ADAPT GREEN-BLUE SPACE Implementing the Sustainable urban Drainage System in Rotterdam city context

Xiaowan Zhang

1 ADAPT GREEN-BLUE SPACE Implementing the Sustainable urban Drainage System in Rotterdam city context

Xiaowan Zhang

MSc Thesis Landscape Architecture Wageningen University August 2017

2 3 Course: LAR-80436 Thesis Landscape Architecture

Author Xiaowan Zhang

Supervisor: DT (Daniel) Jauslin MSc Design Studio Lecturer Landscape Architecture Wageningen University & Research

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or any Examiner: means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or Prof.dr.ir. A (Adri) van den Brink otherwise, without the prior written permission of either the Professor and chair of the Landscape Architecture Group author or Wageningen University LAR chairgroup. Wageningen University

landscape architecture by order of the chairgroup of Landscape ArchitectureThis publication at Wageningen is written University. as a final master thesis report

© Wageningen University, August 2017 Xiaowan zhang Registration number: 930220987020 Second Examiner: [email protected] Ir. R (Rudi) van Etteger MA Assistant Professor Landscape Architecture Chairgroup landscape architecture Wageningen University Phone: +31 317 484 056 Fax: +31 317 482 166

www.lar.wur.nl Email: [email protected] Postal address: Postbus 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands

4 5 Preface Summary

From the February 2017 to August 2017, I I would like to particularly thank my supervisor Rotterdam is already suffering from the biodiversity and amenity. The analysis of the worked on the topic of “Adapt Green-Blue space Daniel Jauslin for his patient guiding during climate change, and the climate change is still climate change in Rotterdam is served as the by implementing the SuDS within the context the overall research and design process. His developing. There are already some issues important background of the research and of Rotterdam city”. The research is fascinated brilliant ideas are very inspiring to make the happened in Rotterdam, such as the sewer design process. Then the designs are made in by the personal interests on designing the design shining within the boring environment. the Heemraadsingel and Essenburgsingel with multifunctional landscape within the city And also I would like to thank Adri van den dike subsidence, inundated cellars and the heat their surrounding neighborhoods to see how context to solve certain issues, and buffering the Brink for his guidance on the overall structure stress.overflow, While excess facing storm with waterthe results on theof climate street, the existing Green-Blue space can be improved, climate change has become a more and more of the report and research questions, which is change, the existing urban spaces have low by implementing the SuDS design criteria and popular topic around the world. The Rotterdam getting to the point. Finally, I would like to thank capacity to buffer and solve the issues on their measures. A SuDS model and several concrete city is a good example for the studying because my friends and family for their supports during own. Because of the uncertain consequences of designs are developed within the building of the characters and the leading position on the past several months. the climate change, though Rotterdam city has environment and Green-Blue space. taking measures to buffer the climate change. done some adaptations to solve the problems, The results of the overall study provide a Besides, the SuDS(Sustainable urban drainage Xiaowan Zhang, August 2017 there is still a big room for making the city general approach to design the Green-Blue system) is a good way to transform the existing more adaptive to the climate change, in a more space by implementing the SuDS to buffer the urban space into the multifunctional space to sustainable and resilient way. water issues brought by the climate change, buffer the climate change, and increasing other So this research is about applying the within the context of Rotterdam city. values to improve the livability of the Rotterdam Sustainable urban drainage system(SuDS) city. The thesis will show the public the possible to adapt the Green-Blue spaces to buffer the potentials of the urban space, and how the results of climate change, especially within the Keywords: design will build a great future for Rotterdam context of Rotterdam. Sustainable urban drainage system(SuDS), city. The objective is achieved by the research and Green-Blue space, climate change, Rotterdam, design process. During the research process, the Heemraadsingel, Essenburgsingel. overall theoretical framework explains the basic knowledge and design criteria of implementing SuDS to adapt the Green-Blue space from the 4 perspectives: water quantity, water quality,

6 7 Preface 6 SITE ANALYSIS 05 5.1 Delfshaven 61 Summary 7 5.2 Case study: Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel 63 5.2.1 Introduction 63 5.2.2 Soil and groundwater analysis 68 5.2.3 Water quantity analysis 69 INTRODUCTION 5.2.4 Water quality analysis 79 01 5.2.5 Biodiversity analysis 80 85 1.1 Background 11 5.2.6 Amenity analysis 1.2 Research context 12 1.3 Problem statement 14 1.4 Knowledge gap 14 1.5 Research objective 15 STRATEGY 1.6 Research questions 15 06 6.1 SuDS Model on whole area 89 1.7 Theoretical Framework 15 6.2 Building environment 89 1.8 Case study: Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel 16 6.3 Green-Blue space 101

METHODOLOGY DESIGN 02 07 7.1 Function in Rotterdam city 113 2.1 Methodology 19 7.2 Building environment 120 2.2 Methods 19 7.2.1 Block design 126 7.2.2 Water square 138 7.3 Green-Blue space 152 7.3.1 Seasonal storage assignment 152 7.3.2 Heemraadspark 156 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 7.3.3 Ecological areas in Heemraadssingel 166 03 3.1 Green-Blue space 23 7.3.4 Essenburgsingel 176 3.2 Urban drainage system 24 3.3 Sustainable urban drainage system 26 EVALUATION 08 8.1 Discussion 195 8.2 Conclusion 197 ROTTERDAM 8.3 Recommendation 198 04 4.1 Climate changes in Rotterdam 41 4.2 Water system in Rotterdam 47 4.3 Policy and urban planning program 52 References 200

8 9 01 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background animal, and microorganism communities and the non- living environment, interacting as a functional unit”, The Industrial Revolution facilitated the growth of towns and cities, and millions of people moved from acquire from the ecosystems. (MEA, 2005) Basically, rural areas to urban areas for working or having theso the ecosystem Ecosystem services Services can are be the synthesized benefits human as the canair better lives. Then the urbanization starts to take place. (Douglas & James, 2014) Urbanization is referred to and radiation regulating, habitat provision, aesthetic the gradual increase in the proportion of people living functionsand water andpurification, so on. (Austin,waste decomposition, 2014) And all climate these in urban areas. (MeSH Browser, 2017) According to the United Nations, there are almost half of the population perspectives, such as providing basic materials, or around the world live in cities now. (“Open-air contributingecosystem services to the canphysical benefit and humans psychological from different health. computers”, 2017) Based on the statistic results of the (MEA, 2005) Netherlands from World Bank, as a high urbanization And the urban water system and Green country, there is 90.5% of the total population living Infrastructure(GI), as the important components of 01 in cities in 2015, with the 1.05% annual rate of change the urban environment, can play important roles from 2010 to 2015. (CIA, 2016) on providing ecosystem services. Urban water While, the great industrial movements and urbanization infrastructure includes the water storage and collection also lead to a series of problems in the urban areas, such facilities, the water transport facilities, such as canals, INTRODUCTION as pollution, climate changes, biodiversity reduction tunnels or pipelines, the water treatment systems, and wastewater collection systems and treatment. are already totally different from the grass and forests thator flooding most humans disasters. evolved Nowadays, and lived the human 100,000 habitats years blue components connected by a network as a system. before. With the rapid growth of urban population, it The(Loucks, urban 2005) water GI system can be isdefined suggested as all to the be green designed and is a serious challenge to recover and manage the urban with the GI within the urban environment (Roo, 2011) ecology. (Douglas & James, 2014) Besides, the combination between urban water system and GI can contribute to the construction of Green- relationships of living organisms with each other and Blue City. (Hoyer, 2011) The integrated Green-Blue with“Urban their ecology surroundings is the in areas scientific dominated study by of high- the urban public spaces are good supporters to provide density residential and commercial development the multiple services. (Figure 1.1) And the Sustainable and by paved or otherwise sealed areas. ” (Douglas urban drainage system(SuDS) is a good way to design the Green-Blue space, to solve the environmental issues contribute to the development of urban ecologies, such as& the James, natural 2014) science(biology, Different fields ecology, of sciences geography), can 2013) the physical science(physics and chemistry), and the Asand a providelandscape other architect, ecosystem it becomes services. more (Maksimović, important social sciences( sociology and economics). (Douglas & to use the information from urban ecology, Ecosystem James, 2014) Services, urban water infrastructure, SUDS, and To recover the urban ecology, the concepts of Ecosystem integrate the knowledge into the design process of and Ecosystem Service are also underscored. The Green-Blue city and urban space on multiple scales to solve different environmental issues simultaneously.

Ecosystem is defined as “a dynamic complex of plant,

Figure 1.1 A green sponge for water-resilient city: Qunli Stormwater Park. (ASLA, 2017) 10 11 01 INTRODUCTION 01 INTRODUCTION

(Austin, 2014) and hotter summer, and the frequency and severity of the extreme rainfall will be increased in both summer 1.2 Research context away. Besides, the sea level is still rising, which directly Rotterdam is located in the Rhine–Meuse Delta, which and winter. And it is difficult for water to be drained is the largest port and lowest delta in Europe, and the harbor area extends over a length of 40 kilometers. Althoughincreases Rotterdamthe flooding already risks. And has thetaken city many has open measures links The city covers 326 square kilometers with over to keepthe sea the and city it safe is influenced and livable, by it the is still tide.(RCI, important 2012) to 600,000 population, which is famous as a commercial continue the adaptation since the consequence of the and industrial city. changing climate is not certain. (RCI, 2012) The city is geographically located in an interesting 1.2.2 Policy and development planning the North Sea with the dynamic landscapes occurred, suchplace: as a riverbroad delta estuaries, where severalislands, large strong rivers meandering flow into 1.2.2.1 Rotterdam as the water city Figure 1.2 Observed and projected future climate change. (Van, 2013) rivers, dunes and wet peat lands.(Gemeente Rotterdam, Water plays an essential role in Rotterdam. The rivers 2014) Mass, Schie, Rotte, canals, lakes, and docks are the Rotterdam is also one of the greenest large cities in the characteristics of the city Rotterdam, and the city Netherlands. There are totally 74700 trees planted in the parks, harbors and along the river. And the city has water plays an important role in all future visions of 117 public parks with totally 1765 hectares, such as Rotterdam.also profiles (Gemeente itself as aRotterdam, “water city”, 2007) (Figure 1.3) so Zuiderpark and Kralingse Bos. Statistically, the green According to the Waterplan 2 Rotterdam (2007), there spaces cover 19.7% of the Rotterdam city’s surface. is 3 crucial development target need to be achieved in (Frantzeskaki, 2014) following period. Firstly, part of the dikes needs to be As closing to the North Sea, the Rotterdam has a reinforced because of the rising of sea level. Secondly, temperate maritime climate with cool summer and because of the increase of rainfall in a short period of mild winters. The average temperature in summer is time, at least 80 hectares of new lakes or canals for usually around 20 degrees, while in winter the average collection and storage are needed. Thirdly, the water temperature is not often below freezing. Since the quality needs to be improved, since Rotterdam want to North Sea also creates the humid climate, the rain falls become an attractive water city with clear and plant- in every season, but spring is drier than the autumn. rich water. Nowadays, a hot topic in Rotterdam is how (Table 1.1) can the city be built to solve the climate issues, and also become an attractive place for working, studying and 1.2.1 Climate Change recreation at the same time. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2007) In the last century, the rapid growth of port and the 1.2.2.2 Green Rotterdam urban climate and environment. The climate change In 2014, Rotterdam made the Natuurkaart Rotterdam hasdevelopment brought some of the environmental city had great problems influences now, on and the it (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2014) to make the map of could be more serious in the future. ecological core areas and routes of the city. (Figure According to the prediction (Figure 1.2), in future, the 1.4) It emphasizes the importance of the protection of Figure 1.3 Vision for water city 2030 Rotterdam. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2007) Rotterdam will increasingly become milder winter species and their habitats, exchanging populations and

