NGOS in a CONFESSIONAL SOCIETY By

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

NGOS in a CONFESSIONAL SOCIETY By LEBANONIZING THE STATE: NGOS IN A CONFESSIONAL SOCIETY by PATRICK JONES A THESIS Presented to the Department of International Studies and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts September 2011 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Patrick Jones Title: Lebanonizing the State: NGOs in a Confessional Society This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Department of International Studies by: Dr. Anita M. Weiss Chairperson Dr. Alexander B. Murphy Member Dr. Frederick S. Colby Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2011 ii © 2011 Patrick Jones iii THESIS ABSTRACT Patrick Jones Master of Arts Department of International Studies September 2011 Title: Lebanonizing the State: NGOs in a Confessional Society Approved: _______________________________________________ Dr. Anita M. Weiss This thesis, based on field research in Lebanon, explores how the confessional nature of the Lebanese state affects the construction of civil society. It elaborates on the state's role as a social service provider and its legal and bureaucratic relationship with the Lebanese NGO community while also exploring how the state's role as a service provider is perceived in the Lebanese media. Pulling from a variety of archival sources in Lebanon, this thesis surveys 26 Arabic language newspaper articles published between 2006 and 2008. It also utilizes a myriad of primary sources including government and donor documents, unpublished NGO studies and statistical data. This thesis argues that confessionalism inhibits the state's capacity to provide social services efficiently. The politicization of these services conditions the relationship between the state, sectarian political parties and the NGO community. This phenomenon is reproduced in the Lebanese media and allows confessional relationships to infect civil society. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Patrick Jones GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene American University of Beirut, CAMES summer Arabic Program, Lebanon University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Arts, International Studies, 2011, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts, Philosophy, 2005, University of Puget Sound AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Region: Middle East Topical: Media, nationalism, identity, and foreign policy PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Research Intern, Arab Center for the Development of the Rule of Law and Integrity, Beirut, Lebanon, Fall 2010 Gradaute Teaching Fellow, University of Oregon, 2008-2011 Office Manager, University Tutoring Service, Seattle, Washington, 2007-2008 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Thurber Fellowship, Department of International Studies, 2011 International Studies Departmental Award, 2011 Summer Teaching Award, 2010, 2011 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my advisor and committee chair, Dr. Anita M. Weiss for her patience, guidance, and constant encouragement throughout my time in this program. Her insights and focus throughout the development, writing, defense, and submission of this thesis were critical to its completion and clarity. Special thanks are also due to Dr. Alec Murphy and Dr. Rick Colby for their support throughout this project. I would also like express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Joshua Hendricks, who played a crucial role in helping me develop this project in its formative stages. I also want to thank my friends and fellow grad students in the International Studies Department who read drafts, lent a patient ear, and who constantly inspire and amaze me with their questions, ideas, generosity, energy and originality. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and sister for their constant support, unending patience, and enduring love throughout these many years. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................ 12 III. SOCIAL SERVICES AND THEIR HISTORICAL ROLE................................... 27 IV. THE STATE AND NGOS..................................................................................... 42 V. THE MEDIA AND CONFESSIONALISM........................................................... 69 VI. CONCLUSION...................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX: ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF ARABIC-LANGUAGE MEDIA ARTICLES ...................................................................................................... 101 REFERENCES CITED................................................................................................ 170 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Map of Lebanon..................................................................................................... 