Appendix B Cultural Resources Assessment Study
280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
Cultural Resources Assessment Report
prepared for City of Camarillo Department of Community Development 601 Carmen Drive Camarillo, California 93010 John Novi, Senior Planner
prepared by Rincon Consultants, Inc. 209 East Victoria Street Santa Barbara, California 93101
June 2021
Please cite this report as follows: Williams, James, Alexandra Madsen, Steven Treffers, and Shannon Carmack 2021. 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project Cultural Resources Assessment Report. Rincon Consultants, Inc., Project No. 21-11061.
City of Camarillo
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...... 1 Purpose and Scope ...... 1 Dates of Investigation ...... 1 Summary of Findings ...... 1 CUL-1 Unanticipated Discovery of Cultural Resources ...... 2 Unanticipated Discovery of Human Remains ...... 2 1 Introduction ...... 3 Project Description and Location ...... 3 Rincon Personnel ...... 1 2 Regulatory Framework ...... 2 California Environmental Quality Act...... 2 National Register of Historic Places ...... 2 California Register of Historical Resources ...... 3 City of Camarillo Landmarks ...... 4 3 Natural and Cultural Setting ...... 6 Environmental Setting ...... 6 Prehistoric Setting ...... 6 Ethnographic Context ...... 7 History ...... 9 4 Background Research ...... 16 Cultural Resources Records Searches ...... 16 Previous Studies ...... 16 Previously Recorded Resources ...... 18 Archival Research Methods ...... 19 Native American Heritage Commission ...... 19 5 Field Survey ...... 21 Methods ...... 21 6 Findings and Conclusions ...... 37 CUL-1 Unanticipated Discovery of Cultural Resources ...... 37 Unanticipated Discovery of Human Remains ...... 37 7 References ...... 39
Tables
Table 1 Previous Cultural Resource Studies within a 0.5-Mile Radius of the Project Site ...... 16 Table 2 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within 0.5-mile of the Project Site ...... 18
Cultural Resources Assessment Report i City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
Figures Figure 1 Regional Location ...... 4 Figure 2 Project Area ...... 5 Figure 3 Proposed Project Site Plan ...... 1 Figure 4 Representative Rendering of the Proposed Project ...... 1 Figure 5 Historical Aerial Photograph of Oxnard Flight Strip, 1945, with Project Area Depicted in Red ...... 12 Figure 6 Historical Aerial Photograph of Oxnard Air Force Base, 1959, with Project Area Depicted in Red ...... 14 Figure 7 Bird's-Eye View of Oxnard Air Force Base, 1963 ...... 14 Figure 8 280-330 Skyway Drive Site Map...... 22 Figure 9 Elevated Water Tank, View to the Southwest ...... 23 Figure 10 Elevated Water Tank, Viewed from Beneath...... 24 Figure 11 280 Skyway Drive, North Elevation, View to the Southwest ...... 25 Figure 12 280 Skyway Drive, North and West Elevations, View to the Southeast ...... 25 Figure 13 Overview of Ball Courts and Portable Classroom at 280 Skyway Drive, View to the Southwest ...... 26 Figure 14 300 Skyway Drive, North and West Elevations, View to the Southeast ...... 27 Figure 15 Portable Restroom and Partial View of 280 Skyway Drive, North and East Elevations, View to the Southwest ...... 27 Figure 16 330 Skyway Drive, North Elevation, View to the South ...... 28 Figure 17 330 Skyway Drive, North and West Elevations, View to the Southeast ...... 29 Figure 18 Aerial Photograph the Subject Property and Vicinity, 1938 ...... 30 Figure 19 Aerial Photograph the Subject Property and Vicinity, 1947 ...... 30 Figure 20 Aerial Photograph of the Subject Property and Vicinity, 1953 ...... 31 Figure 21 Aerial Photograph of the Subject Property and Vicinity, 1959 ...... 32 Figure 22 Aerial Photograph of the Subject Property and Vicinity, 1963 ...... 32 Appendices Appendix A California Historical Resources Information System Search Results (2019 and 2021) Appendix B Native American Heritage Commission Search Results Appendix C California Department of Parks and Recreation 523 Series Forms
ii City of Camarillo
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Cultural Resources Assessment Report iii
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Purpose and Scope
The City of Camarillo Department of Community Development (City) retained Rincon Consultants, Inc. (Rincon) to conduct a cultural resources assessment for the 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project (project), located at 280-330 Skyway Drive (Assessor’s Parcel Number [APN] 230-0-030-105) in the city of Camarillo, Ventura County, California. The proposed project includes the demolition of three permanent buildings (constructed between circa 1955 and circa 1960) and two portable buildings (circa 1985 and circa 2000), and construction of three industrial buildings and one retail building. This cultural resources assessment report was prepared to support compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and included a search of the California Historical Resources Information Center (CHRIS) at the South Central Coast Information Center (SCCIC), a Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) Sacred Lands File (SLF) search, archival research, a pedestrian field survey, and preparation of this report. Dates of Investigation
A CHRIS search was performed by the SCCIC on June 22, 2021 in support of this project. Rincon also reviewed the results of a previously conducted (December 17, 2019) CHRIS search, the search radius of which included the current project site. Rincon conducted a pedestrian field survey of the project area on May 26, 2021. The NAHC completed a search of the SLF on June 1, 2021. The archival and background research summarized in this report was conducted throughout May and June 2021. Summary of Findings
The CHRIS searches conducted and reviewed for this assessment did not identify any previously recorded cultural resources within the project site. Additionally, the searches identified only one previously recorded resource, a historic period built resource, within 0.5 mile of the project site and the SLF search returned negative results. Due to the history of use and disturbance in the project site and the lack of archaeological resources identified by the records searches, the project site is considered to have low sensitivity for intact archaeological resources. The pedestrian field survey identified six built environment resources in the project area: an elevated water tank; permanent buildings at 280 Skyway Drive, 300 Skyway Drive, and 330 Skyway Drive; a portable classroom; and a portable restroom. The elevated water tank and three permanent buildings are over 45 years of age and therefore meet the age threshold for historical resources consideration. Because the of-age structure and buildings are located on a single parcel and share a common development history associated with the operation of the former Oxnard Air Force Base, they were recorded and evaluated for historical resources eligibility as a single property. As a result of the analysis, the property was found to lack sufficient historical or architectural significance to qualify for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) or California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) or for local designation. Therefore, the property is not considered a historical resource for the purposes of CEQA and the demolition of the buildings located thereon would not result in a significant impact to historical resources pursuant to Section 15064.5(b) of the CEQA Guidelines.
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 1 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
Based on the information summarized above, Rincon recommends a finding of no impact to historical resources and less than significant impact to archaeological resources with mitigation incorporated (CUL-1) under CEQA for the proposed project. Mitigation measure CUL-1 is outlined below. Additionally, in the unlikely event of the unanticipated discovery of human remains, the project must adhere to the State of California Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5, also outlined below.
CUL-1 Unanticipated Discovery of Cultural Resources
In the event cultural resources are encountered during ground-disturbing activities, work in the immediate area must halt, and an archaeologist meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards for archaeology (National Park Service 1983) must be contacted immediately to evaluate the find. If the discovery proves to be eligible for listing in the CRHR, additional work may be warranted, such as data recovery excavation and Native American consultation to treat the find.
Unanticipated Discovery of Human Remains
If human remains are unexpectedly encountered, the State of California Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 states that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made a determination of origin and disposition pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. In the unlikely event of an unanticipated discovery of human remains, the County Coroner must be notified immediately. If the human remains are determined to be prehistoric, the Coroner will notify the NAHC, which will determine and notify a most likely descendant (MLD). The MLD has 48 hours from being granted site access to make recommendations for the disposition of the remains. If the MLD does not make recommendations within 48 hours, the landowner shall reinter the remains in an area of the property secure from subsequent disturbance.
2 Executive Summary
1 Introduction
The City of Camarillo (City) retained Rincon Consultants, Inc. (Rincon) to conduct a cultural resources assessment for the 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project (project), located in Camarillo, Ventura County, California. The proposed project includes the demolition of existing buildings on the project site and construction of three multi-tenant industrial buildings and one retail building. This cultural resources assessment report was prepared to support compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and includes a cultural resources records search at the South Central Coast Information Center (SCCIC), a Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) Sacred Lands File (SLF) search, archival research, a pedestrian field survey, and preparation of this report. Project Description and Location
The project site is located at 280-330 Skyway Drive, in the city of Camarillo, adjacent to West Pleasant Valley Road and approximately 0.9 mile south of the U.S. 101 Freeway (U.S. 101). The approximately 3.29-acre project site is developed with an elevated water tank and three permanent and two portable buildings that are now vacant but were most recently used as the Camarillo Skyway Playhouse and the Arc of Ventura County Adult School. The project site is located on a single parcel (Assessor’s Parcel Number [APN] 230-0-030-105) currently owned by the Oxnard Union High School District. Figure 1 shows the regional location of the site and Figure 2 shows the project site within the existing neighborhood context. The proposed project involves construction of three new multi-tenant industrial/warehouse buildings and one retail building (Figure 3 and Figure 4). To accommodate new development, all five buildings located on the project site would be demolished. These include 280 Skyway Drive (constructed circa 1955), 300 Skyway Drive (circa 1960), 330 Skyway Drive (circa 1955), a portable classroom building (circa 1985), and a portable restroom building (circa 2000). An elevated water tank (circa 1953) located at the far western end of the project site would be retained. The final building footprint of the new development would cover 36,404 square feet (sf) of the 143,514 sf (3.29-acre) lot. The project would include 24,657 sf of landscaped area, 77 parking spaces, 16 loading spaces, six bike racks, and four bike storage spaces. All buildings would be one-story with a height of 29 feet and would be concrete tilt up construction.
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 3 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
Figure 1 Regional Location
4 Executive Summary
Figure 2 Project Area
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 5
Executive Summary
Figure 3 Proposed Project Site Plan
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 1
Executive Summary
Figure 4 Representative Rendering of the Proposed Project
Rincon Personnel
This study was managed by Senior Architectural Historian Steven Treffers, M.H.P. and Cultural Resources Specialist Alexandra Madsen, M.A., RPA. Architectural Historian James Williams, M.A., conducted the field survey, completed archival research, and served as principal author of this report. GIS Analyst Erik Holtz prepared the figures included in this report. Rincon Principal Shannon Carmack reviewed the report for quality assurance and quality control. Mr. Treffers, Mr. Williams, and Ms. Carmack meet the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards in History and Architectural History. Ms. Madsen meets the Professional Qualification Standards in History, Architectural History, and Archaeology (36 CFR Part 61).
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 1 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project 2 Regulatory Framework
California Environmental Quality Act
California Public Resources Code (PRC) Section 21804.1 requires lead agencies determine if a project could have a significant impact on historical resources. As defined in PRC Section 21804.1 and Section 15064.5(a) of the CEQA Guidelines, a historical resource is a resource listed in, or determined eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR), included in a local register of historical resources, or any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript that a lead agency determines to be historically significant. Resources listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) are automatically listed in the CRHR and are therefore historical resources under CEQA. Historical resources may include eligible built environment resources and archaeological resources of historic or prehistoric age. Section 15064.5(c) provides further guidance on the consideration of archaeological resources. If an archaeological resource does not qualify for historical resources eligibility, it may meet the definition of a “unique archaeological resource” as identified in PRC Section 21083.2. This section of the PRC also includes provisions for the treatment of unique archaeological resources. If an archaeological resources does not qualify as a unique archaeological resource or a historical resource, the effects of a project on those resources will be less than significant (Section 15064.5[c][4] of the CEQA Guidelines). Section 15064.5 also provides guidance for addressing the existence of or likelihood of Native American human remains, as well as the unanticipated discovery of any human remains during the implementation of a project. According to CEQA, impacts that adversely alter the significance of a historical resource are considered a significant effect on the environment. These impacts could result from physical demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration of the resource or its immediate surroundings such that the significance of a historical resource would be materially impaired (CEQA Guidelines §15064.5 [b][1]). Material impairment is defined as demolition or alteration in an adverse manner [of] those characteristics of a historical resource that convey its historical significance and that justify its inclusion in, or eligibility for inclusion in, the CRHR or a local register (CEQA Guidelines §15064.5[b][2][A]).
National Register of Historic Places
Although the project does not have a federal nexus, properties which are listed in or have been formally determined eligible for listing in the NRHP are automatically listed in the CRHR. The following is therefore presented to provide applicable regulatory context. The NRHP was authorized by Section 101 of the National Historic Preservation Act and is the nation’s official list of cultural resources worthy of preservation. The NRHP recognizes the quality of significance in American, state, and local history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects. Per 36 CFR Part 60.4, a property is eligible for listing in the NRHP if it meets one or more of the following criteria: Criterion A Are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history Criterion B Are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past
2 Regulatory Framework
Criterion C Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of installation, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction Criterion D Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history
In addition to meeting at least one of the above designation criteria, resources must also retain integrity. The National Park Service recognizes seven aspects or qualities that, considered together, define historic integrity. To retain integrity, a property must possess several, if not all, of these seven qualities, defined in the following manner: Location The place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic event occurred Design The combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property Setting The physical environment of a historic property Materials The physical elements that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property Workmanship The physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory Feeling A property’s expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time Association The direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property
California Register of Historical Resources
The CRHR was created by Assembly Bill 2881, which was established in 1992. The CRHR is an authoritative listing and guide to be used by State and local agencies, private groups, and citizens in identifying the existing historical resources of the State and to indicate which resources deserve to be protected, to the extent prudent and feasible, from substantial adverse change (Public Resources Code, 5024.1(a)). The criteria for eligibility for the CRHR are consistent with the National Register criteria but have been modified for state use in order to include a range of historical resources that better reflect the history of California (Public Resources Code, 5024.1(b)). Certain properties are determined by the statute to be automatically included in the CRHR by operation of law, including California properties formally determined eligible for, or listed in, the NRHP. Properties are eligible for listing in the CRHR if they meet one of more of the following criteria: Criterion 1: Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage Criterion 2: Is associated with the lives of persons important to our past
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 3 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
Criterion 3: Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values Criterion 4: Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history
City of Camarillo Landmarks
Chapter 16.42 of the City of Camarillo Municipal Code is the City’s historic preservation ordinance. The purpose of this chapter is to promote the general welfare by providing for the identification, protection, enhancement, perpetuation and use of historic buildings and structures within the city that reflect special elements of the city's historical heritage. Per Section 16.42.060, on the recommendation of the Landmark Committee, the City Council may designate a property as a Landmark if it meets one of the following criteria: Criterion 1: It is associated with persons or events significant in local, state, or national history Criterion 2: It reflects or exemplifies a particular period of national, state, or local history Criterion 3: It embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, style, period of architecture, or method of construction
4 Regulatory Framework
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Cultural Resources Assessment Report 5 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project 3 Natural and Cultural Setting
Environmental Setting
The generally flat project site lies within the city of Camarillo, Ventura County, California and ranges from approximately 20 to 26 feet above mean sea level. The nearest water source is the Revolon Slough, located approximately two miles west of the project site. Areas to the north, east, and west are developed for a mix of commercial, institutional, and recreational uses, including the Camarillo Airport, while land to the south is generally in use for agriculture. Prehistoric Setting
During the twentieth century, many archaeologists developed chronological sequences to explain prehistoric cultural changes within all or portions of southern California (c.f., Jones and Klar 2007; Moratto 1984). Wallace (1955, 1978) devised a prehistoric chronology for the southern California coastal region that included four horizons: Early Man, Milling Stone, Intermediate, and Late Prehistoric. Wallace’s chronology was based on early studies and lacked the chronological precision of absolute dates (Moratto 1984:159). In the last 65 years , Wallace’s (1955) synthesis has been modified and improved using thousands of radiocarbon dates obtained by southern California researchers over recent decades (Byrd and Raab 2007:217; Koerper and Drover 1983; Koerper et al. 2002; Mason and Peterson 1994). The prehistoric chronological sequence for southern California presented below is a composite based on Wallace (1955) and Warren (1968) as well as later studies, including Koerper and Drover (1983).