Table 1.1 Weather statistics in Rotterdam. (KNMI, 2016)

Figure 1.4 The ecological core and connection areas within Rotterdam. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2014) 12 13 01 INTRODUCTION 01 INTRODUCTION

the variation. as more saltwater introduced into the urban areas, it 1.5 Research objective Heemraadsingel and Essenburgsingel with their Because of climate change, the city needs to invest To close the knowledge gap, based on the existing surrounding neighborhoods? in the urban Green-Blue spaces to against its major (Lankester, 2007) So the ecological values of the green knowledge, this research will focus on two objectives. challenges by making the city sustainable and resilient. urbanwill also spaces have will the badbe reduced. influences Additionally, on the urban the flora. bad Firstly, it is important to develop the design criteria 1.7 Theoretical Framework (Derkzen, 2015) In a green Rotterdam, it is nice to live, water quality with odor will make people unpleasant, of SuDS to adapt Green-Blue spaces. The knowledge work and spend leisure time. So in the future coming should be gathered not only from SuDS theory, but also 1.7.1 Green-Blue Space years, the Rotterdam city will be further greening with While facing with the results of climate change, the other relative disciplines, such as ecology, biodiversity, more Green-Blue urban spaces in the city, which can existingwhich influences urban spaces the usages have low of green capacity spaces. to buffer and human experiences and so on. solve the issues on their own. Nowadays, the urban Secondly, based on the theoretical framework, it is ways is to create and adapt the Green-Blue space, which local and visitors. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2017) spaces in Rotterdam city can provide the attractive significant to select the case(Heemraadssingel and canFacing mitigate with thethe climateeffects of change, climate one change of the and efficient make enhance natural values and provide the benefits to the environment for people’s recreation and activities, Essenburgsingel) to implement the design criteria the city resilient. Numbers of studies have shown the 1.3 Problem statement which is good to improve the quality of urban lives. to make the concrete design, evaluate the design effectiveness of more green and water area in urban However, the single-use of urban space is already far outcomes and reflect on the research about the context. (Figure 1.6) The natural green bank around Nowadays, the Rotterdam is protected by a robust less enough to face the future challenges. (Austin, 2014) application process of the SuDS design criteria within the surface water, urban wetlands and green roofs system with different water facilities, such as dikes, There are already some existing urban spaces under the context of Rotterdam. and other Green-Blue spaces can improve the urban barriers, polders, canals, sewer and pumping stations. the challenging of climate change, like the situations in water system quantitatively and qualitatively. And it Nieuwe Westen and Middelland. (Lankester, 2007) So 1.6 Research questions can also increase the biodiversity and provide the new there is the need to improve the existing urban spaces opportunities to recreation or education. (Potz, 2016) system,The system which definitely can make isthe a Rotterdam masterpiece a vulnerable of Dutch Based on the problem statement and research citytechnical to the engineering.climate change, However, to some itextent. is an (RCI, inflexible 2012) themselves more resilient and sustainable. (RCI, 2012) objectives, the main design question and several 1.7.2 Design for sustainable urban water system Becauseto mitigate of the uncertaininfluences consequencesof climate change of the and climate build research questions are developed. change, though Rotterdam city has done some Based on the theories, the design of the SuDS is the highTo buffer cost. the bad influences of climate change, the adaptations to solve the problems, there is still a big Design question: integration process of the urban water system and Rotterdamfixed system is alwaysalready needs suffering to be improvedfrom the withclimate the room for making the city more adaptive to the climate DQ: How can the green-blue space in the city of urban green spaces. Generally, there are mainly 4 change, and the climate change is still developing. One change, in a more sustainable and resilient way. (RCI, Rotterdam be designed by implementing the important aspects during the SuDS design process: 2012) principles of sustainable urban drainage systems water quantity, water quality, biodiversity and amenity. The climate change can lead to the higher sea and (SUDS)? (Woods Ballard, 2015) riverof the levels, most more serious intensive influences rainfall, is the the water longer problem. period 1.4 Knowledge gap of drought, and longer hotter periods.(RCI, 2012) Research questions: Water quantity: Controlling the quantity of water Nowadays, there are already some issues happened in Based on the problem statement, there is still lack of RQ1: What is the concept of Green-Blue space? runoff can contribute to support the management of the knowledge, which is about using the Green-Blue water on the street, the dike subsidence, inundated measures to applying the Sustainable urban drainage RQ2: What are the concept and design principles of and replenish groundwater. And the SuDS can play an cellarsRotterdam, and suchthe heat as the stress. sewer (Figure overflow, 1.5) excessBesides, storm the system to adapt the Green-Blue spaces to solve the Sustainable urban Drainage System? flood risk, maintain and protect the natural water cycle water issues and increase other values, especially surface waterways to sewer system.(Woods Ballard, fauna. (RCI, 2012) The low water quality will kill the within the context of Rotterdam. RQ3: What are the characteristics of the green-blue 2015)important role in mitigating flooding risks, from the water issues will also influence the urban flora and space in the city of Rotterdam, in particular the

fish community and damage the habitats for birds. And

Figure 1.6 Restoration of creeks, with constructed wetlands Figure 1.7 Wildlife found in Ningbo Eco-corridor, China. for pollution reduction and mixed use, at Thornton Creek (ASLA, 2016) in Seattle, Washington. (SvR, 2009) Figure 1.5 The issues caused by climate change in Rotterdam (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2013) 14 15 01 INTRODUCTION 01 INTRODUCTION

Water quality: Though the underground water of the impermeable surface. While if there is the drainage pipes can prevent the pollution directly to be extreme rainfall in a short time, then it is quite easy to meet the threshold of the sewer system, which will is mainly depending on the frequency of maintenance. Andconveyed there to is the receivingrisk that the surfaces poor qualitywater, the water efficiency stored Nieuwe Westen and Middelland) to surface water in pipes could be washed into the downstream water. system(Heemraadssingellead to the overflow from theand sewerEssenburgsingel). system(within Treating surface water pollution is also important (Lankester, 2007) to protect groundwater quality. The SuDS can treat The Heemraadssingel and the eastern part of and clean the surface water runoff on site in a more Essenburgsingel are on one water level, which is different with the western part of Essenburgsingel. environment.(Woods Ballard, 2015) Since the increasing problems of extreme rainfall efficient way, which also protects the downstream Biodiversity: The water elements in Green-Blue spaces to cope with the problems. The eutrophication is aand quite sewer visible overflow, problem this areain the is already surface not water. sufficient And of plants and animals. Although the improvement of Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel have low biodiversityare significant values resources could forbe thelimited growth within and the breeding small- scores of the TEWOR-score, which means that the scale areas, the greater values could be achieved when all the Green-Blue spaces can be connected with thr larger green infrastructure to provide corridor. With 2006)water qualityThe low is quality largely of influencedwater will bylead the to happeningthe cloudy Figure 1.8 The location of Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel. good design, the SuDS can provide shelter, food, of sewer overflows.(Figure 1.10) (Bes & Kemeling, foraging and breeding opportunities to the wildlife. (Figure 1.7) thewater, attractiveness odor and fish to kills(Gemeente the local inhabitants. Rotterdam, 2013), Besides,which will because influence of the urbanclimate ecological change, valuesthe longer and Amenity: The good urban design aims to develop period of drought will increase the evaporation during the attractive, pleasant, useful and livable urban the summer, so there is also the water shortage risk. (RCI, 2012) However, there are not many spaces for In this research, the amenity can be understood as the large expansion of the water surface in these areas, theenvironment features focused that can on benefit the way the localthat increases communities. the considering the functions as a park for local people. attractiveness and livability, which can improve the (Lankester, 2007) quality of life for the local inhabitants (Echols, 2007) To solve the water issues and buffer the climate change Water is a valuable natural resource, and suitably in the selected area, there is the need to create and designing of the surface water systems within Green- improve Green-Blue spaces in a more sustainable and Blue public spaces can facilitate the aesthetic and resilient way. recreational values. (Woods Ballard, 2015)

1.8 Case study: Heemraadssingel and Figure 1.9 There are many paved ground in the neighborhoods. (Photo from Author) Essenburgsingel

Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel are located in between the Nieuwe Westen and Middelland. (Figure 1.8) The Nieuwe Westen and Middelland are the neighborhoods located in Delfshaven, which is a densely built center-towns area of Rotterdam, with the density of over 100 dwellings per hectare. (Lankester, 2007) The surface water system in Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel, and the sewer system in Nieuwe Westen and Middelland neighborhood are connected. In the neighborhoods, the areas are the dense urban places with lots of pavement surface, (Figure 1.9) and the combined sewer system is still under usage. During the rainfall event, most of the rainwater will be discharged through the combined sewer system, since Figure 1.10 The TEWOR-scores in Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel. (Bes & Kemeling, 2006) 16 the water cannot infiltrate into the ground because 17 02 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Methodology 2.2 Methods The overall research and design process is the Evidence-based design. The Evidence-based design 2.2.1 Literature review is the approach that the decisions made based on the implications of credible research outcomes, rather The literature review is the integral part of academic than only depending on intuition and anecdotal papers to collect and synthesize researches on the information. (Watkins & Hamilton, 2009) And the given topic. (Hanington, 2012) In this research, the overall methodology is based on the pragmatism, literature review is used to explore the following which shows the concerns with applications and information. •The existing theory about adapting Green-Blue space And the new knowledge often revolves around the and SuDS, and other knowledge can be involved in the integrationsolutions to of the knowledge problems in within a given a specificsite, since context. some theoretical framework, such as urban water system, of the issues will be the workings of nature (post- LID, urban biodiversity, natural as recreation and so 02 positivistic knowledge), while others related to the on. social-cultural issues(constructivist and participatory •The measures that can be used to adapt Green-Blue knowledge). So the combination of different methods is important in the process. (Lenzholzer et al., 2013) the biodiversity within the Rotterdam context, and its METHODOLOGY The overall research and design process can be designspaces criteria, to solve structures the specific and water materials. issues or enhance •The existing knowledge about the urban water framework of the design principles of SuDS, analyzing system, green spaces, climate change situations of Rotterdamdivided into context3 parts briefly:and the researching case study the theoreticalarea, and Rotterdam. implementing the theoretical framework in the The searching of literature is conducted by the global improved design of case study area. (Figure 2.1) research of WUR online Library, Google Scholar and Firstly, the research will be done to develop the Google Search, so there is a variety of the collection of theoretical framework of SuDS design criteria. And literature, such as the books, journal articles, theses, the information is not only about the design criteria, online PDF documents, websites or videos, and most but also some practical knowledge during the of the literature are ranging from 2000-2016. Besides, implementation, such as the structures or materials of the keywords used for research are about “Green-Blue the SuDS measures. The methods of literature review urban spaces”, “Sustainable urban drainage system”, and reference study will be used. “storm water management”, “urban biodiversity”, Secondly, the analysis of Rotterdam context and case “natural as recreation” and so on.

understanding of the urban water system and climate articles are quite helpful to start the researches with changestudy area issues will in Rotterdam, be done. Itand focuses elaborately on the analyzing briefly anThe overall books collectedknowledge from structure. WUR Library And there and scientificare also the case study area from different perspectives based many online PDF documents important to formulate on the theoretical framework.And also in this step some the knowledge structure and provide the certain interviews will also be done to gather the information. information about SUDS, LID, BMPs, and Green- Then, based on the theoretical framework and site Blue adaptations on the practical and technical level. analysis, the design strategies will be developed and Additionally, the online documents from the Gemeente implemented to make the concrete design to improve Rotterdam or other organizations about the water or the current situations in Heemraadssingel and green plans are the main sources to understand the Essenburgsingel. When applying the design principles, brief context of Rotterdam and the water issues of it needs the careful evaluation, certain changes of the Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel. Besides, the principles, and the searching for better solutions by Master theses that WUR’s students done before are the critical review of the design process. inspiring in the research and design process, and also Finally, the evaluation will be made on the research and providing the certain knowledge about Rotterdam design outcomes. Several aspects will be evaluated, water system context, ecosystem services, SUDS, BMP such as if the research objectives are achieved, if the and green urban spaces. As a qualitative research, the research outcomes are elaborate enough or if the new relative literature will be added as the literature design outcomes are matched with the research results review process going until reaching the saturation or external comments. Based on the results of research point, through the “snowball” process. (Kumar 2005) and design, the conclusion will be given to answer the research question and design question.

