W&M ScholarWorks

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects

1931

The Work of Isaac Hill in the Presidential Election of 1828

Charles E. Perry College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd

Part of the United States History Commons

Recommended Citation Perry, Charles E., "The Work of Isaac Hill in the Presidential Election of 1828" (1931). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624445. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-hr55-kn57

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. t m m m o f is m o b ii& IB TH2 PBBSXBBJrfliU* BLEGMOS OF 1828 b y C h a rles B* Perry* T m WOBE OW ISAAC Bill EbECIIOIf of ie a a b y Ctiarlas B* Parry* SUB3X223D IB W m nL lM Sm Of 2BB fiSWXEBBSBf9 O f

OOiU-BGB O f WILLIAM ABB Hj£BT

for the dagroe

l i 4SfEB O f ABfS 1951 Tha Political Setting In Hew England "ll' ' "ih T ssac1' B lll* s lime* ''mrrZ^ T ^ 'mL ~ ~ * - 1

m m

Bacfmrotmd of B ill *s BeTmblicantsgu fhe necessity Wm Understand lag It* - ** ~ • 5 TTI s To uth.• **««»'** «* ■»**• ■*■* <**»• *>* *► ** *► =** **■ «*•■ *** *•>.«•>- g Hie Appreat Iceship* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ — ~ « - ix A Surrey of Hie Career As Editor Prior to 1828 First tears of the Patriot* - - ~ «* - ~ ~ 14 Other A ctivities of Sill* «*--•*-*.**- - 14 His Course in the 1824 Else 11 on* «•*-*-* ** 19 Ho su it a o f the- E le c t io n o f Adams * *.■***• ~ 21 The Campaign For the Presidency^ 1826-1828 f ile Campaign Begun* ** **.**«*.**■ «* ** ** «*#»,«*,„. gg fb e ** B a t t le o f t h e E d ito r s * ” ■**►**«■►**>•►*► 29 Observations On the Election Be suit a* ~ ** ~ 60

ooBoitrsioy fhe Influence of the Patriot* *-**■*-*. ♦*. ^ ** &Z E stim a te o f Isa a c - H ill* **- <■»********«**►«* **«► gB

lis t of Hewspaper s in Bee Hampshire* 1820* Election Figures for Hass* and K. B* Better fro® the Editor of the Fatrlot* IXfA ffhe P olitical Setting In Few End and In Isaac B ill’s fjme*

For a quarter of a century following the ds- feat of the Federalist Party* in the election of 1800* Hew England continued to give evidence of the presence of strong Federalist tendencies* Phis feeling found expression before the War of 18IE* in opposition to Jefferson’s economic policies* particularly the em~ bar go* and to the admission of Louisiana, which threat­ ened the loss of political power* this die-hard Federalism' of Hew England dis­ played its dissatisfaction during the war by protests against the furnishing of m ilitia; against the pay­ ment of taxes for her share In the expenses of the war - most of the activities of which took place out­ s id e o f M m England; by the carrying on of a vast amount of collusive commerce, between the Mm England States and the Maritime Provinces; and* finally* by the Hartford Convention. 1 Following the war there emerged another* d if­ ferent force* to retard the spread of democracy in Hew

1 - Charming; vol* I?**th© last two chapters* 2

Bttglfmd* and thus foster the growth of that else© of who had constituted the bulwark of Fader- ©list strength. It Is not my intention hare to take issue with the generally accepted conclusion of historians* that opposition to the war killed whatever remained of the Federalist Party* It is rather my desire to point out that while the Federalists dissembled as a Party, there were influences - and strong ones - constantly at work in lew England* tending to promote a lively opposition to that rapid democratic growth which the rest of the country was experiencing. It was daring the early part of this era that there entered the political arena* a man who dared to champion the cause of democracy in the stamping-ground of Federalism. That man was Isaac Hill* and the year was 1S0S* A more inappropriate time could not have been chosen! The Embargo Act was ceasing ant old suffering end hardship* and Jefferson's name was anathema to mer­ chants and manufacturers alike* Tet it was at just such a time that Isaac H ill chose to take over a strug­ gling Jef fersonian newspaper in Concord * alter its name to more suitably fit its anticipated circulation* and begin a c ax ear on behalf of detested Democracy* that in twenty years would place him at the top of hie calling* and in the decade following, aee Mm successively an officer in the United States frees-* ary Department. United States Senator, and thrice Governor of his adopted State* fhai he survived the first few years. In the midst of such discouraging conditions, is rather remarkable* But he did more than survive; he pros­ pered. and became the spokesman and m ilitant leader of the Democratic Party in Hew Hampshire* And for M s services in nurturing the growth of Democratic strength, until it finally surpassed and eventually overcame Hederallot influences, he acquired nation­ al recognition. it is my purpose, therefore, to present and analyse the part he played in marshalling the forces of Democracy in Hew Hampshire* around the "Hero of Hew Orleans*, in the campaign of 1828* Although the electoral vote of the State, and of Hew England f went for Adams, the popular vote of Hew Hampshire was close enough to reveal the progress that had been made on behalf of the Democrat ic Party i n that State* fhat progress did not and'with the election of 1828,but 4

the foundations of BepabXican strength In How Hampshire ted boon laid by the energetic B ill, and as a partial reward for M s labors* te was accorded the recognition which his services warranted* and which a ll loyal Jacksontans received. B

m o m m m n o f h is& *s n m m m c m i m *

fhe necessity For Under &t aa&la& It*

fM s la not a blography of Isaac Mil,* Bat any paper which sought to trace bis actions in tbs campaign of 18S8 would m anifestly be Incomplete and incomprehensi b le, were It to ignore the expe­ riences of bis earlier life* In a person of H ill's temperament and characteristics, these influences assume a vital significance* In order to adequately portray the man about whom the interest in this thesis centers, then, it Is Justifiable to make a critical examina­ tion of his youth and young manhood, devoting es­ pecial attention to those forces which unquestion­ ably played a part in shaping M s character and his political convictions* 6

H ie Youth*

Isaac B ill was the son of lease, and the grandson of Abraham H ill, of Charlestown* Abra­ ham was the fourth la descent from the first of that name, the intermediate generations being Abe, Abe, and 2&chariah. Isaac’s paternal grand­ father was a veteran of both the Wx ench-Xndi an, and the Bevolut lonar y wars* Isaac’s mother was Hannah H assell, a daugh­ ter of William Bussell* He, too, was a veteran, having commanded a company of men at the battle of L ex in g to n . Isaac was beta on April 6, 1788, In Menoto- my, then a part of the town of West Cambridge, Mass*, He was the first child of a family of nine children, and hi© mother was but seventeen years old at the time of his birth* His grandfather, Abraham, after M s return from the war , became at least partially insane, the insanity "continuing in a ll the gradations from per­ fect clearness of mind to raging madness, till his d e a t h .a 1 His father, always soberly industrious, was overtaken by the same "visitation of Providence", wifMa six years after his marriage, and his Intel-

1 - Bradley; p 9* Xectaal faculties were almost entirely destroyed* fhe mother was evidently a woman of an- nasal qualities, for it was she who contrived to keep the family from the destitution that might be expected to accompany such calam ities as have been m en tion ed . in 1798 tbey moved to a small farm in Ash- burnham, where Isaac was to spend the greater part of Ms time until he was fourteen* His life here at Ashburnham furnishes a striking resemblance to that of another, more renowned newspaper editor, who was to become prominent during H ill’s life - Horace G reeley* like Greeley, H ill was undersised and un­ prepossessing in appearance* Lite the "Great Edi­ tor", he had to straggle for the meagre formal schooling he received* the winter school at Ash- burnham ran a few weeks in each of several d istricts, the boys being permitted to attend at another dis­ trict if they cared to go* Isaac did, nod eagerly traveled as much as four and five m iles daily to 1 reach some of the districts. He early gave indications of possessing more than average intellect* At six, he had com­ mitted to memory a history of the Be volution, {probably in the form of a list of dates and e- vents), and before he was eight he had read the

. . . rrn*+-.*. —w. . ------— ^ .. _ . f ;T ) _ .r - r ._.1|_|_._^.t_n n r .. 1 - sradley, p II* a

Bible through, "AmUing with particular pleasure I. upon the historical portions".

He must , of necessity, have been the au­ ditor of oft-repeated tales of warfare. His grand­ father lived with the family and his great-tmelee on his mother*a side* were undoubtedly frequent visitors* fhe comblnat ion of a wide-eyed* inquis­ itive hoy* and indulgent, loquacious old veterans* suggests too familiar a picture for me not to he­ ll eve that perhaps In this very situation we have the explanation of Isaac Hill*a staunch opposition to everything that smacked of autocracy* She sto­ ries that he undoubtedly heard were embellished in a manner peculiar to old soldiers* And one of his Informants was insane* It is wholly possible that from these vivid accounts his whole being became Inflamed with that burning hatred of tyranny and arbitrary rule* which were to become governing traits in his character. Xrost it be thought that this presumption Is too groundless, let the words of H ill express M s own estimate of these influences of which I have Just spoken* "When the evil spirit of Federal­ ism is stalking up and down our land

1 - Bradley: p IS* seeking whom It may devour - when the avowed and secret projects of internal and external enemies are aimed at the vitale of oar republic - it becomes everyone whose views are American, whose sentiments coincide with those of oar fathers of the revelation* to inculcate the sound doctrine of ra­ tional liberty* to espouse the cause of his country and M s ®od* B&ucated in the sim plicity of truth* early taught to revere the patriots of *fb# and feeling the loss of personal con­ nexions* the fruit of British barbar­ ism at Menotomy* and Bunker H ill* the juvenile years of the Bolter have been Bepublicsn; he has detested tyranny* In whatever specious garb she has ar­ rayed herself;- and he trusts the judgment of mature* age never w ill sor­ row for past political follies* or wil­ fu lly persevere In future errors**1 1

