TRAFFIC L’ÎLE AUX BOIS RAPPORT Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar

DÉCEMBRE 2016 Cynthia Ratsimbazafy, David J. Newton et Stéphane Ringuet RAPPORT TRAFFIC

TRAFFIC est la principale organisation non- gouvernementale qui s’occupe, au plan mondial, du commerce des animaux et des plantes sauvages dans un contexte de conservation de la biodiversité et du développement durable. TRAFFIC est une alliance stratégique du WWF et de l’UICN.

La reproduction partielle ou totale de matériels de ce rapport nécessite une autorisation écrite de l’éditeur. La désignation des entités géographiques dans cette publication, ainsi que la présentation de ce matériel, ne laissent en aucun cas supposer de l’expression de l’opinion de TRAFFIC ou de ses organisations de soutien, que ce soit au sujet du statut juridique d’un pays, d’un territoire, ou d’une zone, ou de ses autorités, ou encore concernant la délimitation de ses frontières.

Les opinions exprimées dans ce rapport sont celles des auteurs et ne reflètent pas nécessairement celles de TRAFFIC, WWF ou de l’UICN.

Publié par TRAFFIC. Bureau Régional de l’Afrique Orientale et Australe c/o IUCN ESARO Hatfield Gables, 484 Hilda Street Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028

© 2016 TRAFFIC. Le droit d’auteur des matériels publiés dans ce rapport revient à TRAFFIC.

ISBN: 978-1-85850-416-2

UK Registered Charity No. 1076722

Citation suggérée: Ratsimbazafy, C., Newton, D.J. et Ringuet, S. (2016). L’Île aux bois : le commerce de bois de rose et de bois d’ébène de Madagascar TRAFFIC. Cambridge,UK.

Photo de la page de couverture et crédit photo: Dalbergia madagascariensis dans la forêt du parc national de Masoala. © Julien Noël Rakotoarisoa / MEEF

Cette publication est possible grâce au soutien généreux du Peuple Américain à travers l’Agence des Etats-Unis pour le Développement International (USAID). Le contenu et les opinions exprimées dans cette publication sont celles des auteurs et ne reflètent pas nécessairement les opinions de l’USAID ou du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis.

Imprimé par Jetline L’ÎLE AUX BOIS : Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar

Cynthia Ratsimbazafy1, David J. Newton1,2 et Stéphane Ringuet3

1 TRAFFIC 2 Université de Witwatersrand, Faculté des Sciences Animale, Végétale et Environnementale 3 WWF France © JULIEN NOEL RAKOTOARISOA / MEEF Arbre de Dalbergia madagascariensis dans le Parc National de Masoala insertininsseerrtt iimagemmaaggee oorr lleleaveeaavve bblblanklaannk 2015 © FLORENT TOTO COALITION LAMPOGNO MAMABAY Stock de bois de rose caché à Ambanizana-Maroantsetra

Ce projet a reçu un soutien financier de l’Agence des États-Unis pour le Développement International (USAID) dans le cadre d’approches de conservation durable dans les écosystèmes prioritaires (SCAPES) et à travers un programme « Preserving Madagascar Natural Ressources » mis en œuvre par un consortium d’organisations dont le Fonds mondial pour la conservation de la nature (WWF), TRAFFIC, Conservation International (CI) et la Société pour la conservation de la vie sauvage (WCS).

ii Rapport TRAFFIC L’Ile aux Bois: Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar SOMMAIRE ______

LISTE DES TABLEAUX ...... V

LISTE DES FIGURES ...... VI

LISTE DES CARTES ...... VII

AVANT-PROPOS ...... VIII

REMERCIEMENTS ...... IX

LISTE DES ACRONYMES ET DES ABRÉVIATIONS ...... X

RÉSUMÉ ...... XIII

1. INTRODUCTION ET CONTEXTE ...... 1

2. MÉTHODES ...... 8

3. RÉSULTATS ...... 17

3.1 Caractéristiques biologiques des espèces des genres Dalbergia et Diospyros, populations de Madagascar ...... 17

3.1.1 Sommaire des études existantes sur les genres Dalbergia et Diospyros ...... 17 3.1.2 Rôle des espèces dans la nature ...... 17 3.1.3 Formes de vie ...... 19 3.1.4 Potentiel de renouvellement ...... 20 3.1.5 Dispersion et densité des espèces ...... 22