62 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. NGOs by Mohafazas.............................................................................................. 63 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This thesis investigates one way in which confessionalism acts as the predominant obstacle to socio-political reform in Lebanon, interacting with a variety of other factors to stymie the growth of civil society and true democratization. It explores the relationship between the state and the NGO community in Lebanon, and investigates the economic, bureaucratic, and legal contexts which frame the interaction between the state and the NGO community. This thesis also analyzes the way the state, confessionalism, NGOs, and social services are discussed in the Lebanese media. This project builds on recent scholarship done in other countries in the Middle East that elucidates the way that politicized social services are used to shape identity and reinforce the legitimacy of political parties. It also adds to the scant literature that currently exists concerning civil society and the state in Lebanon. This literature generally asserts that the primary obstacle to strengthening civil society in Lebanon is the corrupt confessional state. I contend, however, that confessionalism not only corrupts the state but also, and more problematically, civil society. In this vein, I argue that sectarian NGOs act as a conduit between the confessional state and civil society, allowing service provision to become politicized. Sectarian NGOs explicitly politicize service provision, undermining the state's ability to expand upon its existing social service portfolio. 1 In an effort to explore how the politicization of social services impacts the perception of the state and civil society, I also investigate how the media portrays sectarian NGOs, the state, and confessionalism. Focusing on articles from the period of political unrest that enveloped Lebanon between December 2006 and May 2008, I argue that although various newspaper sources seem to view confessionalism as a socio- political problem, they also use the need for confessional reform to advance either thinly veiled sectarian agendas or conceptions of Lebanese citizenship premised on sectarian affiliation. In the end, I argue that to truly understand the failings of Lebanon's confessional system, we cannot simply focus on the corruption of the state apparatus. Rather, we need to understand confessionalism as an endemic social problem; its corrosive effects pervasive in Lebanese civil society as well as the state. Framing the Project: Research Questions Lebanon is a confessional society. This means that every Lebanese person must belong, officially, to a sect. In my experience, most Lebanese, when asked about Lebanon's socio-political problems, respond with political answers, superficially implying that political agendas occupy a more important sphere in Lebanese political life than sect or confession. However, invariably, if one probes further, sectarian attitudes or confessional weariness surface in a passing remark, in the way a person talks about what it means to be Lebanese, or even in the way he or she discusses Beirut's geography. Confessionalism and sectarianism shape Lebanese politics in an existential way, leading, in my experience, most Lebanese to blame them for all their problems. Likewise, 2 literature on Lebanon usually seeks either to render sectarian groups political, separating sectarianism from its political expressions, or it simply assumes that confessionalism is the primary source of Lebanon's socio-political difficulties. My project stems from a desire to understand how confessionalism creates many socio-political problems in Lebanon. I chose to explore how social services are politicized through sectarian NGOs because of my interest in Hezbollah and other confessional parties in Lebanon. These sectarian organizations use social service networks to build political capital and reinforce sectarian political ideologies. The politicization of social services therefore provided me a discreet way of accessing the relationship between confessionalism in the state and sectarianism in civil society. In reviewing the academic and development literature on social services in Lebanon, I noticed that a robust discussion of the state was largely absent. When it is mentioned in the scholarly literature,
Recommended publications
  • Ecclesia Triunfans? Sectarianism and the Maronite Community, 1943-1975 Borja Wladimiro González Fernández