A t th e t i me o f M il's boyhood it was the practice for the people In Isolated places to pass about among themselves whatever printed matter came into their hands* Ashburnham was twelve m iles away from Leominster, where m small weekly sheet was printed* fhe inhabitants took turns going to Leominster to bring back this precious repository of the news of the times* and Isaac more them once was the proud messenger who made the tedious jour­ ney* the limited scope of the printed material to which he had access only served to excite Me ia-

1 - Patriot: April 18, 1809. S?his was the first is­ sue under H ill's ownership, and the cap­ tion of the editorial was* **T& She Public satiable desire t o t more* It may well have been this longing that made him ambitious to become a printer, a trade wbicb offered a variety and range of material without lim it* COLLEGE Of mum & StfAfiY e of hi day* ie h f o men t s e r e v e l c den bfe& ly e x c e l l e n t , , t n e l l e c x e ly bfe& den 1 * B ow ers: p 188 188 p ers: ow B * 1 hat p to expl n hie readi n success in s s e c c u s and s s e in d a e r e i h in la p x e o t lp e h t a th bai Cu of yug e* h activities of o s e i t i v i t c a The men* young f o Club g atin eb D ih cm to be gure of s h natonal prom* l a n tio a n ch su f o e r u ig f a e b o t came e h hich w ngagi n editorial cmbt wih sm of t e th f o some ith w bats com l a i r o t i d e in g in g a g en nee a apprntc* Les ta a mnh r e t f a month a than ss e L tIce* ren p p a an needed e b uc ae i practi n t ni g in in a tr and e ic t c a r p him gave y t e i c o s us* a was ch su ip h s e tic n e r p p a is h f o s r a e y en sev e th g lu mes ws nacd too, y ebrhp n a In membership e i h by , o o t enhanced, was Amherst nence t b mn he t t i he th g ein b ith w d ite d e r c s i e h many bp t a th e c n e in d ates Bank* s e t ta S ed nsti w of Scsn best-nw policies; s e i c i l o p -known t s e b a Sachsen* f o two f o r o t a ig t s in 1 n t oet o he Scn Unit* n U * n tio a Second n e in th f * o system row ils o overth p s e ^ th e and th , f s o c i se t u i l o e l i p s &1 n e t x e e th s a bud n i n a ng in ), 8 0 g 8 1 in l l a , c 1 1 a ox. In (B e n tic n io e r it p d p a e an t s s a r i f bound e th was f c a o Isa appearance e th fr r* ne" Ahxt e Hmphr, and pshire, Ham Hew Amhexet, t a et" in b a C ers* ^farm .3 e e l usn p 273 p Hudson: uhn wa a moeae u consi ent n te is s n o c but oderate m a as w Cushing he trai ng whc Cuhn gv hm dar* him gave ushing C hich w g in in a r t e th oe uhn hd t ablshed t e th d e h lis b ta s e st u J had Cushing h Josep e 149 p

1 Asreati u» lu h s e t ic Atspr a e s 1 8 t u b eeomet l at ile h w ent developm s M

11 1 Federalist* and so we can assume that the seven years of association with Mm often included oc­ casions when the master and the apprentice in­ dulged in friendly arguments oyer political be- lie fs* (despite the assertion of the enthusiastic biographer of H ill that "not an incident occurred to interrupt the constant harmony which existed 2 between his master and himself"}* Federalist versus Republican principles mast have clashed frequently* in young Isaac’s growing political ideas* But the Impressions which his earlier contacts and associations had made were by this time* too deeply Imbedded in his consciousness to permit the inroads of any such contrary principles as those embraced by ’Federalism* It is not at all unlikely that this protracted period of contact with Federal prin­ ciples was the "ordeal by fire", which tempered hie republicanism to the degree of hardness that would meet and vanquish a ll opposing political forces of a later day* It Is by conflict that character is developed* It was by the same

1 - Bradley; pp 14-1S-16 2 - Ibid * p 14 IB

process that H ill’s republicanism matured and b m m m t&© dominating motive o f M s l i f e * Of Bis Career As M i tar Prior to 1888*

First fears of the Patriot*

The Haw Hampshire Patriot was began under wary discouraging circumstances, in tbs trying pe­ riod of the Embargo* ffce commercial interests of the country, and of Sow England in particular, were extremely critical of the Administration,* Moreover, in the Congressional elections of 1808, the federal party had carried Sew Hampshire by a 1800 majority* In the gubernatorial election of 1809, John Xang- don, Republican, was defeated by a small M ajority, by dersodah Smith, well-known to be a leader in the 1 ultra Hew England federal party* fo advocate the Republican cause in Hew Hampshire at such a time must surely have seemed a discouraging task* Yet before the end of a year, the else of the Patriot had been enlarged, and it had over 1800 8 subscribers* In the state elections of 1810, after a vituperative campaign on the part of all papers, a ll branches of the government were re­ turned Republican* The Federalists attributed the

1 - Sanborn: Chapt. X, Z - Bradley: p 26 overthrow to the efforts of S ill and the personal popularity of LangCon* She tone of the Federal papers at the close of 1814, was antagonistic to the government * and H ints Patriot-* * . stood practicallyx alone in Its attempt to silence the opposition* So active and vociferous did the Patriot become in the elections of 1816, that S ill drew a resolution of disapproval from the Sew Hampshire legislature for his ^conduct in mis-stating in publications of his paper* the observations* and Impeaching the motives of members of this house”* He demanded that he be admitted to the floor of the house to refute the charges* this he was per­ mitted to do* and by a vote of Sf - 83 a resolu- 3 tlon was adopted, dismissing the charges*

1 - Patriot: March IE* 1 SB7» tooted ( from the Albany Argus] * E - Bradley: p 46 3 - Ibid : p 4? 16

Other Activities o f m u *

Editorial activities alone c ould not eetv , flee to exhaust the tireless energies, nor satisfy the political ambit lone of Hill* He aspired to hold office* la June* 1810* he was elected Clerk of the Hew Hampshire Senate* a position he again 1 held in 182S* In 1820* at the B©publican convention In Senatorial D istrict Ho* 4* he was nominated for state senator t and was elected by a large majority* Thm following two years he was re-elected with al~ Z most no opposition* In the attempt to name a ticket for mem­ bers of Congress, in preparation for the elections in 1823* H ill divorced some of his party* fbese disaffected ones were bolstered in strength by many federalists who eel red this opportunity of throwing discord into Bepablican ranks * and who united to nominate lev! Woodbury as Baited States

1 - Begister: 1820* 1826* 2 - Ibid i 1821* 1822* 1828* Senator* In spite of H ill’s efforts to prevent the election of Woodbury* on the ground that it would mark a return of federal supremacy, be was else ted* Besides bis participation in state polities* B ill was ever on tbs lookout to ©attend -Democratic ideas in neighboring states* In 1822 be seat William Masters to Bellows F alls, Vermont * to edit 1 tbs Bellows Falls Xnt elll&encer» B ill’s brother Gedrge, who had ,servedkhis eppr ent Ice ship with the Patriot, he sent to Mont- poller * to establish the ferment Patriot & State Z ' ’ Gazette.in 1826* Isaac’s interest in this paper even caused him considerable embarrassment # m& I s shown by this letter*

*, My present exigency is that 1 have been obliged to raise - - about #2000# on the establishment at Montpelier • — - * Although perhaps 1 have not paid as well as othera* I have been as constant and as Ion# a customer as you have bed** **

1 — Moore: p Xf4 2 - George B ill’s work was evidently satisfactory to tbs Jackson Party* as be was rewarded with the office of Poet mast or at Montpelier* 1829-1836. see Moore: p 112* Since two of bis brothers* a son* and M s brother -in-law * Jacob Moore* the ©d- it or of the B* B* Journal, a ll served their ap­ prenticeships with him, it might be revealing to trace their later careers* 3 - B ill Papers; letter to Bichardaon & Bead* Boston* dated* Concord* SUB*, Sept* IS* 1826* Both of these Vermont papers were active in the campaign of 1828* and If is a tribute to 1111 far-sightedness that they were established long e- noagh before the campaign began actively* to have acquired a respectable circulation by that time* Daniel Webster prophesied correctly the coarse that the Patriot -would follow la the presi­ dent lal election of 1S24* when he wrote:

”1 presume the old democratic regular party* or Its accustomed lead- ere la Hew Hampshire* w ill now feel authorised and obliged to support Crawford* Others of the party w ill not* there w ill of course be a schism, and It w ill be time enough six months hence to decide what coarse of conduct the case requires from Federalists. ~ ~ ~ * *■ M il had visited in Washington during the winter of 1822-23* and upon hi© return he began to Indicate that he would support Crawford* Whether there is any truth to the charges made against him at that time* that he had met Crawford and had en~ 2 tarsi into ©was bargain with him, is not certain. H ill*e explanation of why he was support­ ing Crawford sounds quite reasonable: the Hew Hampshire legislature caucus had nominated Adams* and H ill* h o lle r in g Adams to be o n ly a s e c t io n a l Choice* favored the nominee of the Congressional

Webster's Correspondence: rol* I* p 80; letter to Jeremiah Mason* dated* Wash* * Feb* 10* 1824 * Bradley: p 60* m

Caucus* Mm wme afraid that support given to leg- ie^Jiative nominees could only result in throwing the election into the House of Bepreaent&tives* Such a circumstance would moan the election of Adame, probably* and a unifying of fed or a ll et strength in Sow Hazspshi re* As there was no well-defined organisation of parties in 1024, the campaign degenerated Into a personal contest .among. Clay, Jackson* Adams, and Crawford* fhe wot as in Hew Sag! and were pre­ ponderantly for its native eon* Bow Hampshire’s popular vote was surprisingly small* this being the first presidential contest in which the people

Fotes In Hew EnAland States 3L For Presidential Electors In X 8 2 4 * H* B* Maes* Cornu He* B* I * Adams 4*10? 30*68? 7*687 6*870 2 ,1 4 6 Crawford 6*616 1*978 280 Jackson 643 2*330 ffh e Ferment legislature chose her electors)