Early Man Horizon (ca. 10,000–6,000 BCE) Numerous pre-8,000 BCE sites, including the Arlington Springs site and Daisy Cave (SMI-261), have been identified along the mainland coast and Channel Islands of southern California (c.f., Erlandson 1991; Johnson et al. 2002; Jones and Klar 2007; Moratto 1984; Rick et al. 2001:609). The Arlington Springs site on Santa Rosa Island, produced human remains dating to approximately 13,000 years ago (Arnold et al. 2004; Johnson et al. 2002). On San Miguel Island, human occupation at Daisy Cave (SMI-261) has also been dated to nearly 13,000 years ago. Some of the earliest examples of basketry on the Pacific Coast, dating to over 12,000 years old (Arnold et al. 2004), were found at the site. Although few Clovis or Folsom style fluted points have been found in southern California (e.g., Dillon 2002; Erlandson et al. 1987), Early Man Horizon sites are generally associated with a greater emphasis on hunting than later horizons. Recent data indicate that the Early Man economy was a diverse mixture of hunting and gathering, including a significant focus on aquatic resources in coastal areas (e.g., Jones et al. 2002) and on inland Pleistocene lakeshores (Moratto 1984). A warm and dry 3,000-year period called the Altithermal began around 6,000 BCE. The conditions of the Altithermal are likely responsible for the change in human subsistence patterns at this time, including a greater emphasis on plant foods and small game.
Milling Stone Horizon (6,000–3,000 BCE) The Milling Stone Horizon is “marked by extensive use of milling stones and mullers, a general lack of well-made projectile points, and burials with rock cairns” (Wallace 1955:219). The predominance
6 Natural and Cultural Setting of such artifact types indicates a subsistence strategy focused on collecting plant foods and small animals. A broad spectrum of food resources including small and large terrestrial mammals, sea mammals, birds, shellfish and other littoral and estuarine species, near-shore fishes, and seeds and other plant products was consumed (Kowta 1969; Reinman 1964). Variability in artifact assemblages over time and between coastal and inland sites indicates that Milling Stone Horizon subsistence strategies adapted to environmental conditions (Jones 1996; Byrd and Raab 2007). Lithic artifacts associated with Milling Stone Horizon sites are dominated by locally available tool stone. Chopping, scraping, and cutting tools are very common along with ground stone tools such as manos and metates. The mortar and pestle, associated with acorns or other foods processed through pounding, were first used during the Milling Stone Horizon and increased dramatically in later periods (Wallace 1955, 1978; Warren 1968).
Intermediate Horizon (3,000 BCE–500 CE) Wallace’s Intermediate Horizon dates from approximately 3,000 BCE to Common Era (CE) 500 and is characterized by a shift toward a hunting and maritime subsistence strategy, as well as greater use of plant foods. A noticeable trend towards a greater adaptation to local resources including a broad variety of fish, land mammals, and sea mammals along the coast occurred during the Intermediate Horizon. Tool kits for hunting, fishing, and processing food and materials reflect this increased diversity, with flake scrapers, drills, various projectile points, and shell fishhooks being manufactured. Mortars and pestles became more common during this transitional period, gradually replacing manos and metates as the dominant milling equipment. This change in milling stone technology is believed to signal a transition from the processing and consumption of hard seed resources to the increased reliance on acorns (Glassow et al. 1988; True 1993). Mortuary practices during the Intermediate Horizon typically included fully flexed burials oriented toward the west (Warren 1968:2-3).
Late Prehistoric Horizon (500 CE–Historic Contact) During Wallace’s (1955, 1978) Late Prehistoric Horizon, the diversity of plant food resources and land and sea mammal hunting increased even further than during the Intermediate Horizon. A greater variety of artifact types was observed during this period and high quality exotic lithic materials were used for small, finely worked projectile points associated with the bow and arrow. Steatite containers were made for cooking and storage and an increased use of asphaltum for waterproofing is noted. More artistic artifacts were recovered from Late Prehistoric Horizon sites and cremation became a common mortuary custom. Larger, more permanent villages supported an increased population size and social structure (Wallace 1955). This change in subsistence focus, material culture, and burial practices coincides with the westward migration of Uto-Aztecan language speakers from the Great Basin region to Los Angeles, Orange, and western Riverside counties (Sutton 2008; Potter and White 2009). Ethnographic Context
Ventureño Chumash The project site lies within the traditional territory of the Native American group known as the Ventureño Chumash, so called after their historic period association with Mission San Buenaventura (Grant 1978a). The Chumash spoke six closely related languages, which have been divided into three
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 7 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project branches—Northern Chumash (consisting only of Obispeño), Central Chumash (consisting of Purisimeño, Ineseño, Barbareño, and Ventureño), and Island Chumash (Jones and Klar 2007:80). The Chumashan language currently is considered an isolate stock with a long history in the Santa Barbara region (Mithun 2004:304). Groups neighboring Chumash territory include the Salinan to the north, the Southern Valley Yokuts and Tataviam to the east, and the Gabrielino (Tongva) to the south. Chumash place names in the proposed undertaking’s vicinity include Awhay (Ojai), Stuk (La Jolla Basin), and Kayiwis (Calleguas Creek) (Applegate 1974). Early Spanish accounts describe the Santa Barbara Channel as heavily populated at the time of contact. Estimates of the total Chumash population range from 8,000-10,000 (Kroeber 1925:551) to 18,000-22,000 (Cook and Heizer 1965: 21). Wene’mu or Quelqueme (Hueneme), has been described as a place where people from the Channel Islands spent the night when they traveled to the mainland to trade (San Buenaventura Research Associates [SBRA] 2014). Coastal Chumash lived in hemispherical dwellings made of tule reed mats, or animal skins in rainy weather. These dwellings could usually accommodate as many as 60 people (Brown 2001). The village of šukuw, (or shuku), at Rincon Point, was encountered by Gaspar de Portola in 1769. This village had 60 dwellings and seven canoes, with an estimated population of 300 (Grant 1978b). The tomol, or wooden plank canoe, was an especially important tool for the procurement of marine resources and for maintaining trade networks between Coastal and Island Chumash. Sea mammals were hunted with harpoons, while deep-sea fish were caught using nets and hooks and lines. Shellfish were gathered from beach sands using digging sticks, and mussels and abalone were pried from rocks using wood or bone wedges. The acorn was an especially important resource. Acorn procurement and processing involved the manufacture of baskets for gathering, winnowing, and cooking and the production of mortars and milling stones for grinding. The bow and arrow, spears, traps and other various methods were used for hunting (Hudson and Blackburn 1979). The Chumash also manufactured various other utilitarian and non-utilitarian items. Eating utensils, ornaments, fishhooks, harpoons, and other items were made using bone and shell. Olivella shell beads were especially important for trade. The Chumash were heavily impacted by the arrival of Europeans. The Spanish missions and later Mexican and American settlers dramatically altered traditional Chumash lifeways. Chumash populations were drastically affected by the introduction of European diseases; however, many Chumash descendants still inhabit the region.
8 Natural and Cultural Setting
History
Post-European contact history for California is generally divided into three periods: the Spanish Period (1769–1822), the Mexican Period (1822–1848), and the American Period (1848–present).
Spanish Period (1769–1822) Spanish explorers made sailing expeditions along the coast of what was then known as Alta (upper) California between the mid-1500s and mid-1700s. In 1542, while in search of the legendary Northwest Passage, Juan Rodríquez Cabríllo recorded a visit to the Santa Barbara area. Sebastian Vizcaíno also conducted exploration of the coast in 1602 and named the Santa Barbara Channel when his ship entered it on the feast day of Saint Barbara (Kyle et al. 2002). By the 18th century, Spain developed an approach to secure its hold on the territory and counter against other foreign explorers. The Spanish established military forts known as presidios, as well as missions and pueblos (towns) throughout Alta California. The 1769 overland expedition by Captain Gaspár de Portolá marks the beginning of California’s Historic period, occurring just after the King of Spain installed the Franciscan Order to direct religious and colonization matters in assigned territories of the Americas. Portolá established the presidio of San Diego as the first Spanish settlement in Alta California in 1769. That same year Franciscan Father Junípero Serra founded Mission San Diego de Alcalá, the first of the 21 missions that would be established in Alta California by the Spanish and the Franciscan Order between 1769 and 1823. The Santa Barbara presidio was established in 1782, and the Santa Barbara Mission was founded four years later (Graffy 2010). The mission and presidio relied on Chumash labor, and eventually the majority of the native population lived at the mission complex (Cole 1999). A major emphasis during the Spanish Period in California was the construction of missions and associated presidios to integrate the Native American population into Christianity and communal enterprise. Incentives were also provided to bring settlers to pueblos or towns, but just three pueblos were established during the Spanish Period, only two of which were successful and remain as California cities (San José and Los Angeles). Spain began making land grants in 1784, typically to retiring soldiers, although the grantees were only permitted to inhabit and work the land. The land titles technically remained property of the Spanish king (Livingston 1914). The increases in local populations and contact with diseases brought by Europeans greatly reduced the Native American population (McCawley 1996).
Mexican Period (1822–1848) Several factors kept growth within Alta California to a minimum, including the threat of foreign invasion, political dissatisfaction, and unrest among the indigenous population. After more than a decade of intermittent rebellion and warfare, New Spain won independence from Spain in 1821. In 1822, the Mexican legislative body in California ended isolationist policies designed to protect the Spanish monopoly on trade, and decreed California ports open to foreign merchants (Dallas 1955). Extensive land grants were established in the interior during the Mexican Period, in part to increase the population inland from the more settled coastal areas where the Spanish had first concentrated their colonization efforts. The secularization of the missions following Mexico’s independence from Spain resulted in the subdivision of former mission lands and establishment of many additional ranchos. Commonly, former soldiers and well-connected Mexican families were the recipients of these land grants, which now included the title to the land. Forty-one ranchos were granted between 1835 and 1846 in what would become Santa Barbara County (Graffy 2010).
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 9 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
During the supremacy of the ranchos (1834-1848), landowners largely focused on the cattle industry and devoted large tracts to grazing. Cattle hides became a primary southern California export, providing a commodity to trade for goods from the east and other areas in the United States and Mexico. The number of nonnative inhabitants increased during this period because of the influx of explorers, trappers, and ranchers associated with the land grants. The rising California population contributed to the introduction and rise of diseases foreign to the Native American population, who had no counteractive immunities.
American Period (1848–Present) The Mexican Period officially ended in early January 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, formally concluding the Mexican-American War. Per the treaty, the United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million for conquered territory, including California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming. California gained statehood in 1850, and this political shift set in motion a variety of factors that began to erode the rancho system. Given the size of their holdings, the initiation of property taxes proved onerous for many southern California ranchers. In addition, the creation of the U.S. Land Commission in 1851 required that property owners prove the validity of their property titles, many of which had been granted relatively informally and without the benefit of formal survey. Ranchers often paid for legal debts with portions—or all—of their ranchos. The large-scale rancho system also suffered greatly from severe drought in the 1860s which decimated the cattle industry upon which southern Californian ranchers depended. The discovery of gold in northern California in 1848 led to the California Gold Rush, despite the first California gold being previously discovered in Placerita Canyon in 1842 (Guinn 1977; Workman 1935:26). By 1853, the population of California exceeded 300,000. Thousands of settlers and immigrants continued to move into the state, particularly after the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869. During the same year, Port Hueneme was established at the westernmost edge of the Oxnard Plain and became the largest California port after San Francisco (Scheid 1995). Establishment of the port played a critical role in the development of agriculture on the Oxnard Plain. Ventura County was officially divided from Santa Barbara County two years later, on January 1, 1873.
City of Camarillo The land on which the city of Camarillo was developed was part of a large land grant called Rancho Calleguas, a 10,000-acre property granted to José Pedro Ruiz by the Mexican government in 1837. Juan Camarillo, Sr. purchased the rancho from Ruiz’s descendants and others in 1875. After Juan’s death, the rancho passed to his widow and sons, with the eldest, Adolfo Camarillo, taking over ranch operations. Adolfo Camarillo donated land for a high school, park, and rights-of-way for the railroad and widening of the highway. In the 1870s, Rancho Calleguas and other area ranchos that had once been dependent on raising livestock such as cattle and sheep eventually gave way to other agricultural development, such as the planting of vegetables, nuts, and orchards (Impact Sciences 2017; Camarillo Ranch Foundation 2018a; San Buenaventura Research Associates 2014). Adjacent land that was not part of any of the ranchos was declared property of the United States government and was promptly occupied by homesteaders (White 1978). Camarillo was named after the Camarillo family around 1899 after Adolfo Camarillo granted a right- of-way to the Southern Pacific Railroad to lay tracks on his property and establish a station (Camarillo Ranch Foundation 2018b). The settlement had previously been known as Pleasant Valley.