    MÁSTERES de la UAM Facultad de Filosofía y Letras /13-14 Máster en Estudios Árabes e Islámicos Contemporáneos Ecclesia Triunfans? Sectarianism and the Maronite Community, 1943-1975 Borja Wladimiro González Fernández ECCLESIA TRIUNFANS? Sectarianism and the Maronite Community 1943-1975 ABSTRACT During the Second Lebanese Republic (1943-1975) the Maronite Community was perceived as the country’s leading sect, holding an almost hegemonic role within the state’s confessional framework. By analyzing three key historical events (the 1952 “Rosewater Revolution”, the 1958 Crisis and the 1970 presidential elections), this essay will try to prove that neither the Maronite Community held a disproportionate control over Lebanon’s politics, nor sectarianism was the predominant factor defining its political system, but one among other traditional ties, whose influence was even bigger. Keywords: Maronites, Sectarianism, Confessionalism, Traditionalism. 2 INDEX Introduction......................................................................... 4. First Section: Literature Review.......................................... 6. Second Section: Historical Study......................................... 8. Third Section: Analysis........................................................ 19. Conclusion........................................................................... 23. Bibliography........................................................................ 25. 3 “A Rose among thorns, an impregnable rock in the sea, unshaken by the waves and fury of the
    [Show full text]
  • Increasing Enterprise Growth and Jobs in Lebanon
    INCREASING ENTERPRISE GROWTH AND JOBS IN LEBANON OPTIONS TO INCREASE SME GROWTH AND JOBS ASIA & MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC GROWTH BEST PRACTICES PROGRAM Students at a Lebanese vocational school learn how to create garment patterns through a specialized training program in Beirut. 1 MAY 2015 Students at a Lebanese vocational school learn how to create garment patterns through a Thisspecialized publication training was producedprogram in for Beiru reviewt. by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Douglas Muir, Janet Gohlke-Rouhayem, and Craig Saltzer of Chemonics International, Hayley Alexander of Banyan Global, and Henri Stetter of the Pragma Corporation for the Asia & Middle East Economic Growth Best Practices Program contract no. AID-OAA-M-12-00008. INCREASING ENTERPRISE GROWTH AND JOBS IN LEBANON OPTIONS TO INCREASE SME GROWTH AND JOBS ASIA & MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC GROWTH BEST PRACTICES PROGRAM Contract No. AID-OAA-M-12-00008 Contracting Officer Representative, William Baldridge [email protected] (202) 712-4089 The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 1 SECTION I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 6 A. Purpose of Assessment..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • “Shutting out Hezbollah in Its Entirety Will Destabilize the Lebanese
    CLAIM “Shutting out Hezbollah in its entirety will destabilize the Lebanese government, in which Hezbollah and its allies gained a vast majority of the popular vote in parliamentary elections, making it one of the most effective fighting forces against the Islamic State group.” SHORT RESPONSE HEZBOLLAH IS THE DESTABILIZER IN THE LEBANESE GOVERNMENT AND HAS DONE LITTLE TO DEFEAT THE ISLAMIC STATE. INSTEAD, IT ASPIRES TO BECOME SOMETHING SIMILAR. THE FACTS The struggle to reduce the capabilities of a terrorist organization is ongoing, multi-dimensional, and requires a great deal of determination. A terrorist organization such as Hezbollah, which operates simultaneously as a terrorist organization and within the framework of the Lebanese political system as a “legitimate party,” relies on civilian infrastructure, living spaces, and sources of funding. It carries out profit and loss considerations on an ongoing basis. Reducing Hezbollah’s capabilities and influence must be achieved by exerting pressure on the organization — directly and indirectly. The key to this is international cooperation and the mobilization of political elements in the government to reduce Hezbollah’s power. SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT ON HEZBOLLAH A Joint Project by AJC and the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism KEY DETAILS WHAT DOES IT REALLY MEAN TO Î For years, an alliance between the Christian camp and the DESIGNATE HEZBOLLAH? Sunnis controlled the centers of power in the Lebanese The significance of designating Hezbollah as a terrorist political system. organization primarily derives from the entities that carry Î The assassination of Rafic Hariri, the Syrian withdrawal out the designation. The list of countries that have made the from Lebanon, Hezbollah’s entry into the government, designated Hezbollah a terrorist organization include: and especially the rivalry in the Christian camp led to the consolidation of new political dynamics, including an alliance Israel 1982 between President Michel Aoun from the Christian camp and Hezbollah.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Transcript of the Hearing Held On
