Sulfate-Rich Scapolite on Mars?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sulfate-Rich Scapolite on Mars? Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007) 1152.pdf Sulfate-rich Scapolite on Mars? J.J. Papike, J.M. Karner, and C.K. Shearer Astromaterials Institute, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 INTRODUCTION also shows selected bonds to neighboring Ca atoms. The surface of Mars shows abundant evidence for This configuration is remarkably stable in P-T space sulfur activity over a prolonged period in martian discussed below. history. Evidence goes back to the Viking landers in STABILITY 1976 but more recent orbital and landed in situ Figure 3 illustrates the stability field of SM [3]. The missions, including the two MER rovers, which are diagram shows that SM can be stable over the still active, confirm this. The identification of the pressure interval ~ 10 to 27 Kb at 1200 degrees C. sulfate jarosite with ferric iron confirms highly This corresponds to a depth interval of ~90 – 243 km oxidizing conditions near the martian surface. We depth in Mars (Fig. 4). In this depth range SM may speculate that conditions oxidizing enough to crystallize if the fO2 is high enough for S to exist as + crystallize a SO4 containing scapolite exist in the 6 . lower martian crust or upper mantle. This scapolite TERRESTRIAL OCCURENCES could be a important reservoir for sulfate in Mars and Terrestrial occurrences of igneous scapolite are might form either directly from sulfur-rich, oxidizing discussed in [2,4, and 5]. Boivin and Camus [4] magmas or by metasomatism of previously discuss a scapolite assemblage found as megacrysts crystallized plagioclase in basalt. in tephra in Massif Central, France and in a cinder CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY cone, Sequeika volcano, Algeria. Conditions of the For a brief review of scapolite crystal chemistry see formation of a sulfate rich scapolite are pressure, 5- [1]. Most scapolites are solid solutions between 15 Kb and T ~1100 ºC. Goff et al. [5] describe an marialite, Na4Al3Si9O24Cl and meionite, occurrence of SM as phenocrysts in a latite dome in Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 . However most terrestrial igneous northwest Arizona. The authors suggest that the scapolites have high sulfate contents and some scapolite crystallized at temperatures of 850-900 ºC approach compositions of Ca4Al6Si6O24SO4 which and 3-6 Kb total pressure. Teertstra et al. [2] describe has the name silvialite [2] or may be more simply SM from upper-mantle xenoliths garnet-granulite referred to as sulfate-Me [3] or in this abstract as SM. xenoliths hosted by olivine nephelinite, from The most likely space group for ordered SM is McBride Province, North Queensland, Australia. tetragonal P42/n with two formula units per unit cell. They estimate the scapolite formed at 900-1000 ºC at The focus in these discussions is on the tetrahedral 8-12 Kb under high fSO2 and fO2. SO4 group which in space group P42/n occupies IMPLICATIONS FOR MARS special position b (Wyckoff notation) and has site Sulfate-rich scapolite may occur in Mars in at least symmetry bar 4 which is consistent with on ordered two types of occurrences. The first would be in primary igneous occurrences were the melt SO4 group. The multiplicity of this site is 2 or there conditions had the appropriate high fO2 and fSO2. are 2 SO4 groups per unit cell. We, together with the essential help of Eric Dowty, prepared two new The second would be in a metosomatic replacement structure drawings to display some of the important assemblage causes by hot sulfate-rich brine structural features of scapolite and the environment interactions with previously formed plagioclase of the sulfate group in a large cage in the scapolite assemblages. Once again the brines have to be at a relatively high fO2. structure