CoAoba, vol. xiii. pp. 259-462 (1894). 1899.1 TIiE MARSUPIAL AND PLACEJTAL CARNIVORA. 92.3 Dnsyuridce, although stated to present resemblances to each of these groups. Apparently in all cases the palate is devoid of the un- ossified vacuities characteristic of existing Marsupials. In mauy instances the upper incisors exceed the number occurring in modern Placentals, one of the genera (ProtJiyylacinus) having the same incibive formula as in Thylacinus, namely :. The cheek-teeth (as shown in figs. 3, 5, and 6 of Plate LXII.) are also of a Rlarmpial type, the total ~iuniberbeing seven, of which the last four are molariform. And in his first communication Seiior Ameghino divides them according to the formula usually accepted for the Marsupialia; that is to say, into three premolars (p. 2, p. 3, and p.4) and fonr molars. He also goes on to observe that while the milk-dentition is more reduced than in the Carnivora, it is less so than in the Dasyuridm. The genus in which the reduction is carried to the greatest extent * is the one named Borhycem (Plate LXII. fig. 3), in which only the canine and the fourth rheelr- tooth have vertical successors. On the other hand, in the other genera (e.g. Prothylacinus, fig. 5, and Aotphiproviverra, fig: 6), both the second and third cheek-teeth, in addition to the canines, are thus replaced. In regard to the incisors there is no evidence. In the drawing (Plate LXII.) I have had the lower jaws of the three genera mentioned figured alongside of those of the Creodont genera Hycenodora (fig. 1)and Pteroclon (fig. 2) above, :md of the Mar- supial Thylacinus (fig. 4) below. And an inspection of these will show that, whereas the jnwa shown in figs. 1 and 2 have but three molariform teeth, all the others have four. The general resein- blance is, however, so striking between the whole series, that it is almost impossible to conceive that the seven cheek-teeth are not serially homologous with one another in the six genera. And this idea has been developed in Seiior Ameghino’a second paper, published in the Society’s ‘Proceedings ’ for the present year’. Thus on page 556 he writes that he assigns to the teeth behind the canines the progressive numbers 1to 7a,since they are perfectly homologous in the Placentals and Marsupials, the only difference being that some teeth may belong to the first series in cprtain genera (e. g. the fourth in Marsupials) and to the second in others (e. g. the fourth in Placentals). This view is in fact the one advanced by Owen, when he said that the fourth cheek-tooth of the Thylacine was a milk-molar rendered permanent by the suppression of its vertical successor. And looking at the number of forms described by Seiior Ameghino which serve in some degree to connect the Creodontia with the Dngyuridce, it appears to me, as already indicated, impossible to avoid accepting the above interpretation. The fourth cheek-tooth in the Prothylacinidce (Sparassodonta) indisputably belongs to the