3.2 Statut national des espèces ...... 23 3.2.1 Habitat et répartition nationale ...... 23 3.2.2 Abondance des espèces au niveau national ...... 23 3.2.3 Tendance des populations d’espèces au niveau national et principales menaces ...... 24 3. 3. Exploitation et commerce illégaux au niveau national ...... 25 3.3.1 Ampleur de l’exploitation et du commerce illicite ou non géré associé ...... 25 3.3.2 Commerce national des bois précieux ...... 35 3.3.3 Exportation des bois précieux ...... 40 3.3.4 Gestion des stocks de bois précieux (bois de rose et bois d’ébène) ...... 49 3.3.5 Acteurs impliqués dans l’exploitation et le commerce illégaux à Madagascar ...... 51 3.3.6 Facteurs sous-jacents de l’exploitation illégale et du commerce lié ...... 58 3.3.7 Impact écologique de l’exploitation illicite des bois précieux ...... 60

3.4 Gestion du prélèvement et du commerce ...... 67 3.4.1 Une hiérarchie des normes incohérente...... 67 3.4.2 Politique et règlementation des exploitations forestières ...... 67 3.4.3 Les règlementations spécifiques aux bois de rose et bois d’ébène ...... 68 3.4.4 L’inscription des espèces de Dalbergia spp à l’Annexe de la CITES et la violation de législation au niveau national ...... 68

5DSSRUW75$)),&/¶,OHDX[%RLV/H&RPPHUFHGH%RLVGH5RVHHWGH%RLVG¶eEqQHGH0DGDJDVFDU LLL 3.5 La mise en œuvre du cadre règlementaire ...... 72 3.5.1 Protection contre l’exploitation ...... 72 3.5.2 Exploitation dans des régions sous régime foncier de propriété fort ou dans les aires protégées ...... 72 3.5.3 Suivi des exploitations ...... 72 3.5.4 Acteurs impliqués dans la gestion des bois précieux de Madagascar...... 72 3.5.5 Avancement de Madagascar sur la mise en œuvre du plan d’action pour les espèces de Dalbergia spp. et Diospyros spp...... 77 3.5.6 Répression des infractions relatives au bois de rose et au bois d’ébène ...... 80

4. DISCUSSION ET CONCLUSION ...... 84

4 .1 Les informations sur les stocks de bois sur pieds sont partielles pour certaines espèces et inexistantes pour d’autres...... 84

4.2 Les informations disponibles sur l’exploitation illégale et le commerce lié sont limitées, et aucune information sur l’exploitation n’est disponible au niveau spécifique...... 85

4.3 Un manque de transparence dans la gestion des stocks saisis ...... 87

4.4 Un système de gestion peu efficace pour assurer la durabilité de l’exploitation et du commerce ...88

4.5 Des moyens non adéquats par rapport à l’ampleur du problème : exemple du parc national de Masoala ...... 88

4.6 L’instabilité et l’incohérence du cadre réglementaire ne fait qu’amplifier l’exploitation et l’exportation illégales...... 89

4.7 Une gouvernance minée par la corruption présente dans différents secteurs ...... 90

4.8 Besoin de révision du modèle de développement local des communautés ...... 90

5. RECOMMANDATIONS ...... 92

6 RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES...... 96

7 ANNEXE ...... 104

Annexe 1 : Agenda de l’atelier d’évaluation des acquis scientifiques sur les bois précieux (22-24 septembre 2014, Antananarivo) ...... 104

Annexe 2 : Liste des participants à l’atelier d’évaluation des acquis scientifiques sur les bois précieux (22-24 septembre 2014, Antananarivo) ...... 105

Annexe 3: Questionnaire utilisé lors de la consultation des experts au niveau national ...... 106

Annexe 4 : Liste des experts consultés au niveau national ...... 108

Annexe 5 : Matrice de la mission SAVA et ANALANJIROFO (21 janvier-4 mars 2015) ...... 109

Annexe 6 : Questionnaire adressé aux villageois à proximité des aires protégées, des sites de coupe de bois précieux lors des enquêtes locales effectuées par TRAFFIC entre janvier et mars 2015 ...... 109

LY 5DSSRUW75$)),&/¶,OHDX[%RLV/H&RPPHUFHGH%RLVGH5RVHHWGH%RLVG¶eEqQHGH0DGDJDVFDU Annexe 7 : Recommandations de l’atelier ACNP organisé par TRAFFIC (22-24 septembre 2014, Antananarivo)...... 111