18 19 02 METHODOLOGY 02 METHODOLOGY

2.2.2 Reference study for a long time(more than 1 year), and especially the people live in the neighborhoods of the Nieuwe Reference study is the approach involving in-depth Westen and Middelland, who are the normal visitors investigation of reference project in context and using of Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel. And the multiple sources of materials. (Yin, 2013) The expected interview will be preferred to be done by face-to-face results of reference studies are followed: on site (Hanington, 2012), since there will be more •The design strategies, approaches and project that had interaction between respondents and interviewer. been developed or implemented within the Rotterdam city, especially in the terms of the Green-Blue space adaptation and urban water system improvement. Multiple design projects will be selected, and it will mostly be conducted by the Google Search, and water or green plans published by Rotterdam Municipality or other organization. And the keywords are about “water storage”, “water quality”, “biodiversity”, “design project”, “recreation activity” and so on. The professional landscape architecture organizations focused on the work of water and ecological issues in Rotterdam will also be the sources of the references, and normally most of these design projects have high values of reference studying. Since within the same context, the water issues, biodiversity and people’s aesthetic and recreation preference shown in the projects are much similar with Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel. Finally, similar to literature review, as the research process going, new reference projects could be added to provide more information to acquire more in-depth details or achieve the satisfaction point. The targeted materials are about the design graphics, drawings and texts described the overall project, other

and also some videos or websites that can provide the relativedocuments information. with analysis or reflections of the project,

2.2.3 Interview

The interview is a survey instrument for direct contacting with participants, to collect information from people about their feelings, perceptions or attitudes. (Hanington, 2012) The expected results are followed. •How people experience about the existing space. •What kinds of activities or experiences that people would like to have within the spaces. Also, the interview will be non-structural, but it will start with how the people experience the existing space, then depending on people’s answers, some questions will be asked in a conversational way to deeply understand people’s opinions. (Hanington,

by individual differences based on place of residence, socio-economic2012) Since the experiencecharacteristics, will beand easily recreational influenced motivation(Van den Berg & Koole, 2006), the targeted group is the collection of people who live in Rotterdam Figure 2.1 Research and Design process.

20 21 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 Green-Blue space networks can protect the hydrological and ecological values, and enhance the sustainable development of 3.1.1 Green-Blue city the urban spaces, since the natural systems are much more resilient to the climate changes than the human- The city provides various functions to support human made hard engineering. (Wikipedia, 2016) lives, and people build the city in different networks. Basically, the city consists four major networks, 3.1.2 Green-Blue space blue network (canals, rivers, ponds, water), green network(parks, grasslands, natural areas), gray The Green-Blue space is the node place that the urban network(roads, traffic lines, parking areas), and red water system is connected with green infrastructure, network(buildings). (Potz, 2016) which is the component of Green-Blue city. (Potz, Different networks can provide various ecosystem 2016) The Green-Blue space adaptation is to use the services, and the crossing of the networks are important adaptive way of integrating green and blue elements, nodes within the city. Facing with the climate issues and facilitate natural processes and ecosystem services, 03 because of the lack of space within the urban context, with human interventions, to manage water issues there is the trend to integrate different networks and other climate risks. (Beumer, 2012) So the core of in various scales to provide multiple ecosystem design Green-Blue spaces is to use the green measures services. (Beumer, 2012) According to the Figure 3.1, to solve the storm water management issues and THE0RETICAL it shows the potential functions when overlapping the enhance other ecosystem services such as increasing networks, which are very interesting because single biodiversity, recreational activities.(Hoyer,2011) measures can serve two or more networks at same To some extent, the Green-Blue adaptation can enhance time. (Beumer, 2012) This can deal with the issues of the resilient ability and contribute to the sustainable FRAMEWORK lack of space in the urban setting, and the measures development to face the challenges from climate can work in a cost-effective way. change. Firstly, the natural systems are much more The Green-Blue networks are considered as one of resilient and adaptive to the climate changes than the the most important elements within the city. (Potz, human-made hard engineering. Secondly, the Green- 2016) The construction of Green-Blue networks Blue adaptations normally can afford several services aims to better integrate the waterways with green together instead of only single functions, which can spaces, and also bringing the waterWithin system the scope and of green climate beadaptation more cost-effective. linking of the (Beumer,networks will2012) benefit For sev-example, infrastructure together. (Hoyer,2011)eral aims The in the Green-Blue city as arranged the bioswalesin the figure can below. not only storage and infiltrate the

Green: Blue: open water Red: building area Grey: hard nature/garden infrastructure

Green: nature/garden

Water storage Reduction of erosion Wave attenuation Blue: water Water quality improvement Natural values Recreation

Water storage Flood protection Water drainage Soil stability Water quality improvement Wave attenuation Red: building area Liveability Water quality improvement Reduction of heat stress Reduction of maintainance Urban agriculture

Water storage Flood protection Flood protection Water drainage Reduction of shore Connectivity Grey: hard Water/soil quality erosion Air quality improvement infrastructure improvement Wave attenuation Liveability Liveability Water storage/drainage Reduction of maintainance Reduction of heat stress Reduction of maintainance Air quality improvement Soil stability Air quality improvement Figure 3.1 The blue, green, red and grey urban networks with their combined services. (Beumer, 2012) Figure 6.4: the blue, green, red and grey urban networks with their combined 22 needs and services. 23

The green network may provide heat stress reduction (via evapotranspiration), wave attenuation (semi-aquatic or aquatic vegetation), water storage, etc. On the other hand, the green network needs fresh water in the summer to survive urban heat and connectivity for natural resilience. While the blue network can provide water quantity regulation and heat stress reduction (via evaporation). In the figure below we have made an overview on the needs a certain urban network might have and the overlap of that between the networks. Especially these overlaps are interesting, because they can be provided by a single green adaptation measure serving two (or more) networks at the same time and will result in different forms of a specific measure when applied. Different forms of specific Green Adaptation measures are able to provide multiple services to address those needs (heat stress reduction, flood safety, recreation, nature, environmental quality, etc.)

Water storage, water drainage, heat stress reduction and improvement of the general living quality can be seen as the most important needs in the city of

48 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK

rainwater, but also provide the habitats for local flora implemented in the city because of the difference of the drought period or water shortage which require water cycle process has been changed, which leads to and fauna. the scale between nature and urban area. (Beumer, the water levels to be replenished. And this situation some serious water issues. (Figure 3.4) Now, there are many relative theories can 2012) While now, more and more small-scale will become more unbalanced as the climate change guide the Green-Blue spaces adaptation: Low applications of Green-Blue adaptation measures and the development of urbanization. Applying a more 3.2.2 The urban water cycle impact development(LID), water sensitive urban have started to be implemented in urban areas. Most natural approach to water management will be more design(WSUD), Sustainable urban drainage of these measures are focused to increase water cost-effective and efficient to deal with this unbalance. There are several ways that water existing in the city, system(SUDS), Best management practices(BMPs), retention and water infiltration in the urban context, (Potz, 2016) as the surface water, precipitation, groundwater or Green infrastructure(GI) and so on. The theories have and many of the Green-Blue adaptation projects also drinking water. (Potz, 2016) The drinking water can be already developed for several decades, and most provide the services to enhance the quality of living for 3.2.1 The hydrological water cycle acquired or purified from the groundwater and surface of them have built the quite complete theoretical the stakeholders. (Potz, 2016) water, after being used it will be mainly discharged framework for the design of integrating water Facing with the uncertain results of climate change, as Water is constantly in motion: as the vapor through through the sewer system to the wastewater treatment management with green spaces. (Fletcher, 2015) And the landscape architects, it is important to understand the air, as surface water in rivers and oceans, and as and finally into the surface water. (Loucks, 2005) the SuDS is one of the most complete and authoritative the interactions between the various measures for groundwater in the soil. The precipitation falls on The groundwater level is influenced by extraction, theories compared with others since the content of building the Green-Blue city and space, and actually, the lands and water areas. Part of the precipitation drainage, land reclamation, and the large percentage SuDS is also included the shared knowledge from other know how these measures will influence the space is absorbed by foliage, part evaporates, and part of impervious surfaces in the urban areas. In the urban theories. In this research, the SuDS is selected to be itself. (Potz, 2016) The urban designers should keep infiltrates into the soil. The water can flow horizontally areas, there are less permeable ground to let the rain used as the theoretical basis to adapt the Green-Blue in mind to integrate the knowledge of Green-Blue city, and vertically. Finally, all the water, whether in surface water infiltrated, then the rain will turn into the water space. The SuDS divide the adaptation measures into SuDS and other theories into the design process in a water and soil, will be expelled into the river or ocean, runoff on the ground. Normally, the water runoff is several component systems. The adaptation measures both aesthetic and practical way. where it again evaporates and the cycle starts again. mostly discharged immediately, so the groundwater are the important component of Green-Blue space. (Potz, 2016) (Figure 3.3) Since the urban context is cannot be supplied. Honestly, there are many different measures to deal 3.2 Urban drainage system different with the natural environment, the urban At the beginning, the man-made urban water system with the climate change issues in various forms based on the context of the Netherlands. Most adaptation Urban water infrastructure includes the water storage measures have been developed for the rural and and collection facilities, the water transport facilities, natural areas, and these measures are difficult to be such as canals, tunnels or pipelines, the water treatment systems, and wastewater collection systems and treatment. (Loucks, 2005)(Figure 3.2) Human spends lots of time and money on the construction and management of the urban water system. And the objective of the water management is to ensure there no damage happened during the peak periods of rainfall and a long period of drought in the city, and the city can supply with clean drinking water and treat the waste water efficiently. (Potz, 2016) Within the city context, during the rainfall period, most of the water will be discharged through the Figure 3.2 Urban water infrastructure.(Roesner, 2008) sewage system, while shortly after this, there will be Figure 3.5 The current urban drainage system and water issues.(Made by Author)

