THE O. A. C. REVIEW 'THE PROFESSION WHICH I HAVE EM I? RAC ED REQUIRES A KNOWLEDGE OF EVERYTHING”

VOL XXXII JUNE 1920 No. 10

The Nova Scotia Agricultural College.

Bv M. CumminG, B. A., B. S. A., L. L- D. THE Nova Scotia Agricultural main, the instruction given in the College at Truro was formally Science Building was confined to in¬ opened on February 5th, 1905, under struction to Normal School students. the Principalship of the writer. In 1893, a School of Horticulture Twenty years previously, in 1885, a was established in proximity to chair of Agriculture Acadia College in was established in Wolfville, being un¬ connection with the der the management Provincial N o r m a 1 of the Nova Scotia School at Truro, of Fruit Growers Asso¬ which Professor H. ciation. W. Smith, now Pro¬ Both of these fessor of Botany at schools did excel¬ the Agricultural Col¬ lent pioneer work. lege was the incum¬ Through their class bent. Three years rooms passed many later a farm, the men who have made nucleus of the pres¬ their influence felt ent College farm was on the farms of Nova purchased, and in Scotia, and a very 1892 there was add¬ considerable number ed to the farm build¬ who have distin¬ ings a building which guished themselves was then called the in professional Agri¬ School of Agricul¬ culture in various ture. This building parts of America. was destroyed by fire ,u: But the scope of each in 1898, and its place Principal N. S. A. C. school was limited was taken by a Sci¬ and it was therefore ence Building erected on the Normal decided to unite the two schools into School grounds in the centre of the a College of Agriculture at Truro. Town of Truro, about one mile dist¬ This was consummated in 1905 with ant from the Farm. During this the present writer as Principal, and period the farm was continued as a with Professor H. W. Smith, Prin¬ so called Model Farm, and hi the cipal of the School of Agriculture, 48-lr THE O. A. C. REVIEW

and Professor F. C. Sears Principal Ontario, and other Agricultural Col¬ of the School of Horticulture, and leges as well. During the past four¬ their colleagues as members of the teen years those graduates who have staff of the newly founded Institu¬ continued their studies have in the tion. main gone to Macdonald and Guelph This College of Agriculture in¬ and it is with pardonable pride that augurated its work by a Short Course we have noted the high standing held during the first two weeks of which they have maintained at both February, 1905, in which were en¬ of these Institutions. In concluding rolled sixty-eight students. On our reference to this two year October 15th following, the first ses¬ course we may state that the time sion of the Regular Course was com¬ seems pretty nearly ripe for provid¬ menced with an enrollment of seven¬ ing a four year graduate Course. In teen students. Each succeeding year fact, if the adjoining Provinces of marked a steady growth in this new New Brunswick and Prince Edward College, until the year of 1913-14, Island, who now send a considerable immediately preceding the war, body of students to Truro, would when there was enrolled one hund¬ join in supporting the Institution red and fourteen students in the financially, we would be prepared to Regular Course, and three hundred immediately constitute a four year Course at Truro. and fifty students in the Short f Course. During the progress of the 2. Short Course for Men in Field war, the numbers * in attendance Husbandry, Animal Husbandry, were reduced more than half, but Horticulture, Dairying, Poultry, the present year, 1919-20, has seen Veterinary Science, etc. It is gen¬ the Institution fully restored to its erally agreed that no ocher work banner position of 1914. conducted at the College has so The following Courses are now largely influenced the agriculture of conducted at the Nova Scotia Agri¬ Eastern Canada as the instruction cultural College: given this Short Course, which is 1. The Regular Two Year Course, held annually during the early part equivalent in scope and character to of January. Commencing with an the two year course at such Cana¬ inaugural attendance of sixty-eight, dian Colleges as Guelph and Mac¬ the enrolment of this Course gradu¬ donald. A four year degree course ally grew to three hundred and fifty has not yet been provided, mainly and there have been intermittent for the reason that the primary aim attendances as high as five hundred. of the Nova Scotia College is to pre¬ 3. Short Course for Ladies in pare its students for life work on Domestic Science, Dairying, Horti¬ the farm, for which purpose it is culture and Poultry. A complete thought a two year course is best Domestic Science School for Women suited, but also for the reason that has not yet been established, al¬ the fifteen per cent, of its students though the necessary class rooms who desire to continue their agri¬ and equipment are available. How¬ cultural education find ample and ever, a Short Course of two weeks satisfactory opportunities at Mac¬ duration has been held annually donald College, Quebec, at Guelph, since the opening of the Institution, THE O. A. C. REVIEW 485 with an average attendance of from ly one hundred and twenty-five re¬ fifty to seventy-five. It is in mind turned soldiers, the majority of that this Short Course will shortly whom have taken an eight months be developed into a more preten¬ Course, have enrolled in this Spe¬ tious and extended Course. cial Course. 4. Three Dairy Short Courses The equipment of the College con¬ as follows: sists of five buildings used for in¬ Two weeks for Creamery Men; struction and investigation purpos¬ two weeks for Cheese Makers and es, described respectively as the two weeks for Milk Testers. These Main Building, The Science Build¬ special Dairy Courses are financial¬ ing, The Horticultural Building, The ly supported by the Departments of Dairy Building and the Live Stock Agriculture of the three Maritime Judging Pavillion. Plans are in mind Provinces and it is hoped that out for the addition of further buildings of these will shortly develop a as opportunity arises. The property “Maritime Dairy School.” owned by the Institution consists of 5. Rural Science School for some four hundred and twenty-five Teachers conducted in affiliation acres of land, of which three hund¬ with the Provincial Normal College. red and eighty are operated for This Rural Science School is held arable and pasture purposes by the during the months of July and Aug¬ Farm Department, thirty for gard¬ ust each year so organized that ening and fruit growing purposes by school teachers of the Province may the Horticultural Department, the in three vacation periods complete balance being occupied by the cam¬ the Course of instruction and obtain pus and the Poultry Department. a Rural Science diploma. As an al¬ In the earlier years of the history ternative, qualified students of the of the College, the greatest atten¬ Normal College may enter the Rural tion was paid to the development Science classes in May and obtain of a strong Live Stock Department the Rural Science diploma at the in which the College management completion of the school in August. takes great pride. Gradually, how¬ The Rural Science School is under ever, the Biology, Chemical, Horti¬ the Superintendence of L. A. De- cultural and Dairy together with the Wolfe, Director of Rural Education English and Mathematics Depart¬ for the Province of Nova Scotia. ments have been strengthened giv¬ Its aim is to teach nature study and ing the Institution a well balanced the sciences related to Agriculture character. to the teachers of the Province, so The College is maintained by ap¬ that they in turn may develop this propriations from the Provincial branch of education in the schools Government of Nova Scotia, supple¬ of the Province. The average attend¬ mented by funds provided by the ance at the school has been consid¬ Dominion Agricultural Instruction erably over one hundred. Act. The Dairy Short Courses are 6. Since October, 1918, a Special supported equally by the Govern¬ Course for returned soldiers has ments of Prince Edward Island, New been conducted and will be contin¬ Brunswick and Nova Scotia. No ued for another year. Approximate¬ tuition is charged to students except 486 THE O. A. C. REVIEW such as come from foreign countries, es. However, in a comparatively but the saving to students from this small Province we believe that the is fully offset by the fact that there advantages quite surpass the disad¬ are no College Dormitories and that vantages. Certainly the system they have to obtain board in private brings every member of the College homes in the Town of Truro at pre¬ staff in close contact with actual vailing boarding house rates. If the farm conditions and it is reasonable Provinces of New Brunswick and to suppose that the instruction given Prince Edward Island were to join by men who have to administer with Nova Scotia and support a Creameries and Model Orchards and Maritime Agricultural College at Demonstration Fields and Poultry Truro, consideration would have to Plants and Spraying Experiments, be given to the erection of Dormit¬ etc., under ordinary farm conditions ories as well as to the extending of should give a practical turn to their the Course to four years as discuss¬ lectures which might otherwise be ed in a foregoing part of this arti¬ missed. Certain it is that in building cle. up a new Institution such as the The College has a strong Alumni Nova Scotia Agricultural College a Association of which PI. S. Cunning¬ great advantage has accrued from ham, B. S. A., of the Agricultural the various members of the staff College staff is President. Recently getting intimately in touch with far¬ the Alumni had erected in the Main mer’s problems as they come up un¬ Hall of the Main Agricultural Col¬ der ordinary farm conditions in lege Building a handsome and sub¬ every part of the Province. stantial Bronze Tablet to comme¬ In conclusion, the Nova Scotia morate the death on the field of Agricultural College owes a big battle of some twenty-one of their debt to the Ontario Agricultural Col¬ comrade students who enlisted in lege. Several members of its staff, the great war. including the writer of this article, Practically every senior member spent their student , days at Guelph. of the Agricultural College staff is Moreover, the instruction is largely also Head of his Division in the Pro¬ patterned after the instruction given vincial Department of Agricultural. at Guelph. Finally, the fact that the The major part of his winter’s work Ontario Agricultural College has is confined to College duties and been a successful Institution has when summer arrives he devotes given a prestige to Agricultural edu¬ most of his attention to various cation in Eastern Canada which has forms of extension. work. This made progress less difficult than it system, like all other systems, pos¬ would otherwise have been. sesses advantages and disadvantag¬

Man’s inhumanity to man, Makes countless thousands mourn. —Burns. THE O. A. C. REVIEW 487

The Geysers and Hot Lakes of New Zealand.

. By Frank H. Barnsley, ’23. IN these days of world-wide travel ever, as one mixes with other visit¬ it is a somewhat difficult matter ors and generally enters into the to write upon a subject likely to be life of the district. of general interest. While, no doubt, The actual sights are not so much much is already known as to this in Rotorua itself as in its immed¬ phenomenal region of New Zealand, iate vicinity, the nearest resort be¬ it may still be of interest to recapi¬ ing called Whakarewareua, and here tulate some of the most striking one is able in a comparatively small features which are met with in the area to see all the sights connected course of a visit there. with this mysterious region. There Auckland is usually regarded as are the boiling pools of mud and the gateway to the Geyser Country. water in a constant state of erup¬ It is a. fine city and probably the tion; these alone form a most fas¬ largest tropical city in New Zealand. cinating sight. Then there are the The journey to Ratorua, the chief wonderful Geysers throwing their town of the Geyser country, is not columns of water at various inter¬ without interest, passing as one vals into the air. In connection does, through the wonderful agri¬ with the principal Geyser of Whaka- cultural district of the Waikato. It rewarewa, called Pobutu Lehink, an is hardly within the scope of this interesting ceremony takes place, article to discuss the agricultural when sufficient visitors warrant the possibilities of this fertile district, expense. The ceremony is called suffice it to say that with the dis¬ “Soaping the Geyser.” It appears trict of Taranaki it constitutes the that some of the geysers are now best dairying land in the North Is¬ incapable of action unless they re¬ land of New Zealand. ceive internal stimulation. Accord¬ Rotorua might very well be term¬ ingly bars of soap are inserted in ed the capital of the Thermal Reg¬ the funnel-like apertures, and after ion, and the inhabitants, apart from a short period the geyser bursts the Maoris, almost entirely subsist forth into all its magnificence. It on their profits from catering to the is a very wonderful sight. Other sight-seeing public. geysers worth mentioning are Almost the first sensation one ex¬ Warkete, Waikorahihi and the periences on arriving at Rotorua is Prince of Wales’ Feather. that of something uncanny. There One interesting relic of the days seems to be a sense of danger in the of cannibalism is the Te Komutum- air, and this, coupled with the strong atu (Brain Pot). It appears that the sulphurous atmosphere makes one cannibals used this earthenware uneasy; this wears off rapidly, how¬ oven to boil the brains of their 488 THE O. A. C. REVIEW enemies, what particular object they space between the two, and yet one had in view, other than the con¬ is some eighty feet higher than the sumption, I was unable to ascer¬ other, and the difference in color¬ tain. ing is extraordinary. Probablv the finest excursion is The continuation of the excursion the Tarawera, Rotomahna and Wai- brings one to the shore of Lake manga Round Trip. This covers Tarawera, and but a short time some forty miles by coach and elapses before the smooth surface of boats. Starting early in the morn¬ the lake is crossed, and the traveller ing from Rotorua the first stopping finds himself standing upon a shore place is the village of Te Wairoa. bestrewn with the ashes of long cold This spot was almost entirely de¬ lava. Towering above stands the stroyed in the Tarawera eruption of fearsome Mt. Tarawena. This is the 1886. Holy Mountain of the early Maoris, In connection with this mournful and to this day is an object of awe. spot it would be appropriate to men¬ Few Maoris, apart from the Tobun- tion the heroism of a Maori woman gas (priests) would ever ascend Mt. called Sophia who by her fore¬ Tarawena. Prior to the eruption of thought and courage, was instru¬ 1886 there was a tribal cemetery on mental in saving the lives of a large the summit. number of tourists staying at the After a short walk along the shore little local hotel. Sophia led them the traveller embarks for a lively away from the danger zone to a low- trip on Lake Rotomahna (Warm built hut, having a very acutely Lake). This is probably the most pitched roof, so acute that the fall¬ wonderful lake in the world. It is ing lava was unable to find any not often that one can indulge in settlement, but fell from the sides to boating on a boiling lake, but here the ground, and in this way was it is both easy and possible, at prevented from crushing the build¬ times the water is so hot as to pre¬ ing down on to the affrighted oc¬ vent one putting their hand into it. cupants. In this connection I am remind¬ Resuming the journey a farther ed of a story I heard in New Zea¬ drive brings one to the Maori Sacred land. As to its truth I don’t pre¬ Lake, Tikitapu (Blue Lake). It tend to vouch. It was stated that would be a difficult matter to des¬ a fisherman was sitting upon a ridge cribe the wonderful blue of this lake. dividing two lakes, one cold and one It far surpasses any other sheet of hot. He caught a fish in the cold water in its marvellous tint. This lake, and without detaching it, lake is specially protected by the swung it over his head into the hot Government on account of the ven¬ lake and boiled it, thus obtaining eration with which it is held in the probably the freshest boiled fish he Maori mind. No boating, fishing or had ever eaten in his life. other amusement is allowed there. The whole of the cliffs abutting What makes this lake the more Lake Rotomahna are alive with curious is its close proximity to an¬ stem vents and blow-holes, pre¬ other lake called Roto-Kakahi senting a vision of the infernal reg¬ (Green Lake). There is but a short ions such as Donte has described. THE O. A. C. REVIEW 489