which can accommodate, SO4, CO3, or Cl. Figure 1 shows the structure projected down the c- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS axis. The yellow tetrahedra contain Al and Si with an This research was funded by a NASA/ ordered alternation like in the anorthite end-member Cosmochemistry grant to JJP. We sincerely thank of plagioclase. The purple spheres represent Ca in Eric Dowty for producing the beautiful scapolite the oval-shaped channels that run parallel to the c- crystal structure drawings. axis. The sulfur atoms are shown in orange. Oxygen REFERENCES. [1] Papike (1988) Reviews of Geophysics, 26, 407-444. [2] Teertstra et al. (1999) is illustrated with blue spheres. Figure 2 shows a projection of the structure down the a-axis ( 90 Min. Mag., 63, 321-329. [3] Newton and Goldsmith degrees from Fig. 1) and shows nicely the large (1976) Zeit. Fur Krist, 143, 333-353. [4] Boivin and Camus (1981) Contrib. Mineral Petrol., 77, 365-375. silicate tetrahedral cage that accommodate SO4. It [5] Goff et al. (19820 EPSL, 60, 86-92. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007) 1152.pdf s C z + Q 30 y + 4 K O + Gr S a C z + ] Q r r + y o a K 20 C b + r Ca Al Si O SO k 4 6 6 G 24 4 + [ (Sul q e fate-Me) i r n A L u s s e r 10 P An + CaSO 4 0 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 a1 Temperature [°C] Figure 3. After Newton and Goldsmith (1976). Gr = a2 grossular garnet , Ca3Al2Si3O12; Ky = kyanite, Al2SiO5; Qz = quartz, SiO2; Cs = coesite, SiO2; Cor = corundum, Al2O3. Figure 1. Sulfate -Me structure projected down c. See text for discussion. CRUST (10 - 50 km thick) te scapolite stable sulfa ~90 - 2 43 50 km Olivine - pyroxene - garnet 0 k m M A 1 N 00 0 T km L E Spinel - majorite 1 500 km Metallic iron 200 0 k m C 2 O 500 R k m E 300 0 k c m a1 Figure 4. The interior of Mars with proposed sulfur Figure 2. Sulfate- Me structure projected down a. scapolite stability region. With the help of Dave See text for discussion. Draper. .
Recommended publications
  • Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Ocelli in the Damtjernite Dykes and Sills, Chadobets Uplift, Siberian Craton: Evidence of the Fluid–Lamprophyric Magma Interaction
    minerals Article Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Ocelli in the Damtjernite Dykes and Sills, Chadobets Uplift, Siberian Craton: Evidence of the Fluid–Lamprophyric Magma Interaction Anna A. Nosova 1,*, Ludmila V. Sazonova 1,2, Alexey V. Kargin 1 , Elena O. Dubinina 1 and Elena A. Minervina 1 1 Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IGEM RAS), 119017 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (L.V.S.); [email protected] (A.V.K.); [email protected] (E.O.D.); [email protected] (E.A.M.) 2 Geology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.:+7-499-230-8414 Abstract: The study reports petrography, mineralogy and carbonate geochemistry and stable iso- topy of various types of ocelli (silicate-carbonate globules) observed in the lamprophyres from the Chadobets Uplift, southwestern Siberian craton. The Chadobets lamprophyres are related to the REE-bearing Chuktukon carbonatites. On the basis of their morphology, mineralogy and relation with the surrounding groundmass, we distinguish three types of ocelli: carbonate-silicate, containing carbonate, scapolite, sodalite, potassium feldspar, albite, apatite and minor quartz ocelli (K-Na-CSO); carbonate–silicate ocelli, containing natrolite and sodalite (Na-CSO); and silicate-carbonate, con- taining potassium feldspar and phlogopite (K-SCO). The K-Na-CSO present in the most evolved Citation: Nosova, A.A.; Sazonova, damtjernite with irregular and polygonal patches was distributed within the groundmass; the patches L.V.; Kargin, A.V.; Dubinina, E.O.; consist of minerals identical to minerals in ocelli. Carbonate in the K-Na-CSO are calcite, Fe-dolomite Minervina, E.A.