X“- MCKee: plST* ^ b ein g a t all correct of complete* Harlow* fp 339), says that there is no way of finding out acc urately the popular vote* My purpose in showing these figures is to mark the contrast with the 1628 figures* B esaX ts

Tim e l e c t io n o f Cohn Q atacy Adams by th e House was the "last straw% so far as heiaoeratic unity v is concerned* Prom then on, the discordant elements e l thin that groiip combined with the newly- enfranchised voters a ll ofef the countryt and nee Interest manifested in Andrew lac&eon helped along the coalescence of an opposition to Adams and Clay that was to mat are into the democratic Party of the next twenty years* It was to these elements that the Patriot now made its appeals* And it was to prevent these groups from gathering strength that the Administration forces were mastered* the "bargain and corruption^; the cheat­ ing of dackson out of the Presidency; the lade- pendent course of the'President; the Panama Con­ gress affair; - these were only the first of a long series of complaint s # against which the op­ position marshalled Its strength*, and prepared to giro battle* fs Mams himself most go the greater share of the blame for allowing opposition to M s admin­ istration to develop* It was within M s power to 22

retard it* at least* Bat it is a fact tee well* taown to dwell upon* that he cone latently re­ fused to adopt a coarse which would crest© s strong Mministrat lor* Barty* thus It was left to hie supporters to do what they could for him* and incidentally, for themselves. It is clear that Isaac B ill and his Pa­ triot were recognised as constituting a stu m b lin g - block to the hopes of the Administration friends In Bow Hampshire, As early as the middle of 1826 steps were being taken with the object of remov­ ing B ill as a threat* Daniel Webster and Samuel Bell had apparently put their heads together in th e Senate, and the outcome of their delibera­ tions is found in a letter to Jeremiah Mason* In which Daniel can scarcely be regarded as flatter­ ing in his reference to Isaac;

**— ** — X have had many and f u ll conversations with lit* Bell* and he has gone home with the best inten­ tions* B© w ill be at Concord the second week of the season; and I have me doubt he w ill tales a straight- forward course* Be is fully satis­ fied of the felly of our divisions at home; he is ready to denounce that folly* and to conjure his friends to abandon it* Be means to tally the republican friends of the administration; and if necessary* he w ill break with Bill* - - Where 23

*1 m one great dagger, and that is, that B ill w ill affect to confom, promise to coma off from opposition gradually, and finally to come in fo the support of the administration, and by this coarse prevent an open rapture# Bow all this, in my judg­ ment # would, be hat giving B ill new credit, by which he would work more mischief in the end* He cannot he trusted in any promise or engagement which should hind M i to a coarse of honest and liberal p olitics and man­ ly feelings* Bor running an oppo- si to race, he may he trusted without any promise at all* Evan if the road led away m anifestly from M s own interest, he would follow it*- -w *

By the close of the year the people began to show signs of emerging from their political in­ difference* Brash charges against the Administra­ tion appeared in newly-organised opposition papers a ll over the country.

1 - Webster*e Correspondence; vol* 1?# p 133* l e t t e r d a te d , B o sto n , May 3 1 , 1826* m

f g g O M B & im won m& rnmzwmox 1826 * X 8 2 8*

fhs Campaign Be£an.

Although tie columns of the Patriot had for two years evidenced an ant 1 -Administrat 1 on sp irit, the opening gun In this long camp sign nay be said to hare been fired in the issue of the 8th of January, 1827 ( a significant date in this particular campaign}** from this issue on. the capable B ill subtly wore first one. then another, of the com- plaints against Clay and Mams. Into his ever­ growing indictment of the Administration* Be re­ iterates frequently, with almost diabolical clever* ness, the boldest of the charges, thus hasping the public mind for a portion of it. at least} con­ stantly inoculated with the poison of distrust and hatred of the Adtainistration. it may net always he true that the people can be made to believe any­ thing if it is told to them often enough, but here is an example of an experiment which produced the desired results* fhs occasion for the opening broadside, for it was not confined to a single issue, wee the tak­ ing away of the printing of the laws of the United States from the Bat riot *

"la the State of Sew Hampshire the Hew Hampshire Patriot has been dismissed from printing the Halted States laws, and the appointment is given to a mongrel establishment, which having run itself down at ’ , . FXymonih* f*B*; has been removed to this town, and now opens its columns to the scavengers who formerly wrote the Sew Hampshire Statesman* She lew Hampshire Seotihell al Keene, is also appointed Sy W* Olay to print the laws* - - - - the circulation of the Patriot has been and continues to be more than doable that of both the mongrel aiSf federal papers appointed by Mr . Olay#* ^

Seat this opportunity for arousing re­ sentment against the Administration, and at the . same time thrusting a sly dig at his more for­ tunate opponents, be lest, the next Issue of the Patriot contained, this statement;

"this removal of the printing was in­ deed a small business, worthy of it© author. Mr* Secretary Olay. It is of no importance except as showing the temper and disposi­ tion of those in authority in Washington, thousands of Hew Hampshire republicans needed only such a little event as this to make up their minds against the Adminis­ tration. Even many federalists are ashamed* If this be cm attempt to mnrsle the press we are proud that our paper has I - Patriot: Jan. 8,182*7 ! Statesman: Jan. 13. 1627 {quoted Tarom the P atriot). "been singled out as one of the first o b j e c t s o f a t ta c k in Bew England"* 1

Hie ardor for that traditional American right# "the freedom of the press** haring been aroused, ha again flays the Admlnistxa11 on;

"Bobody needs to think that the amount of money we received from the Government for printing the haws* and its loss is what makes as harp on that subject, - - - But the subject derives Its importance from the consideration th a t i t I s an ASfdCK HBOS? THE LXW8B.TX OP TUB PBBSS* Mams (the tyrant of France} orders the removal of a ll those who refuse to bo slaves to his wishes* and puts on probation for a year those who neither oppose nor defend the cor­ rupt coalition which placed him in of­ fice* * - &

What a condemnation of the practice of pro­ scription by one who was to become the "Marat of t he Ki tchen Cabinet I * ® The removal of the printing from B ill did not go unnoticed in other quarters* It was too choice a morsel of political propaganda to be left unraasticated* The friendly papers outside the State took op the cry against this act* and one took the occasion to pay a tribute to the Patriot;

1 - Patriot: Jan. lb, 1S27 Z - Ibid : Jan* SB* I BZ7 3 - Bowers : p Xf>8. m

"All of us remember that vhee gloom bong over this whole nation * - the Sw Hampshire Patriot was a be sc on light of liberty* that cheer at and aroused the desponding republicans in that region, and gave hopes to others in aU parts of the union. - - «*■ I'ho republicans of Hew England , perhaps I map sap of the onion* w ill ask why he fH ill} Is now proscribed* and they w ill ex­ pect an answer.” 1

Feeling that the case was now clearly In the thoughts of the people, and wishing to keep It there* E U began to carry an extra headline on the

? « & & * $

1 O f - "By Attthority” - F O H * 1 have determined from a sense of pub­ lic duty to transfer the printing of the laws of the felted States from the lew Hampshire Patriot to dome other paper^ — Henry Olay* z

Daniel Webster, his finger ever on the political pulse of his native State* wrote that his brother* tM m ki e l )

- - is so much displeased and tie- satisfied with the course adopted by HT* Mams* republican friends In Hew Hampshire*

1 - Patriot: torch IS* 182? (quoted from the Albany Ar&ue I 2 - Ibid ; Feb. IS* 1827 "that X know act whether he can he per­ suaded to do anything, (he was la the legislature) X have* however, thought St would he worth considering whether he should not bring forward resolutions approving the conduct of the adminis­ tration, and disapproving that of the opposition* and supporting them by a good strong speech* fkls would, per­ haps* have two good effects: It would* in the first place compel Mr* Adams #e friends to act with him, and* in the second place* it would oblige Mr* t B ill9 s friends to take their site*—"

Xt is plain* from the tone of this letter* that some of those who were close to the Adminietra- leaders were not entirely in accord with the policy that Clay and Adams were following*

1 - Webster’s Correspondence: vol. X* letter to Jeremiah Mason, dated* Boston, April 10* 18B7* f p 419 ) Under the caption * "Management of State 1 Elections By the Execatire Oewecameat% the Patriot accused the Mminietration o f I n t e r f e r ­ ing lm the States of lev Hampshire, Maryland, ferment, ant Mseeachnsett a, in thefcr elect lone of State Senators, United State© Senators, and O owernore, fhe methods employed In this interference, were to send clerks, messengers, and even the son of the President, she expressed in no uncertain terms who were, mod who were not, "friends of the Admlnl sir at ion’’* Evidently B ill did not feel that this lead was worth following up, as no later reference to it is made, except in the general somming-up of charges which appeared occasionally for emphasis, Or perhaps this charge lost Its Importance when the national Ossette and the Amer­ ican, ^worthies of the same school*. In anticipa­ tion of the coming campaign, said it might not he 2 improper to refer to the history of Urs* Jackson,

1 - Fatriot: April 16, 182? 8 - Ibid : April 23, 1827 30

editorial invective* slander* sarcasm and abacs* the injection of such an issue is to bo deplored as most unfortunate and disgraceful* Whatever re­ straint might have boon practiced bp the opposition proas before, mas now loosed for the’ remainder of the campaign* and there followed as scurrilous and V itriolic attacks and countor-attacks as our national political campaigns have ever witnessed* fhs uncouth methods of Isaac H ill wero but evi­ dences of the feelings of an electorate which had been too long suppressed, and which wmm to o new at the game of politics to have regard for the 1 practices or ethics of a political campaign* ffce editorial opposition which H ill now faced in M s own State included the Keene Sen-* tinel* the Amherst Cabinet - the Portsmouth Jour­ nal. the Hover Bepubllcan. the Concord Banister (Statesman). and the Hew Hampshire Journal. - a ll capably edited* and the last two named probably Z being the most influential* On the B©public an side, fighting valiant­ ly by the side of their leader* though fax beneath