Leaving Rotomahna behind, the A novel sight can be secured by traveller sets out for the great rolling up a newspaper setting fire Waimangu Geyser. The guide leads to it, and placing it near the ent¬ the party through a valley more or rance of the Fumarol. Immediately less steaming, and composed of dense clouds of smoke will be emit¬ eruptive matter. The Waimangu is ted. This is a ruse which the Maori by far the greatest of all the gey¬ girls play upon travellers who at¬ sers, and although of late years it tempt to photograph them without has been quiet, the exploits of its paying the customary fee for that past have rarely been approached. privilege. This plan is usually The crater-lake has an area of two adopted when they are engaged in and three-quarters acres. Looking at their cooking operations. It may it to-day in its silent state one finds not be known, but natives living in it somewhat difficult to believe all the vicinity of steam vents use very that the guide affirms, but the state¬ little fire for culinary purposes; ments are easily verified. they steam bread, meat, potatoes, It was in the winter of 1903 that using what nature provides free of the Waimangu Geyser exceeded all charge. its previous records, by raising itself On the completion of the inspec¬ to a height of 1500 feet. tion of the Waimangue valley the Some distance from this spot, but traveller returns by coach to Roto¬ sufficiently near to be distinguish¬ rua. No farther points of interest able, is another small lake, situated on the return route warrant a stop. upon a somewhat higher plateau. Before leaving Rotorua it is There would appear to be some in¬ worth while witnessing a Maori timate connection between it and Haka. This consists of a rather gro¬ the Waimangu Geyser, for as soon tesque performance devoted almost as the water in the lake was seen entirely to shouting and stamping to fall, so soon could the spectators and the protruding of the tongue know that the Geyser was to play. which isn’t beautiful, to say the Before leaving this entrancing spot least. A Maori Haka mav be fairlv one must see what is termed “Fry¬ compared to some of the weird ing Pan Flat.’’ It consists of an dances one sees in Egypt, such as extensive area of shallow boiling the Whirling Dervishes. water, constantly fizzling and his¬ The most attractive feature of the sing, and as one writer has aptly de¬ Maori entertainment is the dancing scribed it as if “a thousand frying of the Maori girls, which is very pans were on the fire at same time.” graceful and pretty. The display The Fumaroles are scarcely like¬ usually concludes with an open ly to be missed owing to the awe¬ dance in which anv%j member of the powering noise they create. They audience can take part. To one who are cave-like apertures in the earth, has more Hme at his disposal there through which the steam comes are many more places to be visited with tremendous force, and a fair in the Thermal Region, such as the comparison would be the letting-off Trip to Tikitere and the extensive of the steam of a dozen locomotives tour to Lake Tampo, Warotapu and together. Wairakei. 490 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

Canning and Dehydrating.

By P. E. Culvkrhousic, Horticultural Experiment Station, Vinelaud Station. TOO many people consider dehy¬ the contents and container having drating as an alternative to been sterilized by heat either before canning. The proper attitude in the or after sealing. The keeping of light of present knowledge is to foods thus prepared depends upon: treat the two processes as comple¬ (1) Complete sterilization. mentary. Canning and dehydrating (2) Perfect seal. are two very different methods of (3) Durability of container or preserving many perishable foods in ability of container to maintain a a condition as nearly natural as pos¬ perfect seal. sible, for a period ordinarily rang¬ (4) Storage at a uniform temper¬ ing from six months to five years. ature, slightly above 32 F. (such Each method has its advantages and storage reduces physical changes to disadvantages, and each has a fairly a minimum.) distinct field. Of course, canning involves the sorting, grading, washing, scalding, hulling, pitting, coring, trimming and peeling of fruits and vegetables. Dehydrating is the extracting of sufficient water from fruits and vege¬ tables to prevent in them the action of micro-organisms. The process in¬ volves practically the same prepara¬ tory steps as canning. Dehydration is accomplished at varying degrees of temperature. The time required depends chiefly upon: (1) Percentage of water in the original product. (2) Temperature of air current passing over product. (3) Velocity. (4) Humidity. Dehydration is usually preceded Modern Canning by subjecting the products to the It must be made clear that this fumes of burning sulphur. This pre¬ article is confined strictly to canning vents subsequent oxidation and and dehydrating as applied to the browning. fruits and vegetables grown in Can¬ What do we mean by saying that ada, except where special reference a food is preserved? We mean that is made to foreign products. the food is so protected from the Essentially, canning is the sealing action of micro-organisms and so of foods within air tight containers, prepared and stored to prevent THE O. A. C. REVIEW 491 chemical and physical action that yond a certain tenderness you might the food may at any later date be better let them mature and then used as if fresh, at the will of the turn them into soup which is not consumer. That is the ideal. Meth¬ only appetizing but is also nutrit¬ ods fail in varying degrees. Pasteur¬ ious. Each fruit and vegetable has ization fails on the score of time— a certain degree of naturity at which it is not permanent. Jam making it has just the right texture and fails because open boiling drives off flavor and in short pleases the pal¬ flavor, heat causes chemical changes ate. The same test must apply to and the use of heavy proportions of canned and dehydrated foods. sugar not only predominates the In stressing palatability the real fruit flavor but destroys the natural food values of fruits and vegetables physical condition of a fruit. Can¬ are by no means overlooked. For ning fails because of the heat and the most part their value is in min¬ resultant chemical and physical eral elements. The body needs changes. Dehydrating fails because small quantities of minerals. Fruits it has never been possible to extract and vegetables supply these. Among sufficient water from perishable the fruits and vegetables there are foods to keep them safe from the notable exceptions to the rule that attacks of micro-organisms without these products are of use chiefly to losing much flavor and seriously in¬ vary the diet and please the palate. juring the physical nature of the Potatoes, for instance, are a staple food. food, rich in starch and poor in min¬ The use of canning and dehydrat¬ eral matter. ing (the term here is meant to in¬ On the basis of use let us examine clude evaporation, drying, dessica- the relation of canning to dehydrat¬ tion and any other process depend¬ ing. Canning has risen to be the ing upon extraction of water) de¬ greatest food preserving industry in pends partly upon the purpose of the the world, because it most nearly ap¬ food in the diet and partly upon cost. proaches the ideal. Delicately fla¬ Public opinion, food technologists vored fruits and . vegetables when and food investigators have said that canned retain for years their natur¬ the prime purpose 'in the diet of al texture, and flavor, depending for most fruits and vegetables are to pleasing taste simply upon the care vary the diet and to provide appet¬ of growing, good judgment in har¬ izing dishes. Thus if berries, peach¬ vesting, quick and skilful handling es, pears, plums, cherries, tomatoes, in canning and proper storage. No green beans, green peas, green corn better method has been devised for and asparagus, fresh canned or de¬ preserving the tender fruits and hydrated fail in these purposes they vegetables. have failed in their chief objects. On the other hand dehydration is It is upon natural flavors and pro¬ an inexpensive method of handling per texture that fruits and vegetab¬ the coarser vegetables and certain les chiefly depend for their appetiz¬ fruits. Think of-the advantages to ing qualities. Too often are the the consumer of purchasing the fresh strawberries too sour, the main potato supply, dehydrated. The green peas too old. If peas get be¬ potatoes washed and peeled, easily 492 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

stored, none of the usual loss in the expensive but capable of practically cellar storage. Although the dehy¬ all the uses to which fresh apples drated potato has its limitations in are put. Dried prunes and raisins lacking much of the potato flavor owe their popularity to high sugar and in being unsuited to certain po¬ content and rich flavor. Drying tato dishes, yet the potato is needed prunes and grapes are rare cases mostly for its food value and the where fruits retain a large amount family of moderate means should of flavor. welcome economy on the potato It is not necessary to carry the question. discussion further. Canning and de¬ Onions also have proven very sat¬ hydrating as applied to perishable isfactory in dehydration tests at fruits and vegetables are seen to be Vineland. The loss of onion flavor two complementary methods of pre¬ in drying was a decided advantage. servation. Canning is particularly Beets and carrots were successfully suited to the very tender, delicately dried and would be satisfactory flavored kinds where palatability is foods for any home. almost the whole consideration. De¬ Apples, prunes and grapes (rais¬ hydrating on the other hand is more ins) are fruit which have been pro¬ for economy and should only be used ven fit for dehydration. The apple with the coarser vegetables and because of a coarseness of texture fruits or in the rare cases where combined with considerable acidity flavor is not lost in the process. produces a dried food not only in¬

Raising the Dairy Calf.

By R. E. Balcli, ’23. THE constant and maximum im-ment of careful attention and com- provement of the individuals mon sense feeding than the young- in his herd, generation after gener¬ sters from his dairy cows. ation, should be the aim of every Assuming the calf has been drop¬ breeder and the measure of his suc¬ ped in a clean box-stall, which by cess. The possibilities of each calf the way is the best prevention of that is dropped must be developed that fatal disease, calf cholera, the to the limit, if the future herd is to next thing to do is to leave him do him full credit. alone for twenty-four hours. It The dairy farmer, more particu¬ will comfort the cow, ensure that he larly perhaps should realize this, gets Hie colostrum which is essen¬ for he deals with animal mechanism tial to the starting up of his diges¬ highly specialised and very suscep¬ tive system, and give him a chance tible to good and bad management. to get his legs. Before his second Nothing will better repay an invest- day, however, the dairy calf should THE O. A. C. REVIEW 493 be placed in a separate pen, out of No feed is quite so satisfactory as sight of the cow and fed from the whole milk taken right from the pail. Here is where trouble com¬ udder, and it may pay with valu¬ mences for the man who forgets that able stock to suckle calves. But the success of his method of feed¬ owing to the high value of milk, ing depends on the closeness of its as a general rule of economy the conformity to the natural method. amount fed is "cut to a minimum, When a calf sucks a cow it gets its consistent with the welfare of the milk frequently, in small quantities, calf, by commencing after three or at blood temperature, and free from four weeks to replace the whole impurities. When fed from a pail with skim milk. The fat thus re¬ any or all of these conditions may moved can be replaced very large¬ be neglected, the delicate stomach ly by some cheaper substitute, while upset and a permanent loss of the bone and muscle-forming casein growth, even death result. Juggling and albumin remain and continue with a calf’s digestion will always the growth unchecked. Two weeks be found an expensive hobby. are needed to gradually eliminate the whole milk and the mistake The amount of milk to be given a should not be made of thinking that new born calf varies with size and skim milk is more digestible than breed—a Jersey eight to ten pounds whole. Perhaps the most satisfac¬ per day, and a Holstein ten to tory substitute for the fat is flax- twelve pounds—but for the first five seed steeped or boiled to a jelly and days must be from its own dam. added in proportion as the whole The safest way is to feed three times milk is reduced until a cupful is be¬ a day, though twice may prove sat¬ ing given twice a day with the isfactory, but it is essential that it straight skim. Good results can also be at a regular hour, of exact weight be obtained with other grains rich and at a temperature of 100° F. in fat, such as ground oats, oil meal Scald the pails and feed no milk and cornmeal through the first two that is not clean enough for your¬ carry more protein than necessary. self. Calf feeders are dirty and of Skim milk should be fed for three doubtful advantage. As the calf months and if plentiful may be used grows the amount must be very profitably for a much longer period. gradually increased, but remember that the most common cause of At a month old or sooner the calf sickly calves is overfeeding, and will begin to take hay and grain and rarely will it pay to give more than should be encouraged to eat and seventeen pounds a day. Delicate given all it will clean up. The hay, calves must be carefully watched, however, if good clover or alfalfa, and at the first sign of disorder their which is loosening and very pala¬ feed cut by half until full recovery, table when given too freely may then gradually increased again. cause indigestion and pot bellies. Three ounces of castor oil in a pint Oats, rolled or ground, are the most of milk will help bad cases. Rich satisfactory grain and some bran milk should not be used and if above and a little oil meal may improve 3.5 per cent, is better diluted with their mechanical composition and a little warm water or skim milk. palatability. Roots or ensilage may 494 THE O. A. C. REVIEW be carefully introduced into the ra¬ ding if they are to be healthy and tion and are especially useful when robust. They may do better outside weaning from skim milk. Water and at night in the hot weather, but if salt should be accessible at all times put on pasture must be accustomed but it is unwise to mix salt in the to it gradually and provided with feed as the calf knows best how shade. much he needs. To sum up, the essentials of calf¬ Housing and exercise are import¬ raising are regularity, gradual ant, and if possible, roomy indivi¬ changes, cleanliness, right quality dual pens should be used. However, and quantity of feed, comfort, fresh if calf stanchions are used and the air and exercise. Given these the calves kept tied after feeding milk, dairy youngster will never look back. sucking, which causes indigestion Bone and muscle are what are need¬ and possibly malformed udders, will ed, and if the herdsman looks after be prevented. While draughts must his young stuff they will grow into be avoided, calves need plenty of strong hardy stock that will produce light, fresh air and clean, dry bed¬ the goods and stand the racket.

Agriculture in the Centre of London, England.

By C. A. Good, Truro.

