Global Change Research Network for African Mountains

Workshop Report Global Change Research Network for African Mountains

Makarere University - Kampala, Uganda 23-25 July 2007

The workshop was organized by: African Highlands Initiative, Kampala, Uganda Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia CGIAR Global Mountain Program, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA), Switzerland Makarere University, Kampala, Uganda The Mountain Research Initiative, Bern, Switzerland UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program, Paris, France Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Workshop Report: Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland The Mountain Research Initiative, Bern, Switzerland [email protected]

mmountain research r initiative i

Rwanda, from presentation Bob Nakileza

Contents

Preface...... 4 Background and Objectives...... 5 Overview of Presentations...... 7 Presentation Abstracts...... 10 Mid-workshop Review: land-use and climate change - what do we need to know?...... 48 Results of the final discussion: the way forward...... 50

Appendix: I. List of participants...... 52 II. Post-conference study tour...... 56 III: The „Who is Who“ of African Mountain Research... 58

Dr. Gregory Greenwood Chair of the Steering Committee

Dr . Gr eg o ry Gr een w o od PrefaceCha irperson International Steering Co mmittee The origins for the workshop What makes the sub-Saharan has human dimensions, in African „A Global Change Research Network African mountains different from mountains it is more appropriate to for African Mountains“ are many. mountains on other continents? state that the development trajec- After the Perth Conference in 2005, First, unlike temperate or boreal tory has a global change dimension. which launched the Global Change mountains, which are frequently A global change research program in Mountain Regions Research Strat- cold and less than hospitable, Af- that does not address the develop- egy, the Mountain Research Initiati- rican mountains and highlands are ment trajectory will have no traction ve (MRI) committed itself to laun- often highly productive in agricultu- within Africa. Yet, addressing the ching regional research networks ral terms and therefore constitute a issue does not mean becoming an in different regions of the world. At prime human habitat. One look at uncritical advocate for development, the same time, MRI understood that a population density map of Africa but rather means understanding other organizations had distinct but shows a high degree of correlation that the ideology of development is related interests in global change between population density and every bit as important as climate in and African mountain regions. The elevation, especially in drier regions determining the trajectory of these Global Mountain Program of the and in Eastern and Southern Africa. mountain cultures. CGIAR was interested in agriculture Thus while arguments about the and rural development in mountain importance of mountains in tempe- Third, the history of African colo- regions, especially in tropical areas. rate regions frequently rely on that nialism and the generally low level UNESCO was interested in the role which is exported from mountain of national funding for research that Biosphere Reserves and World regions (such as water or tourist within Africa represent a challenging Heritage Sites could play in re- experiences), African mountains are institutional context for mountain search, especially regarding adapta- important because a vast number research. Many, though not all, of tion to climate change. The African of people live in those mountains, the more comprehensive research Highland Initiative and the Center deriving much of their livelihood programs on African mountains are for International Forest Research from them. Global change in African run by universities outside of Africa. were interested in rural livelihoods, mountains will thus immediately As a result they reflect the concerns and especially the role of gover- and directly impact a large number of the respective funding nation, not nance in natural resources manage- of people. necessarily those of African stake- ment. The Global Mountain Biodi- holders. In addition, the lack of lon- versity Assessment of DIVERSITAS, Second, African mountains exist wi- ger-term basic funding for research together with FAO and SDC, was thin a development context entirely within Africa renders African resear- looking at the impact of changes in different from that of mountains in chers more dependent on the vaga- grazing intensity and fire frequency Europe or North America. While the ries of international agency or NGO on African Highlands biodiversity. conservation ethos so intimately funding, where priorities are similar- And various universities, within and connected with mountains in Europe ly set in political contexts quite dis- outside Africa, had expertise and and North America is not absent in tant from African realities, or on the experience in the specific characte- Africa (witness the importance of needs of the African market, which ristics of individual African mountain various mountain National Parks), must favor training in marketable ranges and highland areas. Thus we economic development remains the skills over the development of new found a critical mass of interest in dominant discourse within which knowledge through research. As a sketching out a program for con- the response of mountains to global result the knowledge that does exist tinued global change research in change is embedded. While one regarding different mountain ranges African mountains. frequently reads that global change in Africa is remarkably fragmented

from the presentation by Stefan Grab

Background and objectives and often subject to loss over time. When expressed in terms of tem- re University in Kampala, Uganda From another point of view, this also perature and precipitation means from 23-25 July 2007. An optional means that the prospects for major and variances, the future expected post-conference field excursion improvements in understanding climate change may be more prono- (26-28 July) was also organized, simply through better coordination unced in tropical than in temperate taking participants to the Rwenzori and communication among resear- regions of the world. In Africa this Mountains and their environs. This chers are perhaps brighter in Africa climate change may lead to the was to familiarize participants with than anywhere else. disappearance of tropical mountain typical ecosystems, land use/cover, glaciers, increasing variation in wa- evidence of glacial recession, water These unique aspects of Africa and ter flows and changes in disturbance systems, hazards, adaptation and African mountains pose real challen- regimes in mountain flora and fau- risks factors in the mountain area. ges to the development of a global na, all of which would have impor- change research network for African tant impacts on African communities The workshop featured a total of mountains. As we embark on this and nations. 37 presentations of global change effort, we must be realistic about research projects undertaken within the prospects for success. Our gre- Climate change is, however, not and among the African highlands. atest asset remains our connections the only nor necessarily the most with each other. important form of global change There were two major goals of the affecting sub-Saharan African high- Workshop on Global Change Re- lands. Population growth and migra- search in African Mountains. The tion, economic development, global first was to bring researchers, site trade, and infectious diseases are managers, stakeholders and rep- all driving change in their own right resentatives of funding agencies and interacting with climate in Afri- together to refine the Global Change can highlands. Perhaps more than in Mountain Regions (GLOCHAMO- in any other region worldwide, the RE) Research Strategy developed discussion of global environmental under the EU’s 6th Framework change in sub-Saharan African high- Programme. The GLOCHAMORE lands moves quickly to the issues Research Strategy is global in scope of human security, vulnerability and and the workshop sought to trans- adaptation. However, the scientific late it into an agenda that responds community’s ability to contribute to the realities of highland Africa. to the development of adaptati- The resultant Global Change Re- on strategies is hampered by our search Strategy for African Moun- limited scientific understanding of tains is focused and realistic and the coupled human–earth system can be used by researchers in their in sub-Saharan African mountain proposals to funding agencies to environments. augment both the volume and the efficiency of funds directed toward The Workshop on Global Change global change research. Research for African Mountains was held at the Faculty of Food Science and Technology of Makere-

figure 1: Conceptual framework for GLOCHAMORE Research Strategy (adapted from GLP 2005, Science Plan and Implementation Strategy, IGBP Report No. 53/IHCP Report No. 19 by Gete Zeleke)

The second goal of the workshop Theme 1: Impacts of cal systems of African mountains was to facilitate the development affect ecosystem services? What of a multi-site network in African GC and dynamics of ecosystem services show significant highlands within which interdiscipli- AM land systems change? nary and trans-disciplinary global T1.1: What elements of GC have T2.3: How do changes in ecosystem change research is conducted. The led to significant social change in services affect human security and GLOCHAMORE Research Strategy African mountains? well-being in AM? What is likely to maps its topics onto a conceptual What is likely to occur in the future? occur? diagram and summary of themes How do these elements affect land T2.4: How do communities respond adapted from the Global Land use and management decisions in to changes in ecosystem services Project (Figure 1). This framework African mountains? What new re- in AM? What adaptive strategies do served as a basis for the substantive search is needed? they follow and what are the con- content of the workshop oral and T1.2: What changes have occurred sequences of these on social and poster presentations. Further, the in African mountain land use sys- ecological systems? What is the role presenters were also encouraged tems? How have changes in land of cultural change on resilience and to propose what they believe to be use and management affected feedbacks between social and ecolo- important new directions for global ecological systems in African moun- gical systems? change (GC) research in sub-Saha- tains? ran African mountains (AM). What is likely to occur and what will Theme 3: Actions for be the impact? What new research The workshop sessions aimed to is needed? land system sustaina- address at least the following topics, T1.3: How does GC affect ecological bility which are keyed to the adapted systems of African mountains? What T3.1: How does governance affect Global Land Project framework in changes have occurred? What new social and ecological systems of AM? figure 1. research is needed? How does governance affect adaptive mechanisms regarding GC? How Inputs and comments from the Theme 2: Conse- does governance affect land system workshop discussions shall be used quences of land system sustainability? What new research is to revise, enhance or create pro- needed? posals to enhance understanding changes T3.2: What actions are needed for and to support adaptation to global T2.1: How do changes in ecological ecosystem resilience and sustainabi- change in African mountains. systems of African mountains affect lity? What new research is needed? GC? What are critical feedbacks? How is it possible to link current T2.2: How do changes in ecologi- knowledge of African mountains to create a holistic perspective?

Lesotho, foto by Stefan Grab

Overview of presentations

Regional overviews

Achuo Enow ICSU Regional Office for Africa’s Science/Work Plan on Global Change 10 Boniface Kiteme Land use transformation and global change: the case of Mt. Kenya 11

Richard Lechmere- The implications of changing landuse patterns and degradation in the 12 Oertel (presented by Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains for water security in a semi-arid sub- Clinton Carbutt) continent

Andrea Lami Ev-K2-CNR: a new high-altitude research project on global change 13

Mamadou I. Ouattara Stakes and challenges in the regional coalition for the preservation of 14 the Fouta Djallon Highlands in West Africa

Gete Zeleke Global change and the Ethiopian mountains 15

Land use change as global change driver

Giorgio Vassena A Uganda-Italy multidisciplinary research project in Rwenzori: 16 preliminary findings and plans for the future

Jean-Emet Nodem Water sources and “development” activities on the slope South of 17 Mount Bambouto

Alexis Teguia Problematic of the survival of small ruminant farming in the Western 18 Highlands of Cameroon

Herbert Valentine Land use change and indicators of land degradation along a gradient on 19 Lyaruu Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Willem Ferguson Impact of sustained large-scale afforestation on Afromontane grassland 20 biodiversity of the Drakensberg mountains, South Africa

Bernard Charlery de la Territorial dynamics of East African mountains / New challenges 21 Masselière

Climate change as global change driver

Stefan Grab Climate and cryospheric changes within the Trans-African Alpine zone: 22 scientific advances and future prospects

François Mkankam Climate Change and mountain ecosystems in West Africa: the challen- 23 ge of climate projections

Philip Omondi Aming‘o Monitoring of tropical mountain glaciers and development of a Regional 24 Climate Change Data and Information Centre

Nelson Guma Conservation & Management Status of Rwenzori Mountains National 25 Park (World Heritage Site)

Hilde Eggermont Response of Rwenzori mountain lake ecosystems (Uganda-DR Congo) 26 to climate change: past, present, future

Andreas Hemp Global change impacts on Mt. Kilimanjaro 27

Simon Loader Biodiversity patterns in the montane habitats of Africa 28

Claudia Hemp Claudia Hemp 0. Diversity and refuge function for indigenous fauna 29 and flora in anthropogenically influenced habitats in tropical regions: a case study on the Chagga home gardens on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Rob Marchant Past, present and future impacts of climate change-induced ecosystem 30 shifts within a tropical African biodiversity hotspot - the Eastern Arc Mountains

Taelo Letšela Challenges facing biodiversity in the wake of global climate change in 31 Lesotho: a case study of medicinal plants

Andrew Farrow The temporal dynamics of crop yield responses to climate change in 32 East Africa Urs Bloesch and Dancil- Impact of predicted climate change on the management of a montane 33 la Mukakamari forest and its adjacent areas in Rwanda

Clinton Carbutt Possible effect of global warming on ecosystem function in Ukhahlam- 34 ba-Drakensberg Park, South Africa

Economy and culture under global change

Laura A. German Integrated management of livelihood and environmental service 35 concerns of smallholders in the Eastern African Highlands: lessons for institutions and governance

David Kraybill Economic methods for climate change assessment in mountain regions 36

Buyinza Mukadasi Environmental incomes derived from mountain forest ecosystems of 37 Mt. Elgon National Park, Eastern Uganda

Bob Nakileza Global change impacts on mountain hazards and ecosystem services in 38 Uganda

Governance as an issue and a response

Laura A. German The role of governance in climate change adaptation: understanding 39 and managing the interface between individual and institutional responses

Godberg Tumshabe The institutional infrastructure for rural representation 40

Emmanuel Nuesiri Governance, livelihoods and forest management in the Mt. Cameroon 41 region: case study of the Bimbia-Bonadikombo Natural Resource Ma- nagement Council (BBNRMC)

Moliehi T. Shale The governance of natural resources in the Maloti areas of Lesotho: an 42 overview

Festus D.K. Bagoora Ecosystem approach to restoration and conservation of Uganda’s de- 43 graded mountain and highland water catchments – a mechanism for response to environmental change

Paul M. Makenzi Integrating indigenous knowledge (IK) and exogenous knowledge (EK) 44 systems in natural resources management: the case of Baringo and Didinga Hills in Kenya and South Sudan

Andy Keeler Central questions in modeling the economics of adaptation to climate 45 change

Poster presentations Yoseph Assefa Regeneration ecology of dominant woody species at tropical timberline 46

Dongock Nguemo Del- Melissopalynology: annual variation of melliferous plants in the Souda- 46 phine no Guinean highlands of West Cameroon

Aventino Kasangaki Water quality monitoring to assess the conservation status of streams 47 and rivers in the Albertine Rift region of Uganda

Presentation abstracts

ICSU Regional Office for Africa’s Science/Work Plan on Global Change Janine Chantson, Achuo Enow and Sospeter Muhongo

Abstract: The International Council vide information in order to better for Science (ICSU) Regional Office understand, assess, predict, pre- for Africa focuses its activities on vent, mitigate, adapt and respond four cross-cutting priority areas. to Global Change. In addition, the These are: (a) Sustainable Energy; strategy for Global Change research (b) Health and Human Well-being; calls for human and institutional (c) Natural and Human-induced Ha- capacity building and a well-functio- zards and Disasters; and (d) Global ning set of science-practice-policy Change. Science plans have been interfaces. The ICSU Regional Office prepared for each priority area, and for Africa is working with other or- these will be published shortly. The ganizations to avoid duplication and plans review the current status on to maximize the impact of Global the African continent, identify re- Change initiatives on the continent. search and capacity building needs and propose lines of action for addressing some of the numerous challenges which are faced in each priority area.

The science plan on Global Chan- ge in sub-Saharan African calls for a few large-scale interdisciplinary, multi-institutional, regional and sub- regional projects and programmes in six areas:

• Land degradation, biodiversity loss and human well-being • Rainfall resilience for food systems • Water resources and their governance • Atmospheric pollution • Africa’s oceanographic uniqueness.

Research in these six areas can pro-

10 Mt. Kenya, foto Urs Wiesmann, CDE

Land use transformation and global change: the case of Mount Kenya Boniface P. Kiteme, Thomas Kohler, Hanspeter Liniger, Bänz Notter, Urs Wiesmann

Abstract: The Mount Kenya area sing options for sustainable future has experienced rapid and far-re- development, such as the pros and aching change in the last 40-50 cons of water user associations, and years. The population has increased will propose an agenda for policy manifold, both in rural and urban advice and for applied research in areas, and land use has changed support of sustainable regional de- from ranching to crop production, velopment. including subsistence crops as well as commodities traded on globalised markets (coffee, tea, horticul- ture). This puts increasing stress on natural resources, especially water, which is important for agriculture, urban areas, as well as for tourism and pastoral societies further downstream.