Supra, pp. .555-671 ; I am not prepared to admit the Cretaceous age of Borne of the apeciuieiis described therein. This nomenclature had been long since proposed by Dr. H. Winge, Vidensk. Med. ~jobenhavn,1888, p. 66. PROC.ZOOL. Soc.-l899, No. LX. 60 928 MR. B. LYDEICKEE ON THI DENTAL FORMULA OF [Nov. 14, first series, as it does in Thylacinus ; and we have now to ask, is there any evidence that this tooth eber had a successor in allied forms ? The only instance with which I am acquainted where this question could possibly be answered in the affirmative is that of the Purbeck genus Trico)iodon (Triacanthodon),in which, as shown by Mr. Thomas ’, there are at least seven cheek-teeth, of which the fourth has a vertical successor. And it appears to me highly probable that we have in this genus an ancestral type of Marsupial in which all the first four cheek-teeth were replaced, as in the Creodonts. From this we pass to Prothylacinus anddmphiprowivarra of the Patagonian Tertiaries, in which (if Seiior Ameghino’s observations are trustworthy) only the canine and the second and third cheek-teeth are replaced j to Borhyrpna, in which replacement is restricted to the canine and third cheek-tooth; then to Didelyhya, in which only the third cheek-tooth has a successor and that at a fairly advanced stage of life ; and finally to Thylacinus, in which the same tooth is replaced in utero. Accepting, then, the foregoing interpretation, namely that the even lower cbeek-teeth respectively met with in Canis, Hytenodon, Prothylacinus, and Thykcinus are serially homologous one with the other, I come to the msin object of my paper, that is to say, to the formula we must adopt in order to indicate this. When I first considered the subject, I thought it would be necessary to adopt the plan proposed b.y Seiior Ameghino, and to term the teeth respectively 1 to 7. If this view were adopted, it would, however, be necessary to use the term “cheek-teeth” in place of ‘‘ molars,” as the latter has a special restricted signification. Were we starting de novo,I think this would be the better course ; but it is exceedingly inconvenient to interfere with the accepted use of familiar terms, and Mr. Thomas has suggested to me a way out of the difficulty which involves very little change. If we agree to call the RrRt four cheek-teeth of all the animals under coneideration ‘‘ premolars,” as coming in advance of the cL molars,” which never have successors, then we may designate t,hose that belong to the first series as (‘milk-premolars,” atid those of the second series as “ permaneut premolars,” with the respective symbols of mp. and pp. The adult dental formula of Hymnodoo,~will then staud us follows, viz. :- i.l.i.2.i.3 c.1 pp.l.pp.2.pp.3.pp.4 m.l.?n.2.nZ.3 2. 1 .i.2.1.s-c.3-2)p. 1 .ppP.2.pp.3.pp.4-1n. 1. In. 2.m. 6’

That of Borhyma will be :- _~_____? - c. 1 mp. 1 .pp. 2,pp. 3. mp. 4 111. I . w. 2.ni. 3 i. I . i. 2. i. 3 CTi-Cp. 1 .pp. 9 .pp. 3. mp. 4-m. 1 . nz. 2. m.3’

Phil. Trans. 1887, pl. xxvii. 5g. 10. 1899.1 THE YARIUPIAL AND PLACENTAL CAltNIVORA. 927

Prothylacinus, on the other hand, will have the formula :-- mi. 1 . mi. 2. mi. 3. mi. 4 mc. 1 mp. 1 . pp. 2. pp. 3. mp. 4-m. 1 . m. 2. m. 3 mi. I.mi. 2.mi. 3 me. I mp. I .pp. 2 .pp. 3. mp. 4 m. 1.m. 2. m. Y’

Finally, in Thyltcciwus we shall have :- mi.1.mi.2.mi.3.mi.4 mc.1 mp.1.mp.a.pp.3.mp.4 m.l.m.2.m.3 mi. 1. mi. 2. mi. s -GX-cmp. 2 .pp.3. mp .4-nr. 1 .m. 2. m. 3‘