4.00 p.m.—“Cots, it’s your turn for Square, openly to assist in our rit¬ the rations.” And Cotsworth would ual of tea. But that event more of¬ uncoil himself from the uncertain ten resembled one of those bun feeds preoccupation of a developing lec¬ characteristic of Craig or Mill ture upon the marketing of eggs or Streets. Especially so, as we were a the feeding of an embryo Jemima minor O.A.C. headquarters with fre¬ Johanna. Out on Tottenham Court quent purple-patched visitors. At Road (shades of Israel!) would be any rate, suitable representations to put into practice that foraging in¬ the Janitress down near the area stinct peculiar to quartermaster would result in another issue of tea. sergeants. But on that thoroughfare Over the eventual issue Player (un¬ society puts a limit upon the indul¬ less some purple visitor on leave gence of any too ambitious a foray. from Germany would, Croesus-like, Ten chances to one, Jimmie Euller produce a Melo-chrino) conversation would innocently happen in with would centre on the latest Bolshe¬ some fool question, relative to his vist movement (in Russia, London Agriculture Correspondence Course. Tubes or Khaki University), with a Or Bob Skelton or Pat Stewart would few reminiscent touches thrown in hie him from ’tother side of Bedford of raids on Fritsie or upon the THE O. A. C. REVIEW 495

guarded secrets of the College cel¬ General Turner of Argyle House, lar. The inevitable climax would such as the Khaki College of Wit- result in Jimmie being ejected — ley and the Bramshott Soldiers’ that is, if we were three; if not we College of Bramshott. Later, the found it more healthy to answer his educational work in both England questions politely. The smokes out, and France was co-ordinated into we returned to: — the Educational Services of the The grinding out of lectures for Overseas Military Forces of Canada, a host of energetic farmers and the with Principal Tory of Alberta as would-be variety-men who, coupling Director. their past training with their pres¬ Instruction was eventually in ent surfeit of city life, were hanker¬ vogue in France, in the camps in ing after the open-air exertions of England and in most of the convales¬ the farm. And those very men, this cent hospitals. When we took over moment, are on farms from Hants- the “Ag” work in the London area

One of Mr. Edge’s Bulls. Heart girth, 8 feet, 9 inches. port, N. S., to Notch Hill, B. C., and in December, 1918, the boys were up to Peace River, Alberta. But receiving instruction in agriculture, at that time they were taking ad¬ accountancy, mathematics, English, vantage of that great experiment— languages, book-keeping, steno¬ the official educational classes in the graphy, engineering, wireless tele¬ army. This was a wonderful pro¬ graphy and petrol-engines. This phetic dream brought to practical branch was headed by Capt. A. G. fruition by two keen Halifax educa¬ Sleep (one of the original workers) tionalists— Dr. Clarence McKinnon a most capable and far-sighted ad¬ and Professor H. A. Kent—who, with ministrator; one who had been the assistance of Mr. Birks, of Mon¬ through the army mill and knowing treal, elaborated upon the lecturing the value of placing responsibility system already in vogue in the Y. M. thereby secured excellent results. C. A. Individual schools of instruc¬ London agricultural work differed tion were established in the camps, from that of the outside camps. thanks to the hearty co-operation of Since the boys were employed in 496 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

various headquarters offices during took over Dairying from A. Mac- the day, instruction was carried on laren and the writer, Field Husband¬ in the evening. Thus our attendance ry from Capt. J. A. Clarke (Expt. was wholly voluntary. So was that Stn., Charlottetown) and Animal of the areas, but with this subtle Husbandry from Capt. Otteweil (Y. difference: the students in the camps M. C. A.) Later on when Humphrey were excused guards, fatigues and came, he tackled Soils and Fertiliz¬ parades, and it does not need an in¬ ers, following it up with Farm Man¬ tellectual giant to realize that the agement and Engineering. When classes were often made- a heaven¬ the Dairying was concluded, Poultry sent excuse to escape these banes of commenced, and in turn Feeds and the soldier’s life. Thus, our students Feeding. I threw in a few lectures were in the game seriously—after on Beekeeping about this time and weeks of nervous activity in an of¬ R. S. M. Hennigan from Headquart¬ fice one needs interest of a serious ers, Agriculture, gave a short course type to regularly attend evening on Book-keeping and Cost Account¬ classes. And those offices were busy ing. during that feverish rush of demob¬ We had the good fortune of steady ilization. Besides the Pay and Re¬ attendance, as contrasted with the cords boys, came others from Argyle shifting one of the camps that neces¬ House, the Postal Corps down in sarily changed because of the ever- Mount Pleasant, the Tobacco and fluctuating population. Hence, a Sales Department (that popular re¬ great number of our students were sort on issue days), the Medical with us for the eight months. This Corps on Oxford St., and the Hos¬ thereby enabled us to give a very pitals. Two American “enlisted thorough course in the subjects men¬ men” attended for a short while; a tioned, so far as we could with the few Anzacs and Aussies came at odd i equipment at our disposal. When re¬ times; four husky Springboks were patriation claimed a number of our in attendance until their repatria¬ old students, and when their substi¬ tion (one of them was a brother of tutes enrolled, a separate class was Hubert Leppan, ’14); and a number formed and the work repeated. Na¬ of English boys while awaiting their turally we had to adjust our course sailings for Canada, profitably fill¬ to suit the wide range of farm sys¬ ed in their time by being introduced tems represented—from the fruit¬ to Canadian farm methods. One of grower of the Annapolis Valley to these lads is now doing well on a the homesteader of the Peace River half-section near Peace River — he Block. And of course there were used to be a janitor in the Adelphi different grades of education to cope on the Strand. with—those of us who fondly imag¬ Cotsworth soon came along, and ined that the Canadian system of in time, Lieut. A. E. Humphrey (N. education was all-reaching, received S. A. C.) was secured. Lists of sub¬ many rude jolts. But we pegged jects are always dry, chronically so away and, we think, achieved re¬ to undergraduates. But the editor sults. says “give ’em it all,” so a mere We were sadly hampered by the human must need submit. Cotsworth lack of class material. However, we THE O. A. C. REVIEW 497 procured seed grain from the Seed the distance to them, for our re¬ Testing Station of the British Food quests to the owners that we visit Production Board for our germina¬ them brought enthusiastic replies of tion tests; for seed judging, Carter’s assistance. But one cannot expect and Company generously supplied a a $1.10 a day man to spend 6c per variety of grain, grass and clover, mile for 90 or 100 miles every week. as well as sheaves of grain and So Capt. Sleep, Capt. J. A. Clark grass for type comparisons. We and Colonel Tory (not to leave out also secured a few more sheaves our Adjie, Capt. Dunn) must needs from a shipment from the Central impress upon Argyle House our pe¬ Experimental Farm. Our Provincial culiar situation with regards to Offices in London proved barren stock. Argyle was open to convic¬ hunting grounds—we merely secur¬ tion and in time authority came ed two glass show jars from the B. through for us to use free warrants C. Office. Carters’ also forwarded us on these trips—Seaford secured the

A £2500 Holstein Bull, imported from Holland, of Messis. A. and J. Brown 15 months old a complete set of fertilizer samples. same privilege. The visiting of these Cotsworth spent a busy two weeks world-famed herds, the association recalling Mr. Kendall’s instructions with the kindly owners, and the ac¬ and subsequently building sample quaintance with their methods was chicken houses, colony houses, trap all so very important to these stud¬ nests, etc. A number of lantern ents of ours who were about to be i slides from Headquarters helped out stock raisers in Canada. It seems so wonderfully, and late in the spring simple doesn’t it? And yet within came a veritable gold mine—thirty our own K. U. of C. there was strong odd films from the Ontario Depart¬ opposition to these “joy-rides” from ment of Agriculture. certain non-agricultural members in Needless to say, we were short of authority. But we went every Sat¬ animals for stock judging. There urday afternoon. were numerous excellent herds near Speaking of seizing opportunities; the city, but the only question was the Australians and New Zealanders, 498 THE O. A. C. REVIEW with true fore-sight, had their agri¬ cheap shelters cut down the over¬ cultural students travelling over head. Some of his bulls show in the England, Scotland, Wales and the figure—they speak for themselves. Channel Islands, visiting every herd For British-Friesians, we were en¬ and Stock Show of importance. tertained by the Brown Brothers Think of this great investment for near St. Albans. We returned to the these countries in this stimulation same neighborhood, later, to visit of these farmer-soldiers. Incidental¬ the huge rough South Devons of ly, we learned that fifty Anzacs and Mr. Morris, and the sleek Polled An¬ Aussies were leaving to study the gus owned by Mr. Bridges. Some Dairy industry in Denmark—wheth¬ time later we learned that the lat¬ er they went is not known. But the ter breed is being crossed with the point is, the spirit was there in the Dexter at the King’s Farm at Sand¬ official circles. ringham. This produces, what was But to return. Of course we visit¬ claimed to be, the best of butcher’s ed the two King's Farms at Windsor meat, even surpassing that of best to see his Herefords, Shorthorns, Doddie. A 15,000-lb. dual-purpose Clydesdales and Shires. On the Es¬ Shorthorn cow was the main feature tate of Mr. Brandt, near Redhill, we on Robert Mond’s estate near Seven- visited a stable of hackneys that oaks. And she was of the dual-type included Capenor Addenda, Junior —not an example of the milking Champion at Newmarket in 1918. Shorthorn that sometimes passes Mr. Brandt knew how to exhibit his for the dual-purpose animal. An¬ horses—and that Canadian soldiers other fortunate day gave us the appreciate hospitality—(he was sure chance of admiring the beautiful of this by the time we loaded up in¬ Jerseys owned by Dr. Corner, just to our charabancs enroute for Lon¬ outside of London. There was noth¬ don). ing of individual note, but every One other wonderful day of Eng¬ animal showed that uniform good lish spring-time, we landed near health, vigor and excellence that are Brighton, bound for S. F. Edge’s es¬ characteristics of the British herds. tate. Mr. Edge is a clever man; af¬ A very interesting place visited ter he had made his fortune in rac¬ was the Dodnash Poultry Farm near ing, he withdrew before he lost it. Bentley, Suffolk. This is the scene purchased a few thousand acres in of a famous national egg-laying the south of England and now spe¬ competition, carried on under the cializes in Beef Shorthorns and large auspices of the Great Eastern Rail¬ Black Hogs. These popular pigs way who own the large farm and give a side of the Wiltshire type that utilize the produce in their restaur¬ is longer and deeper than that of ants and hotels. Tom Barron’s pen the Yorkshire. At that time he had of White Leghorns were giving Miss some 500 brood sows (he was aim¬ Bell’s a close run for first place, but ing at the 2000 mark), which, with before repatriation we learned that their litters, were farmed out on his the latter was still leading, despite large estate on the colony system the death of one hen. An interest¬ that was certainly productive of ing item is that any egg two ounces health and vigor. Incidentally the in weight is scored down on the re- THE O. A. C. REVIEW 499

suits; thus, size is considered as well number of us were shown over the as quantity. In-breeding for egg ware-house. Here it is that the production has resulted in a diminu¬ meat is stored and eventually cut tion of the size of the bird and, in¬ up for the various hospitals and cidentally that of the egg; hence, units in the London area, according this proviso. The London Egg Mar¬ to the regulation Army Diet Sheets. ket gave us a very good insight in¬ It was interesting to note that the to the egg trade of Britain. Crates mutton was from Australia and New were coming in packed in various Zealand, and that the beef came methods peculiar to the country of from the Argentine—all chilled. origin. Thus, the Irish separate the There was also a very little horse layers of eggs by straw. This re¬ meat that was being sent out sults in a very high percentage of to the German prison camps. “breaks,” and the packing material And there were oodles of boxes is only too apt to impart a musty of meat that were the despair odor to the eggs. The Chinese of the authorities—a species of pork method, on the other hand, gives called “Chinese bacon.” This mater¬ perfect carriage; the eggs are pack¬ ial came from the United States. ed in rice hulls. Eggs come from It was practically all fat and was China in other forms also. Tin- covered with a liberal coating of lined boxes of egg powder are im¬ slime and mold. But the stuff had ported by the ton (and we were in¬ to be used up or wasted—so Heinie formed that certain English firms ate it in his camps. It should be put up this product into attractive added that the real Chinese bacon, packages and sell it as fresh egg that was also too fat for the Eng¬ powder). In some cases the yolks lish taste, had previously been ship¬ and white are separated. The latter ped to Germany. is dried to hard slightly-yellow cry¬ Of course we visited the Rotharn- stals and boxed; the former is eva¬ sted Experimental Station, founded porated to the consistency of very in 1834 by the late Sir John Bennet cold molasses and shipped in bar¬ Lawes. Dr. Russell and his staff rels. showed us every kindness and gave us every facility wherewith to see Carter and Co. were only too anx¬ and learn all we could. A few of ious to show us their plots and es¬ the most interesting points can only tablishment, so a very pleased and be given. Broadbalk wheat field interested deputation enjoyed their that has been under wheat for some hospitality. I do not wish to adver¬ seventy-seven years, is divided into tise this firm, but it is only right to strips that have received the same place on,record the great assistance fertilizing treatment each year. and co-operation extended to us in Thus, one plot has been without fer¬ London by this firm. The Express tilizer of any kind for eighty-one Dairy Co. of the City of London, years, and yet, it still yields about kindly allowed us the use of their twelve and a half bushels per year. animals for judging. These experimenters enjoyed show¬ We tried to visit the Army abat¬ ing us this plot and naively remark¬ toir in the city, but this was im¬ ing that the average Canadian acre- possible, till one Sunday morning a return was from twelve to fifteen 500 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

bushels. And they were right. The any rate they are popular. electrical treatment of growing There was a Forestry Crops lo¬ crops is being tested both on a lab¬ cated at Catford Bridge, near to oratory and field scale, but up to London, to which we went one even¬ that time there had not been any ing a week to give a short course in appreciable beneficial results. What Agriculture. There were very few was most interesting to the boys was students in attendance, but the in¬ the attempt to make manure from terest that they displayed was suf¬ straw and ammonium chloride—an ficient warrant for the continuation effort that was giving encouraging of the class—and these boys were results. The process takes about an inspiration to us as well. In¬ three or four months. cidentally, Agriculture was the only class that hung together at this Another afternoon we went to W. place. J. Lobjoit’s 300-acre vegetable farm If the men felt the need for the just outside London, and saw how to educational work, why not the wo¬ grow crops on the intensive plan. men? The question was first tack¬ Some of his fields were triple-crop¬ led by Miss Roberta MacAdams, but ped—apple trees 30 feet apart, when she returned to the Alberta gooseberries between the trees, and Legislature, was brought to practi¬ between the rows, with narcissi be¬ cal shape by Mrs. Cunningham, of tween the bushes. We had been Manitoba. Thus it came about that told that the English were slow to the wives of Canadian soldiers, or adopt mechanical assistance in their fiancees, received instruction farming. But this man does all his in various Home Economic ques¬ heavy field work with three tractors, tions. The London County Council and three steam trucks are busy co-operated by supplying lecture freighting his product to Covent rooms and the necessary equipment. Garden Market. Nearby, were 15 Later on, those who planned living acres under glass, the owner of on farms were given a course of which specializes in tomatoes, lectures on allied subjects, Cots- plums, chrysanthemums and ferns. worth giving them poultry and He reaps a mere “stipend” of $2,500 dairying, while the writer took up per greenhouse, annually, from his bee-keeping, and vegetable garden¬ tomatoes alone; and when this crop ing, including bush fruits. This was is off, the flowers follow. an ideal opportunity for these lad¬ The Oliver Chilled Plow Com¬ ies, and there were over a hundred pany gave us a Tractor demonstra¬ who took advantage of it—in fact tion that drew out a large crowd. Mrs. Cunningham had to refuse a Here we saw Titans and Fordsons certain number of applications, be¬ in action in company with a cater¬ cause of the limited amount of equip¬ pillar tractor of some sort. The ment and from the fact that she Fordsons had been killing people was alone. that summer by rearing backwards We were ordered to wind up af¬ when striking a snag, but then as fairs by the end of June; so that by the driver that day remarked, “they that date, those students who had are safe, but not fool-proof.” At desired it, had written off examina- THE O. A. C. REVIEW 501 tions and received our London cer¬ yet, if we say it ourselves, we met tificate for them. the need so far as we could. On Thus our London work. Were we the whole, it was an experiment satisfied when it was all over? Is that was successful, and we should anyone satisfied with the results of be proud that Canada lead the way his labors? There are always the in the education of her citizen-sold¬ few touches that might have been iers. And O. A. C. played no small given here, or taken away there, and part in that innovation. 502 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW

Clouds.