Based on long-term data sets, this contribution will explore selected aspects of global change as they present themselves within the region. They include population and migration dynamics and, specifical- ly, climate (rainfall) trends in the region; the appearance of horticu- lture for globalised markets; and the development of international tourism. The paper will present the background to these developments, as well as their effects on the regional resource base, i.e. surface water availability (including the influence of glacier retreat) as against water use; vegetation; and wildlife. The contribution will conclude by discus-

11 The implications of changing landuse patterns and degradation in the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains for water security in a semi-arid sub-continent Richard G. Lechmere-Oertel (presented by Clinton Carbutt)

Abstract: The Maloti-Drakensberg systems. In many areas, the degra- Mountains, a grassland bioregion dation is extreme and extensive. spanning much of the eastern half of Lesotho and three provinces in These anthropogenic changes to South Africa, is the primary water these strategic mountain ecosys- producing area of the sub-continent. tems are reducing the quality and At present, water from this biore- flow of water, with resultant impacts gion supports up to 20-30% of the on the economy of the sub-conti- population of the sub-continent. nent. In this regard, water service This includes inter-basin transfers delivery agencies undertake signi- to the economic hubs of Gauteng ficant efforts to clean silt from the and Durban. The ecological systems water and to service silt-damaged underpinning these catchments that infrastructure. Furthermore, the make up this bioregion are biologi- flow-dampening and slow-release cally rich (the bioregion is an inter- wetland systems are most vulner- nationally recognised biodiversity able to damage by livestock and hotspot containing a World Natural agriculture. The importance of Heritage Site) but are vulnerable to water security is increasingly being degradation through inappropriate recognised, and pilot studies are land use and management practi- underway to test various payments ces. Land tenure and management for environmental service models in is c. 70% communal, 15% private/ the area. These pilot studies seek commercial and 15% public-sec- to financially link the consumers to tor (state-owned protected areas). the people who use the catchments Approximately 2 million people live in an attempt to provide sufficient in the area and derive at least some incentives to ensure appropriate of their livelihoods from the natu- land management that will improve ral resource base, primarily in the water security and provide liveli- form of livestock (sheep, cattle and hood benefits – both at the source goats) and subsistence agriculture. and at the destination. The communal and some private lands are showing typical indications of degradation, with shifts in the grassland flora towards unpalatable species, loss of plant cover, alien plant invasions, significant sheet and gully erosion and silting of river

12 Ev-K2-CNR: a new high-altitude research project on global change Andrea Lami, Gianni Tartari, Claudio Smiraglia, Giorgio Vassena, Elisa Vuillermoz, Gian Pietro Verza

Abstract: It is well known that environmental association L’Umana African glaciers have been melting Dimora, in cooperation with the at a higher pace than other glacier University of Kampala, the Uganda systems due not only to an increa- Wildlife Authority and the Italian sing temperature trend, but also to NGO AVSI. In particular, Ev-K2- a dramatic decrease in precipitation CNR has provided support for the (Hemp 2005; Kaser et al. 2004). installation of a high-altitude mete- In general, the role of Africa in the orological station on Mount Stanley, global context has received little as a contribution to the environ- attention. Despite strong evidence mental studies that will take place suggesting that Africa does play an in the Rwenzori National Park. This important role in the global climate, presentation highlights the role of compared to other areas, there is meteorological data acquisition and scarcity of data and a lack of inte- glacier measurements and discusses gration with international monitoring possible future developments. and modelling networks such as the Coordinated Energy and Water Cycle Observation Project (CEOP) or GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment). In addition, there is also a need for inter- and transdisciplinary approaches, and intensive international collaboration in both research and policy design will be called for to tackle the com- plexity of Global Climatic Change.

Based on 20 years of research activity in remote and high-altitude areas, the Ev-K2-CNR has developed the SAHRE (Station at High Altitude for Research on the Environment) research project with the aim of cre- ating an integrated network of data on the atmosphere and environment in mountain areas. Within this research framework, Ev-K2-CNR has made a contribution to an international multidisciplinary project on Rwenzori launched in 2006 by the

13 Stakes and challenges in the regional coalition for the preservation of the Fouta Djallon Highlands in West Africa Mamadou I. Ouattara

Abstract: The Fouta Djallon High- of the FDH, monitoring of natural lands (FDH), with altitudes ranging resources (Observatory), promotion from 500 to 1,500 m, are located in of sustainable livelihood options and the Republic of Guinea and extend resource mobilisation. into four neighbouring countries (Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Senegal and Sierra Leone) through associated foothills and other related topo- graphic features. Six important transboundary rivers, constituting the main international waters in the sub-region (the Niger, Senegal, Gambia, Koliba/Corubal, Kolente/ Great Scarcies and Kaba rivers), originate from the Fouta Djallon and irrigate a dozen countries in West Africa. The degradation of FDH’s natural resources, which is increasing rapidly, could lead to profound changes in the hydrological regime of the main rivers and water tables in the sub-region. The Fouta Djal- lon Programme, coordinated by the African Union, aims at assuring the preservation and the development of natural resources and of the environment with a view to contributing to an improvement of the living conditions of populations in the highlands and their surrounding areas. The main areas of activities for the programme include coordination of Member States and other actors in the preservation of FDH’s natural resources, advocacy to promote the strategic and international roles

14 Global change and the Ethiopian mountains Gete Zeleke and Hans Hurni

Abstract: About 50 percent of the present time. These include social dynamics, it has included ob- Ethiopia can be defined as moun- mountain tops above 3,700 m as servations of political transitions and tainous, be it because of altitude well as the steepest slopes in the the impacts of policy and economic above about 1,000 m, or because of highland escarpments, where some development strategies, as well steep slopes. The country’s moun- natural vegetation patches and a as social dynamics and population tain zone includes about 90 percent few original wildlife species have pressure on mountain ecosystems. of its agriculturally suitable areas been able to survive. Apart from Numerous measures for mitigating and is occupied by 90 percent of the other mountaintops like those in the the negative impacts of global chan- human population and 60 percent regions of Bale and Arsi in Sou- ge have been developed by these of all livestock. The mountains of theast Ethiopia and those in North research programs, the results of Ethiopia offer excellent conditions Shewa, Wello, Gojam and South which have been implemented by a for natural diversity and human Gonder in central Ethiopia, particu- number of programs concerned with development, be it on the one hand lar attention is given in this paper to nature conservation and natural re- as the ‘cradle of mankind’ with early the Simen Mountains in North Gon- source rehabilitation throughout the hominids some 3-4 million years der, where favorable climatic and highlands. The Ethiopian mountains ago, or on the other hand as the agro-ecological conditions enabled in general and the Simen World origin of homo sapiens, who started agricultural development to flourish, Heritage Site in particular are thus to spread over the globe from this and where outstanding biodiversity excellent areas for monitoring indi- region some 150,000 years ago. Ag- and a breathtaking landscape have cators of global and local change. ricultural evolution in the Ethiopian attracted travelers for many centu- highlands began several thousand ries, more recently including tourists years ago, resulting in excessive from around the world. The Simen impacts on natural vegetation, Mountains National Park was alrea- wildlife and soil and water resources dy registered as a World Heritage over time, but particularly during Site in 1978, during the first listing the 20th century, when the dyna- by the UNESCO World Heritage mics were strongest. Agriculture Convention. has remained the primary activity of the Ethiopian people up to the Impacts of global change in the present day, with over 82 percent of Simen Mountains and throughout the current population of nearly 75 the Ethiopian highlands have been million still engaged in the primary observed by a number of research sector. Subsistence agriculture is the programs for many decades. With dominant farming system, with little regard to natural resources, this has integration into the market system included observations of changes in apart from the moderate moderni- vegetation and wildlife, the dyna- zation taking place in towns. mics of climate and hydrology, land use and land cover, and processes Very few places in the Ethiopian of soil degradation, particularly soil mountain complex have remained erosion and sedimentation. In terms unaffected by human land use until of demography and political and

15 A Uganda-Italy multidisciplinary research project in Rwenzori: preliminary findings and plans for the future Giorgio Vassena, Pippo Ciantia, Gustavo Corti, Carlo Lanzi, Gregorio Mannucci, Bob Nakileza, Matteo Sgrenzaroli

Abstract: A long-term multidiscipli- This paper presented the preliminary research project on Rwenzori nary results of the meteorologi- Mountains was initiated in June cal measurements on the glacier 2006 when a team of twelve Itali- dynamics and the 3D GPS geodetic an researchers and one researcher network (of all the 6 main peaks of from the Mountain Research Centre the Rwenzori Mountains). The plan- at Makerere University made an ex- ned environmental and cooperation pedition to the Rwenzori Mountains projects in the Rwenzori were also National Park. The studies have presented. been organized thanks to the coordination between the Uganda Wild Life Authority, the L’Umana Dimo- ra Environmental Association, the Italian Alpine Club, the University of Makerere, the University of Brescia (Italy) and the Italian Embassy in Kampala.

The program focused on: • Glacier retreat studies using a 3D laser scanning survey of the Speke glacier that allowed to develop and evaluate, within 5- 10 cm accuracy, a tridimensional model of the glacier front and its mass balance. • Meteorological studies by instal- ling a meteorological station over the upper Bujuku. • Geodetic studies, with a program of 3D GPS network measurements in all the Rwenzori range, and the planning of a GIS-GPS main trekking routes survey in the Park. • Educational program for Ugandan primary schools, carried out with the support of the AVSI NGO in Uganda.

16 Water sources and “development” activities on the slope South of Mount Bambouto Nodem Jean-Emet

Abstract: The slope South of Mount on the spot, on the edges of the go on transhumance towards the Bambouto is a very fertile zone. It water course. 50 m3 of wood, that plain of Santchouto to get water is situated between 5° 35’ N and 5° is the wood of 7 eucalyptus trees, is and fresh grass and in the process 45’ N. The Bororo and the peasants needed to obtain 3 tons of tea. The encounter a number of conflicts. from the villages of Bafou and Ban- roots of the eucalyptus trees have gang were the very first exploiters progressively dried out the sources Given that these activities have of this milieu. The number of Bororo of water in the area surrounding come to stay – all the actors have cattle herders among the inhabi- this tea culture project. The water land titles – and no far-reaching tants was reduced from 350 in 1968 course called “Sog mekwang” – ta- strategy concerning the preserva- to 200 in 2005; they practiced a king into consideration its weak flow tion of the physical environment transhumance form of cattle rea- – could not supply the structure. has been presented to date, it is ring while the peasants (about 500 The C.T.E. was then obliged to move possible to envisage that the water inhabitants) cultivated mostly Irish to “Tsopia” at an altitude of 2,000 m sources in this zone will be seriously potatoes. The peasants organized to capture water at the source. It is affected in future. their cultural activities by scrupu- a pressing necessity because they lously respecting the method of shif- need 400 liters of water per day ting cultivation. This was profitable to wash 32 wheelbarrows and the to the Bororo cattle herds. All these machines at the factory. activities had no major impact on the water sources. The peasants and the Bororo ex- pelled by the C.D.C. occupied other The expulsion of these two cate- lands of more than 2000 m of alti- gories of exploiters took place in tude on the same slope where the May 1968 by the Cameroon De- C.T.E. is actually getting their supply velopment Corporation (C.D.C.), of water. presently named Cameroon Tea Estate (C.T.E.). The Cameroonian Since the year 2000 the urban elites state had permitted this company of Bafou (1) and of Bangang (10) to prune 1,660 hectares destined origin have reoccupied these lands. for the production and transforma- They have chosen the model of rea- tion of tea. The plantation is situ- ring cattle in ranches encircled by ated between 1,700 and 2,000 m eucalyptus. The water sources have above sea level. The teapots need been canalised to supply water to 1,500 l of water per year. The tea the cattle. The elites are taking care is also transformed in this site. The of at least 800 cows. The stamping use of electrical means (7 million of the cows has hardened the ranch F CFA per month) was considered grounds and prevented the infiltrati- as unsupportable by the C.T.E. The on of rain water into the soil. Hence managers of the C.T.E. chose to use during the dry season (from mid- fuel wood from eucalyptus planted November to mid-March) herdsmen

17 What research can do to help Major questions that need quick answers for the survival of n Housing small ruminants in small pens (1.2- 2m2/animal) has been successful in other regions small ruminant farming n Housing small ruminants in small pens (1.2- of the world, in Asia for example. 2m2/animal) has been successful in other regions n However, the West African Dwarf goat is known of the world, in Asia for example. to dislike extended confinement in closed areas. n However, the West African Dwarf goat is known n Selection of animals with aptitude to survive to dislike extended confinement in closed areas. permanent and total confinement with higher n Selection of animals with aptitude to survive productivity seems necessary permanent and total confinement with higher n Pen feeding seems to be the alternative productivity seems necessary

n Pen feeding seems to be the alternative

Problematic of the survival of small ruminant farming in the Western Highlands of Cameroon Alexis Téguia and Joseph Tchoumboué

Abstract: The Western Highlands, mers tend to quit small ruminant 800 to 2 740 m above sea level, are farming. The survival of this activity one of the main agricultural zones in the Western Highlands of Ca- and among the most populated meroon therefore depends on the areas of Cameroon with more than capability of rural people to inno- 15% of the country population in vate, to develop new management less than 1/10 of the national terri- strategies based on the permanent tory, yielding a density of 200-250 confinement of animals and control inhabitants/km² with peaks above of their reproduction. However, the 1,000 inhabitants in some areas as success of any transformation must compared to the national average of be accompanied by an improvement 25 inhabitants/km². Crop and small of the existing animal materials, and ruminant farming integration is a the housing and feeding systems. tradition as these animals play important socio-cultural and economic roles in the life of local populations. Kept by above 70% of households, the animals are traditionally te- thered on natural pasture during the cropping season and set free during the dry season to feed on crop residues and to benefit from natural mating as most of the farmers do not keep males. However, with a 3% per annum increase in the human population, there is a high pressure on land and the generali- sation of a second cropping season. The disappearance of collective pastures – including marginal land formerly used as grazing land – and the absence of fallows add a further constraint to small ruminant farming because animals cannot roam freely in villages during the dry season. As a consequence, animals are poorly fed, morbidity and mortality rates as well as the number of unfertile females increase, and many far-

18 Land use change and indicators of land degradation along a gradient on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania Herbert Valentine Lyaruu

Abstract: A survey was carried out dies, timber trees, fodder and shade along two transects located on the trees. The interviews revealed that southern slopes of Mount Kiliman- there has been a tremendous loss of jaro, with the objective of finding biodiversity of economically useful out how different land use practi- plants, a trend that is explained by ces influence plant biodiversity and the land tenure system that has consequently land degradation. The been adopted by the Chagga tribe. two transects run from the forest This practice results in a severe and belt (popularly known as the half- massive fragmentation of the land mile strip) to the lowlands where as each new-born boy is allocated the major land use is irrigation a portion of the family shamba that agriculture. The Machame transect he then owns legally. Other factors extended from an altitude of 1,840 that could possibly account for the meters asl down to Kikafu Chini at observed loss of biodiversity include 770 meters asl, whereas the Mboko- poor agricultural soils, management mu transect extended from around practices such as weeding, and vari- 1,830 meters asl down to Mabogini ations in precipitation. at an elevation of 686 meters asl. The transects traversed four major agro-ecological zones, namely: coffee/banana zone (both high and mid-altitude); cultivated land; lowlands (mainly for pastoral activities); and irrigation agriculture. Depending on the vegetation type, sampling quadrants of different sizes were employed, in addition to conducting semi-structured interviews. A total of 40 quadrants were sampled along Mbokomu transect with eleven land use categories, with coffee/banana emerging as the major land use type. Machame transect had more land use categories, and a total of 81 quadrants were sampled, with maize cultivation and coffee/banana emerging as the major land use categories. The common uses of plants in this area included use as herbal reme-

19 the study site Impact of sustained large-scale afforestation on Afro- montane grassland biodiversity of the Drakensberg mountains, South Africa Willem Ferguson

Abstract: The Drakensberg moun- les of several km from plantations. tains in Mpumalanga, South Africa Invertebrates and birds therefore constitute a center of endemism for appear particularly vulnerable to the both plants and animals. The Afro- effects of grassland fragmentation. montane grassland of these moun- The challenges for biodiversity con- tains is threatened by extensive servation in these mountains include afforestation over the last 70 years. the maintenance of a large degree With regard to plants, this region of variation in Afromontane grass- has a large number of endemics. land communities as well as the Many plant taxa also reproduce maintenance of connective corridors asexually, making them vulnerable between grassland patches. Long- to disturbance. Many Coleoptera term effects of grassland fragmen- species are extremely habitat-speci- tation still need to be measured. fic, restricted to particular grassland In contrast, for plants, the effect of associations. As for Orthoptera, the plantations on ground water supply degree of endemism is surprising is crucial. However, a quantitative for such a polyphagous taxon. The assessment of the effect of this same applies to vertebrates. Af- ecological factor on plant commu- forestation has two main effects: nity structure and biodiversity still habitat fragmentation and changes remains to be done, and any effect in soil water availability. A grassland is also expected to be noticed only habitat fragmentation experiment over long time periods. has been conducted in this area over the last ten years: both plants and vertebrates have a remarkable resilience within planted plantations, with communities only collapsing when total shade of the plantation prevents grassland survival under the trees. However, the community structure of invertebrates is affected from an early age of a plantation. For the adjacent grassland, there do not appear to be strong ecotone effects at a small spatial scale (100 m). However, bird species diversity is negatively affected at spatial sca-

20 from the presentation by Richard Lechmere Oertel

Territorial dynamics of East African mountains / New challenges Bernard Charlery de la Masselière

Abstract: In stark contrast to included in exchange systems wide-open arid plains, East Africa’s integrating multi-scale geographic mountains possess astounding dimensions: highland and lowland wealth. From mountain to plain, systems, humid and arid systems, from plain to mountain, from one rural–urban mobility, long-term fluc- side to the other, each mountain’s tuations (tourism, business sectors), geography unfolds along an immen- etc. Moreover, these mountains are se variety of transects, in terms of situated in border areas and/or on multiple natural and cultural se- rangeland axes or even along fault quences and countless transfers of lines between highly contrasting humans, goods, water and other re- areas. sources. Indeed, fertile but densely populated, these mountains provide This pushes scientific research to resources that are strongly coveted come up with an approach that is by many actors at different geogra- sector-based (whether it is natura- phical levels. This fact puts pressure list or social) and segmented (hu- on the environment, and the com- mid, arid or even strictly mountain) petition for increasingly scarce natu- to integrate these spaces into larger ral resources leads to a broad range territorial dynamics, where areas of tensions and conflicts. Generally, in the periphery of mountains (dry the transition from local to national lowlands, pastoral lands, medium- control of the resources has had a altitude plateaus) or further away significant impact on access to re- from them (towns, market areas) sources, as well as their exploitation take on a new and determinant and management. In essence, what dimension for their future, putting is at stake is the means of mana- them into complex situations of ging the coveted natural resources multi-territorialisation and archipel- of generous but complex, diversified lisation. and fragile mountains.