    20150325_STL-11-01_T_T135_OFF_PUB_EN 1/104 PUBLIC Official Transcript Procedural Matters (Open Session) Page 1 1 Special Tribunal for Lebanon 2 In the case of The Prosecutor v. Ayyash, Badreddine, Merhi, 3 Oneissi, and Sabra 4 STL-11-01 5 Presiding Judge David Re, Judge Janet Nosworthy, 6 Judge Micheline Braidy, Judge Walid Akoum, and 7 Judge Nicola Lettieri - [Trial Chamber] 8 Wednesday, 25 March 2015 - [Trial Hearing] 9 [Open Session] 10 [The witness takes the stand] 11 --- Upon commencing at 10.01 a.m. 12 THE REGISTRAR: The Special Tribunal for Lebanon is sitting in an 13 open session in the case of the Prosecutor versus Ayyash, Badreddine, 14 Merhi, Oneissi, and Sabra, case number STL-11-01. 15 PRESIDING JUDGE RE: Good morning. We will continue with the 16 evidence of Mr. Siniora today. 17 And good morning to you, Mr. Siniora. We trust you are 18 refreshed. 19 THE WITNESS: Good morning. 20 PRESIDING JUDGE RE: I just note the appearances. We have 21 Mr. Cameron appearing for the Prosecution. For the Legal Representative 22 for the Victims, we have Mr. Mattar and Ms. Abdelsater-Abusamra. For the 23 Defence we have Mr. Aoun for Mr. Ayyash; Mr. Korkmaz for Mr. Badreddine; 24 Mr. Hassan for Mr. Oneissi; Mr. Young for Mr. Sabra; and Mr. Khalil, who 25 is halfway through his cross-examination we hear, for Mr. Merhi. And Wednesday, 25 March 2015 STL-11-01 Interpretation serves to facilitate communication. Only the original speech is authentic. 20150325_STL-11-01_T_T135_OFF_PUB_EN 2/104 PUBLIC Official Transcript Witness: Fouad Siniora –PRH108 (Resumed) (Open Session) Page 2 Cross-examination by Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Lebanon: Managing the Gathering Storm
    LEBANON: MANAGING THE GATHERING STORM Middle East Report N°48 – 5 December 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. A SYSTEM BETWEEN OLD AND NEW.................................................................. 1 A. SETTING THE STAGE: THE ELECTORAL CONTEST..................................................................1 B. THE MEHLIS EFFECT.............................................................................................................5 II. SECTARIANISM AND INTERNATIONALISATION ............................................. 8 A. FROM SYRIAN TUTELAGE TO WESTERN UMBRELLA?............................................................8 B. SHIFTING ALLIANCES..........................................................................................................12 III. THE HIZBOLLAH QUESTION ................................................................................ 16 A. “A NEW PHASE OF CONFRONTATION” ................................................................................17 B. HIZBOLLAH AS THE SHIITE GUARDIAN?..............................................................................19 C. THE PARTY OF GOD TURNS PARTY OF GOVERNMENT.........................................................20 IV. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 22 A. A BROAD INTERNATIONAL COALITION FOR A NARROW AGENDA .......................................22 B. A LEBANESE COURT ON FOREIGN
    [Show full text]
  • Party Formation and Political Legitimacy
    THE EVOLUTION OF HEZBOLLAH: PARTY FORMATION AND POLITICAL LEGITIMACY A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at George Mason University, and the degree of Master of Arts at the University of Malta By Anastasia Franjie Bachelor of Arts George Mason University, 2011 Director: Lourdes Pullicino, Lecturer Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies Fall Semester 2013 George Mason University Fairfax, VA This work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noderivs 3.0 unported license. ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to several individuals whom were of great help and positive influence in my life. To my parents, Serge and Anna Maria whom were advocates of my pursuing higher education, and gave me the ability to experience and be part of a unique cultural upbringing, To my siblings Alexander, Grace, Olivia, Kristel, and our princess Mia, showing them that continuous success requires hard work, To my Maltese family whom stood by me through this process and pushed me to be over the average, Finally and most importantly to my Lebanon and every oppressed around the world with hopes of achieving peace, security and justice. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the course of pursuing my dual master degree from the University of Malta and George Mason University in Valletta, Malta, I had the strongest support from my family whom were overseas. This experience not only taught me about conflict analysis and resolution and Mediterranean security but it also taught me about responsibility, and life. Therefore, I would like to thank the many friends, relatives, and supporters who have made this happen.