1 — Perry: "Bow Hampshire Press In Election of 1888w* fC* B* )ln Oranlte State Monthly- Hoc** 1989* 8 - Patriots April 30*182¥ For complete list of newspapers published in jsu B* in 1888* see Appendixt M m In ab ility, were the Bair Hampshire Gazette, the Dover Gazette & Stratford Advertiser. the See Hampshire Spectator * Phe total nomhar of paper s was seventeen. Mill, branded the revival of the "die* gusting stories about Jackson^s marriage and pre­ vious connexion with the woman who ie now hie wife*** as one among many "dastardly, disgraceful aal die* gosting" means by which the enemies of Jackson 1 were endeavoring to defame M i* Sat no single* lone complaint was ever allowed to hold the public attention to the ex* elusion of others e^aally ear ions* it appears to have been H ill#a policy to line them txp and beep them together* the lis t gradually assuming great­ er and more sinister proportions* Every arraign* meni of Olay and Mams that could be found was put into this formidable array* until* by their very numbers they would overwhelm and crush every attempt at refat at Aon* It was in conformity with some each pel* i c y a s t h i s th a t h e m ain tain ed th a t th e Adams Ad*

1 * Patriot: April 30, 1 8 2 ? ministration coaid not, and should not bo sustained, b eca u se * it has deemed it to bo its best pol­ icy to predicate the public measures with a view to a new election; it has interfered with State elections to the neglect of the public interest; it has aimed to array the Worth against the Sooth and t has sp lit republican strength; it proscribes against long** tried republicans, claiming Itself to b e r e p n b lie s iu ,, x

West in order * of the ever-mount lag lis t of charges against the President„ must be con­ sidered the episode of the M illard table, the controversy over which was to assume proportions

It seems that the inventory of expendi­ tures for furnishing the President fs Sense, was drain up by the President*® son, and the Pres­ ident had stated that that part of the inventory relating to the billiard table, etc*, was er­ roneous* IM s caused Isaac to ash if he was a safe man to keep as President, *Be makes out his own son a liar,” He then went on to say that Mama once stated* when charged on the

1 - Patriot; May 14* lag?* authority of the public records, with receiving ex­ penses for a journey from Ghent to St* Petersburg, which he never performed, that the books of the Sreseury were false 1 As Secretary of State, he again declared the books false* 1 Sere then, was a serious charge, and one which In a later day would have had serious con­ sequences. But in this campaign, it passed with no more than the usual comment by rival papers* in the same issue of the Patriot. there were Inserted, nm& an act of justice”, several depositions token In Kentucky, refuting the ^foul calumnies In cir­ culation against the wife of General Jock eon.” fhe nature and extent of the activities of H ill’s Bepabllcan forces in the State, in the summer of 183?, ere admirably stated by Webster, In a letter to the President;

nA short state of the case (in If * H*} i s t h is * — th e B ep a b llca n Party have kept up their organisa­ tion, & had their Caucuses for nom­ ination, their County Conventions, &c* When the division took place, in that party, between the friends & enemies of the Administration, a division which became manifest soon

1 - Patriot; May 31, 183?. "after the election of a President # or indeed rather before that event, each section of the party wished to retain to itse lf the character & denomina­ tion of the Republican Party, & to prove Its title to this character, each kept op the same tone of hos­ tility towards the Federalists* as in the days when they were a Feder­ alist party* fhls struggle for what is called the ^organization & ma~ chinery* of the Republican party has been going on now, for some time; a greet majority of members being with the Administration, hat much the portion of management & activity, on the other side* Both hare constantly disclaimed a ll Federal aid or co-operation* This was sensible enough on the pert of the opposition, because few or no Federaliste could be expected even if invited, to loin these ranks. But it was obviously a good deal danger— one for the Republican friends of the Administration, because the Fed­ eralists constituted, whether in the Legislature or in the State, almost one half, certainly a large third of the whole, in point of numbers, & their proportion was still larger, in other respects* - Hr* K ill's election to the State Senate, last Spring, affords an apt illustration of the results* Me was nominated by the Caucus & being so nominated, the Journal would not sup­ port anybody elee , Fed©ral or Bepub- lican* 1 suppose there is no doubt the Editor himself voted for Mr. Bill* At any rate, 1 have been assured, that if he would have opened his pa­ per, to the nomination & support of any other Republican candidate (Whose opinions were friendly) Mr. B ill would not have been elected* Thus 36

"far la almost ©very Instance* the op** position. tho* a small minority* lias succeeded la obtaining the command o€ the "machinery & organisation of the p arty" * 1

From this cone Isa diagnosis by one who was making It his .business to observe what was going on in Kew Hampshire* we can be fairly car-* tain that in the middle of .1827* the "coalition". ~ friends of the Administration ** greatly ©at- numbered the B ill Bepublicans in voting strength; bat many of the important positions in the State were occupied or controlled by the cohorts of H i l l . 8 In an effort to stigm atise the meaning of the term, "coalition"* several editorials of the fat riot were devoted to pointing out what per* sons comprised that group* both in the State and national Governments* Sims we discover that the three man in Emm Hampshire who w ill direct the fight against Jackson* and who are the agents of the Administration in the State, are Samuel Bell* v m* Ichabod Bartlett* and Thomas Whipple * dr. A v e r * liable fusillade of slanderous utterances is di­ rected at Henry Olay* who "is managing Adams’s

X - Webster’s Correspondence: vol. IW5. p X§4* letter to John Quincy Mams, dated* Boston* June 30* 1827* % - At this time* BenJ. Fierce* friend of Hill* was Gov* 3 - Patriot: Aug. 6, 1827* campaign* not like a statesman of the Cabinet* but like a shyster* pettifogging in a bastard suit be- fore a country squire" * * As if this were not strong enough language* he adds that "of a il the profligate politicians that have appeared in this country - we w ill not even except Aaron Burr - there is no man who has eve* exceeded Henry Clay". s B ill’s unwillingness to compromise with, or placate the friends of the Administration in or­ der to swell the ranks of his own party* is clearly indicated in an editorial labeled* "Administration** 3 In this article, by a clever use of phraseology* he apparently proves that those win: at the adoption of the Constitution were "Tories** late* turaed "fed­ eralists"* and ultimately* by voting for John Quincy Adams* became Tt Admtai sir at i on" * We read:

"The prominent features that distinguish this party have ever bora illibersXlty* intolerance* a pro­ scription of republicans* hostility to an elective government * to manu­ facturing interests* end to that spirit of liberty and equality* which is the fruit of our repre­ sentative government"*

In the early stages of this campaign* it

1 - Patriot: Aug. 13* 182? 2 - I b id . 3 - Ibid. : Aug. 20* 1827* must mot be supposed that the Patriot was permit- t # to pursue its radical coarse unchallenged. fhe Bow Hampshire Statesman and Concord Hegister * edited by George Kent* was the chief rival of the Patriot * and may hare even exceeded it in cireo­ lation. fhe forces of Federalism* dormant for a decade, rallied themselves about the standards of the Statesman* and while they claimed no party* they amalgamated with those others who claimed to he "friends of the Administration**, they com­ prised the office-holding, conservative* self- satisfied federalism of the upper classes* who were fast realising that they were engaged in m crucial struggle with the newly-aroused* enthu­ siastic* but undisciplined democracy of the m asses* * Kent was in many respects* the equal of H ill in journalistic ability. While his see of wit and sarcasm was less frequent tban was the caustic H ill’s* the readers of both papers were quite accustomed to the vitriolic editorial ver­ biage which characterised these two proi agonist s. It was Kent who gave to H ill those appellations

1 - Ferry ; op elt th a t w ere quoted by th e Adame p r e s s throughout th e country* and which clung to him during M s whole political career: "Him of Hew Hampshire"; "Ike"; "Sir Isaac"; "Field Marshal*. 1 fhe leadership of Buff Green, and the role of the "Telegraph", in marshaling the forces of the Democratic Jackson press, is well-known to histori­ ans* As early as August* 1827. it is evident that Green was in close touch with H ill, la regard to the Sew Hampshire situation.

~ fhe Bepubliean party of Sew England is arranging itse lf to came la a body to the support of your admin- istxation, and X hare carefully noted its movements* and given my correspond­ ents la that quarter to believe that the principles of your administration w ill be of the old Bepub lie an school* Hew Hampshire is rallying her strength- * ^

A reflection of the sentiments expressed in IM s letter, appeared in the Patriot is a long letter of seven and a half columns of fine print* addressed to the "Bepublleans of Hew England", and signed, "Many Bepubllcano of the Old School". ^ fhe gist of the letter was the usual arraignment of Mams and Clay, and the endorsement of Andrew

1 - Statesman:. July 21, 28; Sept. 22, 29, 1827. 8 ~ Green HSS: letter to Andrew Jackson, dated, Washington, Aug, 29, 1827. 3 - Fair lot : Sept. ID, 1827. Jackson* an ana who O gives t h e a sso n a n ce o f a man who w ill vindicate lit coontxy^s freedom ana blight the reign of corruption and proscription”* • B elittling the reputed talents of the Pres­ ident became a sort of side-line of Bill's*-- && this phase of Adams-bait ing did not occupy the places of prominence in the editorial columns that the o th e r s did* we can only cone lade that S ill had less faith in its effectiveness as campaign propaganda* fhe type of thought contained in these occasional "digs”* can ho illustrated by quoting *a short eaecerpt from onmt * -■ - within the whole compass of our recollection we are unable to fiat' on any one act of our President which proves him to be a man of high­ er intellect or capacity than hun­ dreds of other s** 1

Subsequent issues ware devoted to blam­ ing Mama fox causing the loss of more than #4*628*000* to "our more bants, farmers* mechanics and manufacturers"* because he did not far or the tseaty proposed toy Sngland. 2 But a campaign must bo more than negative Incite appeal* Much of the propaganda of 182V was