For a long time, East Africa’s mountains were studied as rather isolated units from the angle of natural resources, of their reclama- tion, exploitation, degradation and their mode of management. Stu- dies showed, however, that these mountains were ‘open’ mountains,

21 Climate and cryospheric changes within the Trans-African Alpine zone: scientific advances and future prospects Stefan Grab

Abstract: The eastern arc of African re multi-national and interdisciplina- high mountain environments spans ry projects focus on setting up per- from northern Eritrea (Jabal Ha- manent and standardized automatic moyet: 2,780 m) at ca 18°N to the weather stations across the primary southern Cape (Matroosberg: 2,249 eastern arc summits of Africa, which m) at ca 33°S. This synopsis exa- could additionally establish changes mines the scientific contributions in ground thermal and moisture pat- made towards our current under- terns. Such an establishment would standing of the climatic and cryos- be critical to our understanding of pheric dynamics across the eastern other biophysical changes, particu- arc mountains of Africa. Whilst larly in areas where anthropogenic some mountains of international impacts remain low. interest such as Kilimanjaro and Mt Kenya have had some well-established science programs focusing on glacier recession, ice core data and contemporary weather recording, many other high-altitude ranges exceeding 3,000 m have few or no climate/cryogenic records. A full understanding of climate change within the African alpine belt requires an assessment of Quaterna- ry (particularly Holocene) climate changes through palaeoclimate records, historical changes (last 2 to 3 centuries) through archival and instrumental records, and contemporary changes through ongoing long-term climate and cryospheric monitoring.

An example of such records is presented for Lesotho. Due to a complete absence of climate records from many high-summit regions, the cause for regional differences in climate variability and change remains a major gap in our current knowledge. It is proposed that futu-

22 Climate Change and mountain ecosystems in West Africa: the challenge of climate projections François Mkankam

Abstract: Mountain ecosystems are mostly very limited in spatial extension, and climatic variables needed for vulnerability assessment must be projected at regional or local scales. But the spatial resolutions of current global climate models are too coarse. With a view to using regional climate models to downscale the outputs from global models, we are testing the ability of RegCM3, a regional model being developed by ICTP in Trieste, to reproduce key variables in the current climate. By adjusting some physical para- meters of the model, we were able to improve the simulation of rainfall over West Africa. Results are presented for June to July 1993.

23 Monitoring of tropical mountain glaciers and development of a Regional Climate Change Data and Information Center Philip Omondi and Laban Ogallo

Abstract: Climate change is one of good spatial coverage that is repre- There are no frameworks for re- the greatest challenges facing man- sentative of all climatological zones, gular and sustainable monitoring kind in the 21st century due to close is critical for understanding past and of glacier fluctuations in regional linkages between climate, environ- present climates as well as deriving mountains with permanent glaciers mental resources and sustainable climate expectations for the future; as well as Rwenzori. development. For example floods, an assessment of the impacts and droughts and other climate/weather vulnerability; and the development The presentation will highlight some extremes are very common in the of appropriate mitigation and adap- efforts by the IGAD Climate Predic- Greater Horn of Africa countries tation strategies. tion and Application Centre (ICPAC) with negative effects on agriculture, to monitor and archive regional livestock, wildlife, tourism, health, Mountains are a source of freshwa- glacier volumes and areal extents water resources, hydroelectric pow- ter for human use and storehouses using both traditional and space- er generation and many other socio- of genetic diversity that help feed based methods; to monitor relevant economic sectors that form the core the world yet they are under conti- climate and other related parame- of the basic livelihood and survival nuous threat from climate change, ters; and use the results for regional strategies of society. Any climate overexploitation and environmental climate change studies. changes leading to changes in the degradation. Fluctuations of the vo- space–time patterns of local climate lume and areal extent of mountain will therefore have enormously de- ice and glaciers are also good indi- vastating socio-economic impacts. cators of the state of the local, regi- The gradual yet dramatic disappea- onal and global climate conditions. rance of tropical mountain glaciers Cryospheric processes are important such as on Mount Kilimanjaro has components of the climate system. been attributed partly to global war- They also form an integral part of ming. Approximately 82% of the ice the regional hydrological and energy cap that crowned Mount Kilimanjaro cycles. For example, some large when it was first thoroughly survey- rivers providing water for livelihoods ed in 1912 is no more. According to in some arid and semi-arid lands recent projections, if recession con- have their sources in glaciers in the tinues at the present rate, the ma- mountains. There are several tropi- jority of the glaciers on the mounta- cal glacier-capped mountains in the in could vanish in 15 years. Glaciers Greater Horn of Africa (GHA). These on the other African mountains are include Mts Kenya and Kilimanjaro also retreating very fast. The snow with permanent glaciers as well as and glaciers act as a water tower, Mt Rwenzori. The rivers and streams and several rivers are drying out in that flow from mountain slopes in the warm season due to the loss of the GHA region are living bonds this frozen reservoir. Availability of connecting mountain and lowland long-term, high-quality data with communities.

24 Conservation & Management Status of Rwenzori Moun- tains National Park (World Heritage Site) and local effects of climate change Nelson Guma

Abstract: Rwenzori Mountains Na- rative management, promotion of What could be the way forward with tional Park lies in Western Uganda. alternatives, livelihood support. regard to conservation and ma- It borders the Democratic Republic Tourism (mountaineering) is increa- nagement in Ruwenzori Mountains of Congo (DRC) in the West and sing at an average rate of 20% per National Park? is located in the three districts of year. The park management has to Kasese, Kabarole and Bundibugyo. revise concessions, train guides, • Support development of ecologi- It covers an area of 995 km2 and improve the facilities, maintain cal monitoring plan. rises from 1,670 m to 5,109 m trails and work on a diversification • Conduct more research in priori- above sea level, including Marg- of mountaineering experiences. The ty areas. herita, Africa’s third highest peak. “Monitoring & Research” program • Establish linkages between re- The mountain ranges run 80 km in supports management-oriented search projects in the same field. N–S direction and 40 km E–W. The research and monitoring, informed • Create more awareness of im- park is a habitat to several endemic, decision-making, and defines the pacts of climate change and work endangered, threatened and rare research priorities. It includes water with relevant authorities to help species of the Albertine Rift, and an quality monitoring (ranger-based communities adapt. important bird area. monitoring). Regional cooperation is another part of the management In 2004 a general management plan plan. was formulated, including community conservation, resource conser- Local effects of climate change vation and management, monitoring include receding snows and glaciers, and research, park operations and an increase in disease transmissi- maintenance, tourism development on/infections, floods and land slides, and regional cooperation. “Resource increased environmental degrada- conservation and protection” has tion, siltation and changed water to deal with the following threats: quality/quantity, as well as impacts timber cutting, poaching of animals, on economic activities. illegal harvesting of resources, fires, pollution, mineral prospecting, receding snows and glaciers. Protection efforts include patrols, arrest and prosecution, bye-laws, sensitization and collaborative management. “Community conservation” includes the following tasks: awareness rai- sing and education, benefit sharing (revenue and resources), collabo-

25 Response of Rwenzori mountain lake ecosystems (Ugan- da-DR Congo) to climate change: past, present, future Hilde Eggermont, James Russell, Dirk Verschuren

Abstract: As a result of global war- the modern, altitude-dependent ming, ice caps and glaciers in the environmental gradients, and to mountain regions of tropical Africa evaluate the sensitivity of these are expected to disappear within lake ecosystems to both climate two decades. Clearly, loss of perma- change and glacier extent. Here, we nent ice from the tops of the highest present an overview of our cur- mountains in Africa will have pro- rently available data sets, including found effects on the hydrology and physical and (geo)chemical data on temperature regime of the unique the lakes and pools, annual series tropical cold-water lakes located of surface air temperature at nine downstream from those glaciers. elevations between 2,500 and 4,600 This by itself may have a severe m elevation, comprehensive spe- impact on the integrity and function cies distribution data on aquatic of Afro-alpine lakes and the biologi- invertebrates and algal communi- cal diversity they harbor, in addition ties, and top–bottom analyses of to the direct effects of a regional short sediment cores illustrating the rise in air temperature. Conse- ecological sensitivity of individual quently, there is an urgent need to mountain lakes to climate warming determine the intrinsic ecological and glacier retreat over the last ca. resilience of these unique tropical 200 years. Together, our data show ecosystems to past (natural) cli- that Rwenzori’s high-elevation lakes mate change, and to establish the constitute a unique laboratory to as- baseline conditions against which to sess quantitatively the relationship evaluate future environmental and between the extent of its glaciers biological changes. Sediments ac- and changes in central African rain- cumulating on the bottom of these fall and temperature. glacial lakes chronicle the history of central African climate and glacier dynamics, and can thus produce the historical perspective needed for conservation of Rwenzori’s natural resources.

In this context, we surveyed virtually all of the lakes on the Ugan- dan side of the Rwenzori range to calibrate geochemical and paleoe- cological temperature and water- balance proxy indicators against

26 Global change impacts on Mt. Kilimanjaro Andreas Hemp, Claudia Hemp, Sampurno Bruijnzeel, Wolfgang Zech

Abstract: Kilimanjaro, a world decades. This almost certainly Areas for further research: heritage site, is not only Africa’s means a considerable reduction • Water budget of cloud forest belt highest mountain, it is also the hig- in potential fog water captured by and hydrological impacts of wild- hest solitary mountain of the world the vegetation. The problem will be fires in the cloud forest. (700–5,895 m). As a consequence further exacerbated by population • Evaluation of impacts of land use it has a huge variety of bioclima- growth and the associated increases change and vegetation change tic zones that consist on the one in water demands. Since 1895 the on biodiversity of vulnerable key hand of wilderness areas (savanna, population on Kilimanjaro has grown habitats (rain and cloud forest, tropical montane rainforest with from 50,000 to over 1 million. In alpine vegetation, savanna) and about 1,000 km2, afroalpine areas), addition to devastating fires in high associated carbon and water on the other of extremely densely altitudes the forests below 2,500 m populated areas (in the coffee-ba- elevation are heavily impacted by balances nana belt), and include completely illegal logging. Therefore Kilimanja- • Evaluation of gross primary pro- different land use systems (su- ro is a hotspot of biodiversity under duction as a key variable related stainable agroforestry systems, high pressure. Most of the endemic to vulnerability determining useful intensely used crop fields and coffee species present are (wet) forest products and ecosystem services plantations, pastoralism). Kiliman- inhabitants that will be affected by at risk jaro harbors about 3,000 vascular decreasing precipitation and incre- • Modeling of land use change, plants and many endemic insect asing human activities. Changes of vegetation change and climate species and is a biodiversity hot- Kilimanjaro’s environment could also influences on future gross prima- spot. Kilimanjaro is the main water affect tourism and thus the econo- ry production, carbon and water catchment for northern Tanzania, my, as Kilimanjaro National Park is balances, crop yields, relating feeding not only the Chagga people a major tourist attraction, being the estimated carbon gain to forestry with their extensive irrigation sys- top foreign exchange earner among production patterns, and relating tem, but also the economically most all national parks in Tanzania. important Pangani river system with landscape water balances (in- its hydropower plants. Available biophysical information on cluding groundwater recharge) Kilimanjaro includes data on biodi- to downstream catchment water However, during the last century versity (vascular plants, bryophytes, yields precipitation on Kilimanjaro de- mammals, birds, Saltatoria; over- • Reconstruction of climate and creased by about 30 percent (i.e. view about the plant communities vegetation fluctuations using pa- by between 400 and 1,000 mm), occurring, a detailed map of the laeobotanical data as a basis for whereas temperature data reveal a present vegetation of Kilimanjaro, future scenario building. drastic increase since 1976. These ethnobotanical and ethnozoological climatic changes cause not only data), climatic data (mainly rainfall, the retreat of the glaciers, but also temperature, humidity) from about fires to become more aggressive 50 stations from the savanna to the on the higher slopes. The result alpine zone, a rainfall map and data was a lowering of the tree line by on the retreat of the glaciers. 800 m and a loss of 150 km2 of cloud forest during the last three

27 Biodiversity patterns in the montane habitats of Africa Simon Loader, David J. Gower, Samy Saber, Roman Kassahun, Jan Beckk, Peter Nagel

Abstract: With pressure on forest molecular species phylogenies we systems and projected climate assess species richness and infer bi- change, forest-associated species ogeographical relationships between can be expected to become in- areas, establishing how African land creasingly threatened. The study systems have changed temporally of the impact of historical climate and spatially. Preliminary analyses change and how it has influenced of sequence data from amphibians diversification of African organisms indicate a major underestimati- has largely focused on the large on of montane species diversity mammal fauna, located in savanna and a large phylogenetic diversity, habitats, and less so on montane which both suggest that conserva- forest-distributed species. The thre- tion efforts should be prioritized in at to montane species is thought to these habitats. In addition to the be most severe because of propor- increased numbers of species and tionally smaller species ranges. The phylogenetic diversity, montane Institute of Biogeography at the species are often found to have University of Basel (http://www. highly restricted distribution, which nlu.unibas.ch/), along with collabo- is of particular concern considering rating partners based in Africa and predicted changes in forest habitats elsewhere in Europe, are focused due to climate change. on understanding the biodiversity of African mountain systems and how processes such as climate change might impact these assemblages both in the past and in the future. Using a number of different model groups (including Amphibia, Coleop- tera and Lepidoptera) our research has concentrated, and will continue to concentrate, on inventorying the biodiversity of these fragile ecosystems, identifying species and the habitats they occur in. This objective is achieved principally through fieldwork and by building up in-country capacity, facilitating both independent and collaborative research projects. Using these data we explore patterns of species richness and historical relationships between species and areas. From

28 Diversity and refuge function for indigenous fauna and flora in anthropogenically influenced habitats in tropical regions: a case study on the Chagga home gardens on Mt. Kilimanjaro, TZ Claudia Hemp, Andreas Hemp