The dew is gleaming in the grass,

The morning hours are seven;

And I am fain to watch you pass, » Ye soft white clouds of heaven.

Ye stray and gather, part and fold;

The wind alone can tame you;

i dream of what in time of old,

The poets loved to name you.

They called you sheep, the sky your sward,

A field, without a reaper;

They called the shining sun your lord,

The shepherd wind your keeper.

Your sweetest poets I will deem,

The men of old for moulding,

In simple beauty, such a dream—

And I could lie beholding.

Where daisies in the meadow toss,

The wind from morn till even; For ever shepherd you across

The shining fields of heaven.

—Archibald Lampman.

-*->'**1 THE O. A. C. REVIEW 503

Alkali Soils.

By G. D. C. Smith, ’22

THE term “Alkali soil” is so fam¬ what is known as the Desert Theory iliar to all that little need be and is commonly put forward to ex¬ said in explanation of its meaning. plain the infertile alkali districts The object of the writer is rather of the West. The soil water, as to give some idea of the causes evaporation proceeds, is supposed to leading up to and the conditions rise towards the top layers of the favoring the formation of these soil by capillary action, to take the sterile spots with a few suggestions place of that vaporized by the sun’s for their treatment. heat, and carries with it the dis¬ Generally speaking, alkali soils solved mineral salts. Naturally these occur in arid or semi-arid regions, are left in the form of a crust @11 where the rain-water of early the surface. Sometimes this only amounts to a slight whitening of the spring is evaporated by the intense summer heat, leaving an excess ground whilst at other places a de¬ posit of several inches appears. In concentration of soluble salts on the connection with the Desert Theory surface of the ground. Such areas it is claimed that alkalies are leach¬ are usually located in low-lying or badly drained places where there is ed from the underlying sub-soil and an impervious sub-stratum, such as rocks and carried upwards as pre¬ heavy clay. viously mentioned. This does not ap¬ pear to affect the formation of in¬ During spring rains and when fertile areas in agricultural land there is a large quantity of water as does the evaporation of water present in the soil the soluble min¬ from the surface soil. eral salts are dissolved and carried * downwards by the descending sur¬ Certain alkali areas are even un¬ face water. Together with this there der water during the wet season, may be a leaking or washing of and become encrusted with salt on these same materials from the high¬ the drying up of the water. This er land surrounding the low area, forms a very bad type of alkali thus tending to increase the concen¬ spot, combining as it does the ef¬ tration of the solutions in that fects both of direct evaporation and area. When the rainy weather has of materials carried upwards by passed and the hot dry time of sum¬ capillary water. mer sets in, evaporation of water The salts most commonly found from soil is rapid, the degree of in alkali soils are calcium carbonate, evaporation depending upon its sodium carbonate, and, in some structure and texture. Now the wa¬ cases, sodium chloride. The nitrates ter drying away will tend to raise and chlorides of sodium and potas¬ the soluble salts with it in its pas¬ sium would be noticed if the climate sage to the surface. This constitutes were dry enough. Since our agri- 504 THE O. A, C. REVIEW. cultural areas have a considerable fected areas become fit for crop annual rainfall the accumulation of production. The removal of black these very soluble salts is not pos¬ alkali, however, is somewhat differ¬ sible to any appreciable extent. The ent from the method employed in presence of sodium chloride (com¬ dealing with the white. Being an mon salt) is not nearly so common insoluble salt it is necessary that as is the case with calcium and sod¬ it be converted into a soluble form ium carbonates, mainly on account before it can be removed from the of its greater solubility. It is thus soil. It is best to apply gypsum more readily washed away in the (calcium sulphate) to the land in drainage water in wet weather. Of order to make the alkali soluble. these two carbonates, it is the sod¬ This material is cheap and is quite ium carbonate which does the great¬ effective. The insoluble sodium er amount of damage to farming carbonate is then changed to the land. soluble sodium sulphate, while the In this country there are two dif¬ gypsum is left behind as calcium ferent classes of alkali, black alkali carbonate, which will not injure the and white alkali. The former crops, but rather tends to have a is the harder to treat and does more beneficial effect. This soluble salt damage to the soil itself than the will be carried off in the drainage latter. It is sodium carbonate water, leaving the soil in a state fit which has dissolved the humus of for cultivation. It is not possible the soil, causing it to take on a dark to state any definite quantity of brown or black color. This dark gypsum to apply per acre, since this colored material is insoluble in wa¬ depends upon the amount of alkali ter and at the same time renders present in the soil. Puddling of soil, the soil useless for agricultural pur¬ if clay be present, often occurs poses, the organic matter having when black alkali is in abundance, been destroyed. Both the monocar¬ and the application of gypsum tends bonate and the bicarbonate of sod¬ to break up the hard pan so called ium are concerned in and produce rendering the land more fit for cul¬ the above soil conditions. tivation. “White alkali” consists mainly of With “White” alkali the treat¬ sodium suphate and magnesium sul¬ ment is somewhat different. The phate, and occasionally some sodium salts producing this condition are chloride. These are all soluble salts easily soluble in water, so that the and therefore not so serious a prob¬ application of gypsum is quite un¬ lem for the farmer. They have not necessary. Under-drainage is the the property of dissolving humus, most suitable treatment here and and their effects on crops are some¬ usually is all that is required to what less severe than is the case render the land fit for cultivation. A with “black” alkali. They form a good system of tile drains will catch white crust upon the ’surface of the the descending soil water in the wet ground, sometimes of considerable season or during irrigation and re¬ thickness. move it along with the dissolved Both “black” and “white” alkali mineral salts from the surface soil. will yield to treatment, and the af¬ Drainage is as necessary in the THE O. A. C. REVIEW 505 treatment of “black” alkali as of This subject is a very extensive “white” alkali, only in the former one and the writer has merely touch¬ can:e it is not effective until gypsum ed on one or two of the more prac¬ has been applied to render the sod¬ tical features. Farmers troubled with ium carbonate soluble. Systematic alkali are mainly concerned in the drainage not only removes alkali most rapid and effective method of from the soil, but also prevents its removing it from their farms. How¬ accumulation there in the future, by ever, when one considers the num¬ carrying all noxious salts away from ber of such districts to be found the affected ground. The alkali is among the farming lands of the not removed entirely from the soil world and the very large extent of at the first rain or even during one all these areas put together the year, but the change is gradual and question becomes one of world-wide may occupy several years, though importance, particularly in these all the time there is a continual and days of shortage of all agricultural steady improvement in the condition products. of the land.

The Economics of Egg Production

Bv P. C. Connon, B. S. A. OF all the factors influencing the humans and the hens, and profits, economics of egg production I from the health standpoint, of more consider the personal factor is the eggs consumed. most important. It is the part which Successful commercial and pro¬ observes, studies, foresees, plans, fessional poultrymen as a class are works and enlists the co-operation enthusiasts. They have a mighty be¬ of the hen. It expends all, or the lief and a good deal of pride in their most, of the mental energy which business. They are full of interest culminates in egg production and in the game of poultry culture, ever wealth On the quality of these alert to discover by test, better efforts is based the economics of methods, and then to apply them to egg production—profit to the indivi¬ poultry management with strict at¬ dual—profit to the hens—profit to tention to details, presided over by the nation. To the former comes gumption—or they ought to be, and the Winter eggs which means money do, all that, and more. They pool (or MONEY). Profit to the hens be¬ the cream of their experience and cause they will be happier and the hen does the rest. To-day a healthier if handled right even if good many are pulling through O. they have to work and lose their K. in spite of dear feed, etc. pigmentation. Profit to the nation This class of men, however, com¬ from the direct financial point of prise but a small proportion of the view of work done efficiently by the people that keep poultry. On the 506 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

farm live the bulk of the poultry wealth—wealth in eggs, with meat population, therefore we must con¬ as a by product. sider the economical results of The first problem then, is the in¬ poultry husbandry as part of the terest problem. How to create an farm business. Rural life ought to intense interest, real enthusiasm provide nearly all the year round among the farmers, their wives, ideal conditions for the hen. She, their sons and daughters, in poultry in her turn would respond and swell as a profitable and interesting side the labor income. (Middlesex beef line on the farm. graziers could laugh at Oxford dairy¬ This task can be more readily ac¬ men getting up at 4 a.m., and still complished through some local or¬ ride around in a Ford car). ganization—a Farmers’ Club—a Wo¬ What do we find? That very of¬ men’s Institute. At the outset it ten the farm hen lives in the slums must be proved, and the evidence —a small draughty, dark, damp, should be concrete, that “Poultry dirty, lousy, dugout, which to enter Pays” for extra thought and atten¬ gives a human being, and perhaps tion. Practical demonstration by the hen, the sensation of the seven soon* one in the neighborhood best years’ itch. No wonder that the oc¬ serves this end. After that, they cupants look “fed up” aird discour¬ should become missionaries and are aged. They sit around hunched up, fit to give gradual doses of the cor¬ blinking their eyes, and pining for rect information. Commencing with the Spring sunshine, green grass fundamentals and leading into the and grubs. A Winter spent under more complex “Poultry Progress.” such conditions must be “hell” for During the winter of 1913-1914 the poor birds. No litter to scratch the writer saw a good demonstra¬ in, no sunshine to give them a tion of the efficiency of this method peppy and optimistic feeling and a in Leeds County, especially in the lack of other comforts and attention Lansdowne District. In the Farmer’s that domesticated hens require, if Clubs were a few men who saw the they cannot migrate south with the possibilities of poultry on the farm. politicians and the profiteers to Recognizing their needs—Publicity spend the Winter. —Education—they enlisted the aid As for the hens themselves they of the Agricultural Representative, are usually an ill assorted lot. One and through him the Provincial De¬ can compare them with the “Ward” partment of Agriculture. They got of Toronto. Dagoes of many tribes their neighbors out to the school- and colors, sizes and shapes and houses and most of them became many old enough to vote. converts to better Poultry Husband¬ Everyone knows that there is ry. Next Spring one could observe little exaggeration in the foregoing on about every second or third farm —that such conditions prevail in a new poultry house being built; many farm flocks—that such condi¬ only one breed, either Leghorns or tions put a big Minus—on our sub¬ Barred Rocks; colony houses set in ject “The Economics of Egg Pro¬ orchards, pasture fields or corn duction”—the science that treats of fields; egg collecting wagons on the the production and distribution of roads; piles of crates at the station; THE O. A. C. REVIEW 507 a breeding station established; a Greens — Mangels, cabbage and candling and fattening plant in¬ sprouted oats, etc. stalled; a fancy market found in Grubs—Skim milk, tankage, beef Montreal for their graded products. scrap. As far as the economic success of Grit—Oyster shell. their venture is concerned the fol¬ Gumption—-In large quantities ap¬ lowing Winter showed piles of crates plied to system of feeding and com¬ being handled at the station, big egg bining foods, make them scratch for cheques cashed at the local banks, whole grain. Provide a cafeteria for and another series of enthusiastic ground grain, shorts, tankage, etc., meetings in the school-houses. mixture. For such a community improve¬ ment scheme the following rough 4. Breeding. As the renewal of outline might embody the essentials: the flock is one of the most difficult, Interest generated by one or two most expensive, and most complex sane enthusiasts. factors, endeavor to study and find the most efficient method. Community Interest (a) It might consist of careful Organization—In Club Egg Circle, selection and culling of their own etc., good manager, good officers. flock by the individual farmers and Education—Through Government then mating the best on their farms Press, themselves. with a cockerel from a central Experience — Meeting difficulties, breeding station where elite stock preserving balance, etc. are being raised. (These males might be raised on a local farm or Policy by the Government at a College). 1. Pure Bred Poultry. (b) A competent culling tribunal One breed, good strain, fit produc¬ might visit all the farms of all the ers, early maturing. members in the District, enlist the Hatched early, Aim—Winter eggs. A l’s for breeding purposes, allow 2. Housing Principles. the farmer to retain the B’s for lay¬ ing stock, exempt the C’s by slaught¬ Floor space, around four sq. feet ering them and sending them to per bird. market. Then the selected A’s could Light, sunshine. be carefully mated and their eggs Ventilation, without draughts. hatched at a central breeding sta¬ Dryness. tion and the young chicks distribut¬ Handiness for cleaning, feeding, ed to the farmers to raise. At such etc. a breeding station, under right man¬ Inexpensive. agement, the work could be done more efficiently, and careful study Unit 75 to 100 hens per house, 1 to could be made of the many factors 4 units per farm. influencing success in breeding and 3. Feeding. incubation. They could pull up their Endeavor to balance what a New standard to Al. Brunswick Bulletin calls the five 5. Hatching and Rearing. G’s. Hatched from the middle of March i Grains—Corn, wheat, oats. to the middle of April. 508 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

Developed by correct chick food, Poultry Culture is a live and surely exercise, etc. successful proposition and a real as¬ 6. General Management. set to a farm. Strict attention to details. This is a rough outline of my idea Birds correctly marked. of the economics of egg production. Pullets and yearling hens kept I repeat again that I think a great separate. deal depends on creating a real in¬ Old hens marketed when price is terest and a real belief in Winter high for old hens. (Don’t let them Egg Production as an economic fac¬ get too old, say two years). tor on the ordinary farm. True, most farmers and their wives would wish Surplus cockerels disposed of to for no better exercise than collecting best advantage. eggs in the Winter, but through in¬ Mediterraneans, summer broilers; difference, through lack of know¬ general purpose, fattened. ledge, and perhaps through lack of When not required roosters not al¬ intelligence they don’t know how to lowed to flirt with the hens. (Want go about it and try, in spite of infertile eggs). Agricultural Colleges, Agricultural Get hens accustomed to Winter Representatives, the Farm Press and quarters early. Bulletins galore. Catch them young General sanitary conditions, clean before they put up their hair or grow nests, etc. whiskers, and bend the twig. Eggs collected and marked regul- Through the schools the boys and arlv. girls might be taught to cull chick¬ During Winter, lights used to give ens and care for them. Boys’ and hens longer day. (Speed the Hydro). Girls’ Poultry Clubs might become as great an influence in agricultural 7. Marketing. education as Calf Clubs have become Graded products. in some of the States. Then to-mor¬ Clean, attractive looking. row we might have increased pro¬ Make reputation for quality and duction, at profitable prices as the live up to it and command premium Canadian nation expands in num¬ When prices are low, eggs might bers, and in their individual con¬ be put in cold storage plant controll¬ sumption of poultry fruit, educated ed by Association. to the fact that eggs and milk are 8. Make use of the sum total of the best sources of animal proteins their experience and prove that and fats.