Annexe 8 : Liste des espèces du genre Dalbergia à port d’arbre et à dimension minimale exploitable ...... 112

Annexe 9 : Liste des espèces décrites du genre Diospyros (espèces à dimension minimale exploitable en gras)...... 113

Annexe 9b : Liste des espèces non décrites du genre Diospyros (espèces à dimension minimale exploitable, en gras) ...... 115 Annexe 10 : Potentiels de renouvellement des 28 espèces du genre Dalbergia à DME ...... 117

Annexe 11 : Potentiel de renouvellement des 29 espèces décrites appartenant au genre Diospyros à DME ...... 117

Annexe 12 : Capacité de dispersion des espèces du genre Dalbergia à DME et ayant des informations sur les densités ...... 118

Annexe 13 : Capacité de dispersion des espèces décrites à DME du genre Diospyros des informations sur les densités ...... 118

Annexe 14 : Caractéristiques de l’habitat et répartition au plan national de 28 espèces décrites du genre Dalbergia à DME ...... 119

Annexe 15 : Caractéristiques de l’habitat et répartition au plan national d’espèces du genre Diospyros à DME ...... 120

Annexe 16 : Caractéristiques de l’abondance nationale d’espèces décrites à DME du genre Dalbergia ...... 121

Annexe 17 : Caractéristiques de l’abondance nationale des espèces décrites à DME du genre Diospyros ...... 122

Annexe 18 : Tendance des populations et principales menaces sur les espèces de Dalbergia à DME ..123

Annexe 19 : Tendance des populations et principales menaces des espèces décrites à DME du genre Diospyros ...... 124

LISTE DES TABLEAUX

Tableau 1 : Exemples de littératures traitant les problématiques liées au bois précieux de Madagascar..6

Tableau 2 : Principales étapes suivies dans la réalisation de cette étude ...... 9

Tableau 3 : Principales informations collectées par type de source ...... 11

Tableau 4 : Données synthétiques relatives aux cinq réunions de consultations organisées par TRAFFIC du 26 janvier au 3 mars 2015 ...... 13

Tableau 5 : Nombre de personnes rencontrées au cours de ce travail par catégorie et entité...... 15

Tableau 6 : Synthèse des études biologiques et écologiques existantes sur les espèces des genres Dalbergia et Diospyros de Madagascar (les espèces à DME en gras)...... 18

5DSSRUW75$)),&/¶,OHDX[%RLV/H&RPPHUFHGH%RLVGH5RVHHWGH%RLVG¶eEqQHGH0DGDJDVFDU Y Tableau 7 : Nombre d’espèces pour lesquelles des informations sont disponibles sur le port et sur le Diamètre Minimum d’Exploitabilité (DME) ...... 19

Tableau 8 : Évolution du nombre de souches répertoriées issues de coupes illicites dans le parc naturel de Makira (toutes espèces confondues) ...... 31

Tableau 9 : Prix (Ar) du bois sur les marchés d’Andravoahangy et de Mahazo ...... 36

Tableau 10 : Nombre de transformateurs et volumes de bois de rose utilisés par an ...... 40 Tableau 11 : Estimation minimum de l’ampleur de l’exploitation et des exportations des bois de rose et bois d’ébène ...... 42

Tableau 12 : Les 20 espèces de bois précieux les plus commercialisées à/de Madagascar ...... 43

Tableau 13 : Données d’inventaires des stocks saisis et des stocks déclarés de bois de rose et de bois d’ébène (2010 – 2015) ...... 50

Tableau 14 : Revenus des bûcherons selon leur type de contrat ...... 53

Tableau 15 : Estimation du nombre de foyers ayant des activités en lien avec l’exploitation des bois précieux en 2015 ...... 57

Tableau 16 : Les principales législations sur l’exploitation et le commerce de bois précieux...... 69

Tableau 17 : Principales conventions internationales, déclarations et résolutions relatives à la conservation des espèces de bois précieux, signées ou ratifiées par Madagascar ...... 71

Tableau 18 : Exemples d’acteurs et d’initiatives visant à lutter contre l’exploitation illégale des bois précieux ...... 75

Tableau 19 : Exemples des avancées de Madagascar dans la mise en œuvre du plan d’action de la CITES pour Diospyros et Dalbergia ...... 78