Abstract: The former sub-montane in the region. More than half of all forests on the southern and eastern endemics from the montane zone slopes of Kilimanjaro have now been are also found in the Chagga home substituted by small coffee-banana gardens. plantations, the so-called Chagga home gardens. Since these cultiva- Flora: The Chagga home gardens ted fields still have the structure of maintain a high biodiversity of about a forest, they are a potential refuge 520 vascular plant species, including for forest plants but also for ani- over 400 non-cultivated plants. Most mals, which is investigated in this species (194) are forest species, fol- study for grasshoppers, locusts and lowed by 128 ruderal species, inclu- katydids (Saltatoria). 62 perma- ding 41 neophytes. Beside relicts of nent plots (usually 0.1 ha) were the former forest cover, which lost established between 1996 and 2004 most of their former habitats, there in the Chagga home gardens along are on the other hand (apophytic) transects from 800–1,800 m and forest species, which were directly compared with the other vegetation or indirectly favored by the land use formations on this volcano on the of the Chagga people. basis of over 1,500 plots following the method of Braun-Blanquet. Therefore, the Chagga home gar- Saltatoria were recorded by sight, dens act as an important refuge for netsweeping, and shaking of trees. both generalist forest species and endemic fauna. In recent years new Saltatoria: Due to the forest struc- coffee varieties have been intro- ture of the Chagga home gardens duced to the gardens that are less with tree, shrub and herb layers, shade-demanding, and tree remo- more than half of the 52 recorded val may impinge on the indigenous species are forest species, whilst the Saltatoria fauna and endanger this remainder originate from open ha- effective and sustainable system. bitats. Moreover, the Chagga home gardens harbor >70% of all forest species and >50% of the endemic species of Mount Kilimanjaro. Most endemics in the plantations originate from sub-montane habitats, and contribute 72% of the total number of sub-montane endemics found

29 Past, present and future impacts of climate change-induced ecosystem shifts within a tropical African biodiversity hotspot - the Eastern Arc Mountains By Rob Marchant, Antje Ahrends, Jemma Finch, Alistair Jump, Jon Lovett, Colin McClean, Phil Platts

Abstract: Understanding ecosys- cific to the Eastern Arc ecosystem, tem response to environmental are generic and hence transferable variability, how this impacts on to other montane areas, and re- ecosystem dynamics, and how this search methodologies applicable to may develop over the past, present understanding broader issues focus and an uncertain future requires on montane ecosystem functioning novel approaches. Although infor- under different climates. The practi- mation is available to demonstrate cal implications of this research the responsive nature of tropical are increasingly being realized as montane ecosystems to climate improvements are made in forecas- change, principally from pollen, ting impacts of climate variability biogeographic data and/or future on ecosystem functioning and using model scenarios, this is generally these forecasts as a platform for de- not available from the same loca- veloping conservation policy under a tion, and rarely in a format suitable changing climate. for policy development. For the Eas- tern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya, an area regarded as one of the world’s hotspots of biodiversity, the York Institute of Tropical Eco- system Dynamics (http://www.york. ac.uk/res/kite/index.htm) is combi- ning palaeoecological information on past ecosystem sites with a biogeographic, phylogeographic analysis to constrain a modeling framework on ecosystem response to climate and environmental change. In addition to understanding ecosystem functioning, such as the impact of changing moisture levels on the Eastern Arc Mountain ecosystems, the York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems Dynamics (KITE) is fostering new international relationships between Europe and East Africa. Research findings, although at present spe-

30 Challenges facing biodiversity in the wake of global climate change in Lesotho: a case study of medicinal plants Taelo Letšela

Abstract: We began in 2003 to participation of untrained practitio- experience is the main barrier to investigate commoditization of me- ners has opened up a new avenue understanding ecosystem thresholds dicinal species and have established of selling markets and commodi- in a manner that promotes su- that there is a high extraction rate tizing species. This new practice stainable use. of medicinal species in the moun- has commoditized many species Our study is aimed at analyzing tains of Lesotho. These extractions regardless of their vulnerability or the markets in the cities and es- not only support the sale of these endemism, no habitats are beyond tablishing links with the habitats species in local markets but also reach and no species are safe. Trade from which the species on sale support export to other countries in in medicinal plants in this part of were derived. The second layer of the region especially South Africa. the world has become a lucrative our analysis will be on understan- This gave us the impression that business with many markets mus- ding the adaptive strategies of the there seems to be a free flow of hrooming in most cities. The local communities that have depended medicinal plants between regions institutions are bedazzled by the on those biological resources for and across national boundaries, not scale of the problem, paucity of data many years given the emerging regulated or even detected by na- and the difficult decisions between scenario of degradation. The stu- tional institutions. The scale of this human wellbeing and conservation. dy is also aimed at unraveling the problem is unfathomable with seve- In the past, many households ten- nexus between commoditization of ral truck loads impounded between ded to exploit medicinal resources wild species and the impact that the Lesotho-South Africa border in for self-medication. Rarely was it climate has on those species. This is 2006 only. Medicinal plants have al- ever necessary for resources to be to explore the social and ecological ways formed part of the health care moved to other areas and countries. ramifications that arise in the wake system in many developing coun- Thus consumption was limited to of the changing environment. The tries around the world, including the local environments, giving rise old paradigms that were used to Lesotho, and are largely used by the to the concept of the human-in-the- manage resources are under relent- poor and underprivileged members ecosystem. Although there are still less challenge, which necessitates of society. examples of unsustainable exploi- the development of new paradigms tation of biological resources in the that explain the intricate relation- The HIV/AIDS pandemic that is past, it was comparatively easier to ship that the modern man has with ravaging this part of the world has stay within ecosystem thresholds his environment. worsened the problem as medicinal because human populations were plants are seen as the last resort in small and mobile allowing resources the wake of the failure of Western to bounce back after disturbances. medicine. Although in the past the Currently, human populations are practice of traditional medicine was large, sedentary and connected the preserve of a few well-trained globally in a complex system. The practitioners it has now become free boundaries between national and for all with predictably disastrous global regions have faded away al- impacts on populations from which lowing resources to move back and the materials are harvested. The forth. Our shortage of practical field

31 The temporal dynamics of crop yield responses to climate change in East Africa Andrew Farrow

Abstract: There is general consensus that the impacts of climate change on agriculture will add significantly to the development challenges of ensuring food security and reducing poverty, particularly in Africa. It is often assumed that these changes will influence agriculture at a broad scale, such that regional or country recommendations might cope with the results. To refute this we use high-resolution methods to generate characteristic daily weather data for a combination of different SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scena- rios) and Global Circulation Models to drive detailed simulation models of maize and bean crops. For the East African region, we find that there are considerable differences in crop response and that there is substantial spatial and temporal variation in this response. The analysis suggests that the impacts on households will be neither linear nor constant through time. The results argue strongly against the idea of spatially contiguous and large “development domains” for identifying and implementing adaptation options. Rather, they underline the crucial importance of localized, community-based efforts to increase local adaptive capacity and take advantage of changes that may lead to increased crop and livestock productivity and to buffer the situations where increased stresses are likely to occur.

32 Impact of predicted climate change on the management of a montane forest and its adjacent areas in Rwanda Urs Bloesch and Dancilla Mukakamari

Abstract: The Mukura montane forest with a size of about 1,500 ha is a remnant of the formerly widespread rainforest along the Congo–Nile watershed in Rwanda. The protection of this catchment forest is vital for the livelihoods of the downstream rural communities. In view of promoting a sustainable use of the forest and its adjacent agricultural land, ARECO is currently running a community-based development project to the benefit of the local communities.

This study will a) present the prediction of climate change for this very vulnerable area using the high-resolution Japanese model of AOGCM (MIROC) and b) analyze the impact of climate change on natural hazards, ecosystems, water systems, immigration, land use (rain- fed agriculture) and on the livelihoods of the local communities. An adaptation strategy for the protection of these montane ecosystems and the sustainable management of the area will be defined. Mitigation and adaptation measures at the project level will be discussed with a view to enhancing the capacity to cope with the expected impact of climate change. The adaptation strategy will be accompanied by a research plan focusing on gaps in current knowledge.

33 Possible effect of global warming on ecosystem function in Ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, South Africa Clinton Carbutt, Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Project, South Africa

Abstract: The Ukhahlamba-Dra- salt-derived soil along an altitudinal kensberg Park (UDP) is a 243,000 gradient from coast to mountain, ha mountain wilderness forming with the lower-lying midlands and part of the Drakensberg Alpine coastal areas being far warmer and Centre (DAC), one of southern hence simulating a warming effect. Africa’s 18 recognized centers of N incubation experiments showed plant diversity and endemism, and that Drakensberg soil mineralized southern Africa’s only true alpine re- less than 2% of its total N budget at gion. The UDP was declared a World 12°C because the microbes respon- Heritage site in December 2000. sible for the conversion of organic The UDP’s alpine and sub-alpine N to inorganic N were severely soils are derived from outpourings inhibited at this spring temperature of nutrient-rich basaltic lava. Total (when pulses of N mineralization nitrogen (N) levels are particularly follow early season wet-up). The pot high (values of 4% are not unusu- experiments were also informative. al). However, most of this N is either The few remaining individuals grown locked up in organic forms, or is in in the warmer environments were short supply inorganically because stunted with small leaves and had low temperatures arrest microbial abnormally high shoot N concen- action and hence N mineralization. trations. We believe that the high Plant communities bear testament levels of N mineralization under to its nutrient-poor N economy; these conditions were deleterious. the dominant floristic element is We thereby predict that the plant affiliated to the nutrient-poor Cape communities thriving in the UDP’s Region. Will global warming result in (currently temperature-mediated) higher rates of N mineralization? If nutrient-poor soils will be extirpated so, will the native plant communities by future episodes of warming be- accustomed to low N availability be cause of their inability to cope with able to withstand higher N availabi- N concentrations far beyond their lity? If not, what form of plant life natural tolerance range. Such com- will replace our native mountain flo- munities will therefore be replaced ra? These questions were addressed by common nitrophilous ruderals using pot experiments and N incu- that are neither conservation-wort- bation (simulation) experiments. A hy nor native to the UDP. species belonging to a genus well represented in the UDP, but one also tolerant of warmer temperatures and with strong Cape affiliation was established in pots filled with ba-

34 Integrated management of livelihood and environmental service concerns of smallholders in the Eastern African Highlands: lessons for institutions and governance Laura A. German, Ann Stroud and NARI Partners

Abstract: Highland residents rely tural research and extension sys- on a host of ecosystem goods and tems under the rubric of the African services whose management and Highlands Initiative, an eco-regional use tends to be mediated by human research program of the Association motivations at the individual level, for Strengthening Agricultural Re- and systems of governance at the search in Eastern and Central Africa collective level. This paper sum- (ASARECA) and the Consultative marizes 4 years of work aimed at Group on International Agricultural strengthening the integrated ma- Research (CGIAR). nagement of livelihood and environmental service concerns of local residents in diverse highland sites of the eastern African highlands. Results of participatory landscape- level natural resource assessments are presented, highlighting the environmental services of critical concern to local livelihoods based on stakeholder consultations regarding landscape degradation. Curiously, even when there are a strong local knowledge base and strong motivations for effecting change in unsustainable land use practices, these problems remain. This is argued to be the result of an incomplete transition from traditional to modern systems of governance, and the governance break-down which has emerged in the process. Ex- periences using action research to address this “governance gap” are summarized, drawing implications for revitalizing institutions and natural resource governance in eastern Africa. This work was carried out in partnership with national agricul-

35 Mt. Kilimanjaro, presentation A. Hemp et al

Economic methods for climate change assessment in mountain regions David Kraybill

Abstract: Most economic studies of climate change focus on impacts at the national level. Models constructed at that scale treat the environment as homogeneous, igno- ring regional ecological and economic differences that are evident at a finer scale. This paper surveys methods suitable for studying the economic effects of climate change in small areas, such as mountain regions, with distinctive environmental characteristics. Categories of methods surveyed here include economic surplus frameworks, natural resource and environmental accounting methods, economic and social accounts and models, and computable general equilibrium models. The methods are evaluated in terms of their theoretical sound- ness, grounding in empirical reality, practicality of implementation, data requirements, and amenability to the modeling of policy changes.

36 Environmental incomes derived from mountain forest ecosystems of Mt. Elgon National Park, Eastern Uganda Buyinza Mukadasi, John R. Kaboggoza, Muhammod Wambede

Abstract: Conservation of biodiver- have diverse and reliable sources sity in mountain forest ecosystems of incomes, they will extract fewer proves to be more challenging if lo- resources from the mountain forest cal communities are heavily depen- ecosystem. dent on them for energy, nutritional, medicinal and other subsistence needs. This study estimated environmental incomes for households living around Mt. Elgon National Park (ENP), Eastern Uganda. Data from a household survey conducted in 2005 were analyzed using logi- stic regression. The results show that the poor people collect several types of goods from the forest for both direct consumption and tra- ding for their basic livelihoods. The rich households with diverse and reliable sources of incomes had less incentive to go for environmental incomes compared to the poor. In addition, we discovered that several household-level factors – such as ethnicity, distance of the settlement to the park boundary, age, household size, landholding and the level of education – significantly affect the total income derived from the national park. However, this study proved that the assets owned by households and the level of income do not provide an additional expla- nation of the absolute park income differences between groups of households. According to these findings, the management of mountain forest ecosystems should be consis- tent with the overall socio-economic development. Finally, we argue that if the poor, rural communities

37 Global change impacts on mountain hazards and ecosystem services in Uganda

Bob Nakileza

Abstract: Increase in temperature and functions (e.g. nutrient cycling, and rainfall conditions have far-re- water quality, rate of soil regenera- aching consequences on the inten- tion), and the interactions with the sity and occurrences of hazards in lowlands. UNEDRA (University Net- mountain areas. This paper provides work for Disaster Risk Reduction in an overview of the past and ongoing Africa) is training and encouraging research activities on consequences researchers in the African region of global changes (in temperatures to integrate geospatial analysis in and rainfall) on mountain hazards their studies of disasters. However, in Uganda. The analysis is based there are no studies yet employing on the two prominent mountains of common methodologies for many Rwenzori and Elgon. The key ques- mountain environments. tion pursued here is: what implica- Many studies of erosion in the tions does/will increase in rainfall mountains/highlands (e.g. Nakile- and temperatures have on hazards za, 1992; Tukahirwa-Bitete, 1995; in the mountains in the alpine envi- Bagoora, 1997; Tenywa et al., 2004) ronments, the montane forests and have quantified the rates under dif- agricultural lands? What is known ferent cropping systems on different and/or needs to be done? slopes. There has been little work Landslides, floods, soil erosion and done in relating erosion on agricu- disease epidemics are the com- ltural lands in the uplands to water mon hazards accentuated by global quality and ecosystems in the low- changes in these mountains. There lying areas. is no hazard research in the alpine Studies on disease epidemics such environments. Most studies on as malaria, which were never or landslides in Uganda (e.g. Bagoora, little experienced before particularly 1996; Kitutu, 2006; Knapen et al., at higher altitudes, are now a major 2006; Nakileza et al., 2007) have threat to the mountain populati- focused on establishing the causes, on. The mountain population has distribution and the general socio- low immunity to malaria. Thus, economic consequences on agricu- thousands of people have lost their ltural lands. Limited studies have lives and many have been rendered been undertaken on determining less productive. Further studies the rainfall thresholds, quantifying should focus on the dynamics of the economic effects and adap- such diseases in relationship to hu- tation mechanisms regarding the man adaptation and land use/cover landslides. Virtually no studies have changes, including increased urba- focused on the effects of landslides nization. on ecosystems, ecosystem services

38 The role of governance in climate change adaptation: understanding and managing the interface between individual and institutional responses Laura German and Maria Brockhaus

Abstract: Global change, with its The paper draws from the literature different faces and appearances, on resilience, social network analy- induces transformations of econo- sis and common property resources mies, societies and ecosystems. to posit important components of Populations rely on a host of eco- resilience and adaptive governance system goods and services, whose in the context of climate change. It management and use tends to be then builds upon these concepts to mediated by human motivations at analyze current institutions of go- the individual level and systems of vernance in socio-ecological systems governance at the collective level. of east and west Africa. In each In the face of exogenous change of case study, the properties of gover- critical significance to local liveli- nance are highlighted and contras- hoods, human behaviors – mediated ted with factors known to enhance by human motivations and collective adaptive capacity, and implications rules – interface with a new set of for climate change adaptation are dynamics which defy prior expe- drawn. Key governance challenges rience and expectations. Institu- are identified and implications for tions of governance, an important future research highlighted. The co-determinant of human behavior, paper concludes with a discussion of are a product of unique historical research contributions that can help processes as well as of expected to strengthen learning for improved patterns in the natural world (eco- adaptive capacity of individuals and system structure, function and institutions in the context of climate dynamics; market dynamics; etc.). change and variability. When those patterns change in unexpected ways, an array of new vulnerabilities sets in unless these institutions and other triggers influencing adaptive behavior can be adapted to new realities. This adaptation hinges on learning at diverse levels, and feedbacks between levels, to equitably distribute risks and opportunities and facilitate information flows related to both – thus enabling informed responses at individual and institutional/group levels.