X - Patriot: Sept* 34, 182? 2 - Ibid : Oct* 8, 183V, end Dec. X?, 1827* 40

for the purpose of tearing down publicc o n fid e n c e i n the Adams regime* and though this policy va© never entirely abandoned * there was aoon sounded that subtle appeal that never fall© to awaken a responsive echo in the soul of the American voter* the appeal to support a candidate who possesses a l l th e common* hom ely v ir tu e s * w hich th e v o te r has come to believe that none but the poorer and leas-edacated of the aspirants to public office can possess* Bo* in December* X8SV* the positive ef­ forts on behalf of Jackson* began* the Arjm©* Amos Kendall*© Kentucky vehicle* published its first in a series of ^Sketches of the life of Andrew Jackson"* which the Patriot faithfully copied* whenever they appeared* fhe rugged honesty* unswerving loyalty* red-blooded pa­ triotism* and glorious m ilitary achievement© of the ’‘grim old warrior of the Hermitage” * were the features that were emphasised in this scheme to raise Jackson to the position of hero* that he had held a dozen years before* His m ilitary exploits alone would have accorded him a commanding position in this alec- tion* but Mb u n iq u e personality contained the elements of M s greatest arppeal to the newly-en­ franchised masses* fhe Bepabltcan editors wet# fully conscious of this* and cleverly portrayed their hero as one of the proletariat* and not* like Mams* a "snobbish aristocrat** fhe advent of the final year of the cam­ paign witnessed the attempts of the friends of the Administration in Hew Hampshire * to "do something about Hill"* Webster’s warning that "affair© in Hew Hampshire are such* evidently* mm r e q u it e a t -

_ i tent ion". evidently had not fallen on deaf ears. If H ill could be discredited In his own State* Me influence need no longer be feared by the Administration papers* So about the middle of January, 1828* a pamphlet of eight pages* entitled* "Wise Sayings of the Hon. Isaac Hill"* was issued* Xt contained garbled extracts from- the Patriot' over a period of years* fhe purpose was to prove that every person whom he now attacked* had in years past* been the object of his approbation; while those whom he neyp favored * he had formerly slan­ dered* John Qdlncy Mams* Henry Olay* Samuel Bell*

1 - Webster *s Correspondence: vol. XV* p XS6. letter to B&akiel Webster* Boston* Oct. 9* 182V. 4 2

Andrew Jackson* BeWitf 01 inton, amI lev i Woodbury* were the names mentioned. H ill, in his defense of his consist©ncy* asserted that lie had a favorable opinion of John Qetincy Adams hash in 1808* when he took a stand against the ultra-federal party; he spoke m il of Samuel l o l l while he smeared to act mm an h o n est repuhlican;w and as to Jackson, he was opposed in 1824 because the General had boon "pat forward by Adams men In order to draw votes away from draw** for& i " * Furthermore , - and H ill now returns to the offensive, never allowing himself to he on the defensive for long, — he said he now supports Jack­ son for the same reason he opposed him In 1824, vis: to secure the choice of the people* fhe early months of the year brought the customary local elections in Hew Hampshire* Gen­ eral Fierce was the candidate of the Bepuhllcsn "enemies** for Governor* while H ill was nominated again for Senator from District Ho* 4* by a dis­ trict convention, . In February, he did a little

1 - Fatrioi: Jan* 21, 1828* the only other papers in the 4th Bistrict were the Statesman and the Journal^ both his enemies* 1 As they had *for months been filled with vulgar person­ al abuse and misrepresentation of my character and conduct "* he felt constrained to do this* In view of the importance attached to this election as indicative of what might happen in Bo- yembsf* let us examine the results*

E le c t io nI 111 s In PMipMiMHpNi* Hew Hampshire March 1820*

for Governor ♦ for Senator* Bell (coalition) IS *414 Bur gin 1*275 fierce (BepaVa) 15,192 Hill I ,4

fhus we find that the friends of the Ad­ ministration were successful. But how did our friend H ill ' interpret the figures? Be was quite n

^fhe votes for Governor, contrary to our expectation* run very nearly as do the votes given to all other democratic candidates* fhe election proves that the hone and muscle of the republican party of Hew Eamp- shtre is opposed to the re-election of John Quincy Adams*" 2

1 - Patriots Feb. 25* 1828* 2 - Ibid : March 17* 1828. 44

How t*e ever arrived *4 sack a conclusion w ill probably remain a mystery, as be mate no ex­ planation, Bat it seems reasonably certain tbat be believed many republicans to bare voted for Bell who would never rote for Mams# fie alee be­ llowed tbat the total strength of the fe&erslistft was represented in the figures* if he reasoned thus, it is conceivable tbat he may ©won haw# had hopes of victory In November, as many Eepablicans might be expected, to shift their rotes to Jackson. After the complete returns had been ex­ amined * he derived considerable solace from the fact that hie rival, Boor#, of the Journal> had been defeated for Begister of Deeds in Merrimack County, by over 1,000 votes* In bis final analysis of the results. H ill claimed that a change of 200 votes, rightly disposed, would have elected 40 Eepablicans, where 40 federalist and amalgamation men were i sent to the Begl slat ore# fhe election attracted attention outside th e S ta te * ** We are in very good sp irits, with the news from Hew Hampshire* 1 believe certain Sent lemon here are a good deal disappointed* It was confi­ dently expected by them that GenM

1 - Patriot: March 24, 1828* ^Fierce would succeed, w# trust he has failed & it seems that out friend fill! is out also*"* 1

thus wrote Daniel Webster* &*a to another friend, be wrote tbat *we do mot enough estimate the effect which am expression of public opinion in one state has in another, however remote.* 2 to his brother, Bsefciel, who acted more or less in the capacity of his personal represen­ tative in Hew Hampshire, he wrote;

" fhe lew Hampshire election has produced vastly more of am impression here than 1 had expected from it* Xt seems quite certain that a pretty strong confidence of success was en­ tertained by Seineral Jackson*I friends* X was told today that Mr* Harvey short­ ly expressed the strongest belief that lew Hampshire would go for the m ili­ tary candidate.” & .

Farther evidence of this oat side Interest is contained in a letter from Cornelias p, fsmfisss, Governor of Vermont, who wrote H ill an unusually long letter r even for those days, in which he said:

1 - Webster *s Correspondernes; vol.I?, p 175. letter to Jeremiah Bason, W ash*, March BO, IB 28. B - I b id t P if Vi.Letter to j* 1. Sprague, Wash., March 22, 1828* 3 - Ibid ; vol. I, p 455. Letter to Esekiel Webster, Wash., March 23, 1828. w I ©pent two weeks at Washing- ton ant left tier© the very day of year election, fhe anxiety manifest­ ed there on the subject of that elec­ tion was intense* Oaf friends hat little hofie of your gaining your election* fhsjr- saw that you had the whole force of the federal party ar­ rayed in their fiercest armour, to contend with, and that a powerful hand of traitors from the republi­ can cs®p was associated with the old enemy, ^hey saw too that the na­ tional Administration was bending its whole force upon you, and that no means however false or infamous were passed by* It is an undeniable truth that your strength has prowed to be be­ yond anything that could reasonably hare been anticipated* -a faking Into consideration then th a t in a Mew lag!and state, and which was unanimously, or nearly so, for Mr* Adams, two years ago, the strength of General Jackson, under all the circumstances, has proved to ' be at this time fire to one of the republicans* and within two thousand of an actual majority in the state* there seems to be no room for doubt that you w ill, next fa ll, march to an e a s y end sp len d id v ic to r y * ****** In d e e d , Hr* Adams and Mr. 01 a r e perfectly aware that their case is a desperate one, and that publick sentiment has clearly manifested their fate* But they live in hopes of some overturn or change, though they know not whence it is to come or how it is to be brought about* T here is not a sensible man of their party who seriously contends that they have any reasonable chance of succeeding.** 3*

1 - B ill Papers''r letter from 0* P. Van Hess, Burlington, April 6, 16£8* The local elect lone disposed of, the full force of H ill*s remarkable energies could now be directed towards the November election* It is pos­

sible that the rest with which he entered the final lap of the contest, may have received an added stim­ ulus from this promise, contained in Van Hess1 e le t­ t e r ; ^Several of yoar personal friends at Washington, particularly Mr* fan Boren and Major Hamilton, Inquired anxiously after you. fhey duly ap­ preciate your great services in the cause and w ill not forget you* - *

Once again the dignified President and his volatile Secretary of State became the targets for Hill*a inexhaustible supply of invective* But we must not forget that in this pwaetiee he was not alone* Partisan editors all over the country were now advocating only one side of a ll public questions, bra sen! y disregarding a ll truth, right, or justice, and determined only to win* fb# charge Cannot be confined to the press of either side; both were equally guilty* Theme Machiavellian purveyors of political dogmas, ruthlessly cast aside all scruples, and

1 - Hill Bapers ; Ibid. whole-heartedly plunged Into a flagrant abase of the traditional ’freedom of the prese*. The leading or­ gans of both fast lone copied with greedy avidity* squibs, bite of gossip, and editorials, from every other paper of local and national prominence, lust

8 0 long as it added a hit of spice to the delectable dish of calumny which each was serving the ether* The Hepublleans of Sew Hampshire, said H ill, would support Andrew Jackson on the following grounds: 1* Because he is emphatically the candidate of the great Republican party of the union* Zm Because the late election shows that S/6 of the Republicans of the State are friendly to him* 3* Because Marne*© reign, like that of his father, has been one of terror and proscription* 4* B ecause 2ohn Q uincy Adams i s an a r i s ­ tocrat, a friend of monarchy, and the defender of the divine right of kings* 5. Because Adams has interfered in a most unwarrantable manner with state elections* *

The ever-ef feelive political expedient of accusing public officer© of squandering the voters*