    [Show full text]
  • EVIDENCE for MAGMATIC-HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY on MARS from Cl-RICH SCAPOLITE in NAKHLA
    45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014) 1620.pdf EVIDENCE FOR MAGMATIC-HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY ON MARS FROM Cl-RICH SCAPOLITE IN NAKHLA. J. Filiberto1, C.A. Goodrich2, A.H. Treiman3, J. Gross4, and P.A. Giesting1, 1Southern Illinois University, Geology Dept, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA, [email protected], 2Planetary Science Institute, Tucson AZ 85719 USA. 3Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058 USA, 4American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY USA. Introduction: Scapolite is a common terrestrial The melt inclusion containing the Cl-scapolite (Fig. hydrothermal, metamorphic, and metasomatic mineral 1) is dominated by high-Ca pyroxene, K-feldspar and which forms by the reaction of plagioclase and a Cl- or K-rich glass, with minor chromite, Fe-sulfides, Fe-Ti CO2-rich fluid [1-3]. It is less common as a primary oxides, and alteration material [9]. The occurrence of igneous phase, but has been reported as megacrysts, the scapolite appears to be texturally equivalent to the phenocrysts, and oikocrysts in alkali-rich basaltic K-feldspar or the glass (i.e., interstitial to the pyrox- magmas [4-6]. Based on reflectance spectra, scapolite enes), and may therefore be replacing, or contempora- has also been suggested to exist on the surface of Mars neous with, one of these phases. It contains ~3.9 wt.% as a possible alteration mineral [7]. Cl, and has the formula (Na2.8Ca0.7K0.3)3.9(Si8.3Al3.7)12ClO24. Scapolite has three main end member composi- It is almost pure end-member marialite with little tions: marialite (Na4Al3Si9O24Cl), meionite meionite component (Fig. 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Metasomatic Alteration Associated with Regional Metamorphism: an Example from the Willyama Supergroup, South Australia
    Lithos 54Ž. 2000 33±62 www.elsevier.nlrlocaterlithos Metasomatic alteration associated with regional metamorphism: an example from the Willyama Supergroup, South Australia A.J.R. Kent a,),1, P.M. Ashley a,2, C.M. Fanning b,3 a DiÕision of Earth Sciences, UniÕersity of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia b Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National UniÕersity, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia Received 20 October 1998; accepted 12 May 2000 Abstract The Olary Domain, part of the Curnamona Province, a major Proterozoic terrane located within eastern South Australia and western New South Wales, Australia, is an excellent example of geological region that has been significantly altered by metasomatic mass-transfer processes associated with regional metamorphism. Examples of metasomatically altered rocks in the Olary Domain are ubiquitous and include garnet±epidote-rich alteration zones, clinopyroxene- and actinolite-matrix breccias, replacement ironstones and albite-rich alteration zones in quartzofeldspathic metasediments and intrusive rocks. Metasomatism is typically associated with formation of calcic, sodic andror iron-rich alteration zones and development of oxidised mineral assemblages containing one or more of the following: quartz, albite, actinolite±hornblende, andradite-rich garnet, epidote, magnetite, hematite and aegerine-bearing clinopyroxene. Detailed study of one widespread style of metasomatic alteration, garnet±epidote-rich alteration zones in calc-silicate host rocks, provides detailed information on the timing of metasomatism, the conditions under which alteration occurred, and the nature and origin of the metasomatic fluids. Garnet±epidote-bearing zones exhibit features such as breccias, veins, fracture-controlled alteration, open space fillings and massive replacement of pre-existing calc-silicate rock consistent with formation at locally high fluid pressures and fluidrrock ratios.
