ADAPT GREEN-BLUE SPACE Implementing the Sustainable urban Drainage System in Rotterdam city context Xiaowan Zhang 1 ADAPT GREEN-BLUE SPACE Implementing the Sustainable urban Drainage System in Rotterdam city context Xiaowan Zhang MSc Thesis Landscape Architecture Wageningen University August 2017 2 3 Course: LAR-80436 Thesis Landscape Architecture Author Xiaowan Zhang Supervisor: DT (Daniel) Jauslin MSc Design Studio Lecturer Landscape Architecture Wageningen University & Research All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or any Examiner: means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or Prof.dr.ir. A (Adri) van den Brink otherwise, without the prior written permission of either the Professor and chair of the Landscape Architecture Group author or Wageningen University LAR chairgroup. Wageningen University landscape architecture by order of the chairgroup of Landscape ArchitectureThis publication at Wageningen is written University. as a final master thesis report © Wageningen University, August 2017 Xiaowan zhang Registration number: 930220987020 Second Examiner: [email protected] Ir. R (Rudi) van Etteger MA Assistant Professor Landscape Architecture Chairgroup landscape architecture Wageningen University Phone: +31 317 484 056 Fax: +31 317 482 166 www.lar.wur.nl Email: [email protected] Postal address: Postbus 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands 4 5 Preface Summary From the February 2017 to August 2017, I I would like to particularly thank my supervisor Rotterdam is already suffering from the biodiversity and amenity. The analysis of the worked on the topic of “Adapt Green-Blue space Daniel Jauslin for his patient guiding during climate change, and the climate change is still climate change in Rotterdam is served as the by implementing the SuDS within the context the overall research and design process. His developing. There are already some issues important background of the research and of Rotterdam city”. The research is fascinated brilliant ideas are very inspiring to make the happened in Rotterdam, such as the sewer design process. Then the designs are made in by the personal interests on designing the design shining within the boring environment. the Heemraadsingel and Essenburgsingel with multifunctional landscape within the city And also I would like to thank Adri van den dike subsidence, inundated cellars and the heat their surrounding neighborhoods to see how context to solve certain issues, and buffering the Brink for his guidance on the overall structure stress.overflow, While excess facing storm with waterthe results on the of climatestreet, the existing Green-Blue space can be improved, climate change has become a more and more of the report and research questions, which is change, the existing urban spaces have low by implementing the SuDS design criteria and popular topic around the world. The Rotterdam getting to the point. Finally, I would like to thank capacity to buffer and solve the issues on their measures. A SuDS model and several concrete city is a good example for the studying because my friends and family for their supports during own. Because of the uncertain consequences of designs are developed within the building of the characters and the leading position on the past several months. the climate change, though Rotterdam city has environment and Green-Blue space. taking measures to buffer the climate change. done some adaptations to solve the problems, The results of the overall study provide a Besides, the SuDS(Sustainable urban drainage Xiaowan Zhang, August 2017 there is still a big room for making the city general approach to design the Green-Blue system) is a good way to transform the existing more adaptive to the climate change, in a more space by implementing the SuDS to buffer the urban space into the multifunctional space to sustainable and resilient way. water issues brought by the climate change, buffer the climate change, and increasing other So this research is about applying the within the context of Rotterdam city. values to improve the livability of the Rotterdam Sustainable urban drainage system(SuDS) city. The thesis will show the public the possible to adapt the Green-Blue spaces to buffer the potentials of the urban space, and how the results of climate change, especially within the Keywords: design will build a great future for Rotterdam context of Rotterdam. Sustainable urban drainage system(SuDS), city. The objective is achieved by the research and Green-Blue space, climate change, Rotterdam, design process. During the research process, the Heemraadsingel, Essenburgsingel. overall theoretical framework explains the basic knowledge and design criteria of implementing SuDS to adapt the Green-Blue space from the 4 perspectives: water quantity, water quality, 6 7 Preface 6 SITE ANALYSIS 05 5.1 Delfshaven 61 Summary 7 5.2 Case study: Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel 63 5.2.1 Introduction 63 5.2.2 Soil and groundwater analysis 68 5.2.3 Water quantity analysis 69 INTRODUCTION 