1 - Patriot: April S8, 1838* (not a quotation) 49

money was used against Adams* In his t i t a t th r e e years as President. lie tod spent seven m illion mo*a than ware spent In Bonxoe's last ttojree years! 1 Thai the Increased expenses of the Government might account for the additional expend!tare* vas not of* fared as an explanation by Sill* It vas during the late spring and summer of 1828* that extras of the Telegraph were Issued * * crammed with the customary one-sided propaganda* re­ futing a ll the charges against Jackson* and never wasting an opportunity to defame Clay and Mams* 2 T h is mmm period witnessed also* wtot may be termed a "battle of the pamphlets"* Circular©* hand-bille* and pamphlets of a ll descriptions del- aged the country with their ill-concealed appeals to the Jealousies and prejudices of the populace* Bar haps the most infamous and notorious of these sheets were those issued by John 8inns of Phila­ delphia* Bach one had a picture of a coffin (and some copies had six coffins) at the top* These were known as the "coffin hand-bills"* and they contained a description of some of Jackson’s

1 - Patriot i toy 12* 1828* 2 - Telegraph* Sbciras? April* May. June* 1828* "bloody ana la mZm&m d eed s” * * Sill*s first react!oa to these defamato hand-bills and pamphlets, m e a witty rejoinder:

** Pshaw£ Why don*t yon te ll the w hole t r u t h ? to the 8th of J a n u a r y , 1818, he murdered in the coldest kiM of cold blood, 1800 British soldiers for merely trying to get into lew Or­ leans in search of Booty and Beauty*** 8

Fighting fire with fir#,, the Fair lot is- * • sued a supplement which said:

** ** fh© re-publication of this stale affair (the reference is to the Six 8of- fins hand-bill) at this time end In this manner, is convincing proof that the enemies of ton* Jackson are driven to utter desperation, and that their sole obi act in this, and other similar a- nonymoue publications, is to spread a tissue of falsehoods and misrepre­ sent at lone over the country Just be­ fore the election, and if this can be done at so late a period as to pre­ clude the possibility of contradic­ tion, their end is answered*”

One of the hand-bills, this time a Jack- son one, shewed a cut of Adams driving away with it horsewhip, a destitute old revolutionary soldier who had asked him for a few pennies*^

1 - Jackson Correspondence: vol* 11, contains a copy of a coffin hand-bill, without the coffins* S - Patriot: June 23, 1828* 3 - Patriot Supplement: undated, but filed after the issue of June 38; Am* Aatiq* Soc* 4 - Statesman; July IF, 1828, condemns its circulation* COLLET Qf n i nar - t hd en o te by itted m com been had t a in th n, - colum , ry a l in e g ll a a im r a and p t a l a a , e d In a r h who 8 , s e r u g eneral* i G f e th lic b u p commended inent em e s e th f o marks as a ben resurrect rm aog he pas re­ e r st a p e th among from d te c e r r u s e r een b had eats m n Fmn * flcket, Jh Quny Marne* uincy Q John , t e k c l ** f Famine and ed he editorial clmn t nosmet of o ents endorsem e th n, colum l a i r o t i d e e th f o heed wee he mit ad - , s e s n e f f o and s e k ista m e th ere w , t s a r t n o c e v i t c e f f e - Bxta udtd heet nt y he publsher of o r e 1828* h lis , b 3 u 2 p e June th by d : t te in io r r p t a P t e e - sh 2 undated tra x B - 1 oe i f eoe fo he cmpin , 8 2 8 1 f o paign cam e th from state** e removed fh r fa * e e is tim a r p some t s e h oke ig sp h f and o s marks n term tio ta n o i u q in Jackson as f w e o u s ent s i endorsem t s Bach r i f e th l i t n u n tio p u r r te in t u o 1 ith w . s e g d e appeared e th g in cireX a * n ig s e d hat ere candi e of t * a, , e c n e l i t s e P War, * e th f o te a id d n a c e r te s u a t a th * n o s r ffe e J and onroe, M adison, M Mams* uincy Q John : d e l t n Nvme, lw t ae nrw ako at he th t a Jackson Andrew f o name e th elow b November, in wbt tl e j| Bfi l a o t c ia f B jU|e , iew V e e f t a g la tt th b tw ot* n ci ated prba y bu Jul 1828* , ly u J about ly ab rob p d e t la u c ir &n& c * t lo r t a F L A R % m $ gi ng wih t 3d t e r e th , e u s s i 23rd e t e th ith w g in n in eg B a a t ancy c n fa a ith w , t e e h s d e s i s - l l a f a was t I n ra sheet he ri ws ­ i t n e was t io tr a P e th f o t e e h s a tr x e An rat in t e th n i Breasts 1GAHCL OBABf . 31QGBAFHICAL w e b l m n m m m z f f o ife L

»

s% SB

Am the November election spprcached t the prevailing excitement reached a pitch that is re- fleeted in the increased space given to politics by the papers of both factions# By the end of done* the whole front page of the Faff lot was de­ void of ad ver1 1 eement a I It was wholly devoted to political topics#. An Address, drawn ap by the Stats Convention, (to which over BOO delegates, selected at meetings held in every tom were sent, to elect .©lectors for the Jackson ticket) repaired the whole front page in three consecutive issues, before it was completely printed# * In a bar si of patriot Ic enthusiasm for his cease. H ill was moved to add to the title of the Patriot > n Spirit of the People and the People1©

Bepr©sentatIves"* 2 Again placed on the defensive by contln- aed imputations that he was a "'trimmer** and .po­ litica lly inconsistent * B ill retorted with a noble statement that would have been endorsed by Masse- llni: "In a contest for principle the individual is of little consequence % $ And on this senti­ ment he let the matter of M s inconsistency rest,

1 - Patriot: Jan© SO* July Tt July 14, 1828. 2 • Ibid : July 7, 1828* 3 - Ibid : Jtxly 28, 1828# n tm alluding i© it again* With bat eight short weaks * ©mining be­ fore the voters expressed their choice, the inten­ sity of the feeling displayed by the adherents of both faction© became more pronotinced» Perhaps the words of S ill can best convey how deeply the emo­ tions of the leader© had been stirred*

iT *he lying abuse and the out­ rageous lib els that were heaped on the Illustrious Jefferson by the pen­ sioned presses of old John Adame be­ fore the great presidential election of 1800, furnish scarcely a parallel to the gross lib els, the shameful a- hnse now heaped on Andrew Jackson, by the hired presses of the son of John Adams. ’’Vile newspapers, charged with a ll the vile materials and poisoned m issiles which malice can invent and corruption can gather - vile news­ papers, paid for by the money filched from the public coffers by the re­ tainers of this administration* and circulated among the people gratis - are not sufficient to do the dirty work of the Coalition! but to these must be added infamous pamphlets and handbills, iearning alike with lies of recent invention, and with calumnies which have been a hundred times refuted*” 1

Surely, patience was near the point of ex­ haustion, in this long dram-out struggle for a

1 - Patriot? August 8 , 1828* presidency! Tet how can we explain the oft- repeat­ ed example of M ill's renewal of energies when the cause seemed desperate? We can only marvel at his dogged perseverance in returning to the attack with ©ver-increasing vigor, this time dangerous preju­ dices were to be aroused to w a tt votes to Jack- eon* It seems that a certain Oliver Heart well, of Canandalga, M* f*m bed written to Adame that be­ cause of the Morgan excitement there, a man known to be a Mason bad little chance In Mew fork* Said Mr* Meatfwell: " Tou way be assured that In case you have not been so unfortunate as to have Joined that society, very much can end w ill be done in this section of the state in your behalf upon that ground*” £ Mr* Adams p rom ptly answered v e r y emphat­ ically, * I am not , never was, and never shall be a Mason,” Where upon, the w ily Isaac seised upon this reply as his cue for as cunning a blow at Mams as he could deliver in Sew Hampshire, where

Masonry exerted a powerful influence* 2

"Had a religious controversy promised him any votes, he would no doubt have made him self & Mussulman* - - - How

1 - Cassette: Sept * IS, 1888* B - Register: 1830, pp 122-124. In 1820 there were nine subordinate Masonic lodges in S*H. t and the order numbered among Its members over 380 of the most prominentm m In t h e s t a t e . 65

"base* how degraded Is tbs President of the United states (never, thank heav­ en* elected to that office by the people) to feed a vile prejudice against e So* ciety la which Washington and £&» fayett© were proud to enrol their names** 1

A sort of futile hope that the pride of See Hampshire voters might cause them to respond* must have prompted the appeal which B ill made late in September * * There I s mo p r o b a b ility th a t Jackson w ill receive the vote of any State of lew England except it be lew Hampshire* although there cam be mo doubt he w ill he elected by a trlmm- phamt majority without our old* lew Hampshire would do herself immortal honor* i f she would in November # hurst the hands of sectional preju­ dice end give her voice with that of the Democracy of the Nation.* 2

Apparently he was aware* by this time* of the improbability of New Hampshire going for Jackson* although he did not despair* tlhswerv- lag devotion to the cause of republicanism was certainly on© of Isaac H ill*s out standing gusli** ties* and unqaestionably one for which he de­ serves great credit* Even at this late stage of the campaign he never lost sight of the effectiveness of rep©-

1 - Patriot: Sept* 22* 1828 2 * Ib id * tit ion as a means of inculcating ideas that areata.** ally might turn into hellers in the public mind* Els pastime o f b elittlin g Adams now assumed a new significance; he was trying to leave an impression with the electorate that would last through elec­ t i o n tim e*

n John Quincy Adams was m in is te r in Europe at four or five of the sec­ ond rate courts* from 1794*1801* fhe history of our country does not men­ tion his name during that time except as the recipient of some 78*000 * 100*000 dollars*” 31 - m m * w e " What h a s Mr* Mams ever done fur Sew Hampshire? Has he aver recom­ mended to grant her anything for roads* canals* or other public improvements?^ 2