10 Natural and Cultural Setting
Following the arrival of the railroad, the town developed slowly, serving the many farmers in the surrounding area. William T. Fulton laid out the town site in 1910 which included the railroad depot, a church site, and residential parcels. Area ranchers purchased land near the railroad depot and along Ventura Boulevard, which they developed and leased to merchants. Juan Camarillo also commissioned prominent architect Albert C. Martin to design a family chapel, Saint Mary Magdalen. Sited on a knoll overlooking Ventura Boulevard, the chapel was completed in 1914. More than 20 members of the Camarillo family are buried in the family crypt beneath the church. The chapel was given to the Archdiocese of Los Angeles to use as a parish church in 1940. Subsequently, a rectory was built in 1948 and a grade school completed in 1954 (Slawson 1993; St. Mary Magdalen Church 2023 [sic]). The church building was made a Ventura County Historical Landmark in 1972. Camarillo remained a relatively small, rural community serving local farmers until circa the 1950s. Development increased substantially after the completion of U.S. Route 101 through the community in 1954. Dramatic population growth and an improved means of transportation resulted in many local farmers selling their land for residential development (Triem 1985). Camarillo grew to approximately 10,000 residents by the time it formally incorporated in 1964. Annexations between 1965 and 1978 enlarged the city from approximately 12 square miles to 17 square miles (White 1978). Today, the city encompasses nearly 20 square miles and boasts a population of over 66,000 residents (City of Camarillo, n.d.).
Oxnard Air Force Base Since the early 1940s, development of the project area was associated with various civilian and military aviation facilities centered on the runway that currently serves as the Camarillo Airport, located approximately 0.25 mile to the north. The runway was first developed as a municipal landing strip in 1942, but later that year was acquired by the United States Army for use as an Army Air Forces military airstrip. The facility was briefly returned to civilian use in 1948, before coming under the control of the United States Air Force in the early 1950s. The Air Force operated Oxnard Air Force Base at the site until the base’s closure 1969. In the 1970s, the land comprising the base was deeded to various public and private entities, and the runway was reorganized as Camarillo Airport, a municipal airport owned by the County of Ventura. A brief history of the facility follows. In 1942, the United States Public Roads Administration developed a civilian landing strip for light aircraft at the extant runway. However, as part of defense efforts during World War II, the United States Army Air Forces took control of the facility by the end of the year and augmented it with the acquisition of 300 additional acres of former farmland situated between the airstrip and Pleasant Valley Road, an area that encompasses the project area. Operated as Oxnard Flight Strip, the facility was improved with several support buildings during the first six months of 1943 (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntsville Division 1995). When operations at Oxnard Flight Strip began on June 22, 1943, the installation was under the jurisdiction of the 4th Air Force, Santa Maria Army Air Base, and the airfield was used primarily for coastal air defense and pilot training. A detachment of 26 enlisted soldiers stationed at March Field, Riverside County were soon relocated to the airstrip. By July of that year, the 504th Base Headquarters and Air Base Squadron was transferred to Oxnard from the Santa Maria Army Air Base. In October, the 383rd Fighter Squadron began training operations in a P-38 Lightning aircraft. In 1944, following the reorganization of the 4th Air Force, Oxnard Air Strip was transferred to the 441st Air Base Unit, which was headquartered at the Van Nuys Airport. By 1944, the air strip hosted joint operations with the United States Navy, which operated torpedo bombers and drone aircraft from the airfield. In July 1944, a United States Marine Corps unit based at Goleta tested an
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 11 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project experimental glider from the Oxnard facility (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntsville Division 1995). Historical aerial photographs show that, around the time of the war’s conclusion in 1945, the facility consisted of the runway, several support buildings, and residences apparently scattered through the property (Figure 5; UCSB 1945).
Figure 5 Historical Aerial Photograph of Oxnard Flight Strip, 1945, with Project Area Depicted in Red
Following World War II, the air strip briefly reverted to civilian use. The Army inactivated the air strip in June 1945 and transferred the facility to the War Assets Administration (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntsville Division 1995). The 303-acre site was reclassified as excess in August 1946 and returned to the Public Roads Administration, which leased the property to the County of Ventura as a municipal airport starting in 1948. Some military uses coincided with the operation of the civilian airport, as the County allowed the California Army and Air National Guard to be stationed at the base and, later, issued permits allowing the Navy to use the site as a Naval Air Missile Test Center (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntsville Division 1995). In the 1950s, amid the geopolitical tensions of the Cold War, all four branches of the military expanded their footprints throughout California as part of a broader build-up of United States military forces. The County’s lease on the air strip was canceled, and the facility returned to military use, becoming one of many World War II-era facilities to be reactivated for military use during the Cold War (JRP 2000). As detailed in California Historic Military Buildings and Structures Inventory, two major themes characterized military development in Cold War-era California (JRP 2000). First, the state was integral to the military’s development of high technology weapons and defense
12 Natural and Cultural Setting systems, serving as a major center for research and development and testing and experimentation operations. Second, a number of California military installations served as facilities for combat training, most notably for operations in the Korean and Vietnam wars (JRP 2000). Under the aegis of the Air Defense Command (later the Aerospace Defense Command) the base operated as a fighter coastal defense installation and also conducted fighter pilot training using missiles and rockets (United States Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District 2021). Among the training operations at Oxnard Air Force Base were those of the 354th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, which trained on the F-51D turboprop fighter aircraft and the F-94C jet fighter; the 414th Fighter Group, which trained on F-94 Starfire jet fighter interceptor aircraft, F-89 Scorpion interceptors, and F-1O1B Voodoo interceptors; and a unit flying the supersonic McDonnell Douglas F-101B “Voodoo” interceptor aircraft, equipped with “Genie” tactical nuclear missiles, which arrived in 1960 and was stationed at the base for nearly a decade (County of Ventura 2021). In 1952, the Air Force drafted a master plan for the base (USAF 1952). Over the base’s lifespan, another 1,300 acres were added to the property and the runway was lengthened (United States Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District 2021). According to the master plan, maintenance, communications, and military operational uses were mostly clustered near the runway and at the southeast corner of the base, near the intersection of Las Posas and Pleasant Valley roads. An area south of the runway, west of Las Posas Road, north of Pleasant Valley Road, and generally east of Eubanks Street was reserved for new operational, administrative, training, medical, residential, and recreational development. A comparison of historical aerial photographs with the master plan reveals that the master plan was not followed strictly, but that it was likely followed as a blueprint for the general layout and land-use designations of the base (USAF 1952; UCSB 1953; 1959). Historical aerial photographs suggest after the new military and support facilities were constructed over the next several years, few, if any, buildings dating from the World War II era were left standing (Figure 6; USAF 1952; UCSB 1945; 1947; 1959). Available sources suggest the project area and its surroundings were eventually developed with administration buildings, enlisted housing, recreational facilities, a movie theater (the present 330 Skyway Drive), and a gas station (County of Ventura 2021; Manley 1998). By 1958, defense operations at Oxnard Air Force Base centered on four alert hangars and a 9,000-foot-long runway (Ventura County 2021). Historical aerial photographs suggest the base was completed by the early 1960s (Figure 7).
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 13 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
Figure 6 Historical Aerial Photograph of Oxnard Air Force Base, 1959, with Project Area Depicted in Red
Figure 7 Bird's-Eye View of Oxnard Air Force Base, 1963
Source: Oxnard Public Library
In 1960, due to budget constraints, the United States government began considering closure of several military bases, including Oxnard Air Force Base. The facility was shuttered on December 31, 1969 and transferred to the General Services Administration (GSA) in 1970 (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntsville Division 1995). In 1973, the GSA began transferring sections of the former base outside the runway to governmental agencies, churches, and private businesses. By 1976, 616 acres, including the runway, were returned to the County of Ventura, and the air strip facility reopened as Camarillo Airport (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntsville Division 1995; militarymuseum.org
14 Natural and Cultural Setting
2021). In the years since the air force base was closed, several properties were cleared of their Cold War-era buildings or redeveloped with new buildings. Much of this redevelopment occurred on either side of Airport Way in the vicinity of Willis Avenue and at the former ammunition magazine area northwest of the intersection of Las Posas and Pleasant Valley roads (NETROnline 1967; 2016).
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 15 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project 4 Background Research
Cultural Resources Records Searches
In support of this assessment, Rincon reviewed the results of a CHRIS search previously conducted (December 17, 2019) in support of the Pleasant Valley Road Bike Path Project. The radius associated with the previously conducted CHRIS search encompassed the current project site and roughly 50 percent of a 0.5-mile radius surrounding it. Rincon additionally requested a new search of the CHRIS from the SCCIC on May 18, 2021, the results of which were received on June 23, 2021. The purpose of the CHRIS search and review of the previously conducted CHRIS search was to identify previously conducted cultural resource studies and previously recorded cultural resources in a 0.5-mile radius of the current project site. The results of the searches, as they pertain to the current project, are summarized below; full results of both searches are included in Appendix A of this assessment. As part of the background research for this project, Rincon also reviewed the California Built Environment Resources Directory, NRHP, California Historical Landmarks, and the California Points of Historic Interest.
Previous Studies
The CHRIS searches identified 11 cultural resource studies previously conducted in a 0.5-mile radius of the project site (Table 1).The study area associated with two of these studies (VN-02049 and VN 02978) encompasses all or a portion of the current project site. One additional study (VN-00120) was conducted immediately south of the project area. Studies VN-02049, VN 02978 and VN-00120 are described in additional detail following Table 1.
Table 1 Previous Cultural Resource Studies within a 0.5-Mile Radius of the Project Site
Relationship to Report Number Author(s) Year Title Project Site
VN-02049 Maki, Mary K. 2001 Phase I Archaeological Survey of Approximately Within 1.5 Linear Miles for the Camarillo Airport Wastewater Collection System Improvements Project Camarillo, Ventura County, California
VN-02978 Sharpe, Jim and 2004 Groundwater Recovery Enhancement and Within Durio, Lori Treatment (GREAT) Program, Cultural Resources Inventory Report
VN-00120 Rosen, M. 1978 Archaeological Impact Assessment of Proposed Adjacent, to the Additions to the Calleguas Municipal Water immediate south District, Ventura County, California
VN-01812 Maki, M. 1999 Phase I Archaeological Survey and Impact Outside Assessment of 48 Acres for Proposed Camarillo Airport Improvements Camarillo, Ventura County, California
16 Background Research
Relationship to Report Number Author(s) Year Title Project Site
VN-00127 Clewlow, 1978 An Archaeological and Historical Assessment of Outside William C. Jr. Areas Within the Takelines of the Proposed Features of the Ventura County Water Management Project
VN-00459 Bissell, Ronald 1985 A Cultural Resources Assessment of Portions of Outside M. Camarillo and Oxnard Airports, Ventura County, California
VN-00928 W & S 1990 Preliminary Phase 1 Archaeological Survey for Outside Consultants the Hill Canyon Wastewater Reclamation Project, Ventura County, California
VN-01106 Pence, Robert 1976 Ventura County Airport, Animal Control and Outside L. Industrial Site Survey
VN-01812 Maki, Mary K. 1999 Phase I Archaeological Survey and Impact Outside Assessment of 48 Acres for Proposed Camarillo Airport Improvements Camarillo, Ventura County, California
VN-03002 Conners, C.B. 2006 Draft Programmatic Agreement among the Outside Commander Navy Region Southwest, The Commanding Officer, Naval Base Ventura County, and the California State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding Navy Undertakings Within Ventura County, California
VN-03022 Fulton, Terri 2008 Cultural Resources Assessment Camarillo Airport Outside and Fulton, Phil Improvements Project Ventura County, California
Source: South Central Coastal Information Center 2019 and 2021
VN-02049 Mary Maki prepared VN-02049, Phase I Archaeological Survey of Approximately 1.5 Linear Miles for the Camarillo Airport Wastewater Collection System Improvements Project Camarillo, Ventura County, California, in 2001. The study included a CHRIS search performed by the SCCIC, a SLF search performed by the NAHC, an archaeological survey, and Native American consultation. The study did not identify any cultural resources within the current project site.
VN-02978 Jim Sharpe and Lori Durio prepared VN-02978, Groundwater Recovery Enhancement and Treatment (GREAT) Program, Cultural Resources Inventory Report, in 2004. The purpose of Study VN-02978 was to identify cultural resources listed on or eligible for inclusion in the NRHP within the APE for the proposed improvements associated with implementation of the GREAT Program. The APE
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 17 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project associated with the Study VN-02978 APE included large portions of the city of Oxnard and did not identify any cultural resources in the current project site.
VN-00120 Martin D. Rosen prepared VN-00120, “Archaeological Impact Assessment of Proposed Additions to the Calleguas Municipal Water District, Ventura County, California”, in 1978. The study, which included a records search and a windshield and pedestrian field survey along an approximately 22- mile-long pipeline alignment, identified 19 archaeological resources. None of these cultural resources were located within the current project site.
Previously Recorded Resources
The CHRIS searches identified one previously recorded cultural resource (P-56-153011) within 0.5 mile of the project site (Table 2). The resource is located directly north of the project site, across Skyway Drive. The resource and its previous historical evaluations are summarized below.
Table 2 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within 0.5-mile of the Project Site Recorded by NRHP, CRHR, and Relationship Primary Number Description Resource Name and Year Local Eligibility to Project Site P-56-153011 Military OHP Property 1998 (William 6Y— Determined Adjacent, Property (HP34) Number - 158757; Manley); 2009 Ineligible for NR across Skyway NAWS Point Mugu, (Catherine by consensus Drive to the Camarillo Airport, Girod); 2009 through Section north Buildings 240, 244, (Catherine 106 process – Not 246, 248; OHP Girod); 2009 evaluated for CR Property Number - (Catherine or Local Listing. 158758, 158759, Girod); 2009 158760; Camair (Catherine Facility; Bldgs 240, Girod) 244, 246, 248; Oxnard Air Force Base, Barracks
Source: South Central Coastal Information Center 2019 and 2021
P-56-153011 Resource P-56-153011 consists of four buildings (Buildings 240, 244, 246, and 248) originally constructed as barracks for the Oxnard Air Force Base. In 1998, William R. Manley of the Foster Wheeler Environmental Corp. recorded the buildings as part of the Inventory and Registration of National Register Eligibility for Buildings and Structures at NAWS Point Mugu. The resource was recommended ineligible for listing in the NRHP because, at the time, they were less than 50 years of age and did not possess historical associations of exceptional significance, as required for listing in the NRHP under Criteria Consideration G. In 2009, Catherine Girod of Naval Base Ventura County (NBVC), Environmental Division revisited Buildings 240, 244, 246, and 248. Each of the four buildings were evaluated again because they had aged to more than 50 years since the 1998 evaluation. In concurrence with the previous evaluation, each of the four buildings were recommended individually ineligible for listing in the NRHP. Preliminary records search results consulted for the
18 Background Research present draft of this study did not include a copy of Inventory and Registration of National Register Eligibility for Buildings and Structures at NAWS Point Mugu. Archival Research Methods
Archival research for this study was completed throughout May and June 2021. Research methodology focused on the review of primary and secondary source materials relating to the history and development of the project site and surrounding area. Sources included, but were not limited to, historical maps, aerial photographs, newspaper articles, and written histories of the area. The results of this archival research are presented in the Findings Section below.