Silver and gold are not the only coin; virtue, too, passes current all over the world.—Euripides. THE O. A. C. REVIEW 509

Potato Diseases in New Brunswick

By K. L. Wood, ’21

IN New Brunswick the soil and they are greatly dwarfed and seldom climatic conditions are particul¬ produce any marketable tubers. arly favorable for the growing of When we consider the important heavy crops of potatoes, so it is not part that chlorophyll plays in the surprising that this province leads manufacture of starch, and realize the other provinces of Canada in that the mottling of leaves affected yield per acre. Yet the yield is far with mosaic is due to a yellow col¬ below what it should be. The far¬ oring matter, which cannot manu¬ mers for the most part understand facture starch, taking the place of the importance of good cultivation chlorophyll, we will at once under¬ and fertilization, but do little to¬ stand that the disease may greatly wards controlling some of the plant reduce the yield. diseases which annually cause enor¬ It has not been definitely proved mous losses. The loss due to diseas¬ that the disease is carried from one es has been estimated at nearly year’s crop to the next in the soil, fifty per cent, of the total possible or that it spreads from one plant to crop, a loss which could be almost another in the field, although it is wholly eliminated if proper control quite possible that it may spread in measures were employed. It has be¬ either or both of these ways. Ex¬ come increasingly difficult to grow periments have proved, however, good crops of potatoes as the per¬ that the disease is hereditary and centage of potash in commercial that usually it becomes worse each fertilizers has decreased, due to war year until the plants produce no conditions. It seems as if the lack crop at all. Mosaic does not affect of potash has lessened the vitality the quality of the tubers for table of the potatoes and made them more use, its seriousness lying in the fact susceptible to disease. In an article that it may greatly reduce the yield. of this length it is impossible to deal If a farmer’s field is badly affect¬ with all the common potato diseases ed with mosaic he should discard and I wish to confine my attention his own potatoes for seed purposes, to three, Mosaic, Leaf Roll and and get new seed that is disease Black Leg, and to the methods of free. If the percentage of diseased their control. plants Is small he will be able to get Mosaic. This disease, so far as is good seed by pulling out all diseased known, is not caused by any fungus or weak plants during the growing or bacteria. Affected plants show a season. Some varieties are much yellow mottling which is usually ac¬ more susceptible to this disease than companied by a puckering of the others, and it may be necessary in leaves. In mild cases the plants are some cases to discontinue growing of normal size, but in severe cases susceptible varieties. 510 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

Leaf Roll. The amount of dam¬ from at least enough of his field to age done by this disease in New supply him with seed the following Brunswick is small compared with spring. mosaic, but an analysis of the re¬ Black Leg. In the year 1915 it was ports of potato fields inspected in estimated that the loss due to this 1919 shows it to be present in very disease in the Maritime Provinces nearly half the fields and the amount amounted to ten per cent, of the is increasing each year, so conse¬ total crop. The disease is easily con¬ quently the disease and its method trolled and there has been a con¬ of control should be understood. tinuous reduction in the amount Like mosaic it reduces the yield of present in fields since that date but the crop but does not affect the table there is danger that it may become qualities of the tubers. So far as is as prevalent as it was a few years known it is caused neither by bac¬ ago unless proper precautions are teria nor fungus. taken to keep it in check. Typical diseased plants are always paler green than healthy ones, are Uusally affected plants will be more or less dwarfed, and with some found early in the summer before varieties have a staring appearance, other diseases make their appear¬ while with others they look bushy ance. They have a pale green or yel¬ and stunted. The lower leaves have lowish color, the leaves roll up, the a somewhat leathery texture, being plant looks stiff, upright, and un¬ thrifty, and soon dies. Diseased thickened, and always show a pro¬ nounced rolling. Later in the season plants pull up very easily, the stalk these lower leaves may show a char¬ being entirely rotted off and black acteristic browning, and the rolling in color. In many cases the plants and thickening of the leaves may die without producing any tubers, spread upward until the greater part and even where the disease does not or all of the plant is involved. If progress so rapidly and tubers are the plant is dug up the seed piece formed, they become affected with a will usually be found to be sound, soft rot which destroys the potato and the tubers attached to the stem so rapidly that seldom do any reach with very short stolons. Leaf roll storage. is hereditary and there is some evi¬ Black Leg is a bacterial disease dence to show that it may spread and is believed to be carried from from plant to plant in the field, al¬ one year to the next by infected though this has not been definitely seed. Therefore potatoes from a bad¬ proven. ly infected field should not be used As with mosaic, if the farmer’s for seed, nor those having cuts, potatoes are badly affected with leaf bruises or any sign of rot. All seed roll, he should get seed from a new should be soaked two hours in a source free from the disease, and solution of one pint of formalin to then keep free from it by “rogueing thirty gallons of water. Plant only out” each year all diseased or weak on well drained land as a wet soil plants, during the growing season, favors the disease.

Dost thou love life? Then do not squander time, for that is the stuff life is made of.—Franklin. THE O. A. C. REVIEW 511 -dPRE5 La QL'ERRE-

‘ ‘ In jestin g gu ise,—but ye are wise, And ye know what the jest is worth."— £ ‘ The Melancholy Days are come, The Saddest of the Year."—

WHAT! In Springtime, you ask? ing dust-clouds in its wake: the sun Yes, worse luck, in Spring¬ strikes glitteringly through them; time, O my friend; for the Spring far away a plow-team stands clear brings Examinations, and we gay cut against the skyline, and we won¬ grasshoppers who have reversed the der idly what manner of man their seasons and have danced all winter, master may be, and whether he, too, must now face the Day of Destiny. dreams as he follows the turning There is a drowsy melancholy and furrow; a small boy clatters cheer¬ mournfulness in thus making ily by, and we envy him his twelve amends for a mis-spent past when years and his carefree whistle; and all the Out-of-Doors is calling in¬ how hazy and vague that elm-tree sistently to come out—come out— looks, and how wistful its dropping come out, and spend the present in branches; and a Mac girl passes like manner: Oh, for a canoe on a with an armload of books; we day like this, and the sunlight sift¬ would rather like to carry those ing through branches into cool books for her, just as an excuse to brown translucent water; or boot discover whether or not her eyes and spur and creaking saddle-leath¬ are blue, the deep blue of those er again, with a clear path ahead; crocuses down there at her feet or or a motorboat heading into the of that patch of sky between the two waves with the wind humming in white drifting clouds just above her the ears and the spray slapping head. She carries her head well, over. The ever-renewed magic of that fair young Canadian lass; there Spring is in the air and in the heart; is something straight and clean and small wonder that we squirm when free about her; if only we were not recalled to the grim reality of Ma¬ so busy—so busy? jors and Minors and Fifty Percent! Helmeted Head of Pericles! Look We gaze longingly, lingeringly, at the time! Twenty minutes to go out upon the soft blurred beauty of and we are only at the fifth ques¬ the misty-leaved trees, until our gaze tion!—“Define dialysis;” what in and thought grow likewise blurred Himmel is dialysis, anyway? Never and misty; we see the good brown heard of the deleted thing before; earth once more faintly steaming in that must have been the lecture the warm sunlight, and the delicate when “Doc” was trying to tell us lines of green upspringing; a vivid¬ how to water a horse and got us all ly-breasted Robin sways in a bend¬ twisted up in our own eloquence. ing tree-top, looking in at us with Well, wouldn’t that stop a clock! — side-tilted head and bright pitying she walks well, too, and the sun¬ eye; an auto shoots past, high-whirl¬ light glints from her hair — Eyes 512 THE O. A. C. REVIEW straight to the front, looking on minutes to go—***Pretty sheepish their own level—the old army par¬ looking bunch of Seniors, all right; rot-formula. Wonder where the Ser¬ most of ’em look as if they wish now geant-Major is now—he wasn’t a that they’d done a little work in the bad old head, after all; his bark was odd half-hour; read “Hopkins,” say, far worse than his bite. And that or opened “Kellner” once or twice, boy who drove the lead-team on the or learned how to pronounce “Gide” first-line wagon for a while—the without stammering—so do we; — one who was hit that night in the too many week-ends at home; queer sunken road at Vis-en-Artois; the how many fellows live in Toronto, night the lorries were shelled and isn’t it? We never realized it until flamed sky-high for hours, and the we bumped into five of ’em one Sat¬ Green-Patch infantry lay in ime urday afternoon on Yonge Street. ditches and cursed for kilos back; — Devoted family-men, too; all taking wonder if he came through all right? their sister to the matinee; mighty Thought we’d never get out of that good looking sisters, too, as sisters mix-up when the off-lead went down go; why is it s’m’other fellow’s sis¬ and the big blacks piled up over him ter is always so much more inter¬ and we had to cut them loose in the esting than your own?— dark: talk about “wounded horses Must be the same fascination that kicking and snorting purple foam; makes so many think the English right well did such a couch befit a Spring more entrancing than our Consular of Rome!” We’re just an own Canadian “time of flowers;” ordinary windy Canadian buck-dri¬ it’s a wonderful land in spring. ver, and it never appealed to us at Merrie England in good truth, but all, somehow or other.— Canadian sunlight and maples have “Colloids, Brownian movement;” a glamor of their own as well. what in the name of Brasso are they —Behind that line of trees there: doing on a Chemistry paper? just a last flutter of color—There! Couldn’t he find enough Chemistry She’s gone!—***# we don’t know without ringing in a lot of Physics as well?—Fifteen Examinations, and the Spring! cJh

Man is not the creature of circumstances. Circumstances are the creature of men.—Disraeli. THE O. A. C. REVIEW 513

1_I

By J. H. Shaw, ’22

(Part of the following material drawbar or belt H. P. with which appeared in The Farmer’s Advocate they are credited. This may occur of April 17th, 1919, in an article by in the case of a company purchasing J. MacGregor Smith, of the Univer¬ their power plants from another sity of Saskatchewan). concern, and not taking into consid¬ eration the power lost in getting the There still exists in many farmers’ remainder of it to the belt or wheels. minds doubt as to what size of trac¬ This state of affairs is not satisfac¬ tor they should buy. They have all tory, and from the farmers point of heard of 8-16’s, 10-20’s, and so on, view, it is very desirable that trac¬ but when it comes to deciding on tor ratings should be placed on some the particular horse power they common sense basis that will be un¬ need, they are very much at sea. The following remarks may help to derstood and accepted from coast to clear up some misunderstandings on coast, both in Canada and the Unit¬ the question of tractor rating: ed States. The tractor interests as well as the farmers would welcome Before oil and gas tractors were some such standard, and the prob¬ common, the question of tractor¬ lem of purchasing the most suitable rating was comparatively simple. tractor for the individual farmer Steam engines were and are under¬ would be solved to some extent at rated, but the under-rating in each least. was proportionately the same. When we consider gas and oil tract¬ To show the difference between ors, we are forced to the conclusion tractors of somewhat similar rating that some of them, at least, are over¬ we have here four tractors and their rated and cannot develop either the specifications:

liRAWBAlR H.P. PLOWS Pounds Pull at SPEED RATING They shoul d devel- RECOMMENDED Drawbar M. P. H. op from fi «ures

A— •> 63^ 10—18 w 900 23/4 B- 10-18 2 1800 21/3 IP's C— 10—20 3 1800 ' 2% 12 D— 10—20 3 2650 2 142/s 514 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

While two are classed as 10-18’s on it stating the type conformed to and two as 10-20’s they are all in the legal standards. The operation the 10 H.P. drawbar class. Prom of the law would be simple. A com¬ the figures given their actual draw¬ pany desiring to have a type of bar H. P. can be found. We know tractor tested would apply for such that the drawbar H. P. equals the a test. An official would select any pull in pounds multiplied by the dist¬ tractor from their stock and have ance in feet travelled per minute, it shipped to the testing point, Here and the product divided by 33,000 or it would be tried out, and if it came the number of foot-pounds per min¬ up to the requirements it would be ute in one horse power. Briefly: approved; if it did not, it would be

Drawbar Pull in Pounds X Distance in Feet per min. rejected. In such a test our A H-p- sTooo- tractor would be disqualified, and Taking tractor A and applying the other three would be approved. this formula we find that the draw¬ This ntuch will show that these bar H. P. is: tests are practical and could be in¬ 900 (Pull in lbs.) y 242 '2'j M.P.H. = 24 > U ner min ) troduced with profit. . 3,000 (one horse power) The number of plows that a trac¬ tor will pull cannot be stated defin¬ This machine is rated by the com¬ itely. The soil conditions determine pany as 10 H.P. and in this case the this largely. A 14-inch plow will over-rating is very large. have a pull varying from 200 to The other three tractors work out 1600 lbs., according to the soil con¬ to 11 1-5 H.P , 12 H.P. and 14 2-5 ditions. This wide range makes it H.P. These all exceed their rating, impossible to say much about the and can be expected to do all that is plow unless local conditions are claimed for them. known well. In these four examples alone we These conditions of drawbar pull • <■ ■ ■ see how much difference and con¬ in different localities could be found fusion exists in tractor ratings, and at plowing matches or in surveys, the condition calls for some law or and a valuable source of tractor in¬ method of rating that will protect formation established. Knowing the both the farmer and “the reliable” average pull in any locality would manufacturer. The manufacturer make it a simpler matter than it is would be interested because he would at present to state with some ac¬ then have a guarantee that his pro¬ curacy the probable success or fail¬ duct was up to the standard, and it ure of some particular Type of trac¬ would not be confused with an in¬ tor or plow. ferior article. A writer on the tractor situation Every province should have la¬ across the line says: “There is no boratories for testing tractors, both such a thing as the best tractor, any on the belts and at the drawbar. A more than there is the best breed large number of Agricultural Col¬ of hogs, or the best breed of cattle, leges probably have this equipment or the best breed of dogs. The rea¬ now. The law would provide that son is perfectly obvious when one every type of tractor should be test¬ stops to ponder. If there were such ed and a tag or guarantee be placed things as a standard soil, a standard THE O. A, C. REVIEW 515 climate, a standard topography, or the success and the failure were due a standard type of operator, then we to a combination of man and trac¬ might be able to develop a standard tor. One may take his choice, but best kind of tractor. Moreover, one the. evidence piles up that some men man takes a certain make of ma¬ never fit into a machine combina¬ chine and does well. Another man tion. bnvs exactly the same make of ma¬ In conclusion, let us say that the chine, works it on a similar farm, scrub tractor should follow the scrub and makes a flat failure. Where bull or the scrub stallion out of the should the blame or credit be ap¬ country. They have been tested and plied, to the man or to the machine? turned down by an examining board In the case of failure we may blame because they did not come up to the the machine, but if we do, then we approved standard. Therefore let us should also credit the success to the have all makes that are offered for machine. Obviously, however, both sale tested and approved.