39 foto by Nelson Guma, Rwenzori National Park

The institutional infrastructure for rural representation Godberg Tumshabe

Abstract: Africa’s rural poor are lies on deliberation, negotiation and under-represented in policymaking compromise to resolve conflicts and and policy implementation pro- balance clashing interests. cesses. In many countries, the rural poor constitute a majority, yet pu- WRI’s (World Resources Institu- blic policy and government actions te) Legislative Representation and typically fail to reflect their needs the Environment project conducts and priorities while favoring the research to better understand the interests of small, powerful groups institutional infrastructure to legis- of political and economic elites. Who lative representation, the incentives brings the needs and aspirations of and disincentives that lawmakers the rural poor into public policy and face in performing their fundamen- service delivery decisions? tal representation roles, and their implications for rural people and Development assistance often fo- local needs. The research focuses cuses on promoting popular par- on three critical elements of repre- ticipation to support inclusion, yet sentation – accountability, autono- representation is the most effective my and authority. WRI’s presentati- means of bringing citizen input on will draw on case material from into policy processes in all but the nine countries (Cameroon, Kenya, smallest of societies. Representation Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Tan- addresses the intellectual, time-re- zania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), lated and motivational obstacles to several background papers (South direct participation that many citi- Africa, Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal), zens experience. In representative and multiple national and sub-regio- democracies, voters elect leaders nal workshops to share the principal and delegate to them the authority findings and discuss policy options. to govern on their behalf. Through representation, policymaking beco- mes a process in which professional policymakers balance competing and often contradictory interests. Representatives reconcile the many positions within their constituenci- es and exercise their discretionary powers to integrate and balance local views, national interests and global concerns. Unlike participation and direct democracy, which can lead to fragmented and inefficient policy, representative democracy re-

40 Governance, livelihoods and forest management in the Mt. Cameroon region: case study of the Bimbia-Bonadi- kombo Natural Resource Management Council (BBNRMC) Emmanuel Nuesiri

Abstract: Timber from Cameroon’s BBNRMC is the key determinant of forest is a significant income earner livelihoods and forest management for the Government of Cameroon outcomes. The paper also shows (GoC); timber export revenues are that the local regime reflects the second only to crude oil. The main governance style of the GoC. The actors in the timber sector are the paper argues that conserving the bi- GoC and multinational logging firms. odiversity of Mt. Cameroon requires The forest is also a direct or indirect long-term, twin track, adaptive local source of livelihood for about 70% and national initiatives. of the population in the forest zone. Since 1990, international donors, notably the IMF/World Bank and DFID, the UK Department for Inter- national Development, have, also become major actors in the forest sector. They persuaded the GoC to adopt a new forest policy in 1994, which makes room for community- based conservation (CBC) in the form of community forests. Donor justification is that good governance in the forestry sector is a key entry point to broader governance reform.

Donor prerogatives were operatio- nalized through conservation with development projects such as the DFID-led Mt. Cameroon Project (MCP) Limbe. The MCP Limbe, using a participatory biodiversity conservation strategy (PBCS), designed community forest institutions including the Bimbia-Bonadikombo Na- tural Resource Management Council (BBNRMC). This paper, which adopts a political ecology approach, shows that the governance regime in the

41 The governance of natural resources in the Maloti areas of Lesotho: an overview Moliehi T. Shale

Abstract: Like many developing uninhabited, problems such as over- countries, Lesotho is in search of grazing, illegal drug cultivation and innovative ways of satisfying its the unlawful movement of people development objectives. This paper and livestock are often experienced draws on two aspects of develop- – as a result of misunderstanding ment: governance and conservation. the idea of conservation or because The governance of natural resour- of the ambiguity concerning authori- ces in Lesotho is an engaging issue ty in those areas. as there are multiple spheres and levels of governance, each making Using the cases of the Sehlabat- use of its own laws and guidelines. hebe National Park and the Mohale For example, at the village scale Dam, this paper highlights how the where the chief presides, communal indistinct characteristics of gover- laws are applied while at the scale nance in the Maloti areas of Lesotho of the constituency, local govern- make control practices difficult, and ment is represented by communi- it argues that governance structures ty councilors and recognizes and need to be appropriate to both the employs national, Western-based people and the physical land that laws. Synergizing the efforts of the they govern. two institutions has been difficult as they often do not speak to each other nor overlap. It has been particularly challenging for the Basotho people to follow these developments – especially the laws relating to the use of and access to natural resources.

Following the principles of sustainable development, nations across the globe have set aside land for natural resource conservation. Development discourse has often been counter-developmental in that spaces set aside for conservation are often crucial for supplying the natural resources that locals need to support their livelihoods. Where conservation areas are remote and

42 Ecosystem approach to restoration and conservation of Uganda’s degraded mountain and highland water catchments – a mechanism for response to environmental change Festus D.K. Bagoora and George M. Lubega

Abstract: Conservation of the fragile The ecosystem approach is likely sensitization, consultations and nego- environment is well provided for in to be most successful in areas that tiations to obtain a win-win situation existing policies and laws of the coun- have been negatively impacted upon in terms of planning and implemen- try. These environments are increa- so that the community response to tation of management interventions. singly facing pressures of degradation restoration and conservation efforts, Not only has this approach proved to from population growth and economic as well as a visible impact on the build community capacity of under- activities. And yet, these ecosystems ground, can be realized in a fairly standing and management of local form the roof, gutter and storage sys- short time period. In this regard, ecosystems but it has also recorded tems of the water we use in our daily important practices that degrade a built-in incentive to conserve or use life. The ecosystem approach started the ecosystems have been used as of sustainable practices among the as a central principle in the imple- a criterion. This paper takes Bwera communities after understanding the mentation of the Convention on Biolo- in Kasese District as an example of incremental credits associated with gical Diversity, but has been extended mountain ecosystem restoration and their efforts. to other areas of the ecosystem. The Buhanama-Ndaija as an example of objective is the conservation of fragile hilly areas ecosystems selected for This paper discusses the approaches areas of Uganda through proper piloting community-based ecosystem used and the impact realized during utilization, as well as the protection restoration and conservation. In line a period of four years of interventi- of natural resources therein, and to with the ecosystem approach, com- on amongst selected communities. safeguard the integrity of the physical munities are assumed to be willing to Results of the efforts clearly indicate and biological processes at work. work towards conservation. that whereas any impact in the form In Uganda, fragile ecosystems have of ecosystem recovery takes a long been categorized by the Government Both approach and site selection time to be realized, there are sig- as mountainous and hilly areas, recognize that availability of water, nificant indicators of recovery that wetlands, riverbanks and lakeshores. as well as control of slope erosion can be realized in a short time, for Like most of other areas of the coun- and related hazards are directly example in two years. try, these ecosystems are experien- linked with many other ecosystem- cing severe pressure from population processes. Consequently, determi- Finally, the paper proposes commu- growth and over-utilization, leading nation of the location and size of the nity-based participatory research to to degradation. As a result the Go- pilot sites has taken into account monitor the nature and dynamics vernment has made policies and laws important boundaries of ecosystem of the ecosystem recovery. This will to protect these areas. The National processes such as catchments, wet- provide the much-needed information Environment Management Authority lands, riverbanks, biota niches, and on the best options for restoration has adopted a community-based eco- feeding areas, and their relationship and conservation of both the already system approach. It entails capacity with people’s livelihoods and deve- degraded as well as the degrading or building at the district and community lopment activities. The uniqueness threatened ecosystems for posterity. levels in using the ecosystem con- of the approach consists in the fact cept. that it engages communities through

43 Integrating indigenous knowledge (IK) and exogenous knowledge (EK) systems in natural resources management: the case of Baringo and Didinga Hills in Kenya and South Sudan Paul M. Makenzi and Joshua Akong’a

Abstract: Environmental degrada- selected through purposive sam- tion arising from ineffective natural pling from both study areas. Data resources management (NRM), were collected through survey re- depletion of forest biodiversity and search using semi-structured ques- the resultant problems, such as soil tionnaires. Spatial, temporal and erosion or water shortage, have be- social qualitative household data come issues of global concern. The were gathered using participatory worst hit by these problems are the research tools as described in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) PRA handbook (2002). To determine of sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya, the relationship between Indigenous environmental degradation of most Technical Knowledge (ITK) and Exo- ASALs has persisted despite efforts genous Technical Knowledge (ETK) by the governments and by non- as sources of knowledge in NRM governmental organizations (NGOs) at household level, the households to improve the quality of natural were categorized based on the level resources and to provide solutions of NRM and the literacy level of the to NRM problems. The effectiveness head of household, and the know- of traditional strategies for natural ledge source was determined as resources management using IK as described by Makenzi (2003). the only source of knowledge has increasingly become a question for The paper presents the results of investigation. Two case studies were the research findings for the Baringo conducted. The objective of these District in Kenya. studies was to determine the significance of integrating indigenous and exogenous knowledge systems in NRM and biodiversity conservation by pastoral communities in arid and semi-arid areas in Kenya and South Sudan.

An ex post facto research design was used, covering six divisions in Baringo District in Kenya and seven payams in Budi County in South Sudan. 300 farmers were randomly selected and 30 extension agents

44 Central questions in modeling the economics of adaptation to climate change Andy Keeler

Abstract: Large-scale and long than specific environmental and in- time-horizon estimates of the frastructure investments and actions damages associated with climate is essential, and depends on the change have been useful in as- nature of the disruption of environ- sessing the order of magnitude of mental services. economic effects on a sectorally and geographically disaggregated The policy and economic literature basis. As the certainty of impacts has been generally concerned with has become greater and more im- whether adaptation is a substitute mediate, attention has turned to a or complement to mitigation – do more detailed and holistic view of efforts to reduce the risks of climate the consequences of climate change change through adaptation reduce that focuses on adaptation. There or increase the value of reducing are some key questions that emerge greenhouse gases? In a developing from this evolution of thought that country context, the more approp- have important implications for both riate question is: which is a higher research and public policy in African priority for the use of the scarce mountain regions. domestic and international resources available to address the risks of One central question is the mix climate change? between adaptation that is speci- fically driven by policy decisions and adaptation that takes place autonomously in response to the conditions that individuals and institutions experience. This depends critically on how well information can be assimilated and acted upon. A second key question is whether climate change poses a discontinuo- us set of challenges different from those faced by poor households that are vulnerable to both environmental and economic stressors. This is related to the larger question of how adaptation fits into the larger question of economic and social development. The extent to which wealth is a more effective adaptation strategy

45 Poster: Regeneration ecology of dominant woody species at tropical timberline Yoseph Assefa, K. Wesche and Masresha Fetene

Abstract: Being located between Erica trimera is the only species The ericaceous belt of the Bale the wet east (proper) African and that was distributed in the entire Mountains is seriously affected by the dry northeast African moun- altitudinal range, while E. arboreal progressively increasing human tains, the Bale mountain range was absent in the lower subzone. A activities. Cattle and horses exert hosts some of the endemic flora and major constituent of the vegetati- heavy pressure on the vegetation, fauna which are in danger of extinc- on in question, E. trimera, showed especially at lower altitudes. The tion. The most extensive ericaceous a gradual transition in height and ericaceous shrubs are cut for fuel vegetation in the continent is found life-form along altitudinal gradients. wood and are frequently burnt by in the Bale Mountains. The southern Schefflera volkensii was restricted to the local people for various reasons. slope of this mountain range is the lower subzones. Hypericum re- This is leading to a reduction in known for its distinct vegetation volutum, Myrsine melanophloes and the biodiversity of the region with zonation of Afromontane forests. Discopoduim penninervium were possible consequences on other distributed in the lower and central ecological services such as water A study on the recruitment and subzones of the ericaceous vegeta- retention. Supplementary fuel from structure of the ericaceous vegetati- tion. The analysis of the population plantation forest is urgently required on was made on the southern slope structure of woody species revealed to reduce pressure on the natural of the Bale Mountains, Harrena that only Myrsine melanophloes forest. Alternative income-genera- escarpment. The ericaceous vege- showed a healthy distribution (in- ting activities need to be introduced tation north of Rira village, between verted “J” shape distribution). The to reduce the pressure on the natu- 3,000 m and 4,200 m, was sampled other species exhibited abnormal ral vegetation. systematically along altitudinal gra- distribution, indicating a problem in dients. Seedlings and saplings of the reproduction and/or recruitment. woody species were enumerated in a subplot of 25 m2.

Poster: Melissopalynology: annual variation of melliferous plants in the Soudano Guinean highlands of West Cameroon Delphine Dongock N. and Joseph Tchoumboué

Abstract: The variation of mellife- 98 species in 2001, 126 in 2002 system of the Mt. Mbamboutos. rous plants exploited by Apis mel- and 112 in 2003. According to the lifera adansonii was studied in the frequency of different species in the Soudano-Guinean highlands of West honey samples, 76.2% of plants are Cameroon (5°21’45”–5°35’44” N frequently found in 60% of honey and 10°4’72”–10°26’24” E) between samples of each year cited above; September 2001 and March 2003 23.8% of melliferous species vary using melissopalynology methods from one year to another. This vari- (Louveaux et al., 1978). The aim of ation can be accounted for by bees’ this study was to determine mellife- carrying away some melliferous rous species during these periods in plants important for the fabrication honey samples annually collected. A of hive products in the mountain total of 104 honey samples was coll- chain of West Cameroon. Many rea- ected to this effect: 29 in 2001, 39 sons can explain the disappearance in 2002 and 36 in 2003. The spec- of these species: anthropic action, trum of melliferous plants exploited agricultural activities, land erosi- by Apis mellifera adansonii in that on, evolution of ecosystems due to mountain zone is large and diver- climatic change. This study must sified. A total of 141 species belon- be regularly done in this mountain ging to 61 families was identified: zone, principally in the fragile eco-

46 Poster: Water quality monitoring to assess the conservation status of streams and rivers in the Albertine Rift region of Uganda Aventino Kasangaki

Abstract: Streams and rivers in Plecoptera, and Trichoptera spe- over a large area at minimal costs. mountainous regions are undergoing cies) were efficient at separating rapid degradation, yet there are no sites according to level of stream There is a need for developing a standard methods for measuring degradation. Moreover, high habitat standard water quality monitoring and monitoring the ecological health assessment scores were an indica- protocol for streams and rivers of these fragile ecosystems. In col- tor of good quality stream habitat. in mountainous regions so as to laboration with the Ugandan Wildlife Protected area sites had high habi- assess human impacts on these Authority, we trained park rangers tat and invertebrate scores com- ecosystems. There is also a need in rapid bioassessment methods pared to sites outside the parks. We for enhanced, government-sup- to assess the ecological health of conclude that metrics derived from ported, long-term environmental wadable streams in five National benthic macroinvertebrates may monitoring, so that consequences Parks and their surrounding areas be a valuable tool for assessing the of climatic change can be studied, within the Albertine Rift region of conservation status of streams and understood, and used to drive po- Uganda. In addition, rangers were rivers and for revealing important licy. The water quantity and qua- trained to carry out habitat assess- linkages between terrestrial and lity of mountainous regions needs ments to link terrestrial and aquatic aquatic ecosystem health. However, to be monitored as they are the ecosystem change. Metrics calcula- the metrics need to be standardized major water sources for the lowland ted from the data revealed that they to be applicable on a large scale. communities and for preservation of can be used effectively to assess Given the fact that protected area freshwater biodiversity therein. the status of freshwater resources rangers are spread throughout the in protected areas at low cost. For country, ranger training programs example, metrics such as number present an opportunity to effectively of taxa and EPT (Ephemeroptera, monitor the health of freshwaters

47 Community conservation fotos by Nelson Guma, Rwenzori National Park

Mid-workshop Review: land-use and climate change - what do we need to know? Brainstorming moderated by Greg Greenwood

Theory and Practice • Revisit the changed nature of terms, e.g. “land use” • Land use systems (types) • Land use policies (what are they?) • Better databases (covering local, regional, continental levels) • Knowledge systems • Causal/reciprocal relations between land use/land use change and climate change • Nexus between land use/land management and food insecurity • Land use as a history • Research on solutions, on problems?