A list of repositories and materials consulted to identify pertinent information is included below. ▪ Historical aerial photographs accessed via the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) Map and Imagery Lab, Nationwide Environmental Title Research Online (NETRonline), and Environmental Data Research (EDR), Inc. ▪ Historical topographic maps accessed via United States Geological Survey Topoviewer ▪ Historical city directory listings obtained via EDR, Inc. ▪ Oxnard Press-Courier and Ventura County Star-Free Press accessed via Newspapers.com ▪ Building permits via the City of Camarillo Department of Building and Safety ▪ California Historic Military Buildings and Structures Inventory, Volumes I-III (JRP 2000) ▪ Personal correspondence with Laura Comstock of the Camarillo Skyway Playhouse ▪ Other sources as noted in the references list Native American Heritage Commission
As part of the process of identifying cultural resources for this project, Rincon contacted the NAHC on May 17, 2021, and requested a SLF search. On June 1, 2021, Rincon received a response from the NAHC stating the SLF search was “negative” for site-specific information and providing a list of Native American tribal organizations and individuals who may have knowledge of sensitive cultural resources in or near the project sites. Appendix B provides the results of the SLF search.
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 19 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
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20 Field Survey
5 Field Survey
Methods
On May 26, 2021, Rincon Architectural Historian James Williams, MA, conducted a field survey of the subject property and its immediate surroundings. Site characteristics and survey conditions were documented using field records and a digital camera. Mr. Williams visually inspected all of the built-environment features in the project site to assess overall condition and integrity, and to identify and document any potential character-defining features. All built-environment features were documented with digital photographs and detailed notes. Copies of the digital photographs are maintained at the Rincon Ventura office. Approximately 90 percent of the project site is paved; the other 10 percent is comprised of manicured and maintained lawns without exposed ground surfaces. Because the project site has been previously disturbed by development and no exposed soils are present, an archaeological field survey was not completed for this project. Results The field survey and background research confirmed the project area contained three buildings and one structure associated with the former Oxnard Air Force Base and constructed between circa 1953 and circa 1960. Because all four features were older than 45 years of age they were recorded and evaluated for historical resources eligibility; due to their associated history they were evaluated as a single property. There were, additionally, two portable buildings located in the project area, which were constructed circa 1985 and circa 2000, respectively. They are addressed under Physical Description and Property History but are not subject to a significance evaluation in this study, due to their age. The property was recorded on California Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) 523 series forms, which are included in Appendix C of this report.
280-330 Skyway Drive
Physical Description The property at 280-330 Skyway Drive consists of an elevated water tank, two educational buildings (280 and 330 Skyway Drive), a cinema (330 Skyway Drive), and two portable buildings, situated on a rectangular 3.3-acre parcel (Figure 8). A result of a common developmental history, the permanent buildings exhibit functionalistic designs and concrete block construction. Generally, the buildings are set back from the right-of-way, with landscaped areas, parking lots, and ball courts fronting Skyway Drive. Mature trees line the rear of the property, which is bounded by Pleasant Valley Road. A description of each built-environment feature follows.
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 21 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
Figure 8 280-330 Skyway Drive Site Map
22 Field Survey
Situated at the far east end of the parcel, near the intersection of Airport Way and Skyway Drive, is the elevated water tank (Figure 9 and Figure 10). Erected circa 1953, the structure consists of a double ellipsoidal steel water storage tank supported by four tubular steel columns. A fifth column is centered beneath the tank and likely contains pipelines and a mechanical riser used to move water to and from the tank. The ellipsoidal tank portion of the structure is built of welded steel and consists of vertical walls and a flat bottom and top, with corners rounded so as to form a semi- elliptical cross section at the top and bottom. The structure’s legs are braced with horizontal steel struts and diagonal steel tie rods. A ladder ascends the southwest leg of the tower, providing access to a catwalk that encircles the tank. Warning lights are affixed at various heights to the legs and tank. There are no notable alterations to the structure. The area immediately surrounding the structure is characterized by a lawn, with a paved parking area situated to the immediate east.
Figure 9 Elevated Water Tank, View to the Southwest
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 23 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
Figure 10 Elevated Water Tank, Viewed from Beneath
Constructed circa 1955, 280 Skyway Drive is a one-story educational building constructed with minimal Modernistic architectural elements (Figure 11 and Figure 12). Roughly rectangular in plan, the building sits on a concrete foundation and is capped with a multi-tiered flat roof with rolled composition cladding and slight overhangs. Exterior walls are of exposed structural concrete-block construction. Accessed via a straight concrete walkway, the main entrance features glazed metal double doors and full-height sidelights and is sheltered by a flat-roof overhang supported by a concrete blade wall and metal posts. A secondary north-elevation entrance is located to the left and features a glazed metal door. Additional entrances are located on the south, east, and west elevations and feature solid wood, non-original glazed metal, and metal doors. Windows are mostly metal awning-type sashes in multiple configurations, but also include horizontally sliding aluminum sashes, possibly non-original. Set back from the public right-of-way, the building is landscaped with lawns, mature trees, and shrubs to the north and west. Modernistic architectural influences are most evident in the building’s lack of ornamentation and horizontal emphasis. Aside from a few replacement doors and possible non-original windows, there are few visible alterations to the building. East of the building is an asphalt-paved driveway and, beyond that, an asphalt-paved playground with basketball and wall ball courts (Figure 13). Immediately adjacent to the west of 280 Skyway Drive is the portable classroom building, constructed circa 1985 (Figure 13). The prefabricated building is rectangular in plan and is capped with a flat roof with composition cladding. Clad in T1-11 siding, its exterior is punctuated on the north elevation by a horizontally sliding aluminum-framed window and a solid wood door.
24 Field Survey
Figure 11 280 Skyway Drive, North Elevation, View to the Southwest
Figure 12 280 Skyway Drive, North and West Elevations, View to the Southeast
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 25 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
Figure 13 Overview of Ball Courts and Portable Classroom at 280 Skyway Drive, View to the Southwest
Constructed circa 1960, 300 Skyway Drive consists principally of a one-story educational building exhibiting no discernible style (Figure 14 and Figure 15). Constructed on an L-plan, the building rises from a concrete foundation and is capped with a low-pitched cross-gabled roof with moderate overhangs and rolled composition sheeting. The building’s exterior walls are of structural concrete block construction. The main entrance is on the north side of the building and features an east- facing set of glazed metal double doors located beneath a flat porch roof with metal post supports. Additional entrances, featuring solid wood doors, are spaced across the north elevation. Windows include original metal casements on the east elevation and vinyl replacements throughout the north elevation. Aside from the aforementioned replacement windows and doors, alterations include two enclosed doorways; one of which is on the north elevation and is stuccoed, while the other is on the west and has been filled with concrete blocks. A portable restroom building constructed circa 2000 sits immediately east of the building (Figure 15). It has a rectangular plan, low-pitched gabled roof, and T1-11 siding. An accessibility ramp on the east elevation leads to the entrance.
26 Field Survey
Figure 14 300 Skyway Drive, North and West Elevations, View to the Southeast
Figure 15 Portable Restroom and Partial View of 280 Skyway Drive, North and East Elevations, View to the Southwest
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 27 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
The westernmost building is 330 Skyway Drive, constructed circa 1955 as a movie theater with minimal Modern-influenced architectural elements (Figure 16 and Figure 17). Rectangular in plan, the building rises two stories from a concrete foundation to culminate in a low-pitched front gabled roof with minimal overhangs and rolled composition cladding. Its exterior is of exposed structural concrete-block construction, with concrete-block columns evenly spaced along the buildings long east and west elevations. Sheltered by a broad flat-roof porch roof, the main entrance is centered on the front facing north elevation and features a solid wood double door. To the right of the entrance is a box office window with a non-original plexiglass pane. Secondary entrances are located on the east and west elevations and generally exhibit solid wood doors, though one door is wood with a metal louvered vent. Windows include two- and three-paned steel casement windows that punctuate both stories of the west elevation and the upper floor of the north elevation. Modernistic influences are evident in an overall lack of ornament, the very low pitch of the roof, and the functional design of the broad porch roof. Per visual observation, there have been no notable alterations to the building. Along the right-of-way, a pair of brick planter flank concrete steps leading to the main entrance. Shrubs and a small palm fill the planter, while other landscaped areas to the east and west include mature palms and Ficus trees and lawns. A paved parking lot is located west of the building.
Figure 16 330 Skyway Drive, North Elevation, View to the South
28 Field Survey
Figure 17 330 Skyway Drive, North and West Elevations, View to the Southeast
Property History Historical aerial photographs taken in 1927 and 1938 depict the subject property as undeveloped agricultural land (Figure 18; ERD 2021a). The property was most likely used for agriculture until around late 1942, when, as previously discussed, the United States Army Air Forces acquired 303 acres north of Pleasant Valley Road to build support facilities for the recently acquired Oxnard Air Strip to the north. By the mid-1940s, three L- and T-plan buildings, possibly on-base military personnel housing, were developed on the site, with several similar buildings situated north, east, and west of the subject property (Figure 19; UCSB 1945; EDR 2021a;). Available sources do not indicate whether the subject property was put to any particular use after World War II, when the air strip was briefly reconverted to a civilian facility.
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 29 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
Figure 18 Aerial Photograph the Subject Property and Vicinity, 1938
Source: EDR 2021a
Figure 19 Aerial Photograph the Subject Property and Vicinity, 1947
Source: EDR 2021a
Beginning circa 1953, the property was redeveloped as part of the wider effort to develop Oxnard Air Force Base. Like the rest of the base site, the area comprising 280, 300, and 330 Skyway Drive property was cleared of World War II-era buildings by the early 1950s (UCSB 1945; EDR 2021a). The first of the built-environment features developed on the subject property was the elevated water
30 Field Survey tank. A review of historical aerial photographs reveals that the structure was constructed circa 1953, during the earliest phases of development of Oxnard Air Force Base (UCSB 1947; EDR 2021 a). Its double ellipsoidal tank was a form pioneered in the 1930s. The welded tubular legs that support the tank were typical of well tank supporting structures adopted after World War II, which replaced lattice steel legs used widely in the first half of the twentieth century (Mathis and Chebleck 2012). Research for this study did not determine its specific use, but its functions surely would have been the storage or water and maintain water pressure throughout the base’s water system. The three permanent buildings were developed between circa 1955 and circa 1960, likely to fill support roles with no direct role in training or other military operations. The buildings at 280 and 330 Skyway Drive were constructed circa 1955 and 300 Skyway Drive circa 1960 (Figure 20, Figure 21, and Figure 22; EDR 2021a; UCSB 1963). Research for this study did not determine the original use of either building. However, in 1952, a general plan for the base’s development was drafted indicating the area in which the buildings were developed was reserved for recreation and/or airmen housing. But given its institutional appearance, it is unlikely the building was developed as housing (USAF 1952). The building at 330 Skyway Drive was constructed circa 1955, and served as a movie theater for base personnel, a use consistent with the property’s designation as part of a recreational area (Comstock 2021).
Figure 20 Aerial Photograph of the Subject Property and Vicinity, 1953
Source: EDR 2021a
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 31 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
Figure 21 Aerial Photograph of the Subject Property and Vicinity, 1959
Source: EDR 2021a
Figure 22 Aerial Photograph of the Subject Property and Vicinity, 1963
Source: UCSB 1963
As discussed above, in the 1970s, after the closure of Oxnard Air Force Base, the runway was transferred to the County of Ventura and converted to the civilian-operated Camarillo Airport. In 1976 and 1977, much of the land surrounding the runway was deeded piecemeal to such public and
32 Field Survey private institutions as the Pleasant Valley Parks and Recreation Department, United States Navy, Ventura Community College District, Greek Orthodox Community of Ventura County. In 1978, the GSA transferred by quitclaim deed approximately 6 acres to the Oxnard School Union High School District, the property’s current owner (millitarymuseum.org 2021). Research for this study did not determine the location of that land, but it may have included the current site of the district’s Frontier High School adult continuation school (established in 1972) and the subject property. City directory listings show that, by 1993, the 280 Skyway Drive was part of Frontier High School, the main campus of which is located across Skyway Drive to the north at 545 Airport Way. (EDR 2021b; Oxnard Union High School District 2021). Given its recent association with 280 Skyway Drive, it is possible that 300 Skyway Drive was also used as a facility of Frontier High School by the 1970s. Despite its ownership by the Oxnard Union High School District, 330 Skyway Drive appears to have been used solely as a community theatre building since the closure of air force base. In the 1970s, two incarnations of the Camarillo Community Theater staged live theater performances at the location but soon went “dormant” (Comstock 2021; Camarillo Skyway Theater 2021). In 1980, a screenwriter and actor named Bob Shayne revived the theater. A resident of Camarillo, Shayne’s best-known work consisted of an appearance in the television series The Adventures of Superman. The theater was renamed Camarillo Skyway Theater in 2011. The theater closed in 2021. Since the 1970s, the few notable changes to the property have involved improvements to the educational facilities at 280 and 300 Skyway Drive. Changes adjacent to 280 Skyway Drive included the installation of the extant portable classroom building circa 1985, installation of a since-removed portable building circa 1990, and construction of basketball and wall ball courts circa 2000. The portable restroom building just east of 280 Skyway Drive was installed circa 2000 (EDR 2021a). By 2009, 280 Skyway Drive housed the Oxnard Union High School ARC, which occupied the building at least as recently as 2017 (EDR 2021b). Signage on the building indicates it was most recently the location of The Arc of Ventura County, a non-profit organization that provides services to people with developmental and intellectual disabilities (Arc of Ventura County 2021; EDR 2021b). Property-specific research for this study was based primarily on a review of historical aerial photographs, city directory listings, and newspapers, in addition to correspondence with Laura Comstock of the Camarillo Skyway Theater. In addition, a search of building permits on file with the City of Camarillo Department of Building and Safety was conducted but produced no information of consequence regarding the elevated water tank or any of the buildings on the subject property. Overall, the research conducted for this study did not identify any individuals associated with the development of use of any feature located on the property, aside from Shay of the Camarillo Community Theater.