Tableau 20 : Traitement des cas d’infractions relatives à l’exploitation et au commerce illégal des bois précieux : cas traités au niveau du tribunal d’Antalaha, Maroantsetra et Toamasina. (2009 -2015*)...... 80

Tableau 21 : Infractions relatives à l’exploitation et au commerce illégaux des bois précieux : cas traités au niveau du tribunal de Toamasina (2009 -2015*) ...... 81

Tableau 22 : Commentaires généraux sur les différents facteurs affectant la gestion du régime de prélèvement des espèces du genre Dalbergia ...... 86

Tableau 23 : Commentaires généraux sur les différents facteurs affectant la gestion du régime de prélèvement des espèces du genre Diospyros...... 87

Tableau 24 :Recommandations pour compléter les informations manquantes pour l’ACNP ...... 92

LISTE DES FIGURES

Figure 1 : Nombre de souches recensées dans le parc national de Marojejy (2009-2014) ...... 28

Figure 2 : Nombre de rondins recensés dans le parc national de Masoala (2010-2014) ...... 30

Figure 3 : Évolution du nombre de souches issues des coupes illicites de bois identifiées dans la nouvelle aire protégée du CAZ (octobre 2013-avril 2015) ...... 34

YL 5DSSRUW75$)),&/¶,OHDX[%RLV/H&RPPHUFHGH%RLVGH5RVHHWGH%RLVG¶eEqQHGH0DGDJDVFDU Figure 4 : Stocks de palissandre de CAZ en attente d’acheminement vers Antananarivo ...... 36

Figure 5 : Volumes (m3) de palissandre légalement exploités dans le CAZ de 2011 à 2014 ...... 37

Figure 6 : Nombre de professionnels titulaires ou pas d’une patente sur les marchés de bois d’Ambodivona et d’Andravoahangy (Antananarivo) ...... 38 Figure 7 : Volumes (en t) de bois de palissandre exportés de Madagascar (2010-2014) ...... 41

Figure 8 : Volumes (en tonnes) de bois de rose et de bois d’ébène d’origine formelle et informelle exportés de Madagascar (1998 – 2014) ...... 42

Figure 9 : Évolution du prix (USD / tonne) tout au long de la chaîne d’approvisionnement ...... 45

Figure 10 : Évolution du prix de rondins de bois de rose en Chine (USD/tonne) de 2000 à 2014 ...... 45

Figure 11 : Volumes (tonnes) et routes d’exportation de bois précieux de Madagascar vers les pays de destination ...... 48

Figure 12 : Organisation de la filière et profil des acteurs impliqués dans la filière ...... 56

Figure 13 : Rapport entre la coupe illégale de bois de rose et le braconnage dans le parc national de Masoala (2010-2014) ...... 60

Figure 14 : Rapport entre le nombre de souches de bois de rose et l’installation illicite de campements dans le parc de Masoala (2010-2014) ...... 61

Figure 15 : Évolution du nombre de visiteurs non-résidents aux frontières et des recettes (en USD) au titre du tourisme...... 62

Figure 16 :Volume de bois de rose et de bois d’ébène saisis à l’extérieur de Madagascar de 2011 à 2015 ...... 64

LISTE DES CARTES

Carte 1 : Les paysages d’intervention du SCAPES et les principaux districts et villages visités au cours de ce travail ...... 8

Carte 2 : Localisations des cas de coupes illégales de bois précieux dans et autour du parc national de Marojejy (2009-2014) ...... 27

Carte 3 : Zones de coupes illicites de bois précieux dans le parc de Masoala (2010-2015) ...... 29

Carte 4 : Relevés des zones de coupes illicites de bois dans le parc naturel de Makira (2013-2015) ...... 32

Carte 5 : Relevés des zones d’exploitations illicites de bois dans la réserve de biosphère de Mananara-Nord (2009-2014)...... 33

Carte 6 : Sites de coupes illicites de bois de palissandres dans la nouvelle aire protégée de CAZ en 2015 ...... 34

Carte 7 : Lieux d’embarquements et de dépot des bois illégaux de bois de rose et de bois d’ébène au niveau du Cap Masoala entre 2010 et 2015 ...... 46