Regional Scope • Comparisons to other regions in the world • Regional differences • Use of regionally appropriate models

Community Involvement • Being able to inform decisions at multiple scales • Hindcasting and forecasting • Need to drive analysis all the way into socio-economic dynamics • Partnerships with policy, practitioners in adaptive managements • Human adaptation is on-going in mountain regions

Data Generation and Utilization • Need for systemic data sharing • Remotely-sensed data • Regional climate scenarios from RCM/GCMs • GBIF; open access climate data • Do not reinforce but use existing tools • Haven’t tapped LIK enough • Data dissemination – deliberate effort • Lobby for more observation (meteo) in mountains • Linking to existing efforts/databases (e.g. SAEON) • Multi-disciplinary data collection • But, impossible to get enough data

48 Climate Modeling • Regional climate model to guide measurements, monitoring • Models need to be validated/informed by data; ground-truthing • Climate reconstructions, e.g. paleo-reconstructions have been very relevant in management decisions regarding Colorado river • Need to be sure that we understand current climate • Need to look at both positive and negative impacts • Need to look into work on mitigation of global warming impacts

Coordination • Need for coordination across projects on interaction of land use and climate change of researchers operating within Africa • Databases on people (who is doing what?) and data themselves

Research Focus • What is particularly relevant to mountains? • Restoration research • Globally cross-cutting issues • New emerging issues • Gaps in climate, paleo-environment and other mountain environments

49 from the presentation by Carbutt/Edwards

Results of the final discussion: the way forward Brainstorming moderated by Greg Greenwood

Next steps in a GCRN The key functions of Thematic groups in the network for African Mountains: the network proposed were also created in order to develop synergies between research Who will do What and adopted are as proposals and ongoing projects. Where? follows: Land development, poverty and so- The working groups in ciety, and climate change were ex- ) To engage in well-harmonized, the network were divi- plored separately during the work- networked research shop in relation to their effects on ) To influence policy and decisi- ded into the following the mountains/highlands of Africa. on-making in order to improve thematic areas: The interplay among these aspects livelihoods and the environment and their linkage to African moun- in African Mountains/Highlands ) Climate Change tains was also firmly established. (AM/H) ) Land Use / Land Management The key recommendations and va- ) To advocate use of different me- Change, and rious knowledge gaps made evident chanisms at different levels ) Governance – Socioeconomic in the presentations strengthen the 4) To create synergies with existing notion that there is a serious need local, regional and global initiati- The role of potential partners to look into the challenges of global ves (development and research) involved in the community and at change in African mountains. 5) To create an AM/H ecosystem the grassroots level (NGOs) was GIS-based database platform emphasized during the discussion, The establishment of a multi-site 6) To create a forum on mountain as this should be fully integrated network in African highlands (which research and initiatives into the ‘governance’ thematic area. will pursue interdisciplinary and 7) To mobilize the research commu- Research conducted needs to be trans-disciplinary global change nity for networking and carrying disseminated, and NGOs will be key research) was realized as a result out research partners in facilitating dissemination of the workshop discussions. On of information among communities. behalf of the participants, therefore, Dr. Gete Zeleke presented a propo- The biophysical environment (biodi- sal on “The Way Forward” for this versity, water, soil) was also propo- newly-established Global Change sed as another research cluster in Research Network in African Moun- the thematic groups but has yet to tains. The network will address the be formalized. Key messages from need of African mountain resear- each of the thematic groups are chers to join hands, efforts and expected to support research propo- resources, and share experiences. sals to be drafted.

50 from the presentation by Richard Lechmere Oertel

Overall, the function of Mountain Biodiversity Assessment/ gues and updates. Full disclosure of DIVERSITAS for the Land Use/Land materials and current developments the thematic working Management Change Theme; David will be available on the network’s groups is as follows: Kraybill of Department of Agricultu- site at: http://mri.scnatweb.ch/con- ral, Environmental and Development tent/category/3/61/80/ (temporarily ) To continue current ongoing Economics-The Ohio State Univer- housed in MRI website until further research but create a network in sity, and Andrew Keeler of the John notice). the process Glenn School of Public Affairs, The ) To jointly identify gaps and de- Ohio State University for the Gover- For more information, please email sign additional well-harmonized nance – Socioeconomic Theme. to Bob Nakileza nakilezab@yahoo. and networked research projects com / [email protected]. ) To create synergies with existing The coordinating group local, regional and global initiatives (development and research) for the thematic areas 4) To influence policy and decision- will: making for the improvement of livelihoods and the environment ) Define the Terms of Reference in AM/H of the thematic group, including 5) To undertake advocacy activities governance 6) To create a thematic GIS-based ) Identify gaps and key priority database platform for the AM/H interventions for the group and feed into the network ) Develop joint projects 7) To create a forum (if needed out- 4) Mobilize resources for immediate side the network) thematic area functions 8) To mobilize resources for networking and doing research The Mountain Research Initiative 9) To link with other themes (MRI) was tasked to be Coordina- tor of the network, supported by The heads of each of the the- the Global Mountain Program of matic groups in the network will CGIAR (through the African Moun- work independently with their own tain Forum node) and the Center working groups. However, regular for Development and Environment, consultations among the groups University of Bern (through North- were deemed highly necessary. The South linkage and GIS support). aforementioned thematic groups The Mountain Resource Center of are headed by Stefan Grab of the Makerere University was assigned University of Witwatersrand, South to be the focal institute in Africa Africa, for the Climate Change to provide support to the network, Theme; Gete Zeleke of the Global including resource mobilization. The Mountain Program-CGIAR, Ethiopia, key function of this central net- Paul Makenzi, Egerton University, working is to periodically get the Kenya, and Eva Spehn of Global network together through dialo-

51 The workshop participants (foto Philip Omondi Aming’o) APPENDIX I List of participants Thomas Schaaf International Steering UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program (MAB) Committee 1, rue Miollis 75732 Paris, France Thomas Kohler Gregory B. Greenwood (Chair) Tel: +33 (0) 1 45 68 40 65 Centre for Development and Envi- Mountain Research Initiative Fax: +33 (0) 1 45 68 58 04 ronment, Institute of Geography, FGSE, Office 312 [email protected] Université de Lausanne University of Bern Hallerstrasse 10 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Eva Spehn 3012 Bern, Switzerland Tel: +41 79 776 82 77 Global Mountain Biodiversity Assess- +41 (0) 31 631 88 60 Fax: +41 21 692 35 05 ment/DIVERSITAS +41 (0) 31 631 85 44 [email protected] Inst of Botany, [email protected] University of Basel Laura German Schönbeinstrasse 6, Paul Makenzi Center for International Forestry Re- 4056 Basel, Switzerland Egerton University search & African Highlands Initiative Tel: +41612673511 P.O. Box 422-20115 P.O. BOX 6596, JKPWB Fax: +41612673504 Egerton, Kenya 10065 Indonesia [email protected] Tel: +62 251 622622, Ext. 402 Tel: +254 (0) 724675219 mobile: +254 733 545341 Fax: +62 251 622100 Peter Trutmann [email protected] [email protected] Global Mountain Programme/CIP Lima, Peru Bob Nakileza (Chair) Stefan Grab Tel: (51) 1 349 6017 ext. 2223 Mountain Resource Center, Depart- Department of Geography, Archaeo- Fax: (51) 1 317 5326 ment of Geography logy & Environmental Studies [email protected] University of the Witwatersrand Makerere University P.O.Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda P/Bag 3, WITS 2050, South Africa Gete Zeleke Tel: +256 782470344 Tel: +27 11 717 65 Global Mountain Programme/CGIAR [email protected] / Fax: +27 11 403 7281 P.O. Box: 5689, ILRI Campus [email protected] [email protected] Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251 116 463215 Fax: +251 116 461252/464645 [email protected]

52 Local Organizing Speakers and Poster Committee Presenters

Bob Nakileza (Chair) Achou Enow Aventino Kasangaki Mountain Resource Center, Depart- International Council for Science Institute of Tropical Forest Conser- ment of Geography – Regional Office for Africa vation Makerere University P.O. Box 13252, Hatfield Mbarara University of Science & P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda Pretoria 0082 South Africa Technology Tel: +256 782470344 Tel: +27 124814238 P.O. Box 44, Kabale, Uganda [email protected] Fax: +27 124814273 Tel: +256 712 410548 [email protected] [email protected] Fax: +256 392 251 753 [email protected] Clare Nantumbwe Alexis Teguia [email protected] Mountain Resource Center, Depart- Department of Animal Productions ment of Geography Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultu- Bernard Charlery de la Masse- Makerere University ral Sciences lière P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda University of Dschang Institut Français de Recherche en Tel: +25672431224 P.O. Box 70 Dschang, Cameroon Afrique (IFRA) / [email protected] Tel: +237 77811137 Université Toulouse 2 [email protected] 15 Boulevard Riquet, 3100 Toulouse Paul Mukwaya [email protected] +33534411908 Mountain Resource Center, Depart- [email protected] ment of Geography Andrea Lami [email protected] Makerere University Ev-K²-CNR Committee P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda Via San Bernardino 145, Bergamo Urs Bloesch Tel: +256712345103 24126 Italy Adansonia-Consulting [email protected] Tel: +39 (0) 35 3230511 Mittelstr. 26, Biel Fax: +39 (0) 35 3230551 Switzerland Ritchie Anne (Cheenky) Guzman [email protected] Tel: +41 (0)32 341 63 27 Environmental Management Speci- [email protected] alist Andreas Hemp 5 Guijo St., Filinvest 2, Batasan Hills Department of Plant Systematics Boniface Kiteme 1126 Quezon City University of Bayreuth Centre for Training and Integrated Metro Manila, Philippines Universitätsstr. 30 Research in ASAL Development Tel: +632 9176260165 (Philippines) 95447 Bayreuth, Germany (CETRAD) Tel: +256 773204318 (Uganda) Tel: +499246980979 P.O. Box 144, Nanyuki, 10400 Kenya [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Andrew Farrow International Center for Tropical Ag- Claudia Hemp riculture (CIAT) / Kawanda Agricul- University of Bayreuth tural Research Institute (KARI) Universitätsstr. 30 Km13 Bombo Road (P.O. Box 6247) 95447 Bayreuth, Germany Kampala, Uganda Tel: +499246980979 Tel: +256 782640336 [email protected] [email protected] Clinton Carbutt Andrew G. Keeler KZN Wildlife John Glenn School of Public Affairs, P.O. Box 13053, Cascades The Ohio State University KwaZulu-Natal South Africa 1810 College Td. Columbus, 43210 Tel: +27 (0) 33 845 14 68 Ohio, USA Fax: +27 (0) 33 845 14 99 Tel: +1 614-688-4325 [email protected] Email: [email protected]

53 Dancilla Mukakamari Godberg Tumushabe Moliehi Shale L‘ Association Rwandaise des Ecolo- Advocates Coalition for Develop- Stockholm Environment Institute/ gistes “ARECO-Rwanda Nziza” ment and Environment Environmental and Geographical Opposite Amahoro National Stadi- Plot 96 Kanyokya St., Science Department, University of um Gate 17 P.O. Box 3967, Kigali, PO Box 29836 Kampala Cape Town Rwanda Tel: +25641530798 South Lane, Upper Campus Tel: + 250 08521732 / + 250 [email protected] Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701 05102407 / + 250 55101785 O South Africa [email protected] Herbert Valentine Lyaruu Tel: (021) 650 5749/4796 Department of Botany, University of [email protected] David Kraybill Dar es Salaam Department of Agricultural, Environ- P.O. Box 35060, Dar es Salaam, Nelson Guma mental and Development Economics Tanzania Rwenzori Mountains National Park / the Ohio State University Tel: +255 717 685009 Uganda Wildlife Authority 2120 Fyffe Road, Columbus OH [email protected] P.O. Box 188, Kasese 43210 USA Tel: +256 392841133/+ 256 Tel: +614 292 8721 / +614 551 Hilde Eggermont 772531457 0206 Limnology Unit, Department of Bio- [email protected] [email protected] logy - Ghent University K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 Noah E. Mpunga Dongock Nguemo Delphine 9000 Ghent, Belgium Southern Highlands Conservation Department of Plants Biology, Uni- Tel: +32 9 2645262 Programme / Wildlife Conservation versity of Dschang Fax: +32 9 2645343 Society P.O. Box 383, Dschang, Cameroon [email protected] P.O. Box 1475, Mbeya, Tanzania Tel: + (237) 99 45 10 96 [email protected] [email protected] Jean-Emet Nodem Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Hu- Philip Omondi Aming’o Emmanuel Nuesiri maines, Université de Dschang Igad Climate Prediction And Applica- Centre for the Environment (OUCE), P.O. Box 49, Dschang, Cameroon tions Centre (Icpac) University of Oxford Tel: 99609623 P.O. Box 10304, 00100 GPO South Parks Road OX1 3QY [email protected] Nairobi, Kenya Oxford, England Tel: +254 020 3878340 Tel: +44 (0)781646310 Mukadasi Buyinza Fax: +254 020 3878343 Fax: +44(0)1865 275885 Makarere University [email protected] [email protected] Kampala, Uganda [email protected] [email protected] Festus D.K. Bagoora Rob Marchant National Environment Management Mamadou I. Ouattara University of York Authority, Uganda African Union Coordination Office / University Road, Heslington P.O. Box 22255, Kampala Uganda AU-FOUTA-DJALLON Program YO10 5DD, UK Tel: 256 41251064/5/8 1386 Conakry, Guinea Tel: +44 1904 434061 [email protected] Tel : +224 30435365 / 60526500 [email protected] Fax : +224 30434170 Giorgio Vassena [email protected] / Simon Loader Surveying and Geomatics [email protected] Department of Environmental Sci- University of Brescia ences - Institute of Biogeography 25123 Brescia, Italy Mkankam Kamga François University of Basel +39-030 3711236 University of Yaoundé I 4056 Basel, Switzerland +39-030 3715503 P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon Tel: +41 (0) 61 267 07 23 [email protected] [email protected] Tel: +41 (0) 61 267 08 01 [email protected]

54 Participants

Taelo Letsela Abu Baker S. Wandera Godfrey Lawrence Bwaya Department of Biology, National GEF Small Grants Programme – Shunya Yalana Community-Based University of Lesotho United Nations Development Pro- Organization P.O. Roma 180, Lesotho gramme P.O. Box 2091 Mbale, Uganda Tel: +266 58854384 P.O. Box 7184, Kampala, Uganda Tel : +256 782573791 +266 22340000 Tel: 031 260265 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Hugh L. Bloemer Vincent Kakembo Cecily Kabagumya Department of Geography, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Albertine Rift Conservation Society Ohio University University (ARCOS) 122 Clippinger Laboratories P.O. Box 770000, Port Elizabeth Regional Office, Plot 1329, Block 15, Athens 45701 Ohio USA 6031 South Africa Nsambya, Tel: 740 592 2320 Tel: +27 41 504 4516 P.O. Box 9146, Kampala, Uganda Fax: 740 593 1139 Fax: +27 41 504 2340 Tel: 041-530700; [email protected] [email protected] Fax: 041-530700 [email protected], Matthew McCartney Willem Ferguson [email protected] Sub-regional office for the Nile Basin Centre for Environmental Studies, and East Africa University of Pretoria Costante Bonacina Int. Water Management Institute Tel: +27124202017 University of Brescia, Italy P.O. Box 5689 Fax: +27124203210 [email protected] Addis Ababa, Ethiopia [email protected] Tel: +251 11 6463215 Daniel Luliro Nadhomi Fax: +251 646122 Yoseph Assefa Department of Geography - Gulu [email protected] Addis Ababa University University P.O. Box 10067 PO Box 166 Gulu, Uganda Mbaka Njoka Addis Ababa, Ethiopia [email protected] Egerton University Tel: +251 911611308 P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya [email protected] Everline Komotunga Tel : 0733424583 National Agricultural Research Orga- [email protected] nisation /Mbarara Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute Mburi Stephen P.O. Box 389 Mbarara, Uganda ESAFF/WMPA [email protected], narombarara@ E-mail: [email protected] afsat.com Stephanie de Villiers Francis Gichuki Ndiritu Stellenbosch University Egerton University South Africa P O Box 536 Egerton, Kenya [email protected] Tel: 254 733 917123 [email protected]

Fredrick Tumwine Makarere University Kampala, Uganda [email protected]

George Lubega Matovu National Environment Management Authority, Uganda P.O. Box 22255, Kampala Uganda Tel: 256 41251064/5/8 [email protected]

55 APPENDIX II Post-conference study tour

An optional post-conference field excursion was organized to familiarize participants with typical ecosystems, land use/cover, evidence of glacial recession, water systems, as well as hazards, adaptation and risk factors in the mountain environs of Mt. Rwenzori situated in Western Uganda.