Historical Resources Evaluation The subject property does not appear eligible for listing in the NRHP or CRHR or for designation as a City of Camarillo Landmark because it lacks historical and architectural significance. The subject elevated water tank and buildings were developed between circa 1953 and circa 1960 as ancillary facilities of Oxnard Air Force Base. Established in 1953 at the site of the former United States Army Air Forces Oxnard Airstrip, the base was revived and redeveloped to function as a coastal air defense and fighter pilot training facility during the Cold War. As detailed in California Historic Military Buildings and Structures Inventory, Volume III: Historic Context: Themes, Property Types, and Registration Requirements, the two main themes of historical significance for Cold War- era military facilities relate to, first, the development and operation of high technology defense systems and, second, training and support operations (JRP 2000). Research for this study found no
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 33 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project evidence Oxnard Air Force Base was used to develop, or train personnel in the use of, high technology weapons or defense systems. Although the base’s history of use as a fighter pilot training facility is encompassed by the latter theme, training and support operations, research for this study found no evidence that the water tower or any of the buildings in the project were integral to the training of pilots or support functions directly associated with the military operations of the base. Rather, the water tower was by all appearances an ordinary, if necessary, infrastructural element of the base, and available evidence suggests the buildings were constructed for recreational purposes or other uses not directly related to military training or operations. As such, the subject property is not significant for its associations with Cold War-era events. Following the closure of the base, much of the land outside the airstrip was transferred to various public and private entities, with the buildings located on the subject property eventually occupied by the Oxnard Union High School District, Camarillo Community Theater/Camarillo Skyway Playhouse, and Ventura County Arc. Research conducted for this study did not suggest any of the buildings were significant for their associations with events related to education, the arts, or the provision of social services, or in any other historical context significant to the history of the city, region, state, or nation. Therefore, the subject property is recommended ineligible for the NRHP, CRHR, or local listing under Criteria A/1/1. Archival research did not identify any individuals directly associated with the water tower or the buildings at 280 or 300 Skyway Drive. One individual was identified in association with 330 Skyway Drive, Bob Shayne, who founded the most recent and longest-lived incarnation of the Camarillo Community Theater/Camarillo Skyway Playhouse in 1980. No evidence uncovered during research for this study suggests Shayne’s contributions to the theater group or in any other facet of his life were significant to the history of the city, region, state, or nation. The property is therefore recommended ineligible for the NRHP, CRHR, or local listing under Criteria B/2/2. The subject property consists of an elevated double ellipsoidal water tank, three permanent buildings with minimal Modernistic design elements, and two portable buildings. The double ellipsoidal tank became common during after the 1930s, and tubular column supports, as found on the subject structure, proliferated following World War II. Research for this study found no evidence the tank was notable for its design or construction. Rather, it is, by all appearances, a ubiquitous example of the double ellipsoidal type. As such, the tower lacks distinction as an engineered structure. The permanent buildings on the property are all exhibit functional designs with minimal elements exhibiting Modern architectural influences. None of the buildings embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or possess high artistic values. Although the designers of the buildings are not known, none is likely to exemplify the work of any master architect. The property is therefore recommended ineligible for the NRHP, CRHR, or local listing under Criteria C/3/3. The results of the cultural resources records search and research conducted as part of this evaluation also did not suggest the subject property has the potential to yield important information. The property is therefore recommended ineligible for the NRHP or CRHR under Criteria D/4. Finally, while beyond the scope of this study, consideration was given to the potential for a historic district comprising the former Oxnard Air Force Base. Research conducted for this study suggests the base may have been significant due to its role as Cold War-era pilot training facility. Although this study did not definitively identify a potential period of significance under this theme, it would surely fall between the base’s opening in 1953 and closure in 1969. Whatever Oxnard Air Force Base’s significance, its integrity to the period 1953 to 1969 has been undermined by extensive
34 Field Survey redevelopment. As suggested by a review of historical aerials and a reconnaissance-level survey of the area south of the current Camarillo Airport runway, it was found that large sections of the former base found that the many sites were altered since the cessation of military activities in 1969, due to building demolitions and new construction on older building sites or on sites that were previously vacant. The largest concentrations of redeveloped sites were on either side of Airport Way in the vicinity of Willis Avenue and in a large area immediately northwest of the intersection of Las Posas and Pleasant Valley Roads (NETROnline 1967; 2016). The resulting loss of integrity precludes the former base from being eligible for designation as a historic district.
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 35 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
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36 Findings and Conclusions
6 Findings and Conclusions
The CHRIS searches reviewed and conducted for this assessment did not identify any previously recorded cultural resources within the project site. Additionally, the searches identified only one previously recorded resource, a historic period built resource, within 0.5 mile of the project site and the SLF search returned negative results. Due to the history of use and disturbance in the project site and the lack of archaeological resources identified by the records searches, the project site is considered to have low sensitivity for intact archaeological resources. The pedestrian field survey identified one property within the project area consisting of six built environment elements: the elevated water tank, 280 Skyway Drive, 300 Skyway Drive, 330 Skyway Drive, a portable classroom, and a portable restroom. The elevated water tank and three permanent buildings are more than 45 years of age, and therefore, meet the age threshold for historical resources eligibility. Because the of-age structure and buildings are located on a single parcel and share a common development history associated with the operation of Oxnard Air Force Base, they were recorded and evaluated for inclusion in the NRHP and the CRHR and for local designation as a single property. As a result of the analysis, the property was found to lack sufficient historical or architectural significance to qualify for inclusion in the NRHP or CRHR or for local designation. Therefore, the property is not considered a historical resource for the purposes of CEQA and the demolition of the buildings located thereon would not result in a significant impact to historical resources pursuant to Section 15064.5(b) of the CEQA Guidelines. Based on the information summarized above, Rincon recommends a finding of no impact to historical resources and less than significant impact to archaeological resources with mitigation incorporated (CUL-1) under CEQA for the proposed project. Mitigation measure CUL-1 is outlined below. Additionally, in the unlikely event of the unanticipated discovery of human remains, the project must adhere to the State of California Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5, also outlined below.
CUL-1 Unanticipated Discovery of Cultural Resources
In the event cultural resources are encountered during ground-disturbing activities, work in the immediate area must halt and an archaeologist meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for archaeology (National Park Service 1983) must be contacted immediately to evaluate the find. If the discovery proves to be eligible for listing in the CRHR, additional work may be warranted, such as data recovery excavation and Native American consultation to treat the find.
Unanticipated Discovery of Human Remains
If human remains are unexpectedly encountered, the State of California Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 states that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made a determination of origin and disposition pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. In the unlikely event of an unanticipated discovery of human remains, the County Coroner must be notified immediately. If the human remains are determined to be prehistoric, the Coroner will notify the NAHC, which will determine and notify a most likely descendant (MLD). The MLD has 48 hours from being granted site access to make recommendations for the disposition of the remains. If the
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 37 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
MLD does not make recommendations within 48 hours, the landowner shall reinter the remains in an area of the property secure from subsequent disturbance.
38 References
7 References
Applegate, Richard B. 1974 Chumash Placenames. Journal of California Anthropology Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 187-205.
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2018b “Adolfo’s Legacy”. Electronic document. Accessed March 26, 2018 at https://camarilloranchfoundation.org/ranch-history/
Camarillo Skyway Playhouse 2021 “History,” Camarillo Skyway Playhouse website. http://skywayplayhouse.org/about-2- 2/. Accessed May19, 2021.
City of Camarillo N.D. Camarillo: Live. Work. Play. Accessed March 4, 2019 at https://www.ci.camarillo.ca.us/Visitors/Discover%20Camarillo.pdf
Comstock, Laura 2021 Personal communication with Laura Comstock of the Camarillo Skyway Theater. May 22.
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Couch, Jeffrey S., Joanne S. Couch and Nancy Anastasia Wiley 2009 Saved by the Well: The Keystone Cache at CA-ORA-83, the Cogged Stone Site. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 21:147-156.
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 39 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
County of Ventura 2021 “Airport,” County of Ventura website. https://www.ventura.org/airports/camarillo- airport-history/. Accessed May 24, 2021.
Dallas, S.F. 1955 The Hide and Tallow Trade in Alta California 1822-1848. Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington
Dillon, Brian D. 2002 California Paleo-Indians: Lack of Evidence, or Evidence of a Lack? in Essays in California Archaeology: A Memorial to Franklin Fenenga. W. J. Wallace and F. A. Riddell, eds. Pp. 110–128. Paper No. 60. University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley.
Dumke, Glenn S. 1944 The Boom of the Eighties in Southern California. Huntington Library Publications, San Marino, California.
Eberhart, Hal 1961 The Cogged Stones of Southern California. American Antiquity 26(3):361-370.
Environmental Data Research (EDR), Inc. 2021a The EDR Aerial Photo Decade Package: 300 Skyway Dr. 280-330 Skyway Drive, Camarillo, CA 93010 Inquiry Number: 6497094.8. May 17.
2021b The EDR-City Directory Abstract: 300 Skyway Dr. 280-330 Skyway Drive, Camarillo, CA 93010 Inquiry Number: 6497094.5. May 18.
Guinn, James M. 1977 Gold! Gold! Gold! from San Francisquito! in Los Angeles Biography of a City. John Caughey and LaRee Caughey, eds. Pp. 107-108. Berkeley, California: University of California, Berkeley Press.
Erlandson, Jon M. 1991 Early Maritime Adaptations on the Northern Channel Islands in Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California. Volume 1: Perspectives in California Archaeology. Jon M. Erlandson and R. Colten, eds. Pp. 101-111. Los Angeles, California: UCLA Institute of Archaeology Press.
Erlandson, Jon M., Theodore Cooley and Richard Carrico 1987 A Fluted Projectile Point Fragment from the Southern California Coast: Chronology and Context at CA-SBA-1951. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 9(1):120- 128.
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Glassow, Michael A, L. Wilcoxen, and J. M. Erlandson 1988 Cultural and Environmental Change during the Early Period of Santa Barbara Channel Prehistory. In the Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines, edited by G. Bailey and J. Parkington pp. 64–77. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Grant, C. 1978a Chumash: Introduction. In California, edited by R.F. Heizer, pp. 505-508. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant, general editor
1978b Eastern Coastal Chumash. In California, edited by R.F. Heizer. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, W.C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
Hudson, T.D., and T.C. Blackburn 1979 The Material Culture of the Chumash Interaction Sphere. Volume I: Food Procurement and Transportation. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers 25.
Impact Sciences 2017 St. John’s Seminary Residential Community EIR. June. Accessed on January 25, 2021 at: https://www.cityofcamarillo.org/Comm%20Dev/Projects/GPA%202016- 1%20Shea/DEIR%20June%202017/6_5%20Cultural.pdf
JRP Historical Consulting, Inc. (JRP) 2000 California Historic Military Buildings and Structures Inventory, Volume Ill: Historic Context: Themes, Property Types, and Registration Requirements. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. March.
Johnson, John R., Thomas W. Stafford, Jr., Henry O. Ajie and Don P. Morris 2002 Arlington Springs Revisited in Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium. D. Browne, K. Mitchell and H. Chaney, eds. Pp. 541–545. Santa Barbara, California: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.
Jones, Terry L. 1996 Mortars, Pestles, and Division of Labor in Prehistoric California: A View from Big Sur. American Antiquity 61(2):243-264.
Jones, Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar 2007 California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press.
Jones, Terry L., Richard T. Fitzgerald, Douglas J. Kennett, Charles Miksicek, John L. Fagan, John Sharp and Jon M. Erlandson 2002 The Cross Creek Site (CA-SLO-1797) and Its Implications for New World Colonization. American Antiquity 67(2):213–230.
Cultural Resources Assessment Report 41 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
Koerper, Henry C., and Christopher E. Drover 1983 Chronology Building for Coastal Orange County: The Case from CA-ORA-119-A. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 19(2):1–34.
Koerper, Henry C., Roger D. Mason, and Mark L. Peterson 2002 Complexity, Demography, and Change in Late Holocene Orange County in Catalysts to Complexity: Late Holocene Societies of the California Coast. Volume 6: Perspectives in California Archaeology. Jon M. Erlandson and Terry L. Jones, eds. Pp. 63–81. Los Angeles, California: Costen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Kroeber, Alfred J. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 78. Originally published 1925, Smithsonian Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Unabridged reprint 1976, Dover Publications, Inc. New York.
Kowta, Makoto 1969 The Sayles Complex, A Late Milling Stone Assemblage from the Cajon Pass and the Ecological Implications of its Scraper Planes. University of California Publications in Anthropology 6:35–69. Berkeley, California.
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Livingston, M.M. 1914 “The Earliest Spanish Land Grants in California”, Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 195-199. Historical Society of Southern California
Maki, Mary 2001 Phase I Archaeological Survey of Approximately 1.5 Linear Miles for the Camarillo Airport Wastewater Collection System Improvements Project Camarillo, Ventura County, California (VN-02049). Obtained from the SCCIC, 2021.
Mathis, Gregory R. and John Chebleck 2012 Steel Water Towers Associated with South Dakota Water Systems, 1894-1967, An Historical Context. Prepared for South Dakota State Historical Society. September.
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Militarymuseum.org. 2021 “Historic California Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields Oxnard Air Force Base (Oxnard Flight Strip)” militarymueseum.org [web site]. http://www.militarymuseum.org/OxnardAFB.html. Accessed May 17, 2021.
42 References
National Environmental Title Research (NETRonline) Var. “Historic Aerials.” [digital photograph database]. Aerial images and topographical maps of the 280-330 Skyway Drive, Camarillo, CA, and vicinity viewed online. https://www.historicaerials.com/viewer. Accessed May 17, 2021.
National Park Service 1983 Archaeology and Historic Preservation: Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines. Electronic document, online at http://www.nps.gov/history/local‐law‐ Arch_Standards.htm, accessed December 6, 2011.
Oxnard Union High School District 2021 “District History,” Oxnard Union High School District web site. https://www.oxnardunion.org/about/. Accessed May 17, 2021.