The 1920 Exodus The muffled shouts becoming a roar, The windows rattle— We’re leaving, boys, and we’re We knew that a battle, sorry to go, Was being waged on the corridor. For memory clings ’round the Col¬ lege, you know, And then the Dean! Our sober In spite of the classes penitence, Where our narrow passes, For the “rough house” staged in the Have numerous supplemental to residence, show. We found out too late, Could not quite abate, After four long years at the O.A.C., The fine for raiding the Presidents! Somewhat broken although the time may be— Those jolly good times at the College We remember the dances, here, And the wasted chances, Meeting the fellows from far and Of labor and study and an honor near, degree. Will sharpen decisions, And broaden our visions, Instead of the work we entered to Of men and their actions for many do, a year. Played poker nights until half past two; And now we’re leaving the old Then started a riot, place, See? Which seldom got quiet, But associations of memory, Until nearly the time that breakfast Of the course that’s done, was due. With its frequent fun, Will stay with us all through With that rush of feet on the upper eternity. floor, E. L. E. 516 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

D. C. McArthur, ’21. Editor-in-Chiei.

E. T. Cheseey, ’22. Associate Lditor

E. F. P neau, ’21, Agr'u Miss O. Gardiner, ’20, A/ac.

J. G. McCrimmon, ’2i, Exper. Miss Murray, ’23, Aiac. Rep. A. FueTON, ’2r, Hort. F. Thomas, ’22, Co/. Life. E. C. Foreman, ’20, Poultry. H. Shaw, ’22, Query and J. W. Edwards, ’22, Athletics Farm Power. O. I. Evans, ’23. Locals. C. A. Ceine, ’22, Alumni A. Rutherford, ’23, Cart. Es EDITORIAL Should “Student Labour’’ Stay

THE question of whether student on the farm at home, and is still re¬ labour deserves to retain its quired to put in three half days a place on the curriculum of the in¬ week on student labour, he is wast¬ stitution or not, is one that should ing time. As for the city-bred be settled as soon as possible. In youth, student labour will teach him the early days, when the work of very little of genuine farm work, students was indispensable to the and in a/ll likelihood give him an proper upkeep of the farm, there entirely wrong notion of it. The is no doubt that its existence was time might far better be utilized in more than justified. But times and class-work, especially in the case of conditions have altered: the man¬ men who have had no high school agement of the farm has become a training, or those who have been matter that requires a separate de¬ away from school for a considerable partment and a large staff of regu¬ time. Such men, as a rule, have had lar workers; the work has become their fill of practical experience, more and more experimental and and need the academic work— specialized in character, and less many a good practical man like the work that goes on on the fails in his exams for lack of the average farm. When a boy comes mental training that systematic to college, whose life has been spent study gives. If the student labour THE O. A. C. REVIEW 517

periods could be so used, it would Freshmen—something to be got out eliminate much of the crowding of of by various hooks and crooks— subjects in the upper years. As the and the faculty should seriously matter stands, student labour is consider the advisability of continu¬ considered as a joke by most of the ing it.

A Need for Publicity.

IT is surprising, to a student of an would give, by means of articles in agricultural college, to discover both city and farm papers, a fairly what an extremely hazy notion a clear idea of what is really taught great many people have as to what at an agricultural college, and how the aims of such an institution are. such teaching may be applied. An The average city man takes it for education has as great a place on granted that the major part of the a farm as anywhere else—not so course is spent in learning to dis¬ much as a money-making proposi¬ criminate between “Gee” and “Haw” tion, but because it should enable a and how to say “Whoa” or “Giddap” farmer to enjoy his work and his in a masterful tone of command. A surroundings as any educated man great many farmers, on the other should. If more farmers understood hand, connect agricultural colleges that an agricultural college does not with farming by means of a refer¬ aim to make the son a “scientific ence library, by men dressed in farmer” who will try to show his boiled shirts and stiff collars. The father how to run his own farm, but ever increasing alumni, many actu¬ that it is an educational institution ally engagd in successful farm prac¬ particularly adapted to men who tice, and others in agricultural work ilove the country, they would not be which necessitates their living in so anxious to send their sons to town, are gradually freeing people other colleges, which give them as from those notions. Still, there is education, it is true, but which draw opportunity for a campaign, which them away from the land.

The City in the Spring.

THOSE undergraduates who are impresses him until he has become able to spend their summers “acclimatized” to city conditions either on the home farm, or at work himself. At no time is this more which keeps them in the country, true than in the Spring and early deserve to be envied by unfortunates summer. The sight of people herded who have to remain cooped up in together in great numbers; houses cities. To one raised in the coun¬ squeezed in monotonously row after try, there is something unhealthy row, with no real outdoors for child¬ and unnatural about city life which ren to whoop and yell and play in

1 518 THE O. A. C. REVIEW hurrying crowds on the streets, with jority of those that enjoy them, they tense, preoccupied faces, and none are not worth the price. A civiliza¬ very happy looking—to see these tion which makes possible healthy things makes one wish for the clean and happy homes, no matter what and peaceful countryside again. Cit¬ else it may lack, is the only one ies may have their advantages, but worthy of the name. judging from the looks of the ma¬

An Advanced Course in Agriculture AS the curriculum is arranged tons of nectar are being wasted an¬ at present, the only instruc¬ nually for the lack of bees to gather tion in Apiculture is given during it. the fall term of the Freshman year. There are many students here — When this branch of the course was two hundred and seventy signed the started Apiculture held a very minor petition circulated by the Apiculture place among agricultural sidelines, Club—who feel that the work cover¬ and it was felt that this was suffi¬ ed in the first year is not complete cient time to devote to its study. enough and that they would like to Now, however, it is of vastly greater know more about bees. Then too importance, and, like all branches there are a number of students here of the farming industry, is becom¬ each year who have taken their first ing more and more scientific. We and second years elsewhere, and know one man personally who in who have had no opportunity to 1918 sold $18,000.00 worth of honey, take even one term in Apiculture. a gross sale which would compare In view of the reorganization go¬ very favorably with that received ing on at the College and especially from most farms. Many other men as there is soon to be an Apiculture are making comfortable livings Building, it would seem that the from the production of honey, and present would be an opportune time experts tell us that thousands of for the department to broaden out.

An Important Change in the Course. THE following is a copy of the Year Courses in Agriculture on Sep¬ new regulations regarding the tember 17th, 1920, will enroll under course at the college: — the revised regulations stated below. General regulations with respect Students entering the Second, Third to the Two and Four Year Courses or Fourth Years will continue their as contained in the college calendar courses under old regulations. for the year 1920-21 are hereby New regulations governing the Cancelled Two Year Course for the Associate All candidates intending to enter Diploma and the Four Year Course the First Year of the Two or Four for the Degree of B. S. A. THE O. A. C. REVIEW 519

Qualifications *for Admission dition to the requirements mention¬ 1. Diploma Course— ed under Section 1. All candidates for admission: A. (1) Must produce with ap¬ A. Must be eighteen years of age plication for entrance Ontario Jun¬ on or before the opening day of ior Matriculation Certificate in Arts college. or Science except as defined in sub¬ B. .Must produce satisfactory evi¬ sections 2 and 3 below. dence as to moral character and (2) Credits of candidates whose physical health. education has been obtained outside C. Must satisfy the college auth¬ of the Province of Ontario, will be orities that they possess such a considered by special committee of knowldge of the English language the college staff. as will enable them to profit by at¬ (3.) Candidates lacking one year tendance at lectures. only of Junior Matriculation, and D. Must produce certificates of having attained the age of twenty having spent at least one year at years on or before the opening day work on a farm, and must have a of college, and who furnish satisfac¬ practical knowledge of ordinary tory evidence of an extensive know¬ farm operations, such as harnessing ledge of practical farming, may be and driving horses, plowing, harrow¬ allowed to enter the degree course, ing, drilling, etc. When it is thought but may not enter the Third Year necessary, this knowledge will be without having obtained their ma¬ tested by an examination at entrance triculation standing. or at any subsequent date. B. (1) Students taking the E. Must at the request of Ithe Agricultural Option must have at college physician submit to vaccin¬ least three years practical farm ex¬ ation unless certificate of successful perience before entering their Third vaccination within two years is fur¬ Y ear. nished. (2) Students taking the Dairy F. Must pay in advance tuition Option must have spent one season fees and laboratory charges and at practical work in a cheese fac¬ make the required deposits on ac¬ tory* or creamerv and have taken the count of board, contingencies and full course (cheese and butter) in other fees. a Dairy School, or have spent two 2. Degree Course— years on a dairy farm, before ent¬ All candidates for admission in ad¬ ering their Third Year.

Telephonitis There lives one man, and one alone, Whose span of life I’d soon diminish— The cuss who grabs the tlephone, And never knows enough to finish. (Continued on next page) n 20 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

He warbles like a bird in Spring; “More life!” we yell it doesn’t matter: Lord help the poor, deluded thing Who likes his idiotic chatter!

Of course, when I’m myself engaged In telephonic conversation, And other fellows get enraged, I feel a secret exultation. They pound the door and yell, “Please hurry!” I rack my brain for other topics, I’ve got the line, and I should worry If they consign me to the tropics! D. Me A.

t THE O. A. C. REVIEW 521

The College Closes examination pad was crammed with At this peri-od of the year college facts—on any subject. No exams life is at low ebb. Since April fif¬ were written on Thursdays and Sun¬ teenth the lack of students about the days. Thursdays were diversified O.A.C. has been most noticeable and by means of baseball and fussing; strange. The corridors of the old Sundays were observed strictly as residence are empty and silent, save days of rest. for the plaintive hum of a lanky Since May the twenty-second, the darkey who is whitewashing the laughing, the plugging, the baseball, bare walls of those historic rooms. the examinations and other frivolit¬ On the campus the grass is growing ies of seniors have vanished. The green on the short cuts. At the fourth year has dispersed forever! dining hall the tables and chairs are Its members will never return again congested to one end while the floor as students. Henceforth they will be is being cleaned and polished. In visitors—ex-students—men of the the post-office the bulletin board is big world who have been stabilized denuded of year and book propa¬ with a B.S.A. attachment from the ganda and so forth, and the main Ontario Agricultural College. hall is not littered with the wrap¬ With the first week in July the pers of chocolate bars! summer courses commence, and True, the fourth year lingered once more the O.A.C. will teem with longer—until May twenty-second to young life. Five hundred enthusias¬ be exact. Its members inhabited tic school teachers eager to learn Grub Alley and Mill Street, and these more for better service! For six by-ways certainly did babble with sweltering weeks such a throng will boyish spirits during those fickle adorn the campus. Next month the May days. Queer, examinations did Review will have some real news not daunt them nor did they deem it concerning the teachers and their necessary to retire at modest hours. activities. If, at one a.m., a good joke was cracked the whole hall would enjoy The Cosmo Dance it in a most audible manner—and As soon as the girls returned af¬ —sometimes—after that silence ter Easter vacation, they were greet¬ would exist till morning. ed with a cleverly sketched poster At dawn a little plugging was announcing that an informal dance popular. Then, after breakfast an would be given by the Cosmopolitan 522 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