Itinerary 5pm Game drive through Queen Day 3 Elizabeth National Park eco 8am Breakfast Day 1 system (stop-over at Kazin 8.30am Visit Kilembe mines 7am Departure from Kampala ga Channel - observe the (look at alternative 9am Breakfast at Masaka hydrology/river system, or sources of livelihood for 11am Arrival in Mbarara and drive the water ecosystem) former copper mining to Mwizi Highlands 6pm Arrival in Kasese communities, observe land (observe intensive land use/cover visit UWA site, use, land degradation, PLEC Day 2 local NGO, land manage project response) 8am Breakfast at Virena Gardens ment challenges) 1pm Lunch & Cottages in Kasese 10am Drive to Fort Portal 2pm Travel to Bunyaruguru 9am Drive to Bwera (observe River Mobuko (observe landscape and the (observe the impacts of flow patterns and commu Kalinzu Forest natural eco urbanization on the foot nity land management system) hills of the Rwenzori Mt., practices) 3pm Arrival in Kalinzu forest sta interact with local 1pm Lunch tion (walk down the forest, comunities, National Envi 2pm Depart for Kampala observe the natural forest ronment Management Aut (stop-over at the Kibale and eucalyptus plantation) hority, ecosystem approach National Park – elephant 3.30pm Drive to Kishunju Hill view activities) cross-over trails, land uses point (observe the Nyungu 1pm Lunch and ecosystems, deforesta crater lake, Kichwamba 1 2pm Visit Uganda Wildlife Autho tion) Crater Lake) rity office in Bugoye Kasese 5pm Arrival in Kampala 4pm Drive to Kichwamba 11 (orientation talk by UWA (observe the edge of the Management) rift valley, distant views of 3pm Drive to Nyakalenjija the Rwenzori Mountains (get into Rwenzori National and their environments, Park and explore the colla- the dry crater lakes and borative park management the interacting rift valley practices and challenges) ecosystem)

56 Field-trip fotos by Willem Ferguson

57 Network mapping for a Global Change Research Network in African Mountains

Makarere University, CDE (Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern), and MRI have developed an overview of African Mountain Research. The workshop participants form the core of the Who is Who list. It has then been supplemented with national lists (provided by the members of the conference steering committee) of researchers working on global change in the African mountains. The list is updated by the Mountain Research Initiative on a regular basis, and is always open for new entries. The readers are called upon to complete the list, i.e. to send MRI the names of scientists who are not listed!

Name Inst. Contact Research Discipline Current Research Topic Research Partners Funding Region Ahal Rajeev German ZA [email protected] Lesotho Highland wetlands technical Highlands Cooperation (GTZ) Bezuidenhout South African ZA [email protected] Southern Research, Hugo National Parks rg African management highlands Pauw Johan South African ZA [email protected] Southern Data base Observation African Network highlands South African ZA [email protected] Southern Management, National African governance, research Biodiversity highlands Institute Anchor University of ZA [email protected] Southern Highland wetlands Environmental Cape town ct.ac.za African Consultants CC highlands Boshoff Andre Nelson Mandela ZA andre.boshoff@nm Eastern Cape Ecology Metropolitan mu.ac.za Mountains University

Carbutt Clinton Ezemvelo KZN ZA [email protected]. Drakensberg Botany (plant Conservation planning Dr Stefan Grab (Wits Wildlife za mountains systematics, plant University, ZA), past ecology, plant colleagues / supervisors at the biogeography) University of KwaZulu-Natal (Prof. Trevor Edwards)

Cunningham M. University of ZA cunninghammj@qw Drakensberg Zoology Free State a.uovs.ac.za mountains

De Villiers University of ZA [email protected] Lesotho Earth science, 1. Southern Africa Large number of people in NRF (National Research Stephanie Stellenbosch, highlands aquatic chemistry, continental weathering Southern Africa, Europe and Foundation, ZA), NSF isotope rates, as reflected in river the USA (National Science geochemistry, marine geochemistry, denudation Foundation, USA) and continental rates and offshore sediment records of climate accummulations; 2. Soil change geochemical characteristics in Southern Africa; 3. Hominid evolution in Africa, climate and environmental change

Esterhuysen Wits University, ZA amanda.esterhuyse Lesotho Archaeology Amanda Johannesburg [email protected] highlands

58 Enow Achou International ZA a.enow@icsu- Council for africa.org Science – Regional Office for Africa

Ferguson University of ZA willemferguson@zo Drakensberg Ecology Mountain grassland SAPPI, Global Forest products National Research Willem Pretoria ology.up.ac.za mountains conservation Foundation

Grab Stefan School of ZA [email protected] Mount Kenya, Geomorphology, Mass movement Institute of Nuclear Science, Wits University Funds; Geography, c.za Aberdare climate classification and processes, University of Nairobi, Goddard National Research Archaeology & ranges and footpath management, Earth Sciences and Foundation Environmental Kenyan change analysis of gully Technology centre (US), Studies, highland; systems, palaeo-glacial, funded by Wits University University of the Lesotho periglacial and climate Funds; Ezemvelo Wildlife Witwatersrand highlands studies, historical climate Services change, channel change analysis of the Limpopo River system, sandstone weathering and erosion

Kakembo Geography, ZA Vincent.kakembo@ Eastern Cape Applied Prof Kate Rowntree (Rhodes Vincent Nelson Mandela nmmu.ac.za Mountains geomorphology University), Dr Tony Palmer Metropolitan (Research and Agricultural University Council), postgraduate students Kerley Graham Nelson Mandela ZA graham.kerley@nm Eastern Cape Zoology Metropolitan mu.ac.za Mountains University

Lawes Mike University of ZA [email protected] Drakensberg Zoology KwaZulu-Natal mountains

Meiklejohn Ian Pretoria ZA ian.meiklejohn@up Lesotho Geomorphology University, .ac.za highlands Pretoria Nel Werner University of ZA [email protected]. Drakensberg Climate Fort Hare, South za mountains Africa Robertson Mark Pretoria ZA mrobertson@zoolo Drakensberg Zoology University gy.up.ac.za mountains

Sumner Paul Pretoria ZA [email protected] Lesotho Geomorphology University, c.za highlands Pretoria Bloemer Hugh Department of US [email protected] Mount Geography Glacier retreat High Mountain Remote Geography, Ohio a Kilimajaro in (cartography, remote Sensing Cartographer Group University Tanzania sensing)

Hugh H. Ohio University, US Eastern Geography Remote Sensing and USA A African cartography highlands / mountains Keeler Andy John Glenn US Andy.keeler@jgipp Mount Economics US climate change Ohio State University School of Public A m.ohio-state.edu Kilimajaro in mitigation policy, adaptation Affairs, The Ohio Tanzania policy State University

Kraybill David Dept. of US [email protected] Mount Kenya, Economics Global change in mountain Eastern Africa: Researchers at Tanzania research: Agricultural, A Aberdare regions of Tanzania and Eggerton University (KE), Funded by Ohio State Environmental ranges and Kenya , economics of Sokoine University (TZ), and University; Kenya and Kenyan household poverty in Makerere University (UG) research: Funded by Development highlands Uganda, local-government USAID Economics, land use and environmental Center for policies in the United States African Studies, Ohio State University

Marchant Rob Environment UK [email protected] Eastern Arc Palaeoecology, Tracing ecosystem responses Numerous, a.o. Universities of EU, NERC, Royal Society, Department, Mountains, biuogeography, to climate change and Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Dar NSF-START, National University of Mount Kenya, ecosystem modeling human impacts, using es Salaam, Nairobi, Mbarara, Geographic, McArthur York Kilimanjaro, understanding on ecosystem TAWIRI, National Museums of Foundation, Linnaean Meru, dynamics to inform Nairobi, WWF-Tanzania Society Aberdares, management options Albertine Rift (Rukiga Highlands)

Mitchell Peter St Hugh's UK peter.mitchell@st- Lesotho Archaeology College, Oxford, hughs.ox.ac.uk highlands UK Nuesiri Centre for UK Emmanuel.nuesiri Mount Geography Political ecology of forest Ministry of Forests and Oxford University Emmanuel O. Environment, @sant.ox.ac.uk Cameroon conservation in Cameroon Wildlife (CM), Limbe Botanic Clarendon Fund, African Oxford Garden (CM); regional Studies Centre Oxford University councils and NGOs, Pan- University, Oxford African Institute for University Centre for the Development - West Africa Environment Bureau (CM), CIFOR Poverty Environment Network, African Environments Programmme University of Oxford (UK)

Showers Kate University of UK [email protected] Lesotho Landuse, erosion, Sussex k highlands environment

59 Taylor Richard Department of UK [email protected] Mount Water resources Impacts of climatic change Geography, c.uk Rwenzori in on hydrological flows and Univ. College Congo glaciers London DRC/UG Aguti Caroline Association for UG [email protected] Mount Comparative study of Strengthening Rwenzori in Amphimbian diversity Agricultural Congo Research in DRC/UG Eastern and Central Africa

Bagoora Festus National UG fbagoora@nemaug. Mount Hydro- A watershed-scale Goerge Lubega, Bob Nakileza On and off funds form D.K. Environment org Rwenzori in Geomorphology understanding of nature and and Mr. Bamutaze Yazidi, plus different agencies Management Congo (drainage basin dynamics of drainage basin several other associates. including FAO, National Authority DRC/UG processes / processes in Uganda; Environment (NEMA), watershed community-based integrated Management Authority, Uganda management) management systems in Makerere University, water catchments using African Academy of ecosystem approach. Sciences, among others

Bamutaze Department of UG [email protected] Mount Elgon Spatial patterns of soil Yazid Geography, k.ac.ug in Uganda/ erosion, landuse impacts of Makerere Kenya runoff University Farrow Andrew Int. Center of UG [email protected] Eastern Geography Adaptation to climate ILRI, AHI, CIP, Diobass, various Tropical African change, access to Africare, ISAR, INERA, NARO, Agriculture, highlands / agricultural markets, socio- CRS, TiP Tanzania Agricultural mountains ecological niches for high Research value agricultural products, Institute urban agriculture

German Laura African UG [email protected] Eastern Ecological Forest governance, National agricultural research Highlands g African anthropology integrated NRM systems, local government, Initiative, highlands / NGOs CGIAR, Uganda mountains

Guma Nelson Rwenzori UG guma_nelson@yah Conservation and Mountains oo.co.uk Management Status of National Park / Rwenzori Mountains National Uganda Wildlife Park, World Heritage Site Authority

Kasangaki Institute of UG [email protected] Mount Freshwater ecology Effects of deforestation on Several researchers at the Various agencies outside Aventino Tropical Forest Rwenzori in stream ecosystems and fisheries research institute in Uganda Conservation, Congo development of monitoring Uganda. Prof. Vincent Resh, Mbarara DRC/UG metrics for streams and University of California University of rivers Berkeley and Prof Lauren Science & Chapman, McGill University Technology

Kitutu Gorette UG Gkitutu@nemauga Mount Elgon Impact of landuse on nda.org in Uganda/ landslides Kenya

Mukadasi Faculty of UG [email protected] Mount Elgon Resource economics Environmental incomes for IUCN, FAO, Uganda Forestry UG Nat. Forestry Buyinza Forestry and k.ac.ug in Uganda/ and community local livelihoods, Working Group, Government Authority, FAO, Makerere Nature Kenya forestry biodiversity costing and of Uganda, Environmental University Graduate Conservation, natural resource valuation, Non-Government / Research Scheme Makerere agroforestry in Buffer Zones Community-based University of the protected area organizations systems, forestry for poverty reduction

Mukwaya Paul Mountain UG [email protected] Mount Elgon Urbanisation processes and Resource k.ac.ug in Uganda/ patterns Center, Kenya Department of Geography, Makerere University Nakileza Bob Mountain UG [email protected] Mount Environmental Soil degradation and landuse IFRA, University of Brescia, IFRA and French Resource om Rwenzori in Geography change impacts, landslide University College of London government (CORUS Center, Depart- Congo rehabilitation and (Richard Taylor) , Toulouse programme), NEMA, ment of Geogra- DRC/UG monitoring, impact of University, Dr. Bagoora Festus GEF, Royal Geographical phy, Makerere urbanization in mountain (NEMA), GEF Society University environments; impacts of glacial recession

Nantumbwe Mountain UG cnantumbwe@arts. Mount Elgon Impact of land use changes Clare Resource mak.ac.ug in Uganda/ on soil organic carbon Center, Kenya Department of Geography, Makerere University Nanyunja Environment UG [email protected] Mt Moroto, Environment and Capacity building for Clean Moroto District forest and Robinah K. and Natural m North- natural resources Development Mechanisms environmental officers, local Resources Eastern (CDM), hydro project in communities Consultants, Uganda Mbarara district (Western Pilot Uganda) International Ltd

60 Oonyu Department UG joonyu@schoolofed Mount Elgon Resource use conflict Science and ucation.net in Uganda/ between the park and local Technical Kenya communities, community Education, protected area interacrtions Makerere University Tukahirwa Joy The UG jtukahirwa@ecotru Kabale and Soil erosion, landuse, B. Environmental st.org.ug Kigezi environmental change Conservation highlands in Trust of Uganda Western Uganda Tumwine Geography UG [email protected] Mount Elgon Impact of urbanization on Joseph Department, ak.ac.ug in Uganda/ marriage patterns Frederick R. Makerere Kenya University Turyabanabwe UG [email protected] Mount Elgon Impact of geomorphic Loy G. m in Uganda/ processes and landuse on Kenya slope stability

Coppolilo Pete Wildlife TZ The Southern Land-scarp ecology Ruaha National Park Land WCS Conservation Highlands of scarps Society (WCS) Tanzania

Davenport Tim Wildlife TZ [email protected] The Southern Naturalist Butterflies, Reptiles Tanzania National Parks, WCS Conservation g Highlands of (especially chameleons), Tanzania Government, The Society (WCS) Tanzania Amphibians, beetles, University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Primates, Range ecology etc. The Open university of Tanzania. TFCG. TAWIRI, Game and Forest Division in Tanzania.

De Luca Wildlife TZ [email protected] The Southern Carnivore Ecology Carnivore of the Southern Tanzania National Parks, WCS Daniela Conservation Highlands of and management Albetine Rift, Biodiversity, Tanzania Government, The Society (WCS) Tanzania Home range, and Monitoring University of Dar-Es-Salaam, The Open university of Tanzania. TFCG. TAWIRI, Game and Forest Division in Tanzania.

Foley Charles Wildlife TZ Mount Ecology Elephants and Duiker WCS Conservation Kilimajaro in Monitoring Society (WCS) Tanzania Hamisi Hamud Tanzania Game TZ The Southern Ecology Biodiversity study in Mpanga-WCS/SHCP Tanzania Game Division/ I. Division Highlands of Kipengere Mountain Game WCS Tanzania Reserve

Howell Kim University of Dar TZ [email protected] Eastern Arc Cryptology Department of Zoology and WCS es Salaam z Mountains in Wildlife Ecology, University of Tanzania Dar es Salaam

Loverro TZ Eastern Arc Ecology Flora and Fauna Monitoring Government of Tanzania Italian Government Francesca Mountains in Tanzania

Lyaruu Herbert Department of TZ [email protected]. Mount Ecology cum Ethnobotany Prof Missana and Prof. Funded by UNEP, Valentine Botany, ac.tz Kilimajaro in taxonomy Mbonile, University of Dar es German Government University of Tanzania Salaam; Drs. Jan Axmacher Dar es Salaam and Marion Schrumpf, University of Bayreuth (D)

Machaga Wildlife TZ [email protected] The Southern Ecology Duiker distribution and Tanzania National Parks, WCS Sophie Conservation g Highlands of Ecology, Reptiles and Tanzania Government, The Society (WCS) Tanzania amphibians University of Dar-Es-Salaam, The Open university of Tanzania Mpunga Noah Wildlife TZ [email protected] The Southern Conservation ecology 1. Scat analysis for diet Tanzania Govenment Local WCS Conservation Highlands of identification for carnivores and National Level, Tanzania Society (WCS) Tanzania of southern Tanzania, 2. National Parks, Tanzania Carnivore abundance in the Forestry Division. Southern TZ by Camera Trapping. Red Colobus and Kipunji ecology in Rungwe forest Reserve Mbeya region Tanzania, and Mbizi Forest Reserve Rukwa Region.