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Cultural Resources Assessment Report 43 City of Camarillo 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project
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1963 Aerial photograph of the project area and vicinity. Flight HA_RR, Frame 140. http://mil.library.ucsb.edu/ap_indexes/FrameFinder/. Accessed May 27, 2021.
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Cultural Resources Assessment Report 45
Appendix A California Historical Resources Information System Search Results (2019 and 2021)
Report List 19-08954 Pleasant Valley Bike Path Report No. Other IDs Year Author(s) Title Affiliation Resources
VN-00120 1978 Rosen, Martin D. Archaeological Impact Assessment of University of California, Los Proposed Additions to the Calleguas Angeles Archaeological Municipal Water District, Ventura County, Survey California VN-00127 1978 Clewlow, William C. Jr. An Archaeological and Historical Assessment University of California, Los 56-000071, 56-000170, 56-000171, of Areas Within the Takelines of the Angeles Archaeological 56-000214, 56-000215, 56-000216, Proposed Features of the Ventura County Survey 56-000217, 56-000218, 56-000219, Water Management Project 56-000272, 56-000445, 56-000446, 56-000447, 56-000448, 56-000450, 56-000451, 56-000452, 56-000455, 56-000456, 56-000493, 56-000555 VN-00459 1985 Bissell, Ronald M. A Cultural Resources Assessment of Portions RMW Paleo Associates, Inc. of Camarillo and Oxnard Airports, Ventura County, California VN-00572 1988 Dames and Moore Phase 1 Cultural Resources Survey Fiber Dames & Moore 56-000027, 56-000196, 56-000202, Optic Cable Project, Burbank to Santa 56-000240, 56-000241, 56-000341, Barbara, California for Us Sprint 56-000342, 56-000550, 56-000643, Communications Company 56-000644, 56-000655, 56-000729, 56-000789, 56-000895, 56-000896, 56-000916, 56-000917, 56-000918 VN-00575 1988 Lopez, Robert An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Robert Lopez, 56-000631, 56-000665, 56-000666 Areas Involved in the Proposed Swepi Well Archaeological Consultant Locations and Pipeline Routes Oxnard Plain, Ventura County, California VN-00928 1990 W & S Consultants Preliminary Phase 1 Archaeological Survey W & S Consultants 56-000862 for the Hill Canyon Wastewater Reclamation Project, Ventura County, California VN-01106 1976 Pence, Robert L. Ventura County Airport, Animal Control and Industrial Site Survey VN-01153 1991 Peak and Associates, Inc. Class 3 Cultural Resource Assessment of the Peak & Associates 56-001089 Proposed Carpinteria and Southern Reroutes, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles Counties, California VN-01179 1992 W & S Consultants Phase I Archaeological Survey for Pleasant W & S Consultants Valley and Lewis Roads Intersection Widening Project, Camarillo, Ventura County California
Page 1 of 3 SCCIC 12/17/2019 10:15:30 AM Report List 19-08954 Pleasant Valley Bike Path Report No. Other IDs Year Author(s) Title Affiliation Resources
VN-01265 1992 Reed, L.W. Consolidated Report: Cultural Resources Peak and Associates 19-000007, 19-000021, 19-000034, Studies for the Proposed Pacific Pipeline 19-000089, 19-000251, 19-000357, Project 19-000385, 19-000389, 19-000390, 19-000407, 19-000409, 19-000668, 19-000781, 19-000830, 19-000887, 19-000901, 19-000963, 19-001097, 19-001112, 19-001124, 19-001575, 19-001620 VN-01491 1997 Wlodarski, Robert J. A Phase 1 Archaeological Srudy for the Historical, Environmental, Pleasant Valley Reservoir Expansion Project, Archaeological, Research, a 12 Acre Parcel in Ventura County, California Team VN-01722 1998 Wlodarski, Robert J. A Phase 1 Archaeological Study for the Lewis Historical, Environmental, 56-000174 Road Widening Project Ventura County, Archaeological, Research, California Team VN-01812 1999 Maki, Mary K. Phase I Archaeological Survey and Impact Conejo Archaeological Assessment of 48 Acres for Proposed Consultants Camarillo Airport Improvements Camarillo, Ventura County, California VN-01813 1999 Maki, Mary K. Phase I Archaeological Survey and Impact Conejo Archaeological Assessment of 61 Acres for the Prado De Consultants Las Polsas Project Camarillo, Ventura County, California VN-02049 2001 Maki, Mary K. Phase I Archaeological Survey of Conejo Archaeological Approximately 1.5 Linear Miles for the Consultants Camarillo Airport Wastewater Collection System Improvements Project Camarillo, Ventura County, California VN-02504 2006 Arrington, Cindy and Cultural Resources Final Report of Monitoring SWCA Environmental Nancy Sikes and Findings for the Qwest Network Consultants, Inc. Construction Project State of California: Volumes I and Ii VN-02992 2008 Maki, Mary Phase I Cultural Resources Investigation of Approximately 6.3 Linear Miles and 9.5 Acres for the Calleguas Municipal Water District's Regional Salinity Management Pipeline - Phase 2 Revision, Ventura County, California VN-03022 2008 Fulton, Terri and Fulton, Cultural Resources Assessment Camarillo LSA Associates 56-000224 Phil Airport Improvments Project Ventura County, California
Page 2 of 3 SCCIC 12/17/2019 10:15:31 AM Report List 19-08954 Pleasant Valley Bike Path Report No. Other IDs Year Author(s) Title Affiliation Resources
VN-03094 2002 Foster, John A. Historic Resource Evaluation Report- Mason Greenwood and Associates Avenue At-Grade Crossing and Safety Improvements Project, Los Angeles City, California
Page 3 of 3 SCCIC 12/17/2019 10:15:31 AM
Resource List 19-08954 Primary No. Trinomial Other IDs Type Age Attribute codes Recorded by Reports
P-56-153011 OHP Property Number - 158757; Building Historic HP34 (Military property) 1998 (William R. Manley, Foster VN-02982 Resource Name - NAWS Point Wheeler Environmental Corp); Mugu, Camarillo Airport, Bldgs 2009 (Catherine Girod, NBVC 240, 244, 246, 248; Environmental Division); OHP Property Number - 158758, 2009 (Catherine Girod, NBVD 158759, 158760; Environmental Division); Other - Camair Faciity; 2009 (Catherine Girod, NBVC Other - Bldgs 240, 244, 246, 248; Environmetnal Division); Other - Oxford Force Base, 2009 (Catherine Girod, NBVC Barracks Environmental Division)
Page 1 of 1 SCCIC 12/17/2019 10:12:32 AM South Central Coastal Information Center California State University, Fullerton Department of Anthropology MH-426 800 North State College Boulevard Fullerton, CA 92834-6846 657.278.5395 / FAX 657.278.5542 [email protected] California Historical R esources I nformation System Orange, Los Angeles, and Ventura Counties ______
6/22/2021 Records Search File No.: 22468.8615
Alexandra Madsen Rincon Consultants 250 E. 1st Street Suite 1400 Los Angeles CA 90012
Re: Records Search Results for the 21-11061 280-330 Skyway Drive Project
The South Central Coastal Information Center received your records search request for the project area referenced above, located on the Camarillo, CA USGS 7.5’ quadrangle. Due to the COVID-19 emergency, we have temporarily implemented new records search protocols. With the exception of some reports that have not yet been scanned, we are operationally digital for Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura Counties. See attached document for your reference on what data is available in this format. The following reflects the results of the records search for the project area and a ½-mile radius:
As indicated on the data request form, the locations of resources and reoports are provided in the following format: ☐ custom GIS maps ☒ shape files ☐ hand drawn maps
Resources within project area: 0 None Resources within ½-mile radius: 1 SEE ATTACHED LIST Reports within project area: 2 VN-02049, VN-02978 Reports within ½-mile radius: 7 SEE ATTACHED LIST
Resource Database Printout (list): ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed Resource Database Printout (details): ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Resource Digital Database (spreadsheet): ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Report Database Printout (list): ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed Report Database Printout (details): ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Report Digital Database (spreadsheet): ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Resource Record Copies: ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed Report Copies: ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed OHP Built Environment Resources Directory (BERD) 2019: ☒ available online; please go to https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=30338 Archaeo Determinations of Eligibility 2012: ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Historical Maps: ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Ethnographic Information: ☒ not available at SCCIC Historical Literature: ☒ not available at SCCIC GLO and/or Rancho Plat Maps: ☒ not available at SCCIC Caltrans Bridge Survey: ☒ not available at SCCIC; please go to http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/structur/strmaint/historic.htm Shipwreck Inventory: ☒ not available at SCCIC; please go to http://shipwrecks.slc.ca.gov/ShipwrecksDatabase/Shipwrecks_Database.asp Soil Survey Maps: (see below) ☒ not available at SCCIC; please go to http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx
Please forward a copy of any resulting reports from this project to the office as soon as possible. Due to the sensitive nature of archaeological site location data, we ask that you do not include resource location maps and resource location descriptions in your report if the report is for public distribution. If you have any questions regarding the results presented herein, please contact the office at the phone number listed above.
The provision of CHRIS Data via this records search response does not in any way constitute public disclosure of records otherwise exempt from disclosure under the California Public Records Act or any other law, including, but not limited to, records related to archeological site information maintained by or on behalf of, or in the possession of, the State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation, State Historic Preservation Officer, Office of Historic Preservation, or the State Historical Resources Commission.
Due to processing delays and other factors, not all of the historical resource reports and resource records that have been submitted to the Office of Historic Preservation are available via this records search. Additional information may be available through the federal, state, and local agencies that produced or paid for historical resource management work in the search area. Additionally, Native American tribes have historical resource information not in the CHRIS Inventory, and you should contact the California Native American Heritage Commission for information on local/regional tribal contacts.
Should you require any additional information for the above referenced project, reference the record search number listed above when making inquiries. Requests made after initial invoicing will result in the preparation of a separate invoice.
Thank you for using the California Historical Resources Information System,
Michelle Galaz Assistant Coordinator
Enclosures:
(X) Emergency Protocols for LA, Orange, and Ventura County BULK Processing Standards – 2 pages (X) GIS Shapefiles – 10 shapes
(X) Resource Database Printout (list) – 1 page
(X) Report Database Printout (list) – 1 page
(X) Resource Record Copies – (all) – 9 pages
(X) Report Copies – (within project area) – 116 pages
(X) Invoice # 22468.8615
Emergency Protocols for LA, Orange, and Ventura County BULK or SINGLE PROJECT Records Searches IF YOU HAVE A GIS PERSON ON STAFF ONLY!! These instructions are for qualified consultants with a valid Access and Use Agreement. WE ARE ONLY PROVIDING DATA THAT IS ALREADY DIGITAL AT THIS TIME. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY IS NOT DIGITAL AND THESE INSTRUCTIONS DO NOT APPLY.
Some of you have a fully digital operation and have GIS staff on board who can process a fully digital deliverable from the Information Center. IF you can accept shape file data and do not require a custom map made for you by the SCCIC, and you are willing to sort the data we provide to you then these instructions are for you. Read further to be sure. You may have only one project at this time or some of you have a lot of different search locations that can be processed all at once. This may save you a lot of time getting results back and if we process your jobs in bulk, and you may enjoy significant cost savings as well. If you need individual invoice or summaries for each search location, then bulk processing is not for you and you need to submit a data request form for each search location.
Bulk processing will work for you if you have a GIS person on staff who can sort bulk data for you and make you any necessary project maps. This type of job can have as many job locations as you want but the point is that we will do them in bulk – at the same time - not one at a time. We send all the bulk data back to you and you sort it. This will work if you need searches in LA, Orange, or Ventura AND if they all have the same search radius and if all the other search criteria is the same– no exceptions. This will not work for San Bernardino County because we are not fully digital for San Bernardino County. You must submit all your shape files for each location at the same time and this will count as one search. If you have some that need a different radius, or different search criteria, then you should submit that job separately with its own set of instructions.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR BULK PROCESSING:
Please send in your requests via email using the data request form along with the associated shape files and pdf maps of the project area(s) at 1-24k scale. PDFs must be able to be printed out on 8.5X 11 paper. We check your shape file data against the pdf maps. This is where we find discrepancies between your shape files and your maps. This is required.
Please use this data request form and make sure you fill it out properly. http://web.sonoma.edu/nwic/docs/CHRISDataRequestForm.pdf
DELIVERABLES:
1. A copy of the Built Environment Resources Directory or BERD for Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura, or San Bernardino County can now be found at the OHP Website for you to do your own research. This replaces the old Historic Properties Directory or HPD. We will not be searching this for you at this time but you can search it while you are waiting for our results to save time.
You will only get shapefiles back, which means that you will have to make your own maps for each project location. WARNING! If you don’t request the shape files, you won’t be able to tell which reports are in the project area or the search radius. Please note that you are charged for each map feature even if you opt out of receiving shape files. You cannot get secondary products such as bibliographies or pdfs of records in the project area or search radius if you don’t pay for the primary products (shape files) as this is the scaffolding upon which the secondary products are derived. If you do not understand the digital fee structure, ask before we process your request and send you data. You can find the digital fee structure on the OHP website under the CHRIS tab. In order to keep costs down, you must be willing to make adjustments to the search radius or what you are expecting to receive as part of the search. Remember that some areas are loaded with data and others are sparse – our fees will reflect that.
2. You will get a bulk processed bibliographies for resources and reports as selected; you will not get individual bibliographies for each project location.
3. You will get pdfs of resources and reports if you request them, provided that they are in digital formats. We will not be scanning records or reports at this time.
4. You will get one invoice for the bulk data processing. We can’t bill this as individual jobs on separate invoices for you. If there are multiple project names, we are willing to reference all the job names on the invoice if needed. If there a lot of job id’s we may ask you to send them in an email so that we can copy and paste it into the invoice details. If you need to bill your clients for the data, you can refer to our fee schedule on the OHP website under the CHRIS tab and apply the fees accordingly.
5. We will be billing you at the staff rate of $150 per hour and you will be charged for all resources and report locations according to the CHRIS Fee Structure. ($12 per GIS shape file; 0.15 per pdf page, or 0.25 per excel line; quad fees will apply if your research includes more than 2 quads). Discounts offered early on in our Covid-19 response will no longer be offered on any records searched submitted after October 5th, 2020.