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AVANT-PROPOS &HGRFXPHQWFRUUHVSRQGDXOLYUDEOHGHO¶DFWLRQ©Collecter les information de base sur l’exploitation et le commerce de bois précieux ª GXVRXVREMHFWLI« Améliorer les connaissances disponibles sur la dynamique de l’exploitation et du commerce des bois précieux, représentés par les genres Dalbergia et Diospyros, et les facteurs socio-économiques associés ªGXSURJUDPPH6&$3(6© Preserving Madagascar Natural RessourcesªILQDQFpSDUO¶$JHQFHGHVeWDWV8QLVSRXUOH 'pYHORSSHPHQW,QWHUQDWLRQDO 86$,' 6&$3(6HVWXQSURJUDPPHPLVHQ°XYUHSDUXQFRQVRUWLXP G¶RUJDQLVDWLRQVGRQW::)75$)),&&RQVHUYDWLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &, HW:&6/¶REMHFWLISULQFLSDOGH FHSURJUDPPHHVWGHUHQIRUFHUOHVFDSDFLWpVGHVDFWHXUVPDOJDFKHVjOXWWHUFRQWUHO¶H[SORLWDWLRQLOOLFLWH GHVUHVVRXUFHVQDWXUHOOHV  &HGRFXPHQWSUpVHQWHOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVGLVSRQLEOHVFRQFHUQDQWOHVHVSqFHVGHVJHQUHVDalbergia HW DiospyrosHWPHWWHQWHQOXPLqUHOHVGLIIpUHQWHVUHFKHUFKHVHWDFWLRQVjPHQHUSRXUFRQWULEXHUj O¶pPLVVLRQG¶DYLVGHFRPPHUFHQRQSUpMXGLFLDEOH $&13 XQHSDUWLHLQWpJUDQWHGXSODQG¶DFWLRQLVVXGH OD'pFLVLRQGHODqPHVHVVLRQGHOD&RQIpUHQFHGHV3DUWLHVGHOD&,7(6SRXUPHWWUHHQ°XYUH O¶LQVFULSWLRQGHFHVHVSqFHVjO¶$QQH[H,,GHOD&,7(6 ‹ )ORUHQW 7RWR &RDOLWLRQ /DPSRJQR 0D0DED\

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[YLRapport TRAFFIC : L’Ile aux Bois- Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar 

 

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Inscription à l’Annexe III de la CITES

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Inscription à l’Annexe II de la CITES

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consacrés à des espèces choisies, de façon à ce que soient établis les avis de commerce non préjudiciable adéquats visés au paragraphe; 3- Collaborer, selon les besoins et avec les partenaires clés comme indiqué au paragraphe 2 ci dessus, à la préparation du matériel d'identification et des analyses destinés, dans le cadre de l'application de la CITES, à identifier les principaux taxons lors de leur commercialisation; 4- Mettre en place un embargo sur l'exportation des stocks de ces bois jusqu'à ce que le Comité permanent de la CITES ait approuvé les conclusions d'un audit et d'un plan d'utilisation des stocks afin de déterminer quelle partie de ces stocks a été légalement constituée et pourrait donc faire l'objet d'exportations légales 5- Collaborer, selon les besoins et avec les partenaires clés comme indiqué au paragraphe 2 ci dessus, à la mise en œuvre de mécanismes de lutte contre la fraude afin d'aider à l'application de tout quota d'exportation, au contrôle des stocks et à l'ouverture de tout commerce légal et durable, en utilisant des systèmes de traçage du bois ou d'autres technologies appropriées ; 6- Fournir au Secrétariat et au Comité pour les plantes des rapports écrits sur les progrès de la mise en œuvre du plan, en respectant les délais de dépôt des documents pour les sessions de ce Comité et ; 7- Fournir à la 17e session de la Conférence des Parties un document décrivant les progrès de la mise en œuvre, ainsi que tout ajustement requis pour le Plan d'action ». 

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Rapport TRAFFIC : L’Ile aux Bois- Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar 

 

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Rapport TRAFFIC L’Ile aux Bois: Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar

 

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Source : TRAFFIC, 2015 – Carte construite à partir des informations sur l’exportation formelle de bois précieux (2000- 2009), des saisies (2009- 2015) ainsi que par les informations recueillies par TRAFFIC auprès des exportateurs de la région de SAVA.     Rapport TRAFFIC L’Ile aux Bois: Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar 

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Rapport TRAFFIC : L’Ile aux Bois- Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar  

 

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Rapport TRAFFIC L’Ile aux Bois: Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar

 

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Rapport TRAFFIC : L’Ile aux Bois- Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar  