Figure 3.3 The natural water cycle. (Blueplanet, 2017) Figure 3.4 The urban water cycle. (Blueplanet, 2017) Figure 3.6 The proposed SuDS and measures.(Made by Author) 24 25 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK

is efficient and still useful to discharge the rain water water going through the soil to reach the groundwater and wastewater through the sewer system to the level. The water storage capacity means the amount treatment plant and surface water, for the majority of of the water that can be stored in the soil until reach daily events, and the wastewater also does not pollute the saturated point. The sand, clay and peat soil have the clean surface water.(Potz, 2016) While faced with different infiltration rate and water storage capacity. the climate changes, there will be more intense rainfall The peat soil has a high water storage capacity, while if in the short time, then the existing hard engineering it is not with sufficient water in the soil, the shrinkage water system can cause some problems, like of peat soil will happen, which leads to the ground overflows, street flooding and the pollution of surface subsidence. (Chang, & Ji, 2012) water, due to the lack of capacity. (Figure 3.5) (RCI, So different soil types can cause different water issues, 2012) So it is necessary to improve the current sewage and the strategies to these are also different. (Figure system to face the challenges. While, when the current 3.9)The main water problem in clay area is high sewage system cannot be improved immediately, flooding risk due to low infiltration rate, so in this the implement of adaptive measures, such as area it needs the interception of the rainwater and local buffering or infiltrating, will be the possible exploring the extra storage space for the rain water. Figure 3.7 The permeability of soil.(Woods Ballard et al.,2015) alternatives. (Potz, 2016) So now, it is encouraged to Similarly, the peat soil has the same problems, while buffer, infiltrate and delay of the water runoff on site in the dry period the peat needs the extra supplement to imitate the natural water cycle. (Figure 3.6) And the of water to prevent the shrinkage and subsidence. So amount of the water needs to be discharged out of the it needs to connect the surface water and rainfall with site depending on the volume of rainfall, the amount, groundwater. In the sand areas, the problem is difficult and types of impervious surface, the type of soil and to store the water on the surface to reuse them in the groundwater level. (Potz, 2016) dry period. So it needs to make the storage area partly sealed to find the balance between infiltration and 3.2.3 Soil as basis for water plan retention.(Chang, & Ji, 2012) Besides, the groundwater level will also influence the To some extent, the soils are the basis for the SuDS. performance of soil characteristics. With the rainfall, The properties of various soil types and various the groundwater level will arise. Normally, the soil groundwater level means that certain adaptive can absorb 5% to 10% water of the total volume in measures cannot be used in some areas. For example, moisture, by which the groundwater level will also the water can pass the dry sandy soil quickly, making increase. The soil type with low field capacity and high the area with sand soil good to infiltration. While water groundwater level will be quickly saturated, while the cannot pass through the compact clay soils easily, soil with high field capacity and a low water level can making the above ground drainage and retention as store more water. (Potz, 2016) the better options. (Potz, 2016) Basically, the implementation of SuDS measures in Soil characteristics are usually based on the properties certain areas will be influenced by the combination of the solid particles, which are the mineral or organic of soil types and groundwater level. In the west of the matters. And the distribution of particle size is one of Netherlands, there are mainly low-lying clay grounds the most important soil properties. Normally, with the with a high water table and a low capacity coefficient, bigger particle size, the more water passes and less which means that the infiltration measures may be water retained. This means that the clay does not allow difficult to implement in these areas, then the above- much water going through and can store the water ground rainwater storage could be the alternative above the ground, while the gravel is much permeable solutions. (Potz, 2016) Figure 3.8 The infiltration rate and water storage capacity of the soil. (Chang, & Ji, 2012) and the ground is normally dry. From the soil types of gravel, sand, peat, and clay, the gravel is the most 3.3 Sustainable urban drainage system permeable while the clay is the least due to the particle size. Most soils are the mixture of these types. (Potz, There are many theories used to adapt the urban 2016) (Figure 3.7) water system to solve the water issues in a more There are mainly three different soil types in sustainable and resilient way, such as the SUDS, LID, Netherlands: clay, sand, and peat. While in the western BMPs, WUSD. (Figure 3.10)The focused points of the areas, there are mainly the clay and peat soils. (Chang, approaches are different while the inner meanings are & Ji, 2012) quite similar. (Fletcher, 2015) The term low impact There are two important soil characteristics: the development(LID) is the approach to minimize the cost infiltration rate and water storage capacity. (Figure of storm water management by taking a design with 3.8)The infiltration rate means the penetrating speed of natural process to achieve a ‘natural’ hydrology by use of Figure 3.9 The water issues, and the strategies based on the soil type.(Chang, & Ji, 2012) 26 27 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK

Table 3.1 The summary of the design criteria from the four perspectives.(Adapeted from Woods Ballard et al.,2015) Design Criteria Manage flood risk on site and the receiving catchment

Use surface water runoff as the resource

Water Quantity Preserve the natural hydrological systems

Protect from drought

Design in system flexibility and adaptability

Support the water quality on site and the receiving water Water Quality Design system resilience

Support and protect natural local habitats and species

Contribute to the local biodiversity objectives Biodiversity Contribute to habitat connectivity

Create diverse and resilient ecosystems

Enhance visual aesthetic values

Amenity Maximize multi-functionality

Develop safe surface water system

the specific site scale and integrated control measures. enhancement. So the objectives of SuDS are to minimize Figure 3.11 The four perspective of SuDS.(Woods Ballard et al.,2015) (Fletcher, 2015) The best performance practice(BMP) the impacts from the water runoff quantity and is a term to describe the ecological approaches to quality issues, and maximize amenity and biodiversity improve the water quality. (Minton, 1989) Besides, the opportunities. (figure 3.11) Generally speaking, the water sensitive urban design(WSUD) aims to minimize four aspects are not independent with each other. For the hydrological impacts of the urban development example, by reusing the water runoff, the water can be on the surrounding environment, which includes all the resources to support the biodiversity and amenity the aspects of integrated urban water management. design objectives. In order to maximize the benefits (Fletcher, 2015) And the sustainable urban drainage to the site, it is better to consider all the aspects and system(SUDS) is a common way to deal with the water design criteria into the early stage and integrate them issues. (Woods Ballard et al.,2015). into the urban design process. (Woods Ballard, 2015) Generally, the surface water drainage system In the practical situations, the design principles can developed with the ideas of sustainable development provide the framework for the designers to work are collectively referred to as the Sustainable urban with, but the final results mainly depend on how Drainage System. (Woods Ballard et al.,2015). The the designers decide to apply the design strategies system is designed both to manage the water issues on a specific location, with considering the site and contribute to other possible environmental characteristics, design objectives and the background Figure 3.10 Theories to adapt urban water system.(Pictures from websites) 28 29 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK

Table 3.2 The sources of pollution from impermeable surfaces(Woods Ballard et al.,2015) context. The table 3.1 shows a summary of the design water systems. (Hoyer,2011) The level of the flood risk change, such as more extreme rainfall and longer criteria from the four perspectives. (Woods Ballard, from the drainage system should be acceptable for the periods of drought, and another reason is the effect of 2015) site. It should be designed with suitable characteristics, social or economic changes, such as urban population so the runoff on the site can be controlled within growth and urbanization. And the consequences of the 3.3.1 Design for water quantity the designed conveyance and storage areas for the changes are not certain. (Hoyer,2011) rainfall, with some flexible spaces available. And for To provide the effective protection of the site and Controlling the quantity of water runoff can support the surface water, by letting the residents see when downstream areas, the urban drainage system should the management of flood risk, maintain and protect the water level starts to rise, it can enable the people be sufficiently adaptable to be resilient to climate the natural water cycle and replenish groundwater. to take action effectively. (Woods Ballard, 2015) change and the increasing urbanization. And the SuDS are particularly important in mitigating Besides, It is important to ensure the site will not have The SuDS components are inherently more adaptable potential increases in surface water flooding from a detrimental impact on the downstream facilities. than the gray infrastructure. And increasing the small or medium waterways and sewer flooding. To control the volume of runoff discharged from the impermeability of the drainage system should be taken (Woods Ballard, 2015) There are several design site, it is important to use surface water runoff as into account, since facilitating the natural hydrological criteria for controlling the water quantity during the resource, intercept and reduce runoff through systems can make the spaces more adaptive and designing SuDS. evapotranspiration and infiltration. To control the flexible. (Woods Ballard, 2015) peak runoff rates from the site, the water should be 1.Use surface water runoff as the resource controlled by capturing runoff and slowing the flows 3.3.2 Design for water quality This principle contributes to the integration of water through attenuation controls. While if the locations are cycle management and built environment. Designing in the lower position, then the rapid runoff discharge Diffusing urban pollution is important in compromising the drainage systems that can harvest and use the would be a better solution. (Woods Ballard, 2015) groundwater and receiving water standards. Though water, it helps to reduce water runoff and allow these the pipes can prevent the pollution directly conveying water to be used in another way. For example, directly 4.Protect from drought to the receiving surfaces water, the efficiency is mainly harvesting at the site for garden watering is already With the climate change, more rainwater falls in winter depending on the frequency of maintenance and there common for several years. The roof water can be used than in the summer, so the water shortage, because of is the risk that the poor quality water stored in pipes for gardens or car washing, toilet flushing. Besides, high evaporation and less rainfall, will occur in summer could be washed into the downstream water. The the surface water can also be used as the resource (figure 3.12) while winters will have the water surplus. SuDS can treat and clean the surface water runoff from for water recreation and urban farming activities, The different climate models present the same picture urban areas in a more efficient way, and then protect providing the recreational and educational benefits. of wetter winters and drier summer, and indicate that the downstream environment.(Woods Ballard, 2015) And promoting infiltration is another way of using the summer will show increasing desiccation. In most There is the large variability in the kinds and levels water to protect natural water cycles. (Woods Ballard, cases, the drier conditions can lead to the pollution of of the pollutant in urban runoff.(Table 3.2) Normally, 2015) water because of the internal salinization, and the low the amount and type of the pollutants will depend on water quality will have bad influences on the urban several things: the planned activities or unexpected 2.Preserve the natural hydrological system flora and fauna. So the water needs to be stored into activities happened on the site, the surface location The natural water cycle is characterized by high urban water system to compensate for the summer and type, the drainage path, the intensity and duration evaporation, a high rate of infiltration, low surface shortages, by using the seasonal storage strategies. of the rainfall, the length of the drought period before runoff. So the measures that increase evaporation and (Potz, 2016) the rainfall event and so on. (Woods Ballard, 2015) reduce the superficial drainage are recommended. Besides, the pollution risk on the site may cause (Hoyer,2011) 5.Design in system flexibility and adaptability to the same risks to the receiving environment, and Natural systems that have the specific hydrological cope with future change the influences will depend on the sensitivity of the function should be preserved, such as natural The conditions for storm water management may receiving environment and the pathway between the wetlands, stream and river corridors. The activities of be changed in the future. One reason is the climate source and receiving area. (Woods Ballard, 2015) the clearing, grading and compaction, which have the Groundwater pollution is also at risk from both the negative influences on the natural hydrological systems, point source pollution and diffuse pollution, like the should be limited. So the urban city landscape that had infiltration of contaminated runoff. Good quality of already been compacted are suggested to be returned groundwater is important for the water-dependent back to the permeability level before the construction. plants and animals, and also as a source of drinking Besides, the protection of natural hydrological system water. (Woods Ballard, 2015) could reduce the use of underground piping. (Woods So it is important to protect both the surface water Ballard, 2015) and groundwater quality, and several design criteria are followed. 3.Manage flood risk on site and the receiving catchment 1. Support the management of water quality in Generally, the water should be managed as close to the receiving surface water and groundwater source as possible to protect the local and small-scale To protect the water quality of surface water and Figuer 3.12 The drought.(Picture from website) 30 31 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK

groundwater effectively, the quality of water runoff 3.3.3.1 Design criteria for biodiversity small patches will decrease the amount of interior are those that are grown outside the native range. from the site should be acceptable, and the pollution The using of biodiversity design criteria will depend habitat and increase the amount of edge. (Figure (Costanzo, 2002) The native plants can support more generated by site activities should be managed on the local requirement, objectives and site specific 3.13)While only some generalist species can benefit wildlife species than non-native plants, since the non- on site. The pollution control can be achieved characteristics. Both of the amenity and biodiversity from the edge habitats. (" Urban Ecology", 2017) So, native species tend to have less food value because through prevention, interception, the treatment and design criteria should be considered at the early stage the size and shape of the patches can influence the many of them will not produce berries, seeds or nuts. maintenance. The opportunities to integrate these of the SuDS design. habitats available for the interior wildlife species. Besides, the non-native plants will compete with native processes into the Green-Blue spaces are dependent Generally, for the patches, the large areas are better species for the resources of space, water and nutrients, on site characteristics, development context, and 1. Support and protect natural local habitats and than small areas, and the circle-shaped areas are leading to the poor growth condition of native plants, objectives. (Woods Ballard, 2015) species better than square-shaped. (Barnes,1999) Besides, and some non-native species are even highly invasive The prevention means that the contaminants should The SuDS should aim to support the natural and the connection between the individual patches is also within the right conditions. (Schaefer, 2004) not be mixed with water runoff, especially when semi-natural local habitats and relative species. The important to provide the movement spaces for species. Many people think the native plants tend to be the site has heavy pollutions that will influence the designers need to know the habitat types in the areas (Barnes,1999) (Figure 3.14) unattractive and colorless. However, with some downstream drainage system, such as in industrial to design the most appropriate habitats for the site, researches, there is a wide range of native species can areas. The interception refers to prevent runoff from which can enhance the existing species. Characterizing Plant design ensure the plant groups are colorful through the year, the majority of small rainfall events, such as using the the main ecological communities that could grow The planting design plays an important role in SuDS and the appropriate combination of non-native and pervious surfaces and vegetated collection system. naturally on the site is an effective start to define how and biodiversity conservation. The planting design for native species are also acceptable.(Schaefer, 2004) So the interception can help to reduce the potential to create supportive habitats in SuDS spaces. green space at any scale can provide the habitats for Several aspects will influence the plant biodiversity, total pollution load to the receiving environment. The wildlife.(Hunter, 2011) such as the selection of plants, growing in groups, treatment suggests implementing SuDS components 2. Contribute to the development of local First of all, the concept of native plants and non-native layer structures, and edge effects. (Schaefer, 2004) by using the treatment processes to reduce the biodiversity objectives plants will be introduced. Native plants refer to the Firstly, there are several design criteria for the contaminant levels in the runoff. And normally, the The SuDS can give the priorities to the habitats or vegetation that has existed in a particular region prior selections of plants. treatment components will often deliver interception species that could match with the local, regional or to European contact. The plants termed as non-native •Using plants with the known wildlife value. function and meet the conveyance and storage national target. The details of the requirements to The selected plants should be specific to the requirements. (Woods Ballard, 2015) protect certain species can also be acquired from existing habitats or the targeted wildlife. (Woods relevant government strategies. Ballard,2015) 2. Design system resilience to cope with future •Using the native species that are appropriate to change. 3. Contribute to habitat connectivity the region and suited to the site conditions, such With the potential impacts of climate change, the The habitats within the SuDS spaces could also as temperature, soil, hydrology, salt and wind temperature increasing and the long period of drought be linked with regional habitats to enhance the tolerance, lighting condition, micro climate and can affect the growth of some plants and bring the connectivity between the urban and rural areas. So other factors. (Hunter, 2011) damages to the sensitive ecosystems. So the measures it needs to consider the existing or future planned •Allowing the appropriate incorporation of non- that can make the system more resilient should be ecological corridors, and evaluate how the Green-Blue native species with high nectar and aesthetic considered into the treatment components design space could best support to the plans by functioning as values, but it should fit with the site conditions. to continually provide effective runoff management the linking habitats where wildlife can move between Figure 3.13 fragmentation of the small patches will (Hunter, 2011) functions. (Woods Ballard, 2015) the areas. decrease the amount of interior habitat. (Adapted from •Never introduce the invasive species. (Woods Barnes & Adams, 1999) Ballard,2015) 3.3.3 Design for biodiversity 4. Create diverse and resilient ecosystems Secondly, in the natural environment, plants are often Designing for the ecological resilience needs to ensure found growing in clumps or groups, with species that The water elements in Green-Blue spaces are the the supportive habitats can be evolved as naturally as requiring similar site conditions planted together. resources for the growth and breeding of plants and possible. Most species require a range of environmental Designing the spaces with clumps of plants instead animals. Although the improvement of biodiversity features within a site or a wider landscape. The SuDS of the row or individual plant is beneficial to wildlife. values is limited to the small-scale areas, the greater spaces can have the diverse biodiversity and resilient (Schaefer, 2004) values could be achieved when the Green-Blue spaces ecosystems if space allows different groups of plants •The species planted together should require can be connected with the larger green infrastructure and animals emerging over time, and natural ecological similar site conditions. (Woods Ballard,2015) to provide the important habitat connection. With colonization. •The species planted together should try to good design, the SuDS can provide shelter, food, maximize all-year-round leaf coverage, flowering foraging and breeding opportunities for the wildlife. 3.3.3.2 Design approaches to support biodiversity and fruiting periods to provide food and shelter (Woods Ballard, 2015) Habitat design for wildlife. (Woods Ballard,2015) Amenity and biodiversity are often considered On the city scale, the biodiversity will be impacted •Allowing the natural colonization of the desired together, but each of them has different focused points. by the habitat degradation and fragmentation. The plants to take place. (Woods Ballard,2015) Creating amenity and biodiversity values should also edge habitat is the outer zone that differs from patch Thirdly, the physical structural complexity can be considered with the designing for water quantity interior. The interior habitat is the area inside the also support biodiversity. (Hansen et al., 1991) By and quality. patch that is removed from the edge habitat or can providing different layers of vegetation, such as ground be seen as the patch’s core. The fragmentation of the cover, perennials, low growing shrubs, tall shrubs, and Figure 3.14 The habitat design principles.(Adapted from 32 Barnes & Adams, 1999) 33 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK

1989) and the people’s individual differences(Van den can interact with each other and enjoy the water in a 3.3.4 Design for amenity Berg, 2006) will influence the perceived visual values. relaxing, entertaining and pleasing way. Large Green- The visual aesthetic valueS should be considered at Blue areas can provide the attractive areas for cyclists, The good urban design aims to develop the attractive, elevation and also ground level. Well-designed Green- walkers and natural observers. Water and playing pleasant, useful and livable urban environment that Blue spaces can contribute to urban art, cityscape can go together, most of the children, as well as some can contribute to the local communities. Water is a character and the specific characteristics of the adults and pets enjoy playing with the water. And valuable natural resource, and designing the surface locations. The ways in which water can be managed the water areas for playing could be shallow pools, water systems with Green-Blue public spaces can should also provide attractive and interesting visual artificial channels and chutes. (Woods Ballard, 2015) facilitate the aesthetic and recreational values. (Woods structures to match the visual preference of the local (figure 3.16) Ballard, 2015) In this research, the amenity can be inhabitants. And the design could also enhance the Additionally, there are the opportunities to use the Figure 3.15 The planting structural complexity.(From the understood as the feature focused on the experience experience of movement to stimulate the senses, not Green-Blue spaces for community environmental website) of Green-Blues spaces in the way that increases the only visually, but also through sound and touch, such learning. The learning process can come about by trees, the plant groups can meet the needs of many attractiveness and livability, which can improve the as managing the noise by replacing with the sound community engagement of the design process, or species.(Schaefer, 2004)(figure 3.15) So it encourages quality of life for local inhabitants. (Woods Ballard, of moving water, bringing the visual and auditory through the public’s interaction with the services to include the trees, shrubs and grasses together, and 2015) experience together. (Woods Ballard, 2015) and amenities, which can help people to raise the provides a variety of height of grasses throughout the The amenity benefits provided by designing the interesting of the natural system and the awareness site for the different wildlife. (Woods Ballard,2015) Green-Blue spaces can be summarized in several 2. Maximize multi-functionality of flooding and climate change. For example, the Besides, the edge is where two different habitats meet, aspects. Firstly, it is good to the physical environment, The multi-functional land use becomes particularly vegetated or hard surface of water storage facilities and it benefits the wildlife on a small scale, since some such as air quality improvements, temperature significant in the dense urban areas with the rapid could be designed to promote the education, and activities happen at edges. (Schaefer, 2004) How to regulation, noise reduction. Secondly, it can contribute development of urbanization. enhance the amenity and recreation values by design the edge depends on the design objectives. to the community cohesion and crime reduction, and The Green-Blue spaces can offer the opportunities designing swale mazes and pond dipping. Besides, the Generally speaking, within a small scale, to increase it provides the opportunities to support education for both passive and active recreation activities. The community activities happened in Green-Blue spaces the overall diversity, creating and lengthening an edge both in schools and in communities. Besides, the Green-Blue spaces can provide the place that people can help to develop the community cohesion and the is a good choice. Complicating the line of an edge and Green-Blue spaces can play an important role in sense of place. (Woods Ballard, 2015) (figure 3.17) adding to its structural diversity by alternating plant maintaining mental and physical health by providing Besides, the surface water management can be groups with open space or graduating the height of places for recreation and relation, such as walking, integrated with road space to manage the day-to- vegetation can create a variety of habitats and increase cycling, informal playing, or games. Finally, it can day flows and also enhance the aesthetic values. The the species richness. (Beck, 2013) support the urban flora and fauna for the benefits of surface of the car parking, pedestrian and cycle ways the communities. Amenity and biodiversity are often can be designed to be permeable, so the surface water Enhance urban wildlife integrated with each other, while each of them has can be stored and treated before infiltration into the To enhance the wildlife values in the urban context, it their own regulations, so the synthesis design needs ground. And the swales, bioretention system can also is important to consider what exactly kind of wildlife to be considered carefully by the designers. (Woods be designed near to the car parking areas to treat and that is worthy to enhance within the environment, Ballard, 2015) control the runoff, and also provide aesthetic values. which can also match with the local biodiversity (Woods Ballard, 2015) objectives. So the habitat could be designed to enhance 1. Enhance visual aesthetic values the total number of species living in the environment, The Green-Blue spaces should be designed to provide 3. Develop safe surface water management system or only increase the particular target species, such as high quality, visually attractive and appealing places for The designers should mitigate the potential risks the local endangered bird. (Latty, 2016) the local inhabitants. (Woods Ballard, 2015) To some happened in the site, so the interaction is sufficiently Besides, it is important to clearly define a reference extent, the Green-Blue spaces designed by the criteria safe for potential users. The edges where water meets habitat which can match with the protection goal, to of the SuDS may change the appearance of existing dry land need special cares. (Woods Ballard, 2015) Figure 3.17 Wate as educational resources.(Woods provide the necessary living conditions for the species, Green-Blue spaces to a more natural and wild way, There are some approaches to design the edge in a safe Ballard, 2015) such as food resources, nest sites, access to water. which is different with the previous highly managed (Latty, 2016) And the plant’s population play the natural scenes. Nowadays, the visual preference of the significant role in providing the suitable conditions. SuDS design as they are experienced by people who Though every wildlife species has specific habitat live, work in the designed areas play an important role requirements, there are usually multiple wildlife in the design process. (Van den Berg & Koole, 2006) species that can live in a given habitat because of the The visual aesthetic values could be assessed from overlaps of habitat features within the system. To the perspective of two approaches-objective and restore and sustain the biodiversity, it could be a simple subjective. From the objective perspective, the visual way to reintroduce some of the plant’s species and aesthetic values are based on the landscape physical other elements that can naturally have occurred there, elements and attributes. And from the subjective then many wildlife species can take the advantage of aspect, it regards the values as a product of human mind. the habitat and meet their needs for survival. (Heiser, (Kalivoda, 2014) So both of the content and spatial 2015) arrangement of the landscape attributes(Kaplan, Figure 3.16 Water as recreational resources.(Potz, 2016) 34 35 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK

create open parts through which water can infiltrate. conveyance can also enhance the ecological values. (Potz, 2016) (Woods Ballard, 2015) The open cell concrete blocks, grass concrete pavers, The possible facilities for above-ground drainage woodchips, shells or gravel can be used as the paving include open and covered gutters, open water channels, materials. For road and car park that are used filter drains and swales. (Woods Ballard, 2015) The extensively, the material such as porous clinkers, preference of delivering sustainable drainage system open-joint clinkers, open paving patterns, gravel and is to use the vegetated channels or swales. The swales shell can be used. (Potz, 2016) are shallow, flat bottomed, vegetated open channels designed to convey, attenuate or treat the surface water runoff. They are often used to drain roads, Rainwater harvesting system Pervious surfacing system Infiltration systems Infiltration system The infiltration can contribute to reduce runoff rates paths or car parks, where it is convenient to collect and volumes and support groundwater recharge distributed runoff and convey the water to other processes, and the infiltration rate mainly depends components. (Woods Ballard, 2015) The canals and on the permeability capacity of the surrounding soils. drills are also the open surface water feature with hard (Woods Ballard, 2015) edges to convey water. And the appropriate design Since the infiltration system facilitates the discharge can also make them act as the pretreatment before the of surface water runoff to the ground and finally into water is conveyed to other components. ("Swales & groundwater, it is important to ensure the water is conveyance channels overview", 2017) suitably clean before entering the infiltration systems to prevent the groundwater polluted. The performance Storage system Conveyance system Storage system Treatment system Figure 3.18 The SuDS management train.(Pictures from websites) of infiltration depends on the permeability of the The components can store the water and release it soils and the level of groundwater. The areas with slowly to control the volumes and rate of the runoff way. Firstly, the slopes should not be greater than 1 in the source, with acceptable quantity and quality flows, high groundwater level and low permeability are not being discharged from the site. There are many 3. Secondly, a wet bench at the normal water surface then conveyed downstream to further storage and suitable for adapting infiltration system. (Potz, 2016) different types of components that can store the water level will make people uncomfortable when they want treatment components. (Woods Ballard, 2015) Besides, a minimum distance of 1 meter between the temporarily, seasonally and chronically. (Woods to access to the water. (Woods Ballard, 2015) Thirdly, base of infiltration system and the maximum level of Ballard, 2015) using a clear identification of the water edge, such as Rainwater harvesting system groundwater should be adapted to prevent the risk To buffer the dry period in summer, it is important soft edging(riparian or wetland plants) or hard edging The components that capture rainwater and facilitate of groundwater rising into the infiltration component to develop the seasonal storage. The extra water to control the access.(walls, screens or railings). the reusing of water within the local environment and reducing the storage volume. The slope of the volume will be stored in the reserved space for (Echols, 2007) belong to the rainwater harvest system. The runoff can infiltration system should be no deeper than 1 in 3 to storing precipitation peaks in the water system. So And if the water is likely to be contaminated and unsafe be collected from roofs and other impermeable areas, allow for vegetation. The stepped or benched slopes the seasonal storage can be realized by designing for and for human exposure, it should not encourage stored, treated and then used as the supply of water for also offer various habitats that survive fluctuating greater fluctuations of the water levels, which need the the contacts between people and water or should be possible purposes. (Woods Ballard, 2015) While the water levels. (Woods Ballard, 2015) special attention when banks are designed. Another treated before use. And the design should not give the water quality will be mainly determined by the runoff There are many different types of components that approach is to reserve a specific to realize the seasonal impression of the water potable, such as the water surfaces, so generally, the water from roofs has higher can facilitate the infiltration of water into the ground, storage. (Potz, 2016) from pumps, fountains may be perceived as safe quality than from roads. (Potz, 2016) Basically, the such as infiltration strips, infiltration basins. And the There are many different types of components water to drink. So it is important to take the balanced collected water can be used for non-potable purposes, bioswale, bioretetion, urban wetlands, rainwater that can be used for the storage function. The blue approach between the water safety and recreation such as flushing toilets, washing cars or watering the storage pond, pervious pavements could also be roof is explicitly intended to store water, which functions. (Woods Ballard, 2015) garden. (Woods Ballard, 2015) designed to allow infiltration from the bases. (Potz, can be designed as attenuation storage for usages, The rainwater tank or butt are the most simple system 2016) such as irrigation, cooling water or for recreational 3.3.5 SuDS management train for collecting rainwater from the roofs to household opportunities. (Woods Ballard, 2015) The water only usage. (Potz, 2016) Besides, the water can also be Conveyance system remains on the roof for a short period of time, then it SuDS should not be treated as the individual stored underground or at ground level and then be The conveyance system refers to the components that needs to be drained off to create the sufficient storage component, such as swale, detention pond, but as an pumped for supply purposes. (Woods Ballard, 2015) convey flows to downstream storage systems. Though capacity for the next rainfall event. (Potz, 2016) There interconnected system designed to manage, treat and the pipework for conveyance can be more efficient for are SuDS components designed to either provide make best use of surface water. The central design Pervious surfacing system specific schemes, especially when space is limited, the storage, through the retention of surface water runoff, concept of SuDS is the using of the management train, The pervious pavement system provided the pavement conveyance of water between different components or attenuation through the detention of surface water which describes the use of a sequence of components to suitable for pedestrian and vehicular traffic, and at is recommended to use above-ground conveyance runoff. ("Retention & detention overview", 2017) solve the water issues. There are mainly 6 component the same it also allows rainwater to infiltrate through system. (Woods Ballard, 2015) system, and one system can provide multiple functions. the surface into the underlying structural layers. The above-ground water conveyance can keep Treatment system (Woods Ballard, 2015) (figure 3.18) (Woods Ballard, 2015) Basically, there are two types the water visible in the city. Besides, it could also The treatment system refers to the components that The designer can choose different components and of pervious pavements that are defined. The porous increase the local inhabitants’ interests in urban remove or facilitate the degradation of contaminants make the efficient combination based on the local pavements consist porous material through which water management and improve the aesthetic values present in the water. (Woods Ballard, 2015) There context. Generally, the runoff should be managed at water can pass. The permeable pavements contain or of streets. (Potz, 2016) The natural appearance of the are mainly three types of methods to treat the water:

36 37 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK 03 THE0RETICAL FRAMEWORK

physical, chemical and biological. The physical treatment involves the sedimentation or filtration. The chemical treatment means binding substances to force them to settle. Through the biological treatment, the contaminants are broken down by bacteria and absorbed by the plants. (Potz, 2016) The treatment effectiveness is strongly connected with the hydraulic control, such as the velocity control and retention time. The sediment deposition, filtration and other removal processes depending on the low rate of the flows need to control the velocity control. And the processes through settling and absorbing need to consider the retention time that the water is in contact with SuDS treatment media. (Woods Ballard, 2015) There are various components can develop the treatment, and also combined with the conveyance and storage or other functions, such as the filter strips, filter trenches and bioretention areas. ("Filtration overview", 2017)

38 39 04 ROTTERDAM

4.1 Climate changes in Rotterdam Now based on the context of different Rotterdam Climate programs, some researches about how the 4.1.1 climate change scenarios climate change will affect Rotterdam in future and what the potential results will be. Basically, the results The climate change in the Netherlands is mainly could be summarized into 4 aspects: higher sea and caused by the global warming and the changing of river level, more intensive rainfall, longer period of air circulation patterns in Western Europe. Based drought and heat stress.(Figure 4.3) on the climate statistics, the KNMI developed 4 new climate scenarios in 2014. The KNMI14 scenarios 4.1.2.1 Higher sea and river level are the four combinations of two possible values for With higher sea and river levels, the risk and frequency global temperature rising: Moderate and Warm, the of flooding will increase in outer-dike areas. (Figure two possible changes in the air circulation pattern,: 4.4) Then it means the Maeslant storm surge barrier Low value and High value. (Figure 4.1)In different will close more often. According to the prediction, scenarios, it gives the trends in future in terms of in 2080 the barrier will be closed for once a year, 04 temperature, precipitation, wind, evaporation, sea instead of once every 12 years now. The historical level rise and so on. (Figure 4.2) (Tank et al., 2014) areas normally with lower elevation, such as the The four climate scenarios are the important aid Noordereiland, the Scheepvaartkwartier, the Kop van to calculateKNMI’14 and hypothesis climate the effects scenarios of climate summarizedFeijenoord and Heijplaat, are very vulnerable to the ROTTERDAM change. (Tank et al., 2014) They can be used as a effects of high water level. While the new areas, such as guide for developing plans and strategies for climate the Botlek, Europoort and the Maasvlakte are already adaptation in the Netherlands, such as the urban KNMI presents the KNMI’14 climate scenarios: four new climatescenarios adaptation for future plan climate and change national in the Netherlands.delta program. KNMI’14 climate scenarios (RCI,Each 2012) scenario provides a consistent picture of the changes in In this12 climate research, variables, the including 2050 scenario temperature, W(H)(with precipitation, high sea valuelevel, of air and circulation wind. Not only pattern the changes and higher in the mean temperature climate are rising) will be selected as a basis. There are several G W depicted, but also changes in the extremes such as the H High value H reasonscoldest for winter the daysection. and the Firstly, maximum both hourly the precipitation scenario per G and year.W expect The changes longer are and for two more different precipitation, time horizons: and around also more2050 intensive and around rainfall, 2085, relativewhile tothe the scenario reference Wperiod is based of on the1981-2010, upper publishedlimit of global in the KNMI warming, climate which atlas 2). describes Moderate the worstThe KNMI’14 situation scenarios in arethe the future. four combinations (Hua, & Liu, of two 2012) Besides,possible the values W(H) for theshows global temperaturemore dry increase,summers and wetter‘Moderate’ winter and than ‘Warm’, W(L). and (Tank two possible et al., 2014) changes The in the plans air are circulationsuggested pattern, to meet ‘Low with value’ theand ‘Highextreme value’. situations, Together they G W so itspan is a the safer likely way changes to leavein the climatemore ofspace the Netherlands to deal with L L according to the newest insights.

unexpected situations or to have more opportunities Low value for improvementBy providing these and KNMI’14 implementation. scenarios KNMI (Qian, offers 2011) a guide for Change in air circulation pattern evaluating the consequences of climate change and for Global temperature rise developing options and strategies for climate adaptation. 4.1.2 Effects of climate change on Rotterdam They will enable users to include climate change when making decisions to ensure that the Netherlands will have a safe and Figure 4.1 KNMI14 climate scenarios (Tank et al., 2014) sustainable future.