Statements like these are not difficult to make» and they may be untrue* but they are the most damaging kind of p olitical propaganda* With the election only two weeks off* there now appeared what was probably the choicest piece of campaign literature which H ill ever wrote* - a sort of parting shot at the enemy. Its p urpose w as p l a i n l y t o summon in t o one im posing list* a ll the Administration weaknesses and faults

1 - Patriots October 8 * 1828 2 - Ibid ; October 13* 1828. that had been the E jects of the r©publican press attacks for nearly two years* Sere was the ticket which Mill said would he offered to a ngullible p u b lic ”;

w Wig?, PBSfllEBCE. & FAMlffB * PICKET FOB PBSSIBHBf n u o n ,.«!•*■ . j i in a --"-JiniM' i n : -r„,tt rt.ii w „ - ^ m m w m m m m s

Whose a&mini8 1 r at i on for the first three years of hie term has cost his country 3> 8«68S»gQ7*44 more than the three preceding years of Monroei Who has received from the treasury of this country for his services* SIX WA(*QB~XtOil3>3 - OF SXhVBB t Who drove from h is door* and threaten©& to horsewhip Bichard Bsgls, an old soldier of the Bevolution* merely for soliciting a few shillings to enable him to return to his friends* Who ^neither fears Sod nor regards maa% and who tramples on the laws of both, by trav­ eling on the Sabbath* causing cannon to he fired* and encouraging the shouts of the multitude* to « the disturbance of the peaceably disposed citizens Who encourages Gambling. and by keeping In hie own house m Billiard fable and other imple­ ments of Gaming* Who patronises Duelling» by retaining in his place. Henry C layafter he had challenged and fought a Senator* for words uttered in debated Who. by his blunders, has nearly destroyed the Commerce of the United States, and m

m l?ho obtained the Presidency by a QOBSWT BJBOAlg with th is same"¥anr y ^lay # ’ and by bribing the repr e sent at Ives with the peoples ’ money! FOB ?XCB - Fgg-SIBSBf

Wbo in X?98t wore the insignia of Aristocracy. and badge of federalism* - the black cockade! adopted by e ld John Adams* t o d is t in g u is h th e 0ontlemon from the Simplemeni *

t n the federalist and frigidly papers of the same date* there was offered* in less spectacu­ lar display* the Bepobllcan ticket* denominated the w B1»00I> ABB OABff/.OS flCK&f » 2

Election day was November 3rd* in Sew Hamp­ shire* and one would expect to find featured in the Fair lot of that date* headlines and editorials of exhortation. But nothing of that sort greets the eye. It mast be recalled that we are considering a period when there was not a railroad operating in the United States* fhe effective work of the Hat riot had ceased* as far as this election was concerned* (except for the Immediate area about Concord}* with the third issue in October* fhere was* however* a little squib on the editorial page* to the effect

1 ~ Patriot: October 20* 1828 Z Statesman: October 20* 1826* m

that it was hoped enough rotere would go to the ballot-boxes to "give the combined federal and amalgamated forces as signal a defeat as Jackson* a at Sow Orleans*1* 1 In his comment on the election results%n Sew Hampahire* B ill drew a tired breath to utter* "Sew Hampshire hum dime a ll that was expected to assure the Union that a sisjorify of her cltisens w ill hereafter support - - findraw Jackson. ** 2

1 - Patriot; November 3* 1828

£ - Ibid : November 1 0 , 1828. 60

0BSSBVAT10B3

m T m BlBCglOff HBSTOfa »

Jn examination of the results of the voting in lew Hampshire, in 1828* reveals several surpris­ ing and gratifying facts* in no other Bear England State was the contest waged with fiercer earnest­ ness, and in no other one were the results a great­ er tribute to the skilful guidance of the campaign leaders, than in hew Hampshire* In 1824* Jackson had been hopelessly out­ numbered in that State, by a majority of 14 to 1# la 1828, this staggering majority had been cat down to where a change of only lioo votes* oat of a total of 46*000* would have carried the State for him* Hew Hampshire, whose total population was less than that of any other Hew England State* ex­ cept Hhode Island* 1 cast 10*000 more votes than the largest one of the lew England States - Massa­ chusetts - whose population was over two and one- half times as great 1 fwo of the most interesting features of this examinatioii of results* ore first; fhst out

1 - Census Abstract* p 21* 61

of the appr ortmately 3*000 votes hy which Mso$ carried the State, 2 , 0 0 0 of that majority came from one county alone, - the strong old Federalist county of Oheshire* which had sent a delegate to the Hert­ ford Convention* - and second: that the only two counties in Hew England which gave m ajorities to Jackson, were the counties of Merrimack and Coos* In Hew Hampshire* i fhe election marks a gain for Jackson, over the 1824 figures, of 19*278 votes* as against © corresponding gain for Mams of only 14*748 votes* ^

1 - Patriot: Hov* 10* 1828* Coos vote: 624-404. Merrimack vote: 3648-2672. Maine*© solitary electoral vote for Jackson came from a majority vote in a district* not a county* 2 - See APPSHMX; E le c tio n F ig u res* 1884* 1 8 2 8 . fhe Influence Of The Patriot.

fhm newspaper has boon, and s till is to a great extant, almost the exclusive literature of large masses of Americana* There are many whose reading seldom goes beyond them* A century ego* because of the paucity of other printed matter^ the newspaper exerted a powerful influence on pub­ lic opinion* The Patriot* Instead of following public opinion* as many of our present-day sheets do* tried to create and lead it* A newspaper thus determined, had to proclaim its beliefs in aggressive and even spectacular language* In this respect, the Fatriot was no different from most of the other papers of the day* But the vehemence and bitterness with which the Bat riot attacked the Mams Administration were unsurpassed hy any other contemporary newspa­ per* The credit - or blame - for this, must be borne by its spirited and unusual editor , Isaac Bill* By nature an extremist* ho believed sincere­ ly that the times were perilous; that a revolution was inevitable and desirable; and that violent lan­ guage and unequivocal measures were tb© surest means of bringing it on* The handicaps under which he began his work as an editor, and ©s the spokesman for Jack­ son, following the election of Mams, would have been enough in either situation, to have disheart­ ened a less courageous fighter than he* Nervous­ ly energetic, tireless, persisteat, he started out with 600 subscribers in 1809, end saw his venture, fostered by his unquenchable enthusiasm, increase, until it had a circulation In 1828, of around 4.000 subscribers, «* a wonderful circulation for that day* One well-known history of journalism goes so far as to say that the Bat riot became as noted a political paper in New England, as Bitchie’e Bich-

mend E n q uirer was in th e South* 2 It is impossible to tell exactly the ex­ tent of the circulation of any of the newspapers of Mill * s time* ^ The circulations claimed for the papers by their publishers were unreliable* Ho public records of circulation were kept* Fur­ thermore, the patronage of the public printing,

1 - Moore; p 516 and p 1024* 2 - Hadeon: p 272. 3 - See Appendix; letter to Chas# B* Perry* which a few paper© enjoyed, (H ill had both the State and United State© printing at time©, a© we have no ted}, enabled those establishment© to cir­ culate handreds of copies gratis, to ©there than subscriber© as p olitical propaganda* Papers were carried by post-riders, by ? stage, by special messengers, by travelers, and by my other mean© available* Copies were placed in the hands of friendly legislators at every session of the General Assembly, to be distributed by then among their constituent©* After the person© in one family had finished reading Its contents, the paper was passed on to a neighboring family* And so, it can safely be ©aid, that even if circulation fig­ ures for the Patriot were available and accurate, they would only approximate the true extent of it© I n flu e n c e . Estimate Of Isaac B ill*

There w ill always be a question as to what constitutes the border-line between genius and insanity* It was busily and maliciously reported, by Bill*© enemies, that be was at times insane, and some even affected to pity him for tbs tings of mad­ ness they pretended to see in bis writings* There are times when his editorials do make one wonder whether he had entirely escaped the family afflic­ tion which first appeared in M s grandfather, passed on to Ms father, and was inherited by one of his brothers* ^ S ill's effectiveness in the campaign of 1828 can best be estimated by noting the fervor of the remark© of M s enemies, fheir very hatred of him, i© in effect, a tribute. Bowers, on this phase of H ill's career, is rather flattering;

* - - it is not surprising that the impression handed down by the In­ tellectuals of the Opposition Is un­ favorable. Where they have not dis­ missed him with a shrug, they have damned him as a dunce - and largely because he gave virility to a minori­ ty and made it m ilitant, and, despite

1 - Moore: p 108, says that Walter Bussell H ill, born Feb* 20. 1790 12 years after Isaac!) died in the State Asylum for the Insane, at Concord. Bee* 8 , 1865* ov erwhe Xming odds* established in the hotbed of pxoscriptiye Federalism a vigorous Democratic paper which was footed from Sew Orleans to Detroit * and from Boston to St* iouis* If he lacked the depth and the constructive faculty of Hand all* and the literary finish of Blair* he possessed a genius as a phrasemonger which spread his fame and served M s party* and im the heat of a campaign* one of his sting- ing paragraphs was as effective as one of Kendall* © leaders* There was no finesse in his fighting - he fought out in the open* in full range of his foe* and with any weap­ on on which he could lay his hands* If the intensity of Ms partisan­ ship amounted to unfairness* it had been made so hy the intolerance and bigotry of the Opposition of his section* ** *

John Quincy Adams wrote in his diary* the day of M ilts rejection hy the Swats as Second Comptroller of the treasury* that "he was the editor of the Hew Hampshire Patriot*, one of the most slanderous newspapers against the late Ad­ ministration* and particularly against me* In the country*** - Sumner says* that "Hill edited his paper with sh ill and ability* propagating 'true repub­ licanism* in a federalist environment that had no equal in Hew Bngland. ” ^

1 - Bower©i pp 1IB-56* Z - ib id 5 quoted from D ia ry o f 3* Q* Adams* 3 — Sumner; p 186 m