    [Show full text]
  • Patience and Comparative Development*
    Patience and Comparative Development* Thomas Dohmen Benjamin Enke Armin Falk David Huffman Uwe Sunde May 29, 2018 Abstract This paper studies the role of heterogeneity in patience for comparative devel- opment. The empirical analysis is based on a simple OLG model in which patience drives the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, productivity improve- ments, and hence income. Based on a globally representative dataset on patience in 76 countries, we study the implications of the model through a combination of reduced-form estimations and simulations. In the data, patience is strongly corre- lated with income levels, income growth, and the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, and productivity. These relationships hold across countries, sub- national regions, and individuals. In the reduced-form analyses, the quantitative magnitude of the relationship between patience and income strongly increases in the level of aggregation. A simple parameterized version of the model generates comparable aggregation effects as a result of production complementarities and equilibrium effects, and illustrates that variation in preference endowments can account for a considerable part of the observed variation in per capita income. JEL classification: D03, D90, O10, O30, O40. Keywords: Patience; comparative development; factor accumulation. *Armin Falk acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council through ERC # 209214. Dohmen, Falk: University of Bonn, Department of Economics; [email protected], [email protected]. Enke: Harvard University, Department of Economics; [email protected]. Huffman: University of Pittsburgh, Department of Economics; huff[email protected]. Sunde: University of Munich, Department of Economics; [email protected]. 1 Introduction A long stream of research in development accounting has documented that both pro- duction factors and productivity play an important role in explaining cross-country income differences (Hall and Jones, 1999; Caselli, 2005; Hsieh and Klenow, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Saudi Arabia, Iran and De-Escalation in the Persian Gulf
    Saudi Arabia, Iran and De-Escalation in the Persian Gulf Contents Acknowledgements About the authors Introduction 1. Simon Mabon and Edward Wastnidge, Saudi Arabia and Iran: Resilient Rivalries and Pragmatic Possibilities 2. Cinzia Bianco, KSA-Iran rivalry: an analysis of Saudi strategic calculus 3. Shahram Akbarzadeh, Iran-Hizbullah ‘Proxy’ Relations 4. Lawrence Rubin, Saudi Arabia, Iran and the United States 5. Clive Jones, A Chimera of Rapprochement: Iran and the Gulf Monarchies: The View from Israel 6. Banafsheh Keynoush, Prospects for Talks between Iran and Saudi Arabia 7. Robert Mason, Towards Peace Building in Saudi-Iranian Relations 8. Sukru Cildir, OPEC as a Site of De-Escalation? 9. Ibrahim Fraihat, Reconciliation: Saudi Arabia and Iran 10. Kristian Coates Ulrichsen, Diplomacy and de-escalation in the Persian Gulf 11. Eyad Al Refai and Samira Nasirzadeh, Saudi Arabia and Iran: How our two countries could make peace and bring stability to the Middle East. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements SEPAD has been generously funded by Carnegie Corporation of New York. We would like to extend thanks to Hillary Weisner and Nehal Amer for their continuous support in all ways imaginable. We would also like to thank all those who contributed pieces to this report. This was undertaken during the formative stages of the COVID19 pandemic and we are grateful that authors were able to offer contributions on this important topic at a time when they were facing myriad other pressures and demands on their time; thank you. We would also like to thank Elias Ghazal for his editorial and technological support. About the Authors Shahram Akbarzadeh is Research Professor of Middle East and Central Asian Politics at Deakin University.