 

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Rapport TRAFFIC L’Ile aux Bois: Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar

 

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Rapport TRAFFIC : L’Ile aux Bois- Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar  

 

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Rapport TRAFFIC L’Ile aux Bois: Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar

 

Diospyros sakalavarum /DUJHPHQWUpSDQGXH QG )RUrWGHQVHKXPLGH   IUDJPHQWpHGDQVOHSD\V Diospyros sclerophylla /DUJHPHQWUpSDQGXH QG QG QG QG IUDJPHQWpHGDQVOHSD\V Diospyros squamosa /DUJHPHQWUpSDQGXH 2ULHQWDOHGH )RUrWOLWWRUDOHGpJUDGpH QG QG G XQVHXOWHQDQWGDQVOH EDVVHDOWLWXGH SD\V Diospyros toxicaria /DUJHPHQWUpSDQGXH 2ULHQWDOHGH )RUrWGHQVHKXPLGHDVVH]GpJUDGpH QG QG G XQVHXOWHQDQWGDQVOH EDVVHDOWLWXGH VLWXpHHQKDXWGHYHUVDQW/D SD\V YpJpWDWLRQSUpVHQWHXQGHJUp G¶RXYHUWXUHGHHWHVW SOXULVWUDWLILpH Diospyros tropophylla /DUJHPHQWUpSDQGXH 2FFLGHQWDOH )RUrWVGHQVHVVqFKHVFDGXFLIROLpHV QG QG G XQVHXOWHQXGDQVOH GHEDVVH DVVH]RXYHUWHVSOXULVWUDWHV SD\V DOWLWXGH Diospyros urschii QG QG QG QG QG Diospyros vescoi /RFDOLVpH QG QG QG QG Sources: 1 Anon., 2014b ; 2 Anon., 2010b ; 3Anon., 2013b ,QGLQIRUPDWLRQQRQGLVSRQLEOH

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Dalbergia baronii  0DQRPER   0DQRPER   0DQRPER   0DQRPER      .LDQMDYDWR  .LDQMDYDWR   .LDQMDYDWR   .LDQMDYDWR  Dalbergia bathei QG QG QG QG Dalbergia braceolata QG QG QG QG Dalbergia chapelieri  .LDQMDYDWR   .LDQMDYDWR   .LDQMDYDWR   .LDQMDYDWR    Dalbergia chlorocarpa  $QGUDQRPHQDKHO\   $QGUDQRPHQDKHO\  QG QG

Dalbergia davidii QG QG QG QG Dalbergia emirnensis QG QG QG QG Dalbergia greveana  &RPSOH[H%RQJRODYD   &RPSOH[H  &RPSOH[H  &RPSOH[H  $QDODEH  %RQJRODYD  %RQJRODYD  %RQJRODYD  $QDODEH  $QDODEH   $QDODEH 

Dalbergia hirtycalyx QG QG QG QG Dalbergia humbertii QG QG QG QG Dalbergia lemurica QG QG QG QG Dalbergia  0DQRPER   0DQRPER   0DQRPER   madagascariensis .LDQMDYDWR  .LDQMDYDWR  .LDQMDYDWR  0DQRPER   .LDQMDYDWR  Dalbergia sous-esp. QG QG QG QG antongiles Dalbergia QG QG QG QG madagascariensis sous- esp. Madagascariensis Dalbergia maritima  .LDQMDYDWR   .LDQMDYDWR   .LDQMDYDWR   .LDQMDYDWR  Dalbergia mollis  %HURURKD  1RUG  %HURURKD  1RUG  %HURURKD   %HURURKD  %RQJRODYD  %RQJRODYD  1RUG%RQJRODYD   1RUG %RQJRODYD 

Dalbergia monticola  &$=  =DKDPHQD   &$=   &$=   &$=   .LDQMDYDWR  =DKDPHQD  =DKDPHQD   =DKDPHQD 

Dalbergia neoperrieri QG QG QG QG Dalbergia orientalis  .LDQMDYDWR   .LDQMDYDWR   .LDQMDYDWR   .LDQMDYDWR  Dalbergia peltieri  $QNDUDIDQWVLND   $QNDUDIDQWVLND   $QNDUDIDQWVLND   $QNDUDIDQWVLND  Dalbergia pervellei QG QG QG QG Dalbergia pseudobaronii QG QG QG QG Dalbergia purpurascens  %HURURKD  %HWLRN\  %HURURKD   %HURURKD   %HURURKD  VXG  %HWLRN\VXG  %HWLRN\VXG   %HWLRN\