    [Show full text]
  • INVESTIGATION of a CAT's-EYE SCAPOLITE from SRI LANKA by K
    INVESTIGATION OF A CAT'S-EYE SCAPOLITE FROM SRI LANKA By K. Schmetzer and H. Bank A cut gemstone with intense chatoyancy that Furthermore, hexagonal plates up to 0.4 x 0.4 originated from Sri Lanka was determined to be a mm in size with metallic luster were determined member of the scapolite solid-solution series, Indices to be pyrrhotite in these samples (Graziani and of refraction and unit-cell dimensions were found as Gubelin, 1981). w = 1.583, e = 1.553 and2 = 12.169, = 7.569 A, This article describes a scapolite crystal from respectively; a meionite content of 69% was Sri Lanlza that was cut into a 1.68-ct cabochon established by microprobe analysis. The chatoyancy (approximately 9 mm x 5 mm) with particularly is caused by needle-like inclusions with an orientation parallel to the c-axis of the scapolite host intense chatoyancy (figure 1). The ray of light crystal. Microprobe analysis of these needles showed crossing the surface of the cabochon is relatively them to be pyrrl~otite. broad compared to the sharpness of rays in other gemstones with chatoyancy or asterism, such as the more familiar cat's-eye chrysoberyls or aste- riated corundum. The physical and chemical properties of this cat's-eye scapolite are pre- Natural scapolites are members of the solid- sented, and the cause of the distinctive chatoy- solution series marialite, Nag[(C12,S04,C03)1 (A1 ancy in this stone is explained. Si308)e],and meionite, CadClaSO+C03) (A12 1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Si20g)g].Scapolite crystals of gem quality occur colorless and in white, gray, yellow, pink, and A small facet was cut and polished on the bottom violet.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 23 / No. 7 / 1993
    Volume 23 No. 7. July 1993 1116 Journal of Gemmology THE GEMMOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION AND GEM TESTING LABORATORY OF GREAT BRITAIN OFFICERS AND COUNCIL Past Presidents: Sir Henry Miers, MA, D.Sc., FRS Sir William Bragg, OM, KBE, FRS Dr. G.F. Herbert Smith, CBE, MA, D.Sc. Sir Lawrence Bragg, CH, OBE, MC, B.Sc, FRS Sir Frank Claringbull, Ph.D., F.Inst.P., FGS Vice-Presidents: R. K. Mitchell, FGA A.E. Farn, FGA D.G. Kent, FGA E. M. Bruton, FGA, DGA Council of Management CR. Cavey, FGA T.J. Davidson, FGA N.W. Deeks, FGA E.A. Jobbins, B.Sc, C.Eng., FIMM, FGA I. Thomson, FGA V.P. Watson, FGA, DGA R.R. Harding, B.Sc., D.Phil., FGA, C. Geol. Members' Council A. J. Allnutt, M.Sc, G.H. Jones, B.Sc, Ph.D., P. G. Read, C.Eng., Ph.D., FGA FGA MIEE, MIERE, FGA, DGA P. J. E. Daly, B.Sc, FGA J. Kessler I. Roberts, FGA P. Dwyer-Hickey, FGA, G. Monnickendam R. Shepherd DGA L. Music R. Velden R. Fuller, FGA, DGA J.B. Nelson, Ph.D., FGS, D. Warren B. Jackson, FGA F. Inst. P., C.Phys., FGA CH. Winter, FGA, DGA Branch Chairmen: Midlands Branch: D.M. Larcher, FBHI, FGA, DGA North-West Branch: I. Knight, FGA, DGA Examiners: A. J. Allnutt, M.Sc, Ph.D., FGA G. H. Jones, B.Sc, Ph.D., FGA L. Bartlett, B.Sc, M.Phil., FGA, DGA D. G. Kent, FGA E. M. Bruton, FGA, DGA R. D. Ross, B.Sc, FGA C R.
