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Striden Om Barnets Beste Striden om barnets beste: En analyse av sosial bevegelseskultur i seinmodernismens Norske politiske kontekst: Foreningen 2 foreldre og Aleneforeldreforeningens strid om ”barnets beste” (1997-2003). Hovedfagsoppgave i Sosiologi høst 2006 Institutt for sosiologi og samfunnsgeografi Universitetet i Oslo. Av KNUT ERIK AARVOLD Innhold Sammendrag av oppgaven. .......................................................................................................iii Forord......................................................................................................................................... v 1 Kulturell anerkjennelse ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Forskningsspørsmålene .................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Oppsummering................................................................................................................. 4 2.0 Foreninger, case, og strid ................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Aleneforeldreforeningen og foreningen 2 foreldre .......................................................... 5 2.2 Barns beste og fedres revolusjon 1997–2003................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Barnets beste som stridstema................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Barnets beste og stridsarenaer............................................................................ 10 2.2.3 Barnets beste. Juss og psykologi ......................................................................... 10 2.2.4 Barnets beste og aktuelle lovendringer................................................................ 12 2.2.5 Barnets beste og dets forvaltere........................................................................... 14 2.3 Oppsummering............................................................................................................... 14 3 Kultur strukturer (1997-2003)............................................................................................... 15 3.1 Velferdsstatens kulturstruktur (1997–2003)................................................................... 16 3.2 Aleneforelderforeningens kulturstruktur........................................................................ 19 3.3 Foreningen 2 foreldres kulturstruktur ............................................................................ 23 3.4 Oppsummering............................................................................................................... 28 4 Sosiale bevegelser i et relasjonelt perspektiv........................................................................ 30 4.1 “Social Movement Organizations” og “Social Movement Cektor”.............................. 30 4.1.1 Resursmobilisering og relasjonelt miljø.............................................................. 31 4.1.2 Politisk prosess og relasjonelt miljø.................................................................... 32 4.1.3 Sosiokulturelle og relasjonelle miljø................................................................... 32 4.2 Kontrære bevegelse kulturer .......................................................................................... 33 4.3 Oppsummering............................................................................................................... 34 5 Teoretisk rammeverk............................................................................................................. 36 5.1 Kulturelle rammer og sosiale bevegelser ....................................................................... 37 5.1.1 Rammeteori som struktur og kontekst................................................................. 39 5.1.2 Rammers diagnose, prognose, motivasjon og infrastruktur ................................ 41 5.1.3 Kritikk.................................................................................................................. 43 5.1.4 Motkritikk............................................................................................................ 44 5.2 ”Ny - Amerikansk kultur sosiologi”............................................................................... 45 5.3 Fra politisk mulighetsstruktur til diskursiv mulighetsstruktur ....................................... 47 Side i 5.3.1 Kritikk.................................................................................................................. 48 6.0 Mekanismer........................................................................................................................ 49 6.1 McAdam, Tilly og Tarrows anvendelse av mekanismer................................................ 50 6.2 Hvorfor mekanismer?..................................................................................................... 52 6.3 Mekanismekritikk........................................................................................................... 53 7 Analysestrategi, data og metoder .......................................................................................... 55 7.1 Rammer eller diskurs?.................................................................................................... 55 7.2 Forskingsstrategi ............................................................................................................ 56 7.2.1 Foucaults arkeologi ............................................................................................. 57 7.2.2 Etnografisk sammenhengende analyse................................................................ 60 7.2.3 Sammenlignende analyse av case........................................................................ 60 7.3 Data og koding ............................................................................................................... 60 7.3.1 Data fra debattprogrammer i tv og radio ............................................................. 62 7.3.2 Data fra semi – strukturerte intervjuer................................................................. 62 7.3.3 Data fra dokumenter............................................................................................ 64 7.3.4 Sammenligne data ............................................................................................... 64 7.4 Fleksibilitet/problem (problemløsning)underveis.......................................................... 65 7.5 Metodeproblemer ved å skille mekanismer vis a vis rammer........................................ 66 7.6 Troverdighet................................................................................................................... 67 8 Fedre (1997-2003)................................................................................................................. 69 8.1 Aleneforeldreforeningens repertoar av kulturelle rammer om fedre ............................. 69 8.2 Foreningen 2 foreldres repertoar av kulturelle rammer om fedre .................................. 82 8.3 Konklusjoner .................................................................................................................. 94 9 Økonomi (1997-2003)........................................................................................................... 96 9.1 Aleneforeldreforeningens repertoar av rammer rundt økonomi .................................... 96 9.2 Foreningen 2 foreldres kulturelle rammer rundt økonomi........................................... 108 9.3 Konklusjon ................................................................................................................... 118 10 Ulikheter............................................................................................................................ 121 10.1 Ulikhet i bruk av den omliggende kulturstruktur....................................................... 122 10.2 Ulikhet i bruk av egen kulturstruktur ......................................................................... 124 10.3 Ulikhet i bruk av kontrære kulturstrukturer ............................................................... 126 10.4 Diskusjon og konklusjon............................................................................................ 128 11 Avslutning ......................................................................................................................... 132 Litteraturliste .......................................................................................................................... 136 Side ii Sammendrag av oppgaven. Oppgaven setter fokus på et nytt stridsfenomen i Norsk seinmodernisme. Barn er blitt et konflikttema mellom interessegrupper og midt i striden står Foreningen 2 foreldre og Aleneforeldreforeningen. I denne oppgaven analyserer disse ut fra at det to sosiale bevegelser. Det foretas et skille mellom den frivillige delen og den mer organisasjonsmessige/profesjonelle delen av organisasjonene som blir begrunnet er sosiale bevegelser snarere enn frivillige organisasjoner og som er gjenstand for datainnsamlingen. Data er hentet inn fra dokumenter, programmer i tv og radio og intervjuer av sentrale personer i og rundt foreningene. Metodisk så vel som teoretisk har flere teorier og metoder vært i bruk ut fra et relasjonelt opplegg. Noen har imidlertid vært mer sentrale enn andre. I metodebruken er det lagt særlig vekt på Foucaults arkeologi (1972) og Altheides (1987) ”Sammenhengende Etnografiske metode”. Av teori har
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