Rapport TRAFFIC : L’Ile aux Bois- Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar  

 

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Dalbergia suaresensis QG QG QG QG Dalbergia trichocarpa  &RPSOH[H%RQJRODYD   &RPSOH[H  &RPSOH[H  &RPSOH[H $QNDUDIDQWVLND %RQJRODYD  %RQJRODYD  %RQJRODYD  $QNDUDIDQWVLND  $QNDUDIDQWVLND   $QNDUDIDQWVLND  Dalbergia viguieri  $QGUDQRPHQDKHO\  QG QG QG

Sources: 1 Anon., 2010b ; 2 Anon., 2013b ; 3 Anon., 2009a QGLQIRUPDWLRQQRQGLVSRQLEOH  $QQH[H&DUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHO¶DERQGDQFHQDWLRQDOHGHVHVSqFHVGpFULWHVj'0(GXJHQUH Diospyros 7DX[GH 'HQVLWpV 6XUIDFHVWHUULqUHV (VSqFHV  5HQRXYHOOHPHQW %LRYROXPHV PKD  LQGLYLGXVKD  PðKD    Diospyros aculeata  0RQWDJQHGHV  0RQWDJQHGHV  0RQWDJQHGHV  0RQWDJQHGHV )UDQoDLV  )UDQoDLV  )UDQoDLV  )UDQoDLV  %HWLRN\  %HWLRN\  %HWLRN\  %HWLRN\  Diospyros QG QG QG QG analamerensis Diospyros ankifensis QG QG QG QG Diospyros baroniana QG QG QG QG Diospyros bemarivensis QG QG QG QG Diospyros bernieriana  &2)$9   &2)$9   &2)$9   &2)$9  Diospyros bezofensis QG QG QG QG Diospyros calophylla    $PELODOHPDLWVR   $PELODOHPDLWVR  $PELODOHPDLWVR  $PELODOHPDLWVR  Diospyros clusiifolia QG QG QG QG Diospyros decaryana QG QG QG QG Diospyros erinacea QG QG QG QG Disopyros QG QG QG QG fuscovelutina Diospyros ferrea j 0DKDER  0DKDER  0DKDER  0DKDER     0DQDULYR  0DQDULYR  0DQDULYR  0DQDULYR   Diospyros haplostylis  $QGHYRUDQWR   $QGHYRUDQWR   $QGHYRUDQWR   $QGHYRUDQWR   $QDUDIDQWVLND    $QDUDIDQWVLND   $QDUDIDQWVLND  $QDUDIDQWVLND 

Diospyros humbertiana QG QG QG QG Diospyros lanceolata  =DKDPHQD   =DKDPHQD  QG QG Diospyros mangabensis QG QG QG QG Diospyros mapingo QG QG QG QG Diospyros masoalensis QG QG QG QG Diospyros myriophylla   $QNDUDIDQWVLND  $QNDUDIDQWVLND   $QNDUDIDQWVLND  HW$QDODEH   $QDODEH  $QNDUDIDQWVLND   $QDODEH   $QDODEH  Disopyros occlusa QG QG QG QG Diospyros perrieri  0RQWDJQHGHV  0RQWDJQHGHV  0RQWDJQHGHV  0RQWDJQHGHV )UDQoDLV  )UDQoDLV  )UDQoDLV  )UDQoDLV  Diospyros platycalyx  .LDQMDYDWR   .LDQMDYDWR  QG QG Diospyros sakalavarum  &RPSOH[H  &RPSOH[H  &RPSOH[H  &RPSOH[H %RQJRODYD  %RQJRODYD  %RQJRODYD  %RQJRODYD  Diospyros sclerophylla QG QG QG QG Diospyros squamosa  0DKDER  0DKDER  0DKDER  0DKDER 0DQDULYR  0DQDULYR  0DQDULYR  &2)$9  0DQDULYR  &2)$9  &2)$9   Diospyros toxicaria  &RPSOH[H  &RPSOH[H  &RPSOH[H  &RPSOH[H %RQJRODYD  %RQJRODYD  %RQJRODYD  %RQJRODYD  &2)$9  &2)$9  &2)$9  &2)$9  Diospyros tropophylla    $QNDUDIDQWVLND   $QNDUDIDQWVLND  $QNDUDIDQWVLND  $QNDUDIDQWVLND  Diospyros urschii QG QG QG QG Diospyros vescoi QG QG QG QG QGLQIRUPDWLRQQRQGLVSRQLEOH Sources: 1 Anon., 2010b ; 2 Anon., 2013b ; 3 Anon., 2009a