6. Your packet will be sent to you electronically via Dropbox. We use 7-zip to password protect the files so you will need both on your computers. We email you the password. If you can’t use Dropbox for some reason, then you will need to provide us with your Fed ex account number and we will ship you a disc with the results. As a last resort, we will ship on a disc via the USPS. You may be billed for our shipping and handling costs.
I may not have been able to cover every possible contingency in this set of instructions and will update it if necessary. You can email me with questions at [email protected]
Thank you, Stacy St. James South Central Coastal Information Center
Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura, and San Bernardino Counties
Report List
Report No. Other IDs Year Author(s) Title Affiliation Resources
VN-00127 1978 Clewlow, William C. Jr. An Archaeological and Historical Assessment University of California, Los 56-000071, 56-000170, 56-000171, of Areas Within the Takelines of the Angeles Archaeological 56-000214, 56-000215, 56-000216, Proposed Features of the Ventura County Survey 56-000217, 56-000218, 56-000219, Water Management Project 56-000272, 56-000445, 56-000446, 56-000447, 56-000448, 56-000450, 56-000451, 56-000452, 56-000455, 56-000456, 56-000493, 56-000555 VN-00459 1985 Bissell, Ronald M. A Cultural Resources Assessment of Portions RMW Paleo Associates, Inc. of Camarillo and Oxnard Airports, Ventura County, California VN-00928 1990 W & S Consultants Preliminary Phase 1 Archaeological Survey W & S Consultants 56-000862 for the Hill Canyon Wastewater Reclamation Project, Ventura County, California VN-01106 1976 Pence, Robert L. Ventura County Airport, Animal Control and Industrial Site Survey VN-01812 1999 Maki, Mary K. Phase I Archaeological Survey and Impact Conejo Archaeological Assessment of 48 Acres for Proposed Consultants Camarillo Airport Improvements Camarillo, Ventura County, California VN-02049 2001 Maki, Mary K. Phase I Archaeological Survey of Conejo Archaeological Approximately 1.5 Linear Miles for the Consultants Camarillo Airport Wastewater Collection System Improvements Project Camarillo, Ventura County, California VN-02978 2004 Sharpe, Jim and Durio, Groundwater Recovery Enhancement and CH2MHill 56-000506, 56-000662, 56-000664, Lori Treatment (GREAT) Program, Cultural 56-000665, 56-000666, 56-000726, Resources Inventory Report 56-000789, 56-000918, 56-100060, 56-152779, 56-152780, 56-152781, 56-152782, 56-152783, 56-152784 VN-03002 2006 Conners, C.B. Draft Programmatic Agreement among the Navy Base Ventura County Commander Navy Region Southwest, The Commanding Officer, Naval Base Ventura County, and the California State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding Navy Undertakings Within Ventura County, California VN-03022 2008 Fulton, Terri and Fulton, Cultural Resources Assessment Camarillo LSA Associates 56-000224 Phil Airport Improvments Project Ventura County, California
Page 1 of 1 SCCIC 6/21/2021 4:29:54 PM Resource List
Primary No. Trinomial Other IDs Type Age Attribute codes Recorded by Reports
P-56-153011 OHP Property Number - 158757; Building Historic HP34 1998 (William R. Manley, Foster VN-02982 Resource Name - NAWS Point Wheeler Environmental Corp); Mugu, Camarillo Airport, Bldgs 2009 (Catherine Girod, NBVC 240, 244, 246, 248; Environmental Division); OHP Property Number - 158758, 2009 (Catherine Girod, NBVD 158759, 158760; Environmental Division); Other - Camair Faciity; 2009 (Catherine Girod, NBVC Other - Bldgs 240, 244, 246, 248; Environmetnal Division); Other - Oxford Force Base, 2009 (Catherine Girod, NBVC Barracks Environmental Division)
Page 1 of 1 SCCIC 6/21/2021 4:30:35 PM
Appendix B Native American Heritage Commission Search Results
STATE OF CALIFORNIA Gavin Newsom, Governor
NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMISSION
June 1, 2021
Alexandra Madsen, Architectural Historian Rincon Consultants, Inc. CHAIRPERSON Laura Miranda Luiseño Via Email to: [email protected]
VICE CHAIRPERSON Reginald Pagaling Re: 280-330 Skyway Drive Project, Ventura County Chumash
SECRETARY Dear Ms. Madsen: Merri Lopez-Keifer Luiseño A record search of the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) Sacred Lands File (SLF) was completed for the information you have submitted for the above referenced project. The PARLIAMENTARIAN results were negative. However, the absence of specific site information in the SLF does not Russell Attebery indicate the absence of cultural resources in any project area. Other sources of cultural Karuk resources should also be contacted for information regarding known and recorded sites.
COMMISSIONER Attached is a list of Native American tribes who may also have knowledge of cultural resources William Mungary in the project area. This list should provide a starting place in locating areas of potential Paiute/White Mountain adverse impact within the proposed project area. I suggest you contact all of those indicated; Apache if they cannot supply information, they might recommend others with specific knowledge. By contacting all those listed, your organization will be better able to respond to claims of failure to COMMISSIONER consult with the appropriate tribe. If a response has not been received within two weeks of Julie Tumamait- Stenslie notification, the Commission requests that you follow-up with a telephone call or email to Chumash ensure that the project information has been received.
If you receive notification of change of addresses and phone numbers from tribes, please notify COMMISSIONER [Vacant] me. With your assistance, we can assure that our lists contain current information.
If you have any questions or need additional information, please contact me at my email COMMISSIONER [Vacant] address: [email protected].
COMMISSIONER [Vacant] Sincerely,
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Christina Snider Pomo Sarah Fonseca Cultural Resources Analyst NAHC HEADQUARTERS 1550 Harbor Boulevard Attachment Suite 100 West Sacramento, California 95691 (916) 373-3710 [email protected] NAHC.ca.gov
Page 1 of 1
Native American Heritage Commission Native American Contact List Ventura County 6/1/2021
Barbareno/ Ventureno Band of Northern Chumash Tribal Mission Indians Council Annette Ayala, Fred Collins, Spokesperson 188 S. Santa Rosa Street Chumash P.O. Box 6533 Chumash Ventura, CA, 93001 Los Osos, CA, 93412 Phone: (805) 515 - 9844 Phone: (805) 801 - 0347 [email protected] [email protected]
Barbareno/ Ventureno Band of San Luis Obispo County Mission Indians Chumash Council Patrick Tumamait, Mark Vigil, Chief 992 El Camino Corto Chumash 1030 Ritchie Road Chumash Ojai, CA, 93023 Grover Beach, CA, 93433 Phone: (805) 216 - 1253 Phone: (805) 481 - 2461 Fax: (805) 474-4729
Barbareno/ Ventureno Band of Mission Indians Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Brenda Guzman, Indians 58 N. Ann Street, #8 Chumash Kenneth Kahn, Chairperson Ventura, CA, 93001 P.O. Box 517 Chumash Phone: (209) 601 - 4676 Santa Ynez, CA, 93460 [email protected] Phone: (805) 688 - 7997 Fax: (805) 686-9578 Barbareno/Ventureno Band of [email protected] Mission Indians Julie Tumamait-Stenslie, Chairperson 365 North Poli Ave Chumash Ojai, CA, 93023 Phone: (805) 646 - 6214 [email protected]
Chumash Council of Bakersfield Julio Quair, Chairperson 729 Texas Street Chumash Bakersfield, CA, 93307 Phone: (661) 322 - 0121 [email protected]
Coastal Band of the Chumash Nation Mariza Sullivan, Chairperson P. O. Box 4464 Chumash Santa Barbara, CA, 93140 Phone: (805) 665 - 0486 [email protected]
This list is current only as of the date of this document. Distribution of this list does not relieve any person of statutory responsibility as defined in Section 7050.5 of the Health and Safety Code, Section 5097.94 of the Public Resource Section 5097.98 of the Public Resources Code.
This list is only applicable for contacting local Native Americans with regard to cultural resources assessment for the proposed 280-330 Skyway Drive Project, Ventura County.
PROJ-2021- 06/01/2021 02:14 PM 1 of 1 003024
Appendix C California Department of Parks and Recreation 523 Series Forms
State of California – The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial NRHP Status Code 6Z Other Listings Review Code Reviewer Date Page 1 of 7 *Resource Name or #: 280-330 Skyway Drive P1. Other Identifier: *P2. Location: □ Not for Publication ■ Unrestricted *a. County: Los Angeles *b. USGS 7.5' Quad: Camarillo, CA Date: 1961 Township 2N, Range 21W, Unsectioned S.B.B.M. c. Address: 280-330 Skyway Drive City: Camarillo Zip: 93010 d. UTM: Zone: mE/ mN (G.P.S.) e. Other Locational Data: APN 230-0-030-105 *P3a. Description: The property at 280-330 Skyway Drive consists of an elevated water tank, two educational buildings (280 and 330 Skyway Drive), a cinema (330 Skyway Drive), and two portable buildings, situated on a rectangular 3.3-acre parcel. A result of a common developmental history, the permanent buildings exhibit functionalistic designs and concrete block construction. Generally, the buildings are set back from the right-of-way, with landscaped areas, parking lots, and ball courts fronting Skyway Drive. Mature trees line the rear of the property, which is bounded by Pleasant Valley Road. A description of each built-environment feature follows. Situated at the far east end of the parcel, near the intersection of Airport Way and Skyway Drive, is the elevated water tank. Erected circa 1953, the structure consists of a double ellipsoidal steel water storage tank supported by four tubular steel columns. A fifth column is centered beneath the tank and likely contains pipelines and a mechanical riser used to move water to and from the tank. The ellipsoidal tank portion of the structure is built of welded steel and consists of vertical walls and a flat bottom and top, with corners rounded so as to form a semi-elliptical cross section at the top and bottom. The structure’s legs are braced with horizontal steel struts and diagonal steel tie rods. A ladder ascends the southwest leg of the tower, providing access to a catwalk that encircles the tank. Warning lights are affixed at various heights to the legs and tank. There are no notable alterations to the structure. The area immediately surrounding the structure is characterized by a lawn, with a paved parking area situated to the immediate east. See continuation sheet, p. 4.
*P3b. Resource Attributes: HP34. Military property; HP15. Educational building; HP10. Theater; HP11. Engineering Structure *P4. Resources Present: ■ Building □ Structure □ Object □ Site □ District □ Element of District □ Other (Isolates, etc.) P5a. Photo or Drawing P5b. Description of Photo: Elevated water tank, view to the southeast.
*P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources: ■ Historic □ Prehistoric □ Both See B6. Construction History
*P7. Owner and Address: N/A
*P8. Recorded by: James Williams Rincon Consultants 180 N. Ashwood Avenue Ventura, CA 93003
*P9. Date Recorded: May 26, 2021
*P10. Survey Type: Intensive
*P11. Report Citation: Williams, James, Alexandra Madsen, Steven Treffers, Ken Victorino and Shannon Carmack. 2021. 280-330 Skyway Drive Development Project Cultural Resources Assessment Report. Prepared for the City of Camarillo Department of Community Development by Rincon Consultants, Inc., Project No. 21-11061. *Attachments: □ NONE ■ Location Map □ Sketch Map ■ Continuation Sheet ■ Building, Structure, and Object Record □ Archaeological Record □ District Record □ Linear Feature Record □ Milling Station Record □ Rock Art Record □ Artifact Record □ Photograph Record □ Other (List):
DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information State of California Χ Natural Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# LOCATION MAP Trinomial
Page 2 of 7 *Resource Name or # 280-330 Skyway Drive *Map Name: Camarillo, CA *Scale: 1:24,000 *Date of map: 1961
DPR 523J (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) * Required information
State of California Χ The Resources Agency Primary #
DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# BUILDING, STRUCTURE, AND OBJECT RECORD
*Resource Name or # 280-330 Skyway Drive *NRHP Status Code 6Z Page 3 of 7 B1. Historic Name: Oxnard Air Force Base, Frontier High School, Camarillo Community Theater B2. Common Name: Arc of Ventura County, Camarillo Skyway Playhouse B3. Original Use: Military B4. Present Use: Vacant *B5. Architectural Style: Utilitarian, Modern-influenced *B6. Construction History: The elevated water tank was constructed circa 1953, 280 and 330 Skyway Drive circa 1955, 300 Skyway Drive circa 1960, the portable classroom circa 1985, and the portable restroom circa 2000 (EDR 2021a). Visual observation suggests the buildings have been subject to minor alterations in recent years, including the replacement of some window sashes and doors and filling in of door openings. *B7. Moved? ■ No □ Yes □ Unknown Date: N/A Original Location: N/A *B8. Related Features: None B9a. Architect: Unknown b. Builder: Unknown *B10. Significance: Theme N/A Area N/A Period of Significance N/A Property Type N/A Applicable Criteria N/A The subject property consists of an elevated water tank and three permanent buildings originally developed between circa 1953 and circa 1960 as part of Oxnard Air Force Base, in addition to two portable buildings added in circa 1985 and circa 2000, after the Oxnard Union High School District occupied the property. Historical aerial photographs taken in 1927 and 1938 depict the subject property as undeveloped agricultural land (ERD 2021a). The property was most likely used for agriculture until around late 1942, when, the United States Army Air Forces acquired 303 acres north of Pleasant Valley Road to build support facilities for the recently acquired Oxnard Air Strip to the north ( U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntsville Division 1995). By the mid-1940s, three L- and T-plan buildings, possibly on-base military personnel housing, were developed on the site, with several similar buildings situated north, east, and west of the subject property (UCSB 1945; EDR 2021a;). Available sources do not indicate whether the subject property was put to any particular use after World War II, when the air strip was briefly reconverted to a civilian facility. Beginning circa 1953, the property was redeveloped as part of the wider effort to develop Oxnard Air Force Base as a coastal defense and pilot training facility (United States Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District 2021). Like the rest of the base site, the area comprising 280, 300, and 330 Skyway Drive property was cleared of World War II-era buildings by the early 1950s (UCSB 1945; EDR 2021a). The first of the built- environment features developed on the subject property was the elevated water tank. A review of historical aerial photographs reveals that the structure was constructed circa 1953, during the earliest phases of development of Oxnard Air Force Base (UCSB 1947; EDR 2021 a). Its double ellipsoidal tank was a form pioneered in the 1930s. The welded tubular legs that support the tank were typical of well tank supporting structures adopted after World War II, which replaced lattice steel legs used widely in the first half of the twentieth century (Mathis and Chebleck 2012). Research for this study did not determine its specific use, but its functions surely would have been the storage or water and maintain water pressure throughout the base’s water system. See continuation sheet, p. 4.