    [Show full text]
  • Rubies and Sapphires from Snezhnoe, Tajikistan
    FEATURE ARTICLES RUBIES AND SAPPHIRES FROM SNEZHNOE , T AJIKISTAN Elena S. Sorokina, Andrey K. Litvinenko, Wolfgang Hofmeister, Tobias Häger, Dorrit E. Jacob, and Zamoniddin Z. Nasriddinov Discovered during the late 1970s, the Snezhnoe ruby and sapphire deposit in Tajikistan was active until the collapse of the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s and the outbreak of regional conflicts. This marble-hosted occurrence has seen renewed interest, as it is a large and potentially productive deposit that has not been sufficiently studied. Testing of samples identified solid inclusions of margarite enriched with Na and Li (calcic ephesite or soda margarite). These are believed to be previously unreported for gem corundum. Allanite, muscovite, and fuchsite (chromium-bearing muscovite) were identified for the first time in ruby and sapphire from Snezhnoe. These and other inclusions such as zircon, rutile, K- feldspar, and Ca-Na-plagioclase could serve to distinguish them from stones mined elsewhere. Con - centrations of trace elements were typical for ruby and sapphire of the same formation type. The highest Cr concentrations were observed within the bright red marble-hosted rubies, and these values were very similar to those of the famous Burmese rubies from Mogok. orundum— -Al O —is a common, though net, scapolite, lazurite, and variscite (Litvinenko α 2 3 minor, component of many metamorphic and Barnov, 2010). The occurrence of ruby in the Crocks. Gem-quality varieties of ruby and sap - Pamirs was first suggested by the Soviet mineralo - phire occur in only a few primary metamorphic and magmatic rock types depleted in silica and enriched Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
    [Show full text]
  • Identification Tables for Common Minerals in Thin Section
    Identification Tables for Common Minerals in Thin Section These tables provide a concise summary of the properties of a range of common minerals. Within the tables, minerals are arranged by colour so as to help with identification. If a mineral commonly has a range of colours, it will appear once for each colour. To identify an unknown mineral, start by answering the following questions: (1) What colour is the mineral? (2) What is the relief of the mineral? (3) Do you think you are looking at an igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary rock? Go to the chart, and scan the properties. Within each colour group, minerals are arranged in order of increasing refractive index (which more or less corresponds to relief). This should at once limit you to only a few minerals. By looking at the chart, see which properties might help you distinguish between the possibilities. Then, look at the mineral again, and check these further details. Notes: (i) Name: names listed here may be strict mineral names (e.g., andalusite), or group names (e.g., chlorite), or distinctive variety names (e.g., titanian augite). These tables contain a personal selection of some of the more common minerals. Remember that there are nearly 4000 minerals, although 95% of these are rare or very rare. The minerals in here probably make up 95% of medium and coarse-grained rocks in the crust. (ii) IMS: this gives a simple assessment of whether the mineral is common in igneous (I), metamorphic (M) or sedimentary (S) rocks. These are not infallible guides - in particular many igneous and metamorphic minerals can occur occasionally in sediments.
    [Show full text]
  • Compressibility of Sodalite and Scapolite
    American Mineralogist, Volume 73, pages I120-1122, 1988 Compressibility of sodalite and scapolite Rosnnr M. Hlznx, ZacHanY D. Snanp GeophysicalLaboratory, CarnegieInstitution of Washington,280l Upton Street,N.W., Washington, D.C.20008, U.S.A. Ansrn-lcr Equation-of-stateparameters of sodalite (NaoAlrSi.O,rCl)and a meionitic scapolite(ap- proximately CaoAluSiuOroCOr)have been calculated from pressure-volumedata obtained by single-crystalX-ray diffraction techniques. Linear compressibility of cubic sodalite is 6.4 x ll-a kbar-', correspondingto a bulk modulus of 0.52 + 0.08 Mbar (assumingK : 4). The pressureresponse of tetragonal scapoliteis almost isotropic with compressibilities parallel and perpendicular to the c axis of3.5 x lO-a and 3.7 x l0-4 kbar-l, respectively; the bulk modulus is 0.90 + 0.12 Mbar. Sodalite and scapolite compress principally by deformation of the Al-Si tetrahedral framework coupled with Na-O and Ca-O bond compression,respectively. The greater compressibility of sodalite compared to scapolite is primarily a Coulombic effect, arising from the difference in bond strength of Na*-O versus Ca2*-O bonds. INrnonucrroN both sodalite (N. Komada, E. F. Westrum, Jr., B. S. Sodalite and scapolite are open framework silicates that Hemingway, M. Y. Zolotov, Y. V. Semenov,I. L. Kho- contain halides or carbonatesof Na or Ca. NaCl is an dakovsky, and L. M. Anovitz, in prep.; Taylor, 1968)and essentialcomponent of sodalite (NaoAlrSirO,rCl),where- scapolite(N. Komada, D.P.Moecher, E. F. Westrum, as coupled NaCl-CaCO. and NaSi-CaAl substitutions re- Jr., B. S. Hemingway, Y. V. Semenov, and L L.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Energy and Mineral Resource Endowments in Central Asia Application of United Nations Framework Classification for Resources
    ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS IN CENTRAL ASIA APPLICATION OF UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CLASSIFICATION FOR RESOURCES This report is prepared by: Kyrgyzstan: Mr. Arkady Rogalsky, Mr. Azamat Shorukov Kazakhstan: M.K.Absametov, Ye.Zh.Murtazin, S.V. Osipov, D.S.Sapargaliyev, Mr. Georgiy Freiman, Mr. Kuanysh Makazhanov and Mr. Viktor Babashev Tajikistan: Mr. Sharifkhon Pirnazarov and Mr. Rahmonbek Bakhtdavlatov Uzbekistan: Mr. Azimjon Kholikov and Mr. Jakhongir Movlanov UNECE, October 2020 2 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 Natural resources of Central Asia: Challenges and opportunities ........................................................................... 7 United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) ............................................................................ 9 Kyrgyzstan .............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Kazakhstan ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 Tajikistan ...............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Information Circular
    Information Circular Pakistan.... Demuntoid Garnet- ll/ith enormous gem potentiul Rediscovered!! Pakistan - better known as a producer of some fine Demantoid, one most rare varieties of quality of emeralds up till few years back, but now of the Garnet group has been re-discovered in the Urals in the recent past the gem and mineral world trade in Russia and is now encountered in the market have witnessed some extremely fine quality of much frequenth/ than ever other gemstones from the region. Some of the before. minerals make the country / region prominent in Demantoid, the terrn is derived from the Dutch the mineral world. warddemant, meaning diamond. Demantoid was first discovered in the mid to late 1800s in Russia Pakistan is bounded by Afghanistan in the during the reign of Czar Alexander II. The newly nofthwest, while India in the east and Iran in the discovered gemstone $/est. The northern and northwestern part of made an impressive showing, enhancing the Russian Pakistan produces the maximum number of cultural life of nobles. gemstones. Three world famous ranges Demantoids were used by Karl Faberge' in combination with enamel gold his jewel Hindkush, Himalayas and Karakoram, enclose the and in creations for royal treasures. gem producing region. Demantoid belongs to lhe andradite a Sorne of the well- known gem species supplied to species calcium iron silicate; CarFe,(SiO.),. The stones the world market from the region includes aquamarine, topaz, Peridot, ruby, emerald, range in colour from pale green to yellowish green green. amethyst, morganite, Zoisite, spinel, sphene, to emerald The colour of Demantoid tou rma line, spessartite and demantoid.
    [Show full text]
  • Us Department of the Interior
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SCAPOLITIC METAEVAPORITE AND CARBONATE ROCKS OF PROTEROZOIC YELLOWJACKET FORMATION, MOYER CREEK, SALMON RIVER MOUNTAINS, CENTRAL IDAHO by R.G. TYSDAL1 and G.A. DESBOROUGH1 Open-File Report 97-268 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 'Denver, Colorado 1997 CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Field relationships Stratigraphy Structure Metamorphism Mineralogy and geochemistry Lithofacies Limestone Fold structure Scapolite-rich beds Origin Disrupted limestone Origin Siltite Geologic setting of lithofacies Speculation on regional correlation Some implications for mineralization References cited FIGURES 1. Index map of east-central Idaho 2. Geologic map of Moyer Creek area 3. Measured section along Moyer Creek 4. Fold structure 5. Scapolite-rich beds TABLES 1. Minerals determined by X-ray diffraction 2. Concentrations of selected elements in rocks from Moyer and Yellowjacket Creeks ABSTRACT Interstratified scapolite-rich rock and metalimestone occur along Moyer Creek in the eastern part of the Salmon River Mountains of east-central Idaho, and correlate with similar strata in the lower part of the Yellowjacket Formation of the type area. Repetition of three interbedded lithologies characterize the Moyer Creek strata: (1) metalimestone, metamorphosed silty limestone; (2) scapolite-rich rock, metamorphosed silty carbonate rock that originally contained halite and probably dolomite; and (3) scapolitic siltite, metamorphosed siltstone that originally contained some halite. A fourth lithology is metalimestone that contains a disrupted sedimentary fabric and contains abundant tourmaline and phlogopite.
    [Show full text]