Overall changes Scenario differences and natural variations • temperature will continue to rise • changes in temperature differ • mild winters and hot summers will between the four scenarios GH WH become more common • changes in 2050 and 2085 are greater than the natural variations at the 30 year-time GL WL scale

• precipitation in general and extreme • more dry summers in two (GH precipitation in winter will increase and W ) of the four scenarios H GH WH • intensity of extreme rain showers in • natural variations in precipitation are relatively large and thus the summer will increase G W • hail and thunderstorms will become more scenarios are less distinct L L severe • sea level will continue to rise • rate of sea level rise greatly Figure• 4.3the rateEffects of sea of level climate change willchange increase on Rotterdam. (RCI, 2012) depends on global temperature rise 40 G =G WH=WL 41 • there is no distinction between H L scenarios with different air circulation

• changes in wind speed are small • more frequent westerly wind in winter in two (G and W ) of H H GH WH the four scenarios • the wind and storm climate G W exhibits large natural variations L L

• number of days with fog will diminish • natural variations differ for and visibility will further improve different climate variables GH WH • solar radiation at the earth’s surface will increase slightly GL WL

7 04 ROTTERDAM 04 ROTTERDAM

Season A) Variable Indicator Climate B) Climate B) Scenario change values for the climateScenario around change values C) for the climateScenario around change values C) for the climateScenario around change values C) for the climateNatural around C) Natural 1951-1980 1981-2010 (2036-2065) (2036-2065) 2050 (2071-2100) 2050 (2071-2100) 2085 variations 2085 variations = reference averaged over averaged over period 30 years D) 30 years D) GL GH WGLL WGHH GWL L GWHH WGLL WGHH WL WH Global temperature rise: +1 °C +1 °C +2+1 °C°C +2+1 °C°C +1.5+2 °C °C +1.5+2 °C °C +3.5+1.5 °C°C +3.5 +1.5 °C°C +3.5 °C +3.5 °C

Change in air circulation pattern: Low value High value LowLow valuevalue High High valuevalue Low Low valuevalue High High valuevalue Low Low valuevalue High High valuevalue Low value High value Year Sea level at North absolute level E) 4 cm below 3 cm above +15 to +30 cm +15 to +30 cm +20+15 toto +40+30 cmcm +20 +15 toto +40+30 cmcm +25 +20 toto +60+40 cmcm +25 +20 toto +60+40 cmcm +45 +25 toto +80+60 cmcm +45 +25 toto +80+60 cmcm +45 to ± +801.4 cmcm +45 to +80 cm ± 1.4 cm Sea coast NAP NAP rate of change 1.2 2.0 +1 to +5.5 +1 to +5.5 +3.5+1 toto +7.5+5.5 +3.5+1 toto +7.5+5.5 +3.5+1 toto +7.5+7.5 +3.5+1 toto +7.5+7.5 +4+1 to to +10.5 +7.5 +4+1 to to +10.5 +7.5 +4 to +10.5± 1.4 +4 to +10.5 ± 1.4 mm/year mm/year mm/year mm/year mm/yearmm/year mm/yearmm/year mm/yearmm/year mm/yearmm/year mm/yearmm/year mm/yearmm/year mm/yearmm/year mm/year mm/year Temperature mean 9.2 °C 10.1 °C +1.0 °C +1.4 °C +2.0+1.0 °C°C +2.3 +1.4 °C°C +1.3 +2.0 °C°C +1.7 +2.3 °C°C +3.3 +1.3 °C°C +3.7 +1.7 °C°C ± 0.16 +3.3 °C°C +3.7 °C ± 0.16 °C Precipitation mean amount 774 mm 851 mm +4% +2.5% +5.5%+4% +2.5%+5% +5.5% +5% +5%+5% +7%+5% +7%+5% ± 4.2%+7% +7% ± 4.2% Solar radiation solar radiation 346 kJ/cm2 F) 354 kJ/cm2 +0.6% +1.6% -0.8%+0.6% +1.2% +1.6% -0.5%-0.8% +1.1% +1.2% -0.9%-0.5% +1.4% +1.1% ±-0.9% 1.6% +1.4% ± 1.6% Evaporation potential evaporation (Makkink) 534 mm F) 559 mm +3% +5% +4%+3% +7%+5% +2.5%+4% +5.5%+7% +2.5%+6% +5.5%+10% ± 1.9%+6% +10% ± 1.9% Fog number of hours with visibility < 1 km 412 hours 300 hours G) -110 hours -110 hours -110-110 hourshours -110 -110 hourshours -120 -110 hourshours -120 -110 hourshours -120 -120 hourshours -120 -120 hourshours -120± 39 hourshours -120 hours ± 39 hours Winter Temperature mean 2.4 °C 3.4 °C +1.1 °C +1.6 °C +2.1+1.1 °C°C +2.7 +1.6 °C°C +1.3 +2.1 °C°C +2.0 +2.7 °C°C +3.2 +1.3 °C°C +4.1 +2.0 °C°C ± 0.48 +3.2 °C°C +4.1 °C ± 0.48 °C year-to-year variation H) - ± 2.6 °C -8% -16% -13%-8% -20%-16% -10%-13% -17%-20% -15%-10% -24%-17% -15%- -24% - daily maximum 5.1 °C 6.1 °C +1.0 °C +1.6 °C +2.0+1.0 °C°C +2.5 +1.6 °C°C +1.2 +2.0 °C°C +2.0 +2.5 °C°C +3.1 +1.2 °C°C +3.8 +2.0 °C°C ± 0.46 +3.1 °C°C +3.8 °C ± 0.46 °C daily minimum -0.3 °C 0.5 °C +1.1 °C +1.7 °C +2.2+1.1 °C°C +2.8 +1.7 °C°C +1.4 +2.2 °C°C +2.1 +2.8 °C°C +3.5 +1.4 °C°C +4.4 +2.1 °C°C ± 0.51 +3.5 °C°C +4.4 °C ± 0.51 °C coldest winter day per year -7.5 °C -5.9 °C +2.0 °C +3.6 °C +3.9+2.0 °C°C +5.1 +3.6 °C°C +2.7 +3.9 °C°C +4.1 +5.1 °C°C +5.6 +2.7 °C°C +7.3 +4.1 °C°C ± 0.91 +5.6 °C°C +7.3 °C ± 0.91 °C mildest winter day per year 10.3 °C 11.1 °C +0.6 °C +0.9 °C +1.7+0.6 °C°C +1.7 +0.9 °C°C +1.0 +1.7 °C°C +1.2 +1.7 °C°C +2.8 +1.0 °C°C +3.1 +1.2 °C°C ± 0.42 +2.8 °C°C +3.1 °C ± 0.42 °C number of frost days (min temp < 0°C) 42 days 38 days -30% -45% -50%-30% -60%-45% -35%-50% -50%-60% -70%-35% -80%-50% ± 9.5%-70% -80% ± 9.5% number of ice days (max temp < 0°C) 11 days 7.2 days -50% -70% -70%-50% -90%-70% -60%-70% -80%-90% -90%-60% < -90%-80% ±-90% 31% < -90% ± 31% Precipitation mean amount 188 mm 211 mm +3% +8% +8%+3% +17%+8% +4.5%+8% +12%+17% +4.5%+13% +30%+12% ± +13%8.3% +30% ± 8.3% year-to-year variation H) - ± 96 mm +4.5% +9% +4.5%+10% +17%+9% +6.5%+10% +12%+17% +6.5%+16% +30%+12% +16%- +30% - 10-day amount exceeded once in 10 years I) 80 mm 89 mm +6% +10% +12%+6% +17%+10% +12%+8% +12%+17% +18%+8% +25%+12% ±+18% 11% +25% ± 11% number of wet days (≥ 0.1 mm) 56 days 55 days -0.3% +1.4% -0.4%-0.3% +2.4% +1.4% +0.3%-0.4% +1.0% +2.4%-1.1% +0.3% +1.0%+3% ±-1.1% 4.7% +3% ± 4.7% number of days ≥ 10 mm 4.1 days 5.3 days +9.5% +19% +9.5%+20% +35%+19% +14%+20% +24%+35% +30%+14% +60%+24% ±+30% 14% +60% ± 14% Wind mean wind speed - 6.9 m/s -1.1% +0.5% -2.5%-1.1% +0.9% +0.5% -2.0%-2.5% +0.5% +0.9% -2.5%-2.0% +2.2% +0.5% ±-2.5% 3.6% +2.2% ± 3.6% highest daily mean wind speed per year - 15 m/s -3% -1.4% -3%-3% -1.4%0.0% -2.0%-3% -0.9%0.0% -1.8%-2.0% +2.0%-0.9% ±-1.8% 3.9% +2.0% ± 3.9% number of days between south and west 44 days 49 days -1.4% +3% -1.7%-1.4% +4.5%+3% -1.6%-1.7% +6.5% +4.5% -6.5%-1.6% +6.5%+4% ±-6.5% 6.4% +4% ± 6.4% Spring Temperature mean 8.3 °C 9.5 °C +0.9 °C +1.1 °C +1.8+0.9 °C°C +2.1 +1.1 °C°C +1.2 +1.8 °C°C +1.5 +2.1 °C°C +2.8 +1.2 °C°C +3.1 +1.5 °C°C ± 0.24 +2.8 °C°C +3.1 °C ± 0.24 °C Precipitation mean amount 148 mm 173 mm +4.5% +2.3% +4.5%+11% +2.3%+9% +11%+8% +7.5%+9% +15%+8% +7.5%+12% ± +15%8.0% +12% ± 8.0% Summer Temperature mean 16.1 °C 17.0 °C +1.0 °C +1.4 °C +1.7+1.0 °C°C +2.3 +1.4 °C°C +1.2 +1.7 °C°C +1.7 +2.3 °C°C +3.2 +1.2 °C°C +3.7 +1.7 °C°C ± 0.25 +3.2 °C°C +3.7 °C ± 0.25 °C year-to-year variation H) - ± 1.4 °C +3.5% +7.5% +3.5%+4% +9.5% +7.5% +5%+4% +9.5%+9% +7.5%+5% +14%+9% +7.5%- +14% - daily maximum 20.7 °C 21.9 °C +0.9 °C +1.4 °C +1.5+0.9 °C°C +2.3 +1.4 °C°C +1.0 +1.5 °C°C +1.7 +2.3 °C°C +3.0 +1.0 °C°C +3.8 +1.7 °C°C ± 0.35 +3.0 °C°C +3.8 °C ± 0.35 °C daily minimum 11.2 °C 11.9 °C +1.1 °C +1.3 °C +1.9+1.1 °C°C +2.2 +1.3 °C°C +1.4 +1.9 °C°C +1.7 +2.2 °C°C +3.4 +1.4 °C°C +3.7 +1.7 °C°C ± 0.18 +3.4 °C°C +3.7 °C ± 0.18 °C coolest summer day per year 10.3 °C 11.1 °C +0.9 °C +1.1 °C +1.6+0.9 °C°C +1.1+2.0°C °C +1.0 +1.6 °C°C +1.4 +2.0°C °C +2.7 +1.0 °C°C +1.4+3.1°C °C ± 0.43 +2.7 °C°C +3.1°C ± 0.43 °C warmest summer day per year 23.2 °C 24.7 °C +1.4 °C +1.9 °C +2.3+1.4 °C°C +3.3 +1.9 °C°C +2.0 +2.3 °C°C +2.6 +3.3 °C°C +4.2 +2.0 °C°C +4.9 +2.6 °C°C ± 0.52 +4.2 °C°C +4.9 °C ± 0.52 °C number of summer days (max temp ≥ 25°C) 13 days 21 days +22% +35% +40%+22% +70%+35% +30%+40% +50%+70% +100%+30% +130%+50% +100%± 13% +130% ± 13% number of tropical nights (min temp ≥ 20°C) < 0.1 days 0.1 days +0.5% +0.6% +1.4%+0.5% +2.2% +0.6% +0.9% +1.4% +1.2% +2.2% +6.5% +0.9% +7.5% +1.2% +6.5%- +7.5% - Precipitation mean amount 224 mm 224 mm +1.2% -8% +1.4%+1.2% -13%-8% +1.0% +1.4% -13%-8% +1.0%-5% -23%-8% ± 9.2%-5% -23% ± 9.2% year-to-year variation H) - ± 113 mm +2.1 to +5% -2.5 to +1.0% +1.4+2.1 toto +7%+5% -2.5 -4 toto +2.2%+1.0% +1.2 +1.4 to to+5.5% +7% -2.5 -4 toto +1.9%+2.2% +1.2 -0.9 to +5.5%+10% -8.5 -2.5 toto +2.3%+1.9% -0.9 to +10%- -8.5 to +2.3% - daily amount exceeded once in 10 years I) 44 mm 44 mm +1.7 to +10% +2.0 to +13%+1.7 +3 toto +21%+10% +2.5 +2.0 toto +22%+13% +2.5 +3 toto +15%+21% +2.5 +2.5 toto +17%+22% +5.5 +2.5 toto +40%+15% +2.5 +5 toto +40%+17% +5.5 to± +40% 15% +5 to +40% ± 15% maximum hourly intensity per year 14.9 mm/hour 15.1 mm/hour +5.5 to +11% +7 to +14%+5.5 +12 toto +23%+11% +13 +7 toto +25%+14% +12 +8 toto +16%+23% +13 +9 toto +19%+25% +22 +8 toto +45%+16% +22 +9 toto +45%+19% +22 to± +45% 14% +22 to +45% ± 14% number of wet days (≥ 0.1mm) 45 days 43 days +0.5% -5.5% +0.7%+0.5% -5.5%-10% +2.1% +0.7% -5.5%-10% +2.1%-5% -5.5%-16% ± 6.4%-5% -16% ± 6.4% number of days ≥ 20 mm 1.6 days 1.7 days +4.5 to +18% -4.5 to +10%+4.5 +6 toto +30%+18% -8.5 -4.5 toto +14%+10% +5 +6 toto +23%+30% -3.5 -8.5 toto +14%+14% +3 +5 toto +40%+23% -3.5-15 toto +14%+14% +3 to± +40% 24% -15 to +14% ± 24% Solar radiation solar radiation 149 kJ/cm2 F) 153 kJ/cm2 +2.1% +5% +1.0%+2.1% +6.5%+5% +0.9% +1.0% +5.5% +6.5% +3.5% +0.9% +9.5% +5.5% ± +3.5% 2.4% +9.5% ± 2.4% Humidity relative humidity 78% 77% -0.6% -2.0% +0.1%-0.6% -2.5%-2.0% +0.1%0.0% -2.0%-2.5% -0.6%0.0% -2.0%-3% ± 0.86%-0.6% -3% ± 0.86% Evaporation potential evaporation (Makkink) 253 mm F) 266 mm +4% +7% +4%+4% +11%+7% +3.5%+4% +8.5%+11% +3.5%+9% +8.5%+15% ± 2.8%+9% +15% ± 2.8% Drought mean highest precipitation deficit during growing seasonJ) 140 mm 144 mm +4.5% +20% +0.7%+4.5% +30%+20% +1.0% +0.7% +19%+30% +1.0%+14% +50%+19% ±13%+14% +50% ±13% highest precipitation deficit exceeded once in 10 yearsI) - 230 mm +5% +17% +4.5%+5% +25%+17% +3.5% +4.5% +17%+25% +3.5%+15% +40%+17% +15%- +40% - Autumn Temperature mean 10.0 °C 10.6 °C +1.1 °C +1.3 °C +2.2+1.1 °C°C +2.3 +1.3 °C°C +1.6 +2.2 °C°C +1.6 +2.3 °C°C +3.8 +1.6 °C°C +3.8 +1.6 °C°C ± 0.27 +3.8 °C°C +3.8 °C ± 0.27 °C Precipitation mean amount 214 mm 245 mm +7% +8% +3%+7% +7.5%+8% +7.5%+3% +7.5%+9% +6.5% +7.5% +12%+9% ± +6.5% 9.0% +12% ± 9.0% Figure 4.2 The future trends of climate change in terms of temperature, precipitation, wind, evaporation, sea In this revised edition (2015), the figures for the LW scenario around 2085 are rectified. 42 levelSee rise for more and information so on. about(Tank this etrectification: al., 2014 www.climatescenarios.nl/rectification) 43