In ordinary practice, however, when tJhe number, rather than the siiccessional homology, is the point to be elucidated, we may follow a modification of the practice now employed. 143 Hpnodon will remain as before, viz. i. i,c. 1, p.a, m. 5; and Prothylacinus and Th!ylacinus will be indicated by i. i, c i, nap. & 43 11. i, m. 3’ Possibly an emendation may be necessary in regard to the detailed formula of HycPnoilon, for as the first cheek-tooth (as in almost all other Placentals) is not replaced, it may really be a persistent milk-premolar instend of a permanent premolar. Indeed the condition occurring in Bhinoceros suggests that such is probably the case. In conclusion, I may depart so far from the subject indicated by the title of this paper as to express my opinion that the Prothy- kicinitlm (for I see no reason for regarding the (‘Sparassodonta ” as representing tiiore than a single family) are undoubtedly Mar- supials, and that they are not very far removed from the Dnsyuru&, of which they mav represent the ancestral type. They also appear to be related to the Creodontia, which are themselves in all proba- bility the ancestors of both the modern Carnivora and Insectivora. The Creotlonts, on this view, have retained a tooth-change which is lost in the modern Marsupials ; and both groups may be derived from Mesozoic ancestors like Trimnodon and Amphitheriuni, in which, as appears to be indicated in the first-named of these, there must have been a complete tooth-change. Evidence of such an- cestry is afforded Iiy the retention in Mtlrmecohiuu of the numerous true molars distinctive of some of the Mesozoic genera ; while, 1d8 an abnormality, four trne molars may occur in other modern Marsupials, such as Didelp7zys. If these Mesozoic mammnls be rightly regarded as the common ancestors of both Creodonts and Dasyurids, it is more than doubtful if they (*an any longer be classed as LL Marsupials,” sensu stricto, for, in additiou to possessing B complete tooth-change, it is, in the light of recent researches, quite possible, if iudeed not probable, that they may have also been placentiferous. I may add that the nomenclature proposed for the teeth of the Placental Carnivora will also be applicable to those of the other Piaceutal orders. 60% 928 ON THE WOOD-CAT OF ABBENTINA. [Nov. 14,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXII. Outer side of left ramus of lower jaws of Placental and Marsupial Carnivorn. Fig. 1. Hymdon 1eptorh.pchua (nfter Gaudry), ~~92.5. 2. Pterodom dasyuroides (after Gaudry), p. 920. 3. Borhyema fera (after Ameghino), p. 935. 4. Thylacinus cynocephadw, p. 925. 5. Prothylacinus patagonicua (after Ameghino), p. 9%. 6. Ainphiproviaerra manzanhna (after Ameghino), p. 925.

7. Field-notes on the Wood-Cat of Argentina (Felisgeofroyi). By ERNESTGIBSON, F.Z.S. [Received August 9, 1899.1 During the last tweuty-five years I have had many opportunities of observing the habits of the “.Gat0 Months ” (Fe& yeofroyi) in this district, where it is not uncommon, frequenting the woods and gntss-coverts. Too wild to approach poultry-yards (notowithstanding A~ra’sstatement), it preys upon small rodents (Cauizaustralis and Ctenomys brusiliensis) and birds ; and I greatly doubt the accusa- tions made as to its attacking young lambs. That it can give a good account of itself with dogs is quite true; and it has been known to fly at man, or even a horseman, when brought to bay. I have seen it taken at night in one of the large and powerful traps employed for the Vizcacha (Luyostomus t?

November 28, 1899. Dr. HNNEYWOODWARD, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. Nr. Oldfield Thomas exhibited the skull of a Baboon raceritlg obtained at Aden by Messrs. Percival and Doason. It appeared to represent a new species allied to Papio hamadryas, but distinguished by its small size, the row of upper cheek-teeth being only 41.5 mm. in length. This species was proposed to be named Papio a~ahiciis.

Mr. W. Saville-Kent, F.L.S., F.Z.S., stated that he had devoted considerable attention siuce the meeting of the last session to the subject of trichromatic' or three-colour photography as applied to the correct colour-registration of Zoological and Botanical mbjects. With the aid of the lantern he submitted a series of examples upon which he had successfully experimented. These included various species of tropical butterflies, orchids, fishes, lizards, and birds. Among the slides displayed, that of a peacock's feather, in which the characteristic tints were reprohced with marked fidelity, was p%rticularly referred to as B successful demonstration of the capabilities of the system. Gold and Silver Carp, Cuckoo Wwses (Labrus mi.&us), and other marine species, taken by Mr. Saville-Kent at the Plymouth Zoological Station, yielded appropriate illustrations of the process as applied to the colour-registration of the more brilliant but notably evanescent hues of fishes. In the bird-section, especial prominence was given to the correct colour-portrayal of the gaily plumaged Australian finches Poephila yoitlili and I-'. nairnbilis. These wera