5.2.4 Water quality analysis 79 01 5.2.5 Biodiversity analysis 80 85 1.1 Background 11 5.2.6 Amenity analysis 1.2 Research context 12 1.3 Problem statement 14 1.4 Knowledge gap 14 1.5 Research objective 15 STRATEGY 1.6 Research questions 15 06 6.1 SuDS Model on whole area 89 1.7 Theoretical Framework 15 6.2 Building environment 89 1.8 Case study: Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel 16 6.3 Green-Blue space 101 METHODOLOGY DESIGN 02 07 7.1 Function in Rotterdam city 113 2.1 Methodology 19 7.2 Building environment 120 2.2 Methods 19 7.2.1 Block design 126 7.2.2 Water square 138 7.3 Green-Blue space 152 7.3.1 Seasonal storage assignment 152 7.3.2 Heemraadspark 156 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 7.3.3 Ecological areas in Heemraadssingel 166 03 3.1 Green-Blue space 23 7.3.4 Essenburgsingel 176 3.2 Urban drainage system 24 3.3 Sustainable urban drainage system 26 EVALUATION 08 8.1 Discussion 195 8.2 Conclusion 197 ROTTERDAM 8.3 Recommendation 198 04 4.1 Climate changes in Rotterdam 41 4.2 Water system in Rotterdam 47 4.3 Policy and urban planning program 52 References 200 8 9 01 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background animal, and microorganism communities and the non- living environment, interacting as a functional unit”, The Industrial Revolution facilitated the growth of towns and cities, and millions of people moved from acquire from the ecosystems. (MEA, 2005) Basically, rural areas to urban areas for working or having theso the ecosystem Ecosystem services Services can are be the synthesized benefits human as the canair better lives. Then the urbanization starts to take place. (Douglas & James, 2014) Urbanization is referred to and radiation regulating, habitat provision, aesthetic the gradual increase in the proportion of people living functionsand water andpurification, so on. (Austin,waste decomposition, 2014) And all climate these in urban areas. (MeSH Browser, 2017) According to the United Nations, there are almost half of the population perspectives, such as providing basic materials, or around the world live in cities now. (“Open-air contributingecosystem services to the canphysical benefit and humans psychological from different health. computers”, 2017) Based on the statistic results of the (MEA, 2005) Netherlands from World Bank, as a high urbanization And the urban water system and Green country, there is 90.5% of the total population living Infrastructure(GI), as the important components of 01 in cities in 2015, with the 1.05% annual rate of change the urban environment, can play important roles from 2010 to 2015. (CIA, 2016) on providing ecosystem services. Urban water While, the great industrial movements and urbanization infrastructure includes the water storage and collection also lead to a series of problems in the urban areas, such facilities, the water transport facilities, such as canals, INTRODUCTION as pollution, climate changes, biodiversity reduction tunnels or pipelines, the water treatment systems, and wastewater collection systems and treatment. are already totally different from the grass and forests thator flooding most humans disasters. evolved Nowadays, and livedthe human 100,000 habitats years blue components connected by a network as a system. before. With the rapid growth of urban population, it The(Loucks, urban 2005) water GI system can be isdefined suggested as all to the be green designed and is a serious challenge to recover and manage the urban with the GI within the urban environment (Roo, 2011) ecology. (Douglas & James, 2014) Besides, the combination between urban water system and GI can contribute to the construction of Green- relationships of living organisms with each other and Blue City. (Hoyer, 2011) The integrated Green-Blue with“Urban their ecology surroundings is the in areasscientific dominated study byof high-the urban public spaces are good supporters to provide density residential and commercial development the multiple services. (Figure 1.1) And the Sustainable and by paved or otherwise sealed areas. ” (Douglas urban drainage system(SuDS) is a good way to design the Green-Blue space, to solve the environmental issues contribute to the development of urban ecologies, such as& theJames, natural 2014) science(biology, Different fields ecology, of sciences geography), can 2013) the physical science(physics and chemistry), and the Asand a providelandscape other architect, ecosystem it becomes services. more (Maksimović, important social sciences( sociology and economics). (Douglas & to use the information from urban ecology, Ecosystem James, 2014) Services, urban water infrastructure, SUDS, and To recover the urban ecology, the concepts of Ecosystem integrate the knowledge into the design process of and Ecosystem Service are also underscored. The Green-Blue city and urban space on multiple scales to solve different environmental issues simultaneously. Ecosystem is defined as “a dynamic complex of plant, Figure 1.1 A green sponge for water-resilient city: Qunli Stormwater Park.