Mwakilema Tanzania TZ The Southern Ecology Ecological Monitoring Kitulo Tanzania National Parks, WCS Tanzania National Parks William National Parks Highlands of Plateau, and Livingstone Tanzania Ranges

Ndangalsasi University of Dar TZ hjndangalasi@yaho Eastern Arc Botany Long-term monitoring of Department of Botany, Henry es Salaam o.com Mountains in vegetation Uniiversity of Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Ngowi W. Forest Division, TZ The Southern Botany Catchments areas WCS, Local Governments Tanzanian Government Tanzania Highlands of monitoring Tanzania

Nikundiwe A.M. Department of TZ nikundiwe@science Eastern Arc Biology Long Term Monitoring of Department of Botany, MacArthur Foundation Zoology and .udsm.ac.tz Mountains in Vegetation, Bund Beetle, University of Dar es Salaam Wildlife Tanzania Primates, Birds, Epiphytes, Conservation, Road kills University of Dar es Salaam Nuhu Daniel TZ nuhu.daniel@gmail The Southern Ecology Environmental Education to Tanzania National Parks, WCS .com Highlands of local people in Southern Tanzania Government, The Tanzania Tanzania University of Dar-Es-Salaam, The Open university of Tanzania

61 Nyambo Damas Community TZ damasalois@yahoo The Southern Forestry Agro-forestry, Environmental Various WCS-Mbeya, Tanzania Alois Optional .com Highlands of Conservation, Tourism, Coalition and Debt Renewable Tanzania Research and Training Development (TCCD- Resources and DSM),TANGO, TAF Environmental Conservation Trust (CORRECT), Tanzania

Picton Phillips Wildlife TZ gpictonphillips@wc The Southern GIS Uganda Forest Division, WCS Guy Conservation s.org Highlands of Tanzania National Parks, Society (WCS) Tanzania Tanzania Government, The University of Dar-Es-Salaam, The Open university of Tanzania. TFCG. TAWIRI, Game and Forest Division in Tanzania.

Senzota Department of TZ Eastern Arc Range Ecology Long Term Monitoring of Department of Botany, MacArthur Foundation Ramadhan Zoology and Mountains in Vegetation, Bund Beetle, University of Dar es Salaam Wildlife Tanzania Primates, Birds, Epiphytes, Conservation, Road kills University of Dar es Salaam Yanda Pius Z. Inst. of TZ [email protected] Eastern Arc Natural Resources University of Dar es Salaam Various Resource .tz Mountains in Management Assessment, Tanzania University of Dar es Salaam Mukakamari The Association RW [email protected] Impact of predicted Dancilla Rwandaise des climate change on the Ecologistes management of a “ARECO-Rwanda montane forest and its Nziza” adjacent areas in Rwanda

Ambrose David National LS Nat. Univ. of Lesotho Database University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma Highlands Lesotho, 180, Lesotho Lesotho Damane Lesotho Ministry LS stanleydamane@ho Lesotho Tourism, Stanley of Tourism, tmail.com Highlands environment Environment & Culture

Green Thuso Sechaba LS [email protected] Lesotho Environment, Lesotho highlands Consultants .ls highlands agriculture Lesotho LS Phone: 2231 3728 Lesotho Development Lesotho highlands Highlands highlands Development Authority Letsela Taelo Department of LS [email protected] Lesotho Ecology 1. Exploitation of medicinal The medicinal plants study is Biology, National highlands plants particularly for funded by the National University of commoditization and its University of Lesotho. The Lesotho, impact thereof ; 2. Impact Forestration project by the Lesotho of foresting Lesotho's Leverhulme Trust, UK. grassland landscape

Maluti LS [email protected] Lesotho Multi-purpose Lesotho highlands Drakensberg highlands mountain initiatives Transfrontier Project Matete M. National LS [email protected] Lesotho Agriculture Lesotho highlands University of highlands Lesotho Mokitimi None National LS [email protected] Lesotho Agriculture University of highlands Lesotho, Lesotho Ntselikane Transformation LS [email protected] Lesotho Transformation Matseliso Resource Centre highlands Lesotho

Shale Moliehi Shell LS Moliehi.shale@gma Lesotho Environmental NeWater Project (adaptive Department of Water Affairs Environmental il.com highlands management (human water management under (wetlands unit), Department and Geography) uncertainty, wetlands and of Range Management, Maluti- Geographical their contribution to rural DrakensbErg Transfrontier Science, livelihoods) Park, CARE Lesotho Stockholm Environment Institute Tsehlo Moshe Participatory LS [email protected] Lesotho Land use Ecological Land highlands Use Management Charlery de la Institut français KE bcharlery@ifra- Eastern Geography Small farmers in East French Research Teams, East French Government Masselière de Recherche en nairobi.net African African Mountains African universities, Bernard Afrique highlands / universities of Stockolm (SE), mountains Bayreuth (D), Musée royal d'afrique central (BG)

62 Chiuri Wanjiku Egerton KE chiuriw@wananchi. Eastern Environmental Gender and water GLCRSP, interdisciplinary USAID University com African studies team from Univ. of Wyoming, highlands / UC Davis, Univ- of Uttah, Moi mountains Univ., Egerton Univ., Kenya Wildlife Service and Dept. of Fisheries

Kiteme, Director of the KE b.kiteme@africaonl Mount Kenya, Geography / planning 1. Water Users Ass. as 1.-3. Collaboration with 1.-4. SDC, through CDE Boniface P. Centre for ine.co.ke Aberdare (highlands-lowlands institutions to promote sust. government departments and (Univ. Bern, CH); Training and ranges and interactions; water water use and management; parastatals, ngo’s, private Eastern and Southern Integrated Kenyan resources 2. Water use conflicts sector, including the civil Africa Research in Arid highlands; management; food mapping and society. 4. Depts. of Partnership Programme and Semi Arid Mount security and characterization; 3. Water Geography, Univ. of Nairobi (ESAPP); NCCR North- Lands Kilimanjaro livelihoods systems; awareness campaigns; 4. and Univ. of Dar es Salaam, South; 5. Funded by the Development in TZ; Institutional Evolution and impacts of TZ; 5. Dept. of Forest Biology African Academy of (CETRAD) Eastern Arc arrangements for central places on the Sokoine Univ. of Agriculture, Sciences through Mountains in natural resources ecosystems of Mt. Kenya TZ; and Dept. of Economics, AFORNET TZ management (etc.) and Mt. Kilimanjaro; 5. Sust. Egerton Univ., KE utilisation of Prunus Africana in Rombo (TZ) and Taveta (KE)

Makenzi Paul Egerton KE [email protected] Mount Kenya, Environmental Biosphere Reserves Kenya-Man and Biosphere UNESCO-MAB and EU University / om Aberdare sciences, human management Committee UNESCO-MAB, ranges and ecology Kenya Kenyan highlands

Ndiritu Francis Physics and KE [email protected] Mount Kenya, Physics, Material Renewable energy, solar Local: Mr. Ngumbu R.G., Mr. Not yet attracted funding Gichuki Computer om Aberdare science energy Gaithom Science ranges and Department, Kenyan Egerton highlands University, Kenya Omondi Philip Climate KE [email protected] Eastern Climate Research Modeling climate variability Tropical glaciology group of Various donor Predication African and change on interannual Univ Innsbruck (A), organizations &Application highlands / to decadal timescale over Cooperative Institute for Centre (ICPAC), mountains Eastern Africa region Research in Environmental Intergovernmen Sciences of Univ Colorado tal Authority on (US), Climate systems Development research center of Univ (IGAD), Massachusetts (US), Univ Nairobi (KE)

Lami Andrea EV-K2-CNR I [email protected] environment, meterology CNR Italian governmental Committee paleolimnology, institution climatic research

Vassena University of I Giorgio.vassena@u Mount Cartography and Glacier laser scanning L'Umana Dimora, University of L'Umana Dimora Giorgio Brescia nibs.it Rwenzori in surveying survey, trekking routes Makerere, Italian Alpine Club, Environmental Congo surveying, WEB GIS OIKOS ambiente, Topotek Association, Italian DRC/UG Alpine Club Ouattara Regional GU [email protected] Fouta Djallon Soil science, research Coord., advocacy, resource Member States (including Mamadou Programme for et.gn Highlands, management, mobilization: establishment their agricultural research the Integrated central part sustainable of an Observatory of natural institutions and universities), Development of of Guinea, deveopment resources of the Fouta UNEP, FAO, regional the Fouta Extending Djallon Highlands, promotion organisations specialized in Djallon through of approaches, know how natural resource monitoring, Highlands, foothills to and alternative technologies River Basin Organizations African Union neighbouring in participatory management Coordination countries of natural resources and Office (UA/BCI) local income generation opportunities to improve the livelihood of populations in the highlands

Assefa Yoseph Addis Ababa ET yoseph1assefa@ya Bale Regeneration University hoo.com Mountains in Ecology of Woody Timberline Ethiopia Species in Bale Mountains, Ethiopia McCartney International ET m.mccartney@cgiar Bale Hydrology and water Decision support systems for Addis Ababa University, Matthew Water .org Mountains in resources large dams, evaluation of Ministry of Water Resources Management Ethiopia, wetlands to support (ET) Insititute Ethiopian livelihoods highlands Zeleke Gete Global Mountain ET [email protected] Ethiopian Natural Resources Programme Highlands Management

Hemp Andreas Department of D andreas.hemp@uni- Eastern Arc Botany Climate change, ecology, COSTECH, Nat. Museums of Deutsche Forschungs- Plant bayreuth.de Mountains in palaeobotany, biogeography Kenya, UNEP Nairobi, Oslo gemeinschaft Systematics, Tanzania University, Amsterdam Bayreuth University, Potsdam University University, TANAPA-KINAPA

Hemp Claudia Department of D andreas.hemp@uni- Eastern Arc Entomology Speciation processes of National Museums of Kenya, Deutsche Forschungs- Animal Ecology bayreuth.de Mountains in flightless East African TANAPA gemeinschaft II, Bayreuth Tanzania Saltatoria University

63 Dongock Department of CM dndongock@yahoo. Highlands of Melissopalynology : Nguemo Plants Biology, fr West annual variation of Delphine University Cameroon melliferous plants of Dschang in the soudano guinean highlands of West Cameroon Lemougue University of CM Josechrist5@yahoo Rwanda Geography PHD student, Member of Prof. Laurien UWIZEYIMANA of Diff. sources Joséphine Dschang .fr geomatic laboratry and, the University of Toulouse (F) member of "Centre de with prof. Jean-Marie Recherche sur les Hautes FOTSING of the University of Terres" of Dschang Orleans (F) and with Prof. University. Topics: towns Martin KUETE of the /villages relations; University of Dschang (CM) agricultural production on the Western highland. Manga Dept of Env. Sci CM ebotmangav@ya Environmental Veronica and Geology, hoo.com studies University of BUEA

Mkankam Department of CM fmkankam@yahoo. Eastern Atmospheric physics Climate variability and ICTP, Trieste University of Yaounde 1 Kamga François Physics, co.uk African climate change projections University of highlands / Yaounde 1, mountains Cameroon Nkembi Louis ERuDeF CM [email protected] Cameroon Social Scientist Biodiversity research and m Mountains conservation in Cameroon Mountain areas

Meutchieye Raffia-Rattan CM [email protected] Westen Importance socio- Felix Project, highlands of économique des Dschang Cameroon écosystèmes à raphiales University dans la région des hautes terres de l'Ouest Cameroun

Nodem Jean- Department of CM [email protected] Westen Sociology Colonization of mountains by Team of 8 students No external funding Emet Philosophy and om highlands of urban elites, agriculture and Social Sciences Cameroon breeding, exploitation of Dschang freshwater sources University

Ondoa Antoine Consultant CM [email protected] Westen Forest Governance, SmartWood, SNV, WWF, etc Consultancy fees Zita r highlands of Community Forest Cameroon Certification

Tanyi Divine Limbe Botanic CM Mount Vegetation ecology The effects of climate Ebai Garden Cameroon change on the vegetation, ecology and the biodiversity of the Mt.Cameroon Teguia Alexis Dept. of Animal CM alexisteguia@yaho Problematic of the Productions o.fr / survival of small ruminant Faculty of alexisteguia@justic farming in the Agronomy and e.com Western Highlands of Agricultural Cameroon Sciences Univ. of Dschang

Bloesch, Urs Adansonia- CH bloesch@swissonlin Eastern Arc Tropical terrestrial Vegetation history of Tanzania University of Dar es Critical Ecosystem Consulting, e.ch Mountains in ecosystems savanna landscapes and Salaam, Sokoine University of Partnership Fund and Switzerland Tanzania miombo woodland, Agriculture in Morogoro, Areco Syngenta Foundation for biodiversity assessment of (RW) Sustainable Agriculture coastal forests, planning of an oil palm plantation in TZ, pub. of ethnobotanical book about the woody plants of Rwanda

Kohler Thomas Centre for CH Thomas.kohler@cd Eritrea, Geography Rural livelihoods, mountain Kenya: CETRAD/Nanyuki, div. institutions including Development e.unibe.ch Kenya development, Eritrea: a number of SDC and geoinformation in governmental and non- Environment, development governmental partners and University of institutions of higher Bern education Loader Simon Institute of CH Simon.Loader@uni Eastern Arc Biogeography and Distribution, taxonomy and Colleagues from other Mainly UK based funding Biogeography, bas.ch Mountains in systematics biogeographic patterns of Universities or Natural bodies. Applied for Swiss University of Tanzania the amphibian fauna of East History Museums (UK, I, BG, National Science Basel, African mountains D, US), partners in host Foundation for future countries (Prof. Kim Howell , work. University of Dar es Salaam, Prof. Samy Saber, Addis Abba University)

Eggermont Limnology Unit, BE hilde.eggermont@u Mount Biology, Patterns and causes of Dr. Immaculate Ssemmanda Hilde Ghent University gent.be Rwenzori in paleolimnology natural climate variability in (UG), Prof. James Russell Congo Africa using paleoclimate (US), Prof. Dirk Verschuren DRC/UG records. Assessing (BG), international consortium hydrological and ecological of scientists sensitivity of lakes to natural and human-induced climate change.

Moeyersons Africamuseum, BE Jan.moeyersons@a Rwanda Geomorphology Jan Belgium fricamuseum.be

64 Nyssen Jan University of BE Jan.Nyssen@UGent Bale Geomorphology Slope processes, landscape Mekelle University, Ghent .be Mountains in evolution K.U.Leuven, Africamuseum Ethiopia, Ethiopian highlands Brockhaus CIFOR M.Brockhaus@cgiar Fouta Djallon Agricultural Economy Climate Change Adaptation Gos, IGOs & NGOs, INGOs, BMZ, EU Maria .org Highlands, and Policy and Tropical Forests; NARS central part Governance; Policy Networks of Guinea, Extending through foothills to neighbouring countries

Musigunzi Kule kuleasamusinguzi@ Mount Root causes on A. yahoo.com Rwenzori in environmental change in Congo Kasese district DRC/UG

65 Rwanda, Bob Nakileza Icterine Warbler, Willem Ferguson Rwenzori, Mt.Speke, Bob Nakileza Lesotho, Stefan Grab

The workshop was organized by

Laura German, [email protected] African Highlands Initiative, Kampala, Uganda Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia

Stefan Grab, [email protected] University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Gregory Greenwood, [email protected] The Mountain Research Initiative, Bern, Switzerland

Thomas Kohler, [email protected] Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Paul Makenzi, [email protected] Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya

Bob Nakileza, [email protected] / [email protected] Makarere University, Kampala, Uganda

Thomas Schaaf, [email protected] UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program, Paris, France

Eva Spehn, [email protected] Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA), Switzerland

Gete Zeleke, [email protected] CGIAR Global Mountain Program, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Workshop Report

Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland The Mountain Research Initiative (MRI), Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Design and Layout: Claudia Drexler, MRI copies can be ordered at MRI: [email protected]

mmountain research r initiative i