Club, to be held in Macdonald Hall movements anyway?) “They’re go¬ on Thursday, April the fifteenth. ing to run this old place in sty\e in When the Cosmo manages a func¬ future, believe me! No more Fresh tion it is always a success, and this waiters, and long live the Waacs!” dance was certainly no exception to And away he went whistling, the rule. They had provided an ex¬ “The Wild, Wild Women”’ (Was it cellent orchestra, which cheerfully Pc er Cairnie?—oj-L! Don’t ask us played encore after encore, they had emb;v cssing q u stions; usn Poll arranged that delicious refresh¬ Grant). ments be served during the evening, Others were not so wildly enthus¬ and last but not least they had ar¬ iastic. Ex-troops who had been ranged that the lights be left on be¬ sporting breeches and putties all yond the usual hour. Moreover, the winter suddenly appeared in civilian Gym was prettily decorated with clothes; several military mustaches gayly colored Jap Lanterns hung by vanished, and one Sophomore was certain intrepid members of the observed to be growing a beard. Two Club, who had risked their lives on Freshmen and a Senior disappeared shaky step-ladders to achieve the behind large “tortoise-shell” glass¬ artistic effect. es, and one member of the Faculty The guests were received on the stopped having his meals in the Col¬ ground floor by Mrs. Fuller and Mr. lege Dining Hall. (We wonder?!) Kay, President of the Club. They, —An officer of the Air Force told us then proceeded to the usual crush confidentially,—but no! We refuse around the well where they lost no to betray his confidence! We began time in filling programmes. The to imagine the sensation if a wait¬ fact that the majority of the men ress were suddenly to drop the had finished their final exam that soup-tureen down our neck, and day and that this dance was the grasp—the fellow next us, of coarse, very last one of the year, both seem¬ —exclaiming, “Aha, At lee-ast I ed to give the evening an added zest. have fee-ound you. Now, villian, Anyway, everyone has agreed that thrippence for those fags from my this “Farewell Dance’’ was one that canteen at Witley! or if,—horrible stands out favourably among all the dictu!—in a moment of absent-mind¬ other functions of the season. edness we ruined our teetotal repu¬ L. S. tation by “N’other beer, brighteyes!” Others were interested—and wor¬ They Came, They Saw, They ried. Macites were observed to smile Beat It. more frequently, more amiably, “They’re coming!” more—; (All right, Mr. Editor; “Who’ja mean?” ungrammatical¬ we’ll let it go at that; but you know ly inquired a brother Junior. “Who’s what we mean). Several new sweat¬ coming?” ers in hither to unbelievable com¬ “Waacs, my boy; Waccs, Wrens, binations of colors flamed into bril¬ Wrafts, and Wim-men! Dozens of liant existence. Talk about Arnold’s ’em!” exploded the bearer of the ties! Say, Mac, the female of the news. (How is it that Juniors are species sure is deadlier than the always first informed on troops- male, when it comes to color-atro- THE O. A. C. REVIEW 523

cities they’s got us all stopped! (All speeches from selected victims, who right, Mr. Editor, all right!—Well, acquitted themselves nobly, although it’s true, isn’t it?—you think they some of them complained of a cer¬ won’t like it? It’s good for ’em, tain “dryness” resulting from over¬ ain’t it?—Huh! If I wanta say forcing in the Record of Merit ‘ain’t,’ I’ll say ain’t!—see?— Very Thirty-Day Test. Several hours were well; write your own article on the thus snatched from the gloom exam¬ Waccs if you don’t like mine; they time, and it was late when the gath¬ only stayed a few days, anyway). ering broke up, after electing “Charlie” Nixon President of the Year 920 Banquet Year ’20 Alumni Association. A graduating year, to graduate in Mention must be made of the truly style, must finish with a flourish; original menu prepared by the com¬ so the evening of Wednesday, May mittee, of which D. G. Townsend 19th, in the “middle-fag-end’' of ex¬ was chairman; for once, at least, a aminations, Year ’20 held a farewell successful attempt was made to banquet in Williams’ Banquet Hall. break away from the conventional. Farewells are tearing to the heart¬ H. C. M. strings; so to avoid too trying a strain upon the susceptibilities of the more sentimental members of Baccalaureate Sermon the year, (we do not mention any The annual Baccalaureate Sermon names, but we look straight at was delivered in Chalmers’ Church “Barney,” “Fred,” “Richie,” “Bob,” on the evening of the 16th May, by and “Whitey,”) it was decided that the Reverend Mr. Little. He chose the affair should be “stag” and that as his subject the relation between no tearful reminiscences should be Science and Religion, and what that permitted. relation should be in the life of the After the stage of contented re¬ (presumptive) graduates. pletion had been reached, (and in Originally all Science was relig¬ some cases passed), the prospective ious in character. Astromony arose B. S. A.’s enjoyed an address from from worship of the stars, moon and Dr. Creelman, to which they listen¬ sun; all other Sciences were likewise ed with far more attention than it directly derived from or closely con¬ is customary for Year ’20 to accord. nected with the old religions. Then Any attempt at reproducing the Doc¬ came a time when Science and Re¬ tor’s speech, which was delivered in ligion were in conflict; when at first his usual racy and interesting man¬ “Religion” appeared to triumph,, ner, is doomed to failure; so why and the great discoverers were pre¬ try? Suffice it to say that he gave sented; when later “Science” seem¬ ’20 some excellent advice, and we ed to be overthrowing Religion, and hope to see some members of the scepticism and cold scientific logic year change their collars occasion¬ were esteemed above humanity. But ally in future. now has come a time when men After the Doctor’s speech, which realize that Religion and Science was the main “set piece” of the even¬ are interwoven forms of the same ing, came a number of impromptu great Truth, and that insofar as 52 I THE O. A. C. REVIEW

each is the Truth there is no con¬ ing itself to facts, and refusing to flict. use the God-provided tools where¬ Hach needs the other. Science with to work. Science confirms Re¬ without Religion is a cold, mechani¬ ligion; modern life, to be well bal¬ cal thing, whose possibilities mis¬ anced, can afford to ignore neither directed are to be seen in the scien¬ the one nor the other, but must re¬ tific fiendishness of war; Religion cognize and use the Truth in each. without Science or denying Science H. C. M. is a dissipating emotionalism, blind¬

Kv: /S. IMI -a »-—a X2S Vx

s’ ting with enthusiasm about matters “Old Girls’ Day” in which they were all interested. The second annual Old Girls’ Day This reunion is an excellent idea, of Macdonald Institute was held on not only for the chance it gives the Saturday, June fifth. . This year graduates of keeping in touch with over one hundred and fifty gradu¬ one another, but also for the oppor¬ ates responded to Miss Watson’s in¬ tunity it affords the present stud¬ vitation and took this opportunity ents, of meeting women who are en¬ of renewing friendships, both with gaged in their line of work and have their classmates and the members of a wealth of experience in the var¬ the staff. ious phases of it. The guests who arrived in the morning took luncheon in the O. A. C. dining hall. In the afternoon Our Seniors they flocked over to the Institute Year 1920 at Macdonald Institute and the Hall, looked up their old is almost completed. What a jolly rooms, visited the sitting room, the happy time we have had. Last Sep¬ drawing room, gym and every room tember as we gathered from all cor¬ dear to the heart of a Macite. ners of the Dominion and patiently From four to six o’clock tea was awaited to be admitted to Miss Wat¬ served in the Hall. What meetings son’s office for registration many there were—classmates who had were the impressions formed by *he not met for years, teachers, direc¬ various girls. The discussion of these tors, dietitians, demonstrators, wo¬ impressions and the changes made men from their own homes, all chat¬ in them have afforded us much plea- THE o: A. C. REVIEW

sure and merriment at our various to compare the virtues and merits of festivities throughout the year. all, Macdonald Seniors would de¬ One thing which stands out clear¬ serve a place in the first rank. They ly in our minds is the advantage have demanded our love and respect that the senior girls had over those and have left many happy memor¬ entering for the first time. Oh, the ies for years to come. To their glorious feeling to be back again, college they have contributed a spirit and how we envied them, as they which it will be our duty to main¬ fell into each other's arms and tain, thus making the influence of screamed with joy. However, they Year ’20 felt throughout all gener¬ were none the less sincere and we ations of Macdonald students. “Long had only to become acquainted to may they live and happy be their find this out. lot.” Much of the pleasure which has S. T. M. been afforded to the girls in resi¬ Now that the warm weather has dence life this year has been due come and all are anxious to be out to the ready tact and cheeriness of of doors, and up and doing, we hope our House President, Miss Muriel that the girls will make use of the < Staples, affectionately known as three tennis courts provided by the “Curley.” Those who know her best athletic society for their amusement. realize how hard it has sometimes Let us make the balls fly faster this been for her to carry out her var¬ year than they have ever done be¬ ieties duties, but we all feel that as fore, and let us show some signs President of the Students’ Council of life in our play as well as in our she has shown great forbearance work. and perfect justice. We who are Then there is the swimming tank, coming back next fall do not like to which is at the disposal of all the think of our ship sailing out again girls. A word to those who do not into the uncharted sea of “term know how to swim: Now is your time” without our good captain at chance to learn the art—your canoe the helm, but we know that where- may upset some day, and you. ever she may be or whatever line To you who know how to swim, of work she may elect to follow, the there is always a chance to learn a same quiet efficiency which she has few more strokes and to have some shown here will characterize her fun, which cannot be obtained in any efforts, and we wish her every suc¬ other form of sport. cess in her future career. Not long ago the following words One thing which we as juniors re¬ were overheard in the corridor of gret is the fact that some of our “Mac Hall:” “There is no College seniors have been so absorbed in Spirit in this school at all.” Is this the work that they have found little true? It is up to us to show how , or no time for activities of residence much spirit we have by taking part life, thus depriving us of meeting in every form of sport this season. them on any terms other than as If we ourselves cannot take an ac¬ efficient and conscientious students. tive part in athletics we can at least Our Senior classes are only a few show our interest. of hundreds, but if it were possible M. R. 526 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

formed services of exceptional value The following extract from the in the planning and establishment South African Farmers’ Weekly tells of the new flourishing creamery sys¬ the story of a member of Class 1900 tem, including the education of the who has made good: public taste to a due appreciation The New Under-Secretary of standardized butter; and, for the first two years of its existence, the The appointment of Mr. B. J. Mac- Tweesprint Creamery was personally millan, B.S.A., to the post of Under¬ conducted by him on behalf of the secretary for Agriculture, in charge Administration. He is also known as of the Education Branch of the De¬ a strong judge of cattle, always partment (recently vacated by Mr. ready with sound reasons for his Alex. Holm) should give general decisions; and he has to a large ex¬ satisfaction. Though a Canadian by tent been personally responsible birth, Mr. Macmillan has been long for the feeding experiments carried enough in this country to be thor¬ out during the past few years of oughly acclimatised in all respects, Potchefstroom. His practical, educa¬ his South African service dating tional and administrative record is back to the Crown Colony days of thus such as admirably to fit him for 1904. Born in 1873 and trained at the wider sphere lie will now occupy. the famous Guelph College, he was in 1901 appointed Secretary to the Agricultural Department of Prince Edward Island; and, coming to Professor John Bracken, who is to South Africa three years later, he succeed Dr. Reynolds as President of became Assistant Director of Agri¬ Manitoba Agricultural College, was culture for the Orange River Colony. a member of Class ’06 at this Col¬ This position he continued to hold lege. During his college course he until after Union, his next appoint¬ played brilliant football, earning the ment, early in 1913, being to the reputation of being one of the best principalship of the Potchefstroom half-backs ever seen here. In 1909 School of Agriculture, where, as his he was made Professor of Agron¬ latest office, he succeeded Mr. Holm. omy University of Saskatchewan In the course of his duties under and now leaves there for a wider Crown Colony Government he per¬ field in Manitoba. THE O. A. C. REVIEW 527

Calvin Fleming, ’18, lias a twinkle turn they will live at “Clinbarmar in his eye these days. I believe he Farm,” Vineland, Ont. has went out and gone and done it. “Dune” was with ’15 and went overseas with the 56th (College) A number of the staff met M. A. Battery. Since his return he has Watt, ’18, while in Simcoe, Ont. been working his place at Vineland, “Wattie” wishes to be remembered Ont. All their friends and acquain¬ to all the boys. tances wish Mr. and Mrs. Duncan long years of happiness. Dick Sands, ’15, paid a visit to the college the other day. Dick is McNeil-Lodge with the Soldier Settlement Board, A quiet social event took place in London, Ont. St. Thomas on Saturday, when Miss Muriel Edna, the youngest daughter Davidson, ’22, is with the Poultry of Mr. and Mrs. James Lodge, of Branch, Ottawa. “Davie” is en¬ Dutton, became the bride of Mr. gaged on extension work just now, John A. McNeil, son of Mr. and Mrs. and dropped in for a look around M. A. McNeil, of Dunwich. The last week. ceremony was performed at the Grand Central by Rev. R. M. Stew¬ art, only a few immediate relatives Births being present. The young couple To Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lee, of left for Detroit for a bridal trip Guelph, a son. Congratulations. amidst showers of confetti, and fol¬ lowed by the good wishes of their many friends. On their return they Marriages will take up their residence in Dut¬ Duncan-Elliott ton. •»** A smart church wedding took Mr. McNeil is an Associate of ’14 place on Wednesday, April 28, at and is farming in West Elgin. Brant Avenue Methodist Church, Brantford, when Mahalah (Pet), the Skeiton-Morrison youngest daughter of Mr. Robert El¬ A very quiet wedding was solemn¬ liott, formerly High Secretary of the ized at the Presbyterian Church, C.O.F. in Brantford, became the New Westminster, on Saturday, Ap¬ bride of Mr. Clinton C. Duncan, B. ril 17th, when Rev. Mr. Henderson S. A., of Vineland. Owing to the united in marriage Robert J. Skel¬ illness of her father, the bride was ton, B.S.A., of Guelph, Ont., and given away by her brother, Mr. H. Miss E. Cecil Morrison, of Owen B. Elliott, of Wingham. The groom’s Sound, Ont. After the ceremony a sister, Miss Reta Duncan, was brid¬ reception was held at the home of esmaid. Mr. Wilson of Clarkson was Mr. and Mrs. Moses B. Cotsworth, the best man, and Mr. Clifford Hig- when a few very close friends were gin played the wedding march. Mr. present. Mr. and Mrs. Skelton will and Mrs. Duncan left from the spend a short honeymoon on Van¬ church on a motor trip through couver Island, and on their return New York State, and on their re¬ will reside in Vancouver, where Mr. 52S THE O. A. C. REVIEW

Skelton is connected with the Sold¬ peas. Her only attendant was her ier Settlement Board. cousin, Miss Blossom Drake, who Well “Ole” Bob’s married. For a was gowned in blue taffeta, with hat more upstanding, clear-headed, like¬ of same shade. Mr. Edward Massey able chap, you would look a great was groomsman, and the ushers while. He should make an ideal hus¬ were Mr. Gardiner Shoewalter, of band. All his class-mates of ’16, and Detroit and Mr. M. Brinson, of To¬ a large circle of friends wish him ronto. During the signing of the long years of happiness with his register Mr. Phil Faucher sang. A bride. reception immediately followed the ceremony, and later Mr. and Mrs. Clark-Tilt Jackson left on a wedding trip to On Wednesday, May 26th, at 12.30, Western points. the residence of Mr. and Mrs. John George was a member of Class ’16 F. Tilt, Arthur Street, Guelph, was and played on the champion rugby the scene of a quiet wedding, when team. Mr. and Mrs. Jackson have the their daughter, Olive Ethel, was best wishes of a host of friends. united in marriage to Mr. A. P. Clark, son of Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Engagements Clark, Trevarga, Sask., the Rev. T. The engagement is announced of J. Hind officiating. The bride was Evelyn Doreen, daughter of the late becomingly attired in a gown of John Bright, of Ottawa, and Mrs. white duchess satin and georgette Bright, to Norman A. Marshall, son crepe, with veil and orange blos¬ of Mr. and Mrs. William Marshall, soms, and carried a shower bouquet of Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., the mar¬ of sweetheart roses. The happy riage to take place late in August. couple left in the afternoon for Doreen Bright was a member of Toronto and points east. Class ’15; while “Norm” was with Clark took the first part of his ’18. In 1916 he enlisted with the course with year ’19, graduating 173rd Battalion, going overseas with this year with ’20. The Review them as a Sergeant. He saw ser¬ wishes Mr. and Mrs. Clark every vice with the 54th Battalion, and happiness. was wounded at Passchendaele. Both Doreen and Norm were great Jackson-Gardiner favorites while at the College and In Christ Church, Chatham, on the Review joins with their many the evening of May 1st, the marriage friends in heartiest congratulations. took place of Gladys Gwynne, daughter of Mrs. G. E. A. Gardiner, Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Jardine, of and George Hamilton Jackson, of Cornwall, Ont., announce the en¬ Edinborough Road, Guelph, son of gagement of their daughter, Sadie Mr. and Mrs. W. Jackson, of Guelph. L., to Mr. George A. Redmond, of The rector, Rev. R. J. M. Perkins, Halifax, Nova Scotia, the marriage officiated. The bride wore a smart to take place the first week in June. suit of golden Henna jersey silk, George was a member of Class beautifully braided, and an Egyptian ’17, and took the Dairy Option. The turban with veil. Her corsage bou¬ staff and many friends tender their quet was of pink roses and sweet best wishes. THE O. A. C. REVIEW 529