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 $QQH[H7HQGDQFHGHVSRSXODWLRQVHWSULQFLSDOHVPHQDFHVGHVHVSqFHVGpFULWHVj'0(GX JHQUHDiospyros  7HQGDQFHV (VSqFHV GHV 0HQDFHV &DWpJRULHV8,&1 SRSXODWLRQV Diospyros aculeata 'pFOLQ &RXSHLOOpJDOHFXOWXUHVXU 17 EUXOLVIHX[GHSDWXUDJH Diospyros analamerensis QG QG QG Diospyros ankifensis QG QG QG Diospyros baroniana QG QG QG Diospyros bemarivensis QG QG QG Diospyros bernieriana 'pFOLQ &XOWXUHVXUEUXOLV 98%DE LLLLLY (1$F H[SORLWDWLRQVVpOpFWLYHV Diospyros bezofensis QG QG (1%DE LLLLLLYY DE LLLLL LYY  Diospyros calophylla 'pFOLQ &RXSHLOOpJDOH 98%DE LLLLLLYY  Diospyros clusiifolia QG QG (1%DE LLLY  Diospyros decaryana QG QG QG Diospyros erinacea QG QG QG Diospyros ferrea QG QG 98%DE LLLLLLYY  Diospyros fuscovelutina QG QG 17 Diospyros haplostylis 'pFOLQ &RXSHLOOpJDOHFXOWXUHVXU /& EUXOLV Diospyros humbertiana QG QG 98$F Diospyros lanceolata QG &RXSHLOOpJDOH (1%DE LLLLLLYY  Diospyros mangabensis QG QG 98%DE LLLY  Diospyros mapingo QG QG QG Diospyros masoalensis QG QG (1%DE LLLY DE LLLY  Diospyros occlusa QG QG 98$DG%DE LLLLLLY  Diospyros perrieri 'pFOLQ &RXSHLOOpJDOHFXOWXUHVXU 98%DE LLLY RU(1$FG EUXOLV Diospyros platycalyx QG QG (1%DE LLLY  Diospyros sakalavarum 'pFOLQ &RXSHLOOpJDOHFXOWXUHVXU 17 EUXOLV Diospyros sclerophylla QG QG (1%DE LLLLYY  Diospyros squamosa QG QG 98%DE LLLY  Diospyros toxicaria 'pFOLQ &XOWXUHVXUEUXOLV 98%DE LLLLLY 

Diospyros tropophylla QG QG 98%DE LLLY $F Diospyros urschii QG QG (1%DE LLLLLY  Diospyros vescoi QG QG QG QGLQIRUPDWLRQQRQGLVSRQLEOH &DWpJRULHVGHODOLVWHURXJHGHVHVSqFHVPHQDFpHVGHO 8,&1(1 HQGDQJHU 98 YXOQpUDEOH /& SUpRFFXSDWLRQ PLQHXUH 17 4XDVLPHQDFpH   Sources: 1 Anon., 2013b ; 2 Anon., 2010b ; 3 Anon.,2013d.  





124 Rapport TRAFFIC L’Ile aux Bois: Le Commerce de Bois de Rose et de Bois d’Ébène de Madagascar

DÉCEMBRE 2016 Registered Limited Company No. 3785518. UK Registered Charity No. 1076722, website: www.traffic.org Email: [email protected] Fax: (27)12 3428289 Telephone: (27)123428304/5 South Africa 0028 Pretoria Hatfield, Hatfield Gables, 484 Hilda Street c/o IUCNESARO, Bureau del’Est Régional Afrique etAustrale TRAFFIC Directeur Régional-Le Pour plus d’informations, contacter : biodiversité dela servation que decelui du développement durable. et desplantes àl’échelle mondiale aussi bien dans lecontexte con- dela gouvernementale travaillant sur lecommerce desanimaux sauvages,des espèces est principale la organisation non TRAFFIC, leréseau du commerce desurveillance is astrategic allianceof l’aide généreuse de rapportCe aété avec réalisé