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The Case of Aysaita Woreda, Afar Regional State, Northern Ethiopia

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The Case of Aysaita Woreda, Afar Regional State, Northern Ethiopia Pastoralists and Agro-Pastoralists Vulnerability to Climate change and Adaptation Response: The Case of Aysaita Woreda, Afar Regional State, Northern Ethiopia BY HASSEN ALI A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Geography and Environmental Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts Advisor: Yohannes G/Michael (PhD) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June 2017 i Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Hassen Ali entitled the Pastoralists and Agro- Pastoralists Vulnerability to Climate change and Adaptation Response Aysaita Woreda, Afar region, northern Ethiopia and submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Art in Geography and Environmental Studies compiles with regulation of the university. Approved by Examining Board Name Signature Date 1. Yohannes G/Micheal (PhD) Advisor 2. K.N. Singh (PhD) Internal Examiner 3. Dessalegn Yayeh (PhD) External Examiner (PhD) 4. Dessalegn Wana (PhD) Chair person 5. Chair of Department or Graduate Program Co-Coordinator ii Abstract This study was conducted in Aysaita woreda, Afar Regional State of Ethiopia with the objective assessing pastoralists ad agro pastoralists vulnerability to climate change and adaptation response in Aysaita woreda. The study was conducted in two rural kebeles of Galifage and Barga kebele. purposive sampling was used to select the study area and stratified sampling were also used by categorizing agro ecology and wealth status group. After strata simple random sampling was used to select 153 respondents in the study areas. In addition, 1 FGD in each kebele were made which have 7 members in the group comprising the elderly people men and women, rich people men and women, medium people men and women, poor men and women, model farmers and adult. The data were collected from primary data were selected from interview, FGD, observation, while secondary data were selected from project report and information at woreda level The key informant interview with resourceful 50 farmers and 4 development agent persons were conducted. The key informant interview included experienced people and community elders, including men and women also included woreda experts and kebele leaders. Suitable word and descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. The result shows according to participant in the study area most of pastoral and agro pastoralist community perceived as temperature increased and decreased rainfall in their locality. The pastoralist in the study area is vulnerable and the cause of vulnerability in the study area like; drought, flood, shortage of water, governmental intervention. And this has led pastoralist to adverse impacts on the study area like: human and livestock loss, prosopis juliflora, deforestation, environmental degradation and famine, migration were the major impact in the study areas. Different local adaptation and coping mechanism like; mobility, fodder management, diversifying livestock and crops, selling of fuel wood and charcoal, change meal size, sharing risk, polygamy marriage, Handicrafts activities were used. hinders to do not make them their coping mechanism thus; limited access, lack of agricultural input support from GOs and NGOs, limited access and poverty are the major hinder in the study area. Based on the findings the following recommendations are forwarded: developing farmers’ awareness on how to managed their natural resources, introduce agricultural technologies & inputs, facilitating access to credit services, diversifying source of income, set backing of prosopis juliflora expansion, empowering women, controlling of Awash river. Key word: Climate Change, Vulnerability, Impact, Adaptation, Coping strategies. i Acknowledgement First, I acknowledge ‘Allah’ (the most merciful and benevolent) who gave me health, strength and patience to withstand the inconveniences, which I came across through all the process of education and thesis preparation. I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my major advisor Dr. Yohannes G/Michael for the devotion of his precious time, valuable suggestions, comments and systematic guidance from the early design of the proposal to the final write up of the thesis. I, really, appreciate his kind and tireless effort. I would like to acknowledge Addis Ababa University School of graduate studies for providing me financial support to undertake this study The enumerators, DA, all line department officers and Administrator of Asayita Woreda are grateful. The administrators of sampled kebeles, respected clan leaders, elders and interviewee, National Meteorological Agency are worth thankful for their time and kind facilitation of survey process. My friend Mr. Amanuel Mekonen, Bekalu Tadesse, Habib Hanfere, Abirham cherenet was beside me, to assist in every aspect as much as possible contribution were really granted. I express my deepest thanks and appreciation to my sweet mother Biru Ali and my brother Mohammed Ali who is sunshine of my life Special thanks to my Finance Hawa Abubeker is my right hand and for her everlasting compassionate love I get from her and quality of life full of utility. My rose, encouragement, love. ii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... ii Table of contents ............................................................................................................................ iii List of Figure.................................................................................................................................. vi List of Table .................................................................................................................................. vii Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the problem .................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1. General objectives ......................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2. Specific objectives ........................................................................................................ 5 1.4. Research Questions ............................................................................................................. 5 1.5. Significance of the Study .................................................................................................... 5 1.6. Scope of the Study .............................................................................................................. 6 1.7. Limitations of the Study....................................................................................................... 6 1.8 . Organization of the Thesis ................................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 8 2. Literature Review...................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Theoretical framework ........................................................................................................ 8 2.1.1Climate Change and Variability...................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Vulnerability to Climate Change .................................................................................. 9 2.1.3 Adaptation to Climate change ........................................................................................ 9 2.2 Conceptual Framework of The study ................................................................................ 11 2.3 Review of Related Literatures ....................................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Global overview of climate change ............................................................................ 12 2.3.2 Over view of climate change in Ethiopia .................................................................... 13 2.3.3 Pastoralist and Climate change ................................................................................... 14 2.3.4 Pastoral Livelihood System ........................................................................................ 16 2.3.5 Impact of Climate Change on Pastoralist Community ................................................ 17 2.3.6 Pastoralist‟s perception to Climate change ................................................................... 20 iii 2.3.7 Adaptation Measures to climate change and variability: A
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