Information wanted regarding the 1907— A. McKennei, Walkerville, following: — Ont., Dairy Manager. Ernest Langford Davies, B. S. A., 1908— A. H. McLennan, Dept, of 1913; originally Lieutenant in 153rd Agric., Toronto, Vegetable (?) Battalion. Killed October, 1916. Specialist. Aubrey Melchoir William Patch, 1908— D. A. McKenzie, Vermilion, B. S. A., 1908, formerly with the C. Alta., Sup’t Demonstration P. R. Forestry Dept., Winnipeg, but Farm. left it some time before the war. 1909— N. D. McKenzie, Brandon, Killed in November or December, Man., Ass’t Experimentalist. 1916. 1909—A. McLaren, Dept, of Educa¬ Will any present or former mem¬ tion, Toronto. ber of the Ontario Agricultural Col¬ 1909— A. D. McIntosh, Sterling, Ont., lege who can give information re¬ Agric. Rep. garding the records of these men 1910— D. E. McRae, Alexandria, kindly communicate with the Editor, Ont., Agric. Rep. Roll of Service, LTniversity of To¬ 1911— H. A. McAleer, Indianapolis, ronto, Toronto. Ind., Poultry Expert. 1911— N. C. McKay, Walkerton, Ont., List of Graduates Agric. Rep. 1912— A. C. McCulloch, Fredericton, (Continued) N. B., Poultry Sup’t. 1890—W. A. McCallum, Brandon, 1912—A. McMillan, Agr. College, Man., Insurance Agent. Winnipeg, Lecturer in Anim¬ 1894—W. McCallum, San Diego, al Husbandry. Cal., Rubber Farmer. 1912—F. C. McRae, Norwood, Ont., 1898—G. B. McCalla, St. Catharines, Agric. Rep. Out., Fruit Farmer. 1912—Dr. G. P. McRostie, Cornell 1900—J. D. McCarthy, Kingston, Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. Out., Farm Manager. 1912— A. McTaggart, New Zealand, 1900—G. A. McIntyre, Deceased. Agronomist. 1900—E. J. McMillan, S. Africa, 1913— H. M. McElroy. Gov’t Experimentalist. 1903^—W. T. McDonald, Victoria, B. 1913— D. McKee, “Canadian Coun¬ C., Livestock Commissioner. tryman,” Toronto, Journalist. 1905—W. C. McKillican, Brandon, 1914— A. E. McLaurin, Macdonald Man., Dir. Exp. Sta. College, P. Q., Dem. in Live 1904— C. M. McRae, Dept, of Agric., Stock Dept. Ottawa, Chief Horse Div. 1914— J. E. McRostie, Dept, of 1905— H. McFayden, Winnipeg, Man. Agric., Ottawa, Supervisor of Seedman. Egg Circles. 1906— H. R. McMillan, Vancouver, 1915— Q. McLaren, Killed in Action. B. C. 1915— M. J. McQueen, S. S. B., To¬ 1906—A. L. MeCredie, St. Mary’s, ronto. Out., Flax Manufacturer. 1916— D. M. McLennan, Killed in 1906— K. G. McKay, Regina, Sask. Action. 1907— A. P. McVannel, Picton, Ont., 1916—A. M. McDermott, Regina, Agric. Rep. Sask., Dir. School of Agric. 530 THE O. A. C. REVIEW

1916—J. E. McLarty, Denholm, 1917— A. M. McKenzie, New York, Sask., Farmer. N. Y., Analyst. 1916—J. M. McIntosh, Sault Ste. 1918— J. B. McCurry, Cen. Exp. Marie, Ont., Agric. Rep. Farm, Ottawa, Ass’t in Bot¬ 1916— J. H. McCulloch, “Farmers’ any. Advocate,” Winnipeg, Man., 1918—J. C. McBeath, O. A. C., Ass’t Journalist. in Livestock. 1918— 0. D. McCulloch, R. R. No. 1, 1917— O. McConkey, Agric. School, Port Perry, Ont. Claresholm, Alta., Instructor 1919— G. W. McCall, S. S. B., To¬ in English. ronto. 1917—L. W. McKillican, Maxville, 1919—C. F. MacKenzie, “Farmers’ Ont., Farmer. Magazine,” Toronto, Ont., 1917—S. B. McCready, Toronto, Ont. Live Stock Editor.

© Departmental Notes.

The Apiculture Department 4. A continuation of the work done last year on the retention of the foliage The members of the Apiculture Club on Currants. received over 270 signatures from inter¬ ested students requesting that advanced 5. The completion of the study of work in Apiculture be given in the sen¬ the life history and control of the Blackberry Leaf Miner. ior years and an opportunity be affold¬ ed for men who wish to specialize in 6. A study of the best methods of this branch of the work. The read¬ control of the Cabbage Worm. iness with which this suggestion has Botanical Department been backed by the students indicates the trend of thought through the student Co-operative Experiments in Weed body. Eradication

Department of Entomology During the past eight years (1911- 1919) the Ontario Agricultural and The following work is planned for Experimental Union carried on' co-oper¬ the coming season :— ative experiments in the eradication of 1. The completion of the study of weeds. Over seventy farmers carried the control of the Cabbage Maggot on on satisfactory experiments. The Cabbage, Cauliflower and Radish. weeds experimented with were Peren¬ 2. Testing the comparative merits nial Sow Thistle, Twitch Grass, Blad¬ of liquid sprays and dusting for apple der Campion or Cow Bell, Wild Mus¬ orchards. tard, Ox-eye Daisy, Field Bindweed, 3. Determination of the best meth¬ Wild Oats and Chess. The following ods of spraying Sweet and Sour Cher¬ is a brief summary of the results ob¬ ries to control diseases and insects. tained from these experiments :— THE O. A. C. REVIEW 531

EXPERIMENT NO. 1 EXPERIMENT NO. 8 A Method of Cultivation and Crop¬ The use of Rape in the Destruction ping for the suppression of Field Bind¬ of Perennial Sow Thistle. weed. No. of experimenters.12 No. of experimenters. Reporting complete success.9 Reporting complete success.1 Reporting partial success.2 Reporting partial success.1 Reporting failure. 1 Report not complete.1

EXPERIMENT NO. 3 EXPERIMENT NO. 9

The use of Rape in the Destruction A Method of Two Hoed Crops for of Twitch Grass. the Eradication of Wild Oats. No. of experimenters.14 No. of experimenters.2 Reporting complete success.11 No complete reports as yet Reporting partial success.3 EXPERIMENT NO. 10 A Method of Cultivation for the EXPERIMENT NO. 4 Destruction of Chess. Method of Cultivation for the Des¬ 1 experimenter in 1918 who reported truction of Twitch Grass. the experiment a complete success. No. of experimenters.9 Note: Experiments 7, 8, 9 and 10 Reporting complete success.3 have only been conducted for two years. Reporting partial success.5 Some of the practical information Peporting failure.1 gained from these co-operative weed experiments is :—-

EXPERIMENT NO. 5 First That good cultivation follow¬ ed by rape sown in drills provides a Method for the Eradication of Blad¬ means of eradicating both Perennial der Campion or Cow Bell. Sow Thistle and Twitch Grass. No. of experimenters.9 Second That rape is a more satis¬ Reporting complete success.5 factory crop to use in the destruction of Reporting partial success.4 Twitch Grass than buckweat. Third That rape gives much better EXPERIMENT NO. 6 results in the eradication of Twitch Grass and Perennial Sow Thistle when Spraying with Iron Sulphate to des¬ sown in drills and cultivated than it troy Mustard in Cereal Crops. No. of experimenters.23 does when sown broadcast. Fourth That thorough deep culti¬ Reporting complete success.20 vation in fall and spring, followed by a Reporting partial success.2 well cared for hoed crop will destroy Reporting failure . . . ..1 Bladder Campion. Fifth That Mustard may be pre¬ EXPERIMENT NO. 7 vented from seeding in oats, wheat and A Method of Cultivation for the Des¬ barley by spraying with a twenty per truction of Ox-Eye Daisy. cent solution of iron sulphate with¬ No. of experimenters.3 out any serious injury to the stand¬ Reporting complete success.2 ing crop or to the fresh seedings of Reporting partial success.1 clover. 53 J THE O. A. C. REVIEW

We hear Pete Cairnie, ’21, is Quotations creating quite a furore among the “The creature we call a gentle¬ butterflies of Burlington. man lies deep in the hearts of thou- MacCrimmon—Have you any use ands that are born without chance

Whin you come home from College, expecting to make a sensation, and the first man you meet says:— “Hello, Jim! Been to town for the week-end?’’ for this starch solution, Doc? to master the outward graces of the Doc. Fraser (dreamily)—No, not type.”—Owen Wister, in “The Vir- unless you can make some kind of ginian.” drink out of it. THE O. A. C. REVIEW 533

A Reminiscence of Last July Who are those two men carrying Out in Missouri a farmer gave a that dust bin? printing office an order for some sale Two professors earning an extra bills. The job was promised for dollar or two. June 30th. That date being the last And who is that fellow in the fur day before the prolonged drouth coat? started the printer decided to take Oh, that’s the dustman. He em¬ a few parting drinks. Then he hap¬ ploys them. pened to remember that bills that were promised for delivery that day, “I distinctly remember you telling and staggered to the office to get the me the same story a year ago,” said job out. The farmer called for the the lady to the professional beggar. bills, paid for them, took them home, “That’s the worst of this Pelman- and the next day started to put them ism,” said he dejectedly.—Lady’s up. This is what he read when he Pictorial. came down to the list of articles for sale: 25 cows, broke to work; 41 I was looking back to see if they, head of cultivators, coming in soon; Were looking back to see if I, 10 head of shovelling boars, with Was looking back to see if they the scoops by side ; 8 piano mowers ; Were looking back at me.—Life. 120 rods of canvass belting, better than new; new De Laval cow, with O some are for the cities of men, ice cream attachment; McCormack And some are for the sea, binder, in foal; Poland China bob¬ But the lips of a maid in the myrtle sleigh, due to farrow in April; 14 shade, head of chickens, with grass-seed Is music enough for me. attachment, in good working order; 2 J. I. Case Riding heifers, good as The Sweet Young Thing—“Have new; Spraying outfit, can be ridden all flowers got Latin names?” by children; 15 billy goats; 75 bush¬ The B. S. A.—“Yes.” els capacity, with spraying nozzle, The S. Y. T.—“Even these com¬ and other attachments and many mon ones?” other articles too numerous to The B. S. A.—“Yes.” mention, which I expect to get at The S. Y. T.—“Isn’t nature won¬ night between now and the date of derful!” sale. He talked beneath the stars, He slept beneath the sun, Ted Wildman and Scotty in the Pie lived in the land of Going-to-do, President’s Office. And died with nothing done. Dr. C.—Oh, yes, you are both First —Lawrence Barrymore. Year men, aren’t you? Scotty—No sir, Second, and we A light wind wooed a floweret once thought you might need two good And all a summer’s day it pled, men for the summer. But still the more it breathed its Dr. C.—Certainly, just send them love, in. The more the floweret shook its

Exit Ted and Scottv.4/ head. P. McA. 534* THE O. A. C. REVIEW

Now passetli forth ye oyster, Maybelle—“See the beautiful em And his silent pard, ye clam, gagement ring Jack gave me last And cometh fresh asparagus, night.” Green peas and young spring Estella—“Gracious! Has that just lamb, got around to you now?” But him yette lives on pork and beans, A bank, in consequence of a far¬ Him reeketh not a dam! mer’s failure, had to finance a large farm, and last spring the man in Dickie, plugging for “Poultry”— charge of it wired to the Toronto “To prevent Infectious Enterohepat- manager of the bank: “Lambing be¬ itis, feed the poults on clean boards! gins next month; if drought contin¬ Now, why is that, I wonder?” ues, will result in total loss.” Murray—“Why, so they’ll get the “Postpone lambing until further grain of course. orders,” wired back the resourceful Toronto manager. Pure water is the best of drinks, And fit for any king; But who am I that I should have “The trench was muddy. The Tommy was nervous. The Bosche The best of anything. Let princes revel at the pump, was shelling. The nasty “chortle” of Kings with the spout make free. a “Minnie” was heard and the Tom¬ Whiskey or beer or even gin, my dived for the nearest funk hole. Is good enough for me! Thud — something landed heavily, close beside him. “Th-th-that y-you Sargeant?” “Man!” exclaimed the suffragist. “M-m-m.” “What has man ever done for wo¬ “Gad—I was witin’ for you to men?” explode.” “He’s furnished her with a model she’s trying durned hard to imitate,” Mysterious—A Toronto girl who came a voice from the rear of the was watching a York Co. farmer hall. milk adjusted her glasses and said: “It is all very plain except that I The Stranger—“Are you sure that don’t understand how vou turn it was a marriage license you gave off.” me last week?” The Official—“Of course! What’s Fresham (soulfully)—“There are the matter?” a thousand stars looking down upon The Stranger—“I’ve lived a dog’s you.” life ever since.’’ Freshette — “Is my hat on straight?” “The codfish,” said the professor, “lays more than a million eggs.” She—“What’s your opinion of “It’s mighty lucky for the codfish women who imitate men?” that she doesn’t have to cackle over He—“They’re idiots.” every egg,” said a student who came She—“Then the imitation is suc¬ from a farm. cessful.”