He had that pernicious virulence so often characteristic of persona who believe they are per­ secuted hy enemies who feel themselves superior* He built up Democratic strength in Hew Hampshire over a period of twenty years; con­ centrated this strength around the colorful per­ sonality of Andrew Jackson; and imparted & mo­ mentum to the Democratic Party in that State that was to carry it to victory for the ensuing twenty y ea r s* B 1 BZI 0 98. A 2 2 Y. BalX T i t l e s of All Eeforoncas In T h is Thesis, Classified, And la the Alphabeti­ c a l Order o f the Leaignatlons By Which T hey Have Been Cited*

S 0 9 B C B S MABirSQBlBgS

Green MSS: Let ter-book of Buff Green; la Lib* of Congress, MSB B iT la lo n . H ill Papers; MSS collection of about 40 person* al papers, mostly letters, of Isaac 8111; in K* E. H ist. Sec., Concord, W* H* Most of these pertain to the decade 1836-1845* *

BBWSFAPBBS

Caret tot Hen Hampshire Garotte, Port smooth; scattered Issues in 188?, 1888, in Manchester, B* E*, Public Library* Patriots Hen Hampshire Patriot A State Gazette. Published by Isaac H ill, 1808*1880. The American Antiquarian Society has scattered issues in 1809, 1810, and complete file s of 1822,1828,1824,1888, 1826,1827,1828* Library of Congress has complete file s from 1816-1828, Incl* Manchester, B*B*, Public Library has complete file s from 1828-1888, incl* Boston Public Library has scattered issues before 1826, and complete files from 1826-1828, incl* Statesman; lew Hampshire Statesman A Bsgleter; published in Concord* Mane heat or # H*H*, Public Library has c o m p le te files for i

telegraph Extras: United States holograph* Extras ** Harch-Dovember * 1828* In library of Congress* ifowspaper Division*

OFFICIAL HiBLiamOBa

PTOLISH3

Census Abstract: Abstract of the Fourteenth Census of the Uni ted States; Washington* 1920. Jackson C or respond enc a: Correspondence o f An­ drew Jackson; vol.II* Carnegie In­ stitution* Washington* £.Q*# 1928U Beglster: Hew Hampshire Annual Hegister and United States Calendar; by John Farmer, and Others* 1816-1636* Concord * Webster *a Correspondence: the Private Corres­ pondence of Daniel Webster;(3 vols*} vole. I* II* ?ol* If* Letter# Hither- to Unpublished* Edited by Fletcher Webster. Boston* 1903* SBCQBPABY MATERIAL

Bassett; Life o f Andrew Jackson; by John S* Bassett. Macmillan* B. Y •, 1925 Bent on : Thirty Years* View; By Thomas Hart Benton* f 2 irals.) vol.l. Appleton, B.Y. , 1854* Hot considered wholly unbiased; particularly the parts relating to Jaekeoiw The Barty Battles of the Jackson Period; by Claude 0. Bowers* Hirerside Press, Cambridge, 1922* Contains elaborate character sketches of Jacksonian editors, including H ill, not obtainable elsewhere. Biography of Isaac H ill; by Cyrus P Bradley. John P. Brown, Concord, T h isisan incomplete, un-critical and on-scientific treatment of B ill’s life , up to 1054; but it is the only biog­ raphy of him ever published, A History of the United States; by Ed­ ward Ghaxming. vol. 17. Macmillan, B.Y., 1917* The last three chapters furnlsh excellent background mat erial for understanding the period, 1809-20. Growth of the United States; by Balph T. Harlow. Holt , JT.Y., X9B5. Journalism In the United States; by Harperfs, B.Y.,1873. K en d all Autobiography of Amos Kendall; edited by his Son-in-law, Win, Stickney. Lee & Shepard, Boston, 1872. Contains lit ­ tle material suitable for use in this

History of American Journalism; by James M. Lee. Cambridge, 1923. MacDonald: Jacksonian Democracy; by Wm. MacDonald, Amer. Hat. Series. B.Y., 1908. McKee: The national Conventions and Platforms of All P olitical Barites; by Thomas M. McKee. Baltimore, 1906. History of the People of the ©sited States; by John Bach licMsster* vol* 7. Appleton, H* Y, , 1900. Moore H istorical, Biographical and Miscel­ laneous Gatherings Belative to Print* ere, Printing, Publishing and Baiting, Proa 1420X886* Compiled by John W, Moore, Concord, H*S*# 1088. to un­ scientific collection of material apt­ ly described by the title; but it con­ tains information that would be difficult to locate elsewhere* Moore was one of m prominent family of printers. Ngg* The Heigh of .Andrew Jackson; by Freder­ ick A* Ogg. (Chronicles of America)* Yale Univ. Press* Hew Haven, 1919* Bartons Life of Andrew Jackson; by James Barton* 3 vols* Mason Bros*, H.Y., 1861* This work was not consulted. *Th© Hew Hampshire Press In The Elect ion of 1828*; by Charles B* Perry; article in the Hew Hampshire Granite State Mon­ th ly, December, 1929* Blunter She Missouri Compromises and Presiden­ tia l P olitics, 1820-1820* (from the let­ ters of Wm. Flamer, Jr.) edited by B*8 * Brown* lie* Hist* soc*. St* Sanborn: Hi story of Hew Hampshire; by Edwin B. Sanborn* J*B*Clarke, Manchester^ 1876* A good history of H.: S ch o o ler History of the United States; by James Schoaler* vol. Ill* Dodd, Mead A Co., B*Y*, 1080. St anwood History of Presidential m eet ions in the United States; by Edward Stanwood. Houghton M ifflin, Boston. 1912* Samner; Andrew J ack son ; by Wm* 6 - Smaller # & m z* statesmen Series* Cambridge, 1899 * Contains helpfal eorsments on the ejection of 1GS8*

fhooxpson: BecaXlectlona of Sixteen Presidents *« by Hlcbard w* fhompoon. fZ v o ls* } vol* X. Indianapolis, 1894* Contains interesting anecdotes about Jscfcson and members of the Kitchen Cabinet* YanBoren: Autobiography; trol* II* American Historical Association Beport* 1918#

list of newspapers in Hew Hampshire

there 1 m m By Whom How P u b lish ed

H*B* C aret to Portsm outh X fiS SThoa* M ille r Jou rn al * Portsm outh 1793 C*w# B rew ster H+E. S e n tin e l 1799 John Prentiss

Farm ers 11 Amherst 1802 Bich#t* Boylaten R.H. Patriot 4 S ta te Concord ISOS Isa a c H i l l C a r e tte

to r y 1 S 1 9 John w. Shepard

8 «E. States­ man & Con­ cord Begia- Concord 1824 Kimball, ifscFarlsnd t e r & Atwood *.B« in telli­ gen cer xaso Sylwester f* Goso E * H* B e p u b l i — Can Bower i s s s John Maim Bower Carette & Stratford Bower 1S2S Jae* Dickinson AdTertieer

C a r e ti# Exeter 1824 Francis Grant S tr a ffo r d Sanbornton 1824 Bawtd Moalton G a zette Cassette Walpole 1828 Francis P arton Commercial Plymouth 1826 Chas* furell le t Sngland Ob8 « f?8 f Keene 1 8 2 6 tew* If * H» sp ec­ t a t o r 1 6 2 6 Cyras Barton

t* ) fbe Buckingham 0asette was combined with tbs Portsmouth Journal, in 0 et,# 182?. {information received at lost cm Public library)

fhese two additional newspaper s wars commenced fol~ 1 lowing tbs publication of tbs above-named papers.

N* H. Journal Concord 1826 Henry 1* Moors Nashua Cassette £ Killsbor- «. ~ ** - - tmgh County Hasbua 182? (short-lived; Advertiser ceasing with the I s s u e o f B Feb* 24, 1882 ) Election of 1824 Adams Crawford Hew Hampshire 9 ,3 8 9 643

Massechueetts 3 0 ,6 8 ? 6 * 6 X6

Election of 1828 Mams Jackson Hew Harnpehire 24,134 20,922 Massachusett a 29,8?6 6,016

Election of 1832 61ay Jackson Hew Hampshire 19,010 25,486 Massachasett s 33,003 14,646

Election of 1838 garrison Van Boren Hew Hampshire 6,228 18,?22 Massachusetta 41,093 33,601

fhe above figures are taken from Staawood’s History of the Presidency. fg g CQHCQRP BAXXf MDHlfOB

M B WWW______

Monitor-Patriot Co. Concord, S. H*, James M, L&nglay August 5, 1931 M l tor and Manager

Jffir, C harles 8 * P erry, Heap ton, Fa, Bear 'Mr* Perrys

1 know of no better sources for possible revelation of tbs circulation of the old Patriot than those yon have already studied, newspaper circulations In the old days were largely built up among political partisans, and often by political party workers. Methods of distribution were not always limited to straight selling* lor were public records of circulation kept os la now done by most newspapers, fhe older newspapers thought nothing of claiming cir­ culations far larger than they actually possessed, and this practice s till holds good for some publishers. Therm exist no records of the old Patriot to my knowledge, such files of the papers as we had in this office having been destroyed In a fire about e decade ago, I regret I cannot give you more specific information. fours very truly, (sig n e d ) Jam es M, l& n g ley . Born « November 18, 1896, at « r ent ham , Hass, Academic Career Cr&S'uat ed'' - Wrentha® High School, 1914* - Wentworth In stitu te, Boston, 19X8# - Sira® Collage, Hiram, 0*, 1921 f A.B.) Student at Harvard University, Summer, 1926 Collage of William and Mary* Sommers of 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931. . Candidate for degree of Master of Arts, 1931# Positions Hold teacher of Spanish and American Bistory, Hampton Institute, ?a#, 1921-23 feacher of Spanish and American History, Central High School, Manchester, M« B*, 1923 - 1930* Teacher of American History and American Democracy, Hartford Public High School, Hartford, Conn., 1930 — Public at ions Oohtiibutor, The Granite State Monthly* 1929-30. A rticle in Historical Outlook. May, 1931; "Suggestions For Improving the teaching of History in Secondary Schools*.