B11. Additional Resource Attributes: N/A *B12. References:
See continuation sheet, p. 7.
B13. Remarks: *B14. Evaluator: James Williams, Rincon Consultants *Date of Evaluation: June 8, 2021
(This space reserved for official comments.)
DPR 523B (9/2013) *Required information State of California -- The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 4 of 7 *Resource Name or # 280-330 Skyway Drive
*Recorded by: James Williams, Rincon Consultants *Date: May 26, 2021 Continuation Update P3a. Description (continued): Constructed circa 1955, 280 Skyway Drive is a one-story educational building constructed with minimal Modernistic architectural elements. Roughly rectangular in plan, the building sits on a concrete foundation and is capped with a multi-tiered flat roof with rolled composition cladding and slight overhangs. Exterior walls are of exposed structural concrete-block construction. Accessed via a straight concrete walkway, the main entrance features glazed metal double doors and full-height sidelights and is sheltered by a flat-roof overhang supported by a concrete blade wall and metal posts. A secondary north-elevation entrance is located to the left and features a glazed metal door. Additional entrances are located on the south, east, and west elevations and feature solid wood, non-original glazed metal, and metal doors. Windows are mostly metal awning-type sashes in multiple configurations, but also include horizontally sliding aluminum sashes, possibly non-original. Set back from the public right-of-way, the building is landscaped with lawns, mature trees, and shrubs to the north and west. Modernistic architectural influences are most evident in the building’s lack of ornamentation and horizontal emphasis. Aside from a few replacement doors and possible non-original windows, there are few visible alterations to the building. East of the building is an asphalt-paved driveway and, beyond that, an asphalt-paved playground with basketball and wall ball courts. Immediately adjacent to the west of 280 Skyway Drive is the portable classroom building, constructed circa 1985. The prefabricated building is rectangular in plan and is capped with a flat roof with composition cladding. Clad in T1-11 siding, its exterior is punctuated on the north elevation by a horizontally sliding aluminum-framed window and a solid wood door. Constructed circa 1960, 300 Skyway Drive consists principally of a one-story educational building exhibiting no discernible style. Constructed on an L-plan, the building rises from a concrete foundation and is capped with a low-pitched cross-gabled roof with moderate overhangs and rolled composition sheeting. The building’s exterior walls are of structural concrete block construction. The main entrance is on the north side of the building and features an east-facing set of glazed metal double doors located beneath a flat porch roof with metal post supports. Additional entrances, featuring solid wood doors, are spaced across the north elevation. Windows include original metal casements on the east elevation and vinyl replacements throughout the north elevation. Aside from the aforementioned replacement windows and doors, alterations include two enclosed doorways; one of which is on the north elevation and is stuccoed, while the other is on the west and has been filled with concrete blocks. A portable restroom building constructed circa 2000 sits immediately east of the building. It has a rectangular plan, low-pitched gabled roof, and T1-11 siding. An accessibility ramp on the east elevation leads to the entrance. The westernmost building is 330 Skyway Drive, constructed circa 1955 as a movie theater with minimal Modern-influenced architectural elements. Rectangular in plan, the building rises two stories from a concrete foundation to culminate in a low-pitched front gabled roof with minimal overhangs and rolled composition cladding. Its exterior is of exposed structural concrete-block construction, with concrete-block columns evenly spaced along the buildings long east and west elevations. Sheltered by a broad flat-roof porch roof, the main entrance is centered on the front facing north elevation and features a solid wood double door. To the right of the entrance is a box office window with a likely non- original plexiglass pane. Secondary entrances are located on the east and west elevations and generally exhibit solid wood doors, though one door is wood with a metal louvered vent. Windows include two- and three-paned steel casement windows that punctuate both stories of the west elevation and the upper floor of the north elevation. Modernistic influences are evident in an overall lack of ornament, the very low pitch of the roof, and the functional design of the broad porch roof. Per visual observation, there have been no notable alterations to the building. Along the right-of-way, a pair of brick planter flank concrete steps leading to the main entrance. Shrubs and a small palm fill the planter, while other landscaped areas to the east and west include mature palms and Ficus trees and lawns. A paved parking lot is located west of the building. B10. Significance (continued): The three permanent buildings were developed between circa 1955 and circa 1960, likely to fill support roles with no direct role in training or other military operations. The buildings at 280 and 330 Skyway Drive were constructed circa 1955 and 300 Skyway Drive circa 1960 (EDR 2021a; UCSB 1963). Research for this study did not determine the original use of either building. However, in 1952, a general plan for the base’s development was drafted indicating the area in which the buildings were developed was reserved for recreation and/or airmen housing. But given its institutional appearance, it is unlikely the building was developed as housing (USAF 1952). The building at 330 Skyway Drive was constructed circa 1955, and served as a movie theater for base personnel, a use consistent with the property’s designation as part of a recreational area (Comstock 2021). In the 1970s, after the closure of Oxnard Air Force Base, the runway was transferred to the County of Ventura and converted to the civilian- operated Camarillo Airport. In 1976 and 1977, much of the land surrounding the runway was deeded piecemeal to such public and private institutions as the Pleasant Valley Parks and Recreation Department, United States Navy, Ventura Community College District, Greek Orthodox Community of Ventura County. In 1978, the GSA transferred by quitclaim deed approximately 6 acres to the Oxnard School Union High School District, the property’s current owner (millitarymuseum.org 2021). Research for this study did not determine the location of that land, but it may have included the current site of the district’s Frontier High School adult continuation school (established in 1972) and the subject property. City directory listings show that, by 1993, the 280 Skyway Drive was part of Frontier High School, the main campus of which is located across Skyway Drive to the north at 545 Airport Way. (EDR 2021b; Oxnard Union High School District 2021). Given its recent association with 280 Skyway Drive, it is possible that 300 Skyway Drive was also used as a facility of Frontier High School by the 1970s.
DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information State of California -- The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 5 of 7 *Resource Name or # 280-330 Skyway Drive
*Recorded by: James Williams, Rincon Consultants *Date: May 26, 2021 Continuation Update B10. Significance (continued): Despite its ownership by the Oxnard Union High School District, 330 Skyway Drive appears to have been used solely as a community theatre building since the closure of air force base. In the 1970s, two incarnations of the Camarillo Community Theater staged live theater performances at the location but soon went “dormant” (Comstock 2021; Camarillo Skyway Playhouse 2021). In 1980, a screenwriter and actor named Bob Shayne revived the theater. A resident of Camarillo, Shayne’s best-known work consisted of an appearance in the television series The Adventures of Superman. The theater was renamed Camarillo Skyway Theater in 2011. The theater closed in 2021. Since the 1970s, the few notable changes to the property have involved improvements to the educational facilities at 280 and 300 Skyway Drive. Changes adjacent to 280 Skyway Drive included the installation of the extant portable classroom building circa 1985, installation of a since- removed portable building circa 1990, and construction of basketball and wall ball courts circa 2000. The portable restroom building just east of 280 Skyway Drive was installed circa 2000 (EDR 2021a). By 2009, 280 Skyway Drive housed the Oxnard Union High School ARC, which occupied the building at least as recently as 2017 (EDR 2021b). Signage on the building indicates it was most recently the location of The Arc of Ventura County, a non-profit organization that provides services to people with developmental and intellectual disabilities (EDR 2021b). Property-specific research for this study was based primarily on a review of historical aerial photographs, city directory listings, and newspapers, in addition to correspondence with Laura Comstock of the Camarillo Skyway Theater. In addition, a search of building permits on file with the City of Camarillo Department of Building and Safety was conducted but produced no information of consequence regarding the elevated water tank or any of the buildings on the subject property. Overall, the research conducted for this study did not identify any individuals associated with the development of use of any feature located on the property, aside from Shay of the Camarillo Community Theater. Historical Resources Evaluation The subject property does not appear eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) or California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) or for designation as a City of Camarillo Landmark because it lacks historical and architectural significance. The subject elevated water tank and buildings were developed between circa 1953 and circa 1960 as ancillary facilities of Oxnard Air Force Base. Established in 1953 at the site of the former United States Army Air Forces Oxnard Airstrip, the base was revived and redeveloped to function as a coastal air defense and fighter pilot training facility during the Cold War. As detailed in California Historic Military Buildings and Structures Inventory, Volume III: Historic Context: Themes, Property Types, and Registration Requirements, the two main themes of historical significance for Cold War-era military facilities relate to, first, the development and operation of high technology defense systems and, second, training and support operations (JRP 2000). Research for this study found no evidence Oxnard Air Force Base was used to develop, or train personnel in the use of, high technology weapons or defense systems. Although the base’s history of use as a fighter pilot training facility is encompassed by the latter theme, training and support operations, research for this study found no evidence that the water tower or any of the subject buildings were integral to the training of pilots or support functions directly associated with the military operations of the base. Rather, the water tower was by all appearances an ordinary, if necessary, infrastructural element of the base, and available evidence suggests the buildings were constructed for recreational purposes or other uses not directly related to military training or operations. As such, the subject property is not significant for its associations with Cold War-era events. Following the closure of the base, much of the land outside the airstrip was transferred to various public and private entities, with the buildings located on the subject property eventually occupied by the Oxnard Union High School District, Camarillo Community Theater/Camarillo Skyway Playhouse, and Ventura County Arc. Research conducted for this study did not suggest any of the buildings were significant for their associations with events related to education, the arts, or the provision of social services, or in any other historical context significant to the history of the city, region, state, or nation. Therefore, the subject property is recommended ineligible for the NRHP, CRHR, or local listing under Criteria A/1/1. Archival research did not identify any individuals directly associated with the water tower or the buildings at 280 or 300 Skyway Drive. One individual was identified in association with 330 Skyway Drive, Bob Shayne, who founded the most recent and longest-lived incarnation of the Camarillo Community Theater/Camarillo Skyway Playhouse in 1980. No evidence uncovered during research for this study suggests Shayne’s contributions to the theater group or in any other facet of his life were significant to the history of the city, region, state, or nation. The property is therefore recommended ineligible for the NRHP, CRHR, or local listing under Criteria B/2/2. The subject property consists of an elevated double ellipsoidal water tank, three permanent buildings with minimal Modernistic design elements, and two portable buildings. The double ellipsoidal tank became common during after the 1930s, and tubular column supports, as found on the subject structure, proliferated following World War II. Research for this study found no evidence the tank was notable for its design or construction. Rather, it is, by all appearances, an unremarkable example of the double ellipsoidal type. As such, the tower lacks distinction as an engineered structure. The permanent buildings on the property are all exhibit functional designs with minimal elements exhibiting Modern architectural influences. None of the buildings embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or possess high artistic values. Although the designers of the buildings are not known, none is likely to exemplify the work of any master architect. The property is therefore recommended ineligible for the NRHP, CRHR, or local listing under Criteria C/3/3. The results of the cultural resources records search and research conducted as part of this evaluation also did not suggest the subject property has the potential to yield important information. The property is therefore recommended ineligible for the NRHP or CRHR under Criteria D/4.
DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information State of California -- The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 6 of 7 *Resource Name or # 280-330 Skyway Drive
*Recorded by: James Williams, Rincon Consultants *Date: May 26, 2021 Continuation Update
Left: 280 Skyway Drive, North Elevation, View to the Southwest; Right: 280 Skyway Drive, North and West Elevations, View to the Southeast
Left: Overview of Ball Courts and Portable Classroom at 280 Skyway Drive, View to the Southwest; Right: 300 Skyway Drive, North and West Elevations, View to the Southeast
Left: Portable Restroom and Partial View of 280 Skyway Drive, North and East Elevations, View to the Southwest; Right: Skyway Drive, North Elevation, View to the South
DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information State of California -- The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 7 of 7 *Resource Name or # 280-330 Skyway Drive
*Recorded by: James Williams, Rincon Consultants *Date: May 26, 2021 Continuation Update B12. References (continued): Camarillo Skyway Playhouse 2021 “History,” Camarillo Skyway Playhouse website. http://skywayplayhouse.org/about-2-2/. Accessed May19, 2021. Comstock, Laura 2021 Personal communication with Laura Comstock of the Camarillo Skyway Theater. May 22. Environmental Data Research (EDR), Inc. 2021a The EDR Aerial Photo Decade Package: 300 Skyway Dr. 280-330 Skyway Drive, Camarillo, CA 93010 Inquiry Number: 6497094.8. May 17. 2021b The EDR-City Directory Abstract: 300 Skyway Dr. 280-330 Skyway Drive, Camarillo, CA 93010 Inquiry Number: 6497094.5. May 18. Mathis, Gregory R. and John Chebleck 2012 Steel Water Towers Associated with South Dakota Water Systems, 1894-1967, An Historical Context. Prepared for South Dakota State Historical Society. September. Oxnard Union High School District 2021 “District History,” Oxnard Union High School District web site. https://www.oxnardunion.org/about/. Accessed May 17, 2021. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntsville Division 1995 Defense Environmental Restoration Program for Formerly Used Defense Sites, Ordnance and Explosive Waste Chemical Warfare Materials, Archives Search Report Findings, Camarillo Airport (Oxnard Air Force Base). Ventura County, Project J09CA012603. May. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles Division 2021 “Camarillo Airport,” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles Division website. https://www.spl.usace.army.mil/Missions/Formerly-Used-Defense-Sites/Camarillo-Airport/. Accessed May 27, 2021. United States Air Force (USAF) 1952 Oxnard Air Force Base, Camarillo, CA. Preliminary Master Plan. https://www.37trw.af.mil/Portals/57/Images/37th%20History%20Office/USAF%20Installations%20Master%20Plans/ ADC/Oxnard%20AFB%20Plan.PDF?ver=oLAXgMoEGltS_xulPLXjDw%3d%3d. Accessed May 19, 2021. University of California, Santa Barbara Library (UCSB) 1945 Aerial photograph of the project area and vicinity. Flight C_9800, Frame 3-316. http://mil.library.ucsb.edu/ap_indexes/FrameFinder/. Accessed May 27, 2021. 1947 Aerial photograph of the project area and vicinity. Flight GS_EM, Frame 1-65. http://mil.library.ucsb.edu/ap_indexes/FrameFinder/. Accessed May 27, 2021. 1963 Aerial photograph of the project area and vicinity. Flight HA_RR, Frame 140. http://mil.library.ucsb.edu/ap_indexes/FrameFinder/. Accessed May 27, 2021.
DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information