    [Show full text]
  • Lebanese Craftsmanship Insights for Policymaking
    Case study on Bourj Hammoud Lebanese Craftsmanship insights for policymaking Farah Makki Lebanese Craftsmanship Insights for policymaking Case study on Bourj Hammoud Farah Makki Research report July 2019 An Action Research for policymaking on Lebanese craftsmanship: a strategic collaboration framework between NAHNOO and BADGUER since 2018. "This Research Report was made possible thanks to the support of the Public Affairs Section at the U.S. Embassy in Beirut. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those to the author[s] and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State." NAHNOO a platform to engage the young generations in policy-making NAHNOO is a youth organization working for a more inclusive society and specialized in leading advocacy campaigns to promote Good Governance, Public Spaces, and Cultural Heritage. Through multidisciplinary and participatory research, capacity-building workshops, and grassroots activities, NAHNOO provides a platform for young people to identify important causes for the community, engage in Farah MAKKI MAKKI Farah development activities and nurture the skills needed to impact policy-making at the local and national levels. NAHNOO advocates for the promotion of the diversity of – – NAHNOO NAHNOO Lebanese cultural heritage to enable its members to celebrate their shared identity. In preserving both tangible and - - Lebanesecraftsmanship: insights policy for intangible forms of cultural heritage, NAHNOO aims to highlight the collective history of the country. BADGUER A projection of a nation and its culture - making In 2012, one of the oldest buildings of Marash neighborhood in Bourj Hammoud underwent a cultural renovation. The – 2019/ perking two-story house was turned into the Badguèr Center, 2020 established by the Mangassarian family and aiming to revive Armenian cultural heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Darwich2015.Pdf
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Ideational and Material Forces in Threat Perception Saudi and Syrian Choices in Middle East Wars May Darwich PhD The University of Edinburgh 2015 1 2 Declaration I declare that this thesis is of my own composition with acknowledgement of other sources, and that it has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. May Darwich 3 4 Abstract How do states perceive threats? Why are material forces sometimes more prominent in shaping threat perception, whereas ideational ones are key in other instances? This study aims to move beyond the task of determining whether material or ideational factors offer a more plausible explanation by arguing that threat perception is a function of the interplay between material factors and state identity, the influence of which can run both ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Paper 2006/29
    EUI WORKING PAPERS RSCAS No. 2006/29 Lebanese Politics of Nationality and Emigration Thibaut Jaulin EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Mediterranean Programme Series jaulin cov.indd 1 19/09/2006 12:02:40 EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES Lebanese Politics of Nationality and Emigration THIBAUT JAULIN EUI Working Paper RSCAS No. 2006/29 BADIA FIESOLANA, SAN DOMENICO DI FIESOLE (FI) © 2006 Thibaut Jaulin This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Any additional reproduction for such purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, require the consent of the author. Requests should be addressed directly to the author. See contact details at end of text. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author, the title, the working paper, or other series, the year and the publisher. Any reproductions for other purposes require the consent of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. The author should inform the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the EUI if the paper will be published elsewhere and also take responsibility for any consequential obligation(s). ISSN 1028-3625 Printed in Italy in September 2006 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50016 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy http://www.iue.it/RSCAS/Publications/ http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/index.jsp Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies carries out disciplinary and interdisciplinary research in the areas of European integration and public policy in Europe. It hosts the annual European Forum.
    [Show full text]
  • Institutionalising Diaspora Linkage the Emigrant Bangladeshis in Uk and Usa
    Ministry of Expatriates’ Welfare and Overseas Employmwent INSTITUTIONALISING DIASPORA LINKAGE THE EMIGRANT BANGLADESHIS IN UK AND USA February 2004 Ministry of Expatriates’ Welfare and Overseas Employment, GoB and International Organization for Migration (IOM), Dhaka, MRF Opinions expressed in the publications are those of the researchers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an inter-governmental body, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and work towards effective respect of the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Publisher International Organization for Migration (IOM), Regional Office for South Asia House # 3A, Road # 50, Gulshan : 2, Dhaka : 1212, Bangladesh Telephone : +88-02-8814604, Fax : +88-02-8817701 E-mail : [email protected] Internet : http://www.iow.int ISBN : 984-32-1236-3 © [2002] International Organization for Migration (IOM) Printed by Bengal Com-print 23/F-1, Free School Street, Panthapath, Dhaka-1205 Telephone : 8611142, 8611766 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]