4 5 5 04 ROTTERDAM 04 ROTTERDAM

built with quite high elevations, so the risk of flooding canals and rivers, which already causes the damages is still quite low. The effects caused by flooding are in Rotterdam. In future, the climate change will make mainly about the private property loss and damages the downpour not only more frequent but also more to the public space. The disruption of the business intensive. According to the calculation from KNMI, and industrial activities will bring big economic loss. ever degree increasing of temperature will lead to And the harmful substances running off from industry 14% rising of the intensity of the rainfall. (RCI, 2012) with the flooding will cause big environmental issues. The bad results of more intensive rainfall not only The urban infrastructure such as power stations, depend on the functioning of the water system, but transformer stations, roads will also be damaged, also on the specific design and characteristics of the which will affect the city lives within Rotterdam. (RCI, locations. Within the city Rotterdam, the out-dike are 2012) the least vulnerable areas to the intensive rainfall The increasing normative high water level also results, since the water can be drained to the river. suggests that the possibility that water over the dike The post-war districts also have more green spaces will be higher, which means the flood risk of the inner- for the possible water storage. While the highly urban dike areas is also improved. (Figure 4.5) Currently districts are very vulnerable to the intensive rainfall, almost all the primary dikes are functioned well, while with lots of paved surfaces and less open water and because of the increasing of water level, the situations green spaces. Besides, the area built on peat lands may be different. According to the prediction, there are also potential weak areas because of the unequal will be some problems for Merwe-Vierhavens, the subsidence. So the increase of intensive rainfall will Maasboulevard and the Hook of Holland, since the lead to more serious risks in the vulnerable areas. height deficiency is about from 20cm in Merwe- (RCI, 2012) (Figure 4.6) Vierhavens to 40cm along the Maasboulevard . (RCI, 2012) 4.1.2.3 Long period of drought Because of the climate change, the long period of 4.1.2.2 Extreme rainfall drought and the shortage of rainfall will occur more The extreme rainfall will boost the pressure on frequently, and the possibility of extreme dry summer Rotterdam’s urban water system. The peak downpours will also increase. And it will lead to the groundwater can lead to the flooding on the streets or cellars, sewer deficit and saltwater intrusion, which will have bad Figure 4.5 Inner-dike water safety risk map 2100. (RCI, 2012) overflow and the water directly discharging into the influences on the urban flora and urban fauna. (RCI,

Figure 4.6 The vulerable areas in Flood risk map 2100. (RCI, 2012) Figure 4.4 Outer-dike water safety risk map 2100. (RCI, 2012) 44 45 04 ROTTERDAM 04 ROTTERDAM

2012) (Figure 4.7) the subsidence and lower groundwater levels will sea level means that more saltwater will intrude the meters above the NAP. During the development of the The summer rainfall is concentrated in short periods, pose the threat to the constructions built on wooden inner river, then the water quality used in the urban port, the outer-dike areas have always been raised. which can lead to the groundwater deficit, since the pile foundations. As the drying out of the wooden water system from the rivers will be influenced. The The elevation is ranged from 3 meters to 5.5 meters water does not have enough time to infiltrate the foundations, it may collapse and lead to the damages to decreasing of water quality will not only affect human above the NAP. (RCI, 2012) And the most important soils. Then, the drying up of the sub-soil will lead to the building. Similar situations will also be happened to daily usage, but also directly impacts the flora and economic functions in this area are the industry and the subsidence, especially within the peat areas. As the roads, pipes and other infrastructure. (RCI, 2012) fauna depending on the water. (RCI, 2012) port activities. (RCI, 2012) the peat drying out, it will become oxidizing and Besides, the drought will also lead to the salt water Inner-dike areas are protected by a primary flood settling, and the process is irreversible. Unfortunately, intrusion. The situations of lower river level and higher 4.1.2.4 Higher temperature defense system including the dunes along the coast The period of higher temperature are more frequent and dikes along the river. Within the dike, the city and longer, with the increasing numbers of warmer is normally lower than the sea level, such as the day and tropical days. Besides, the urban heat island Alexanderpolder district with 6.67m below the NAP. effect is also more apparent in Rotterdam. Based on the (RCI, 2012) By using the system of polder ditches, previous research, the areas with low building and lots outlet and canals, and sewers and pumping station, of vegetation are the coolest areas of Rotterdam, while the water level within the dike can be kept stable. the warmest areas are the city center and neighbor This system has protected Rotterdam for a long time, urban districts. (RCI, 2012) (Figure 4.8) but its inflexibility is a potential risk.(RCI, 2012) More frequent and longer periods of higher temperature Besides, the dikes and canals are also the part of the may lead to the increase in health problems. The spatial structure of the city. Some dikes and canals are elderly and people suffering from respiratory diseases green and used for road, cycle routes or recreational are vulnerable. And the urban flora and fauna will activities. (RCI, 2012) also be affected by higher temperatures, such as the The primary water system belongs to the out-dike increase of pests. Besides, the warmer surface water area, and the regional water system and urban water will facilitate the growth of blue algae and botulism, system belong to the inner-dike area. which will lead to the increasing fish mortality. (RCI, 2012) 4.2.1 History of water management in Rotterdam

4.2 Water system in Rotterdam The point of the historical development of water system in Rotterdam is to use different measures to The overall water system can be subdivided into 2 deal with water issues and change the city structure. parts by the primary dike: the out-dike area with the The changes could be gradually caused by the disasters, river bed, and the inner-dike area with polder water or the innovative technologies or thinking, which can Figure 4.7 Drought risk map 2050. (RCI, 2012) system. (RCI, 2012) (Figure 4.9) be divided into 5 stages: the Golden Age, the Industrial The riverbed areas are located outside the dike. The revolution, reconstruction, the period of crisis and out-dike harbors and districts are generally built on new Rotterdam junctures. (De Greef, P., 2005) (Figure higher ground than the inner-lake areas. And they 4.10) are protected by the Maeslant storm surge barrier, The Golden Age was the time of strong growth of which will be closed when the water level reaches 3 Rotterdam and finally taking the leading positions

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in the world wide trading. The commercial city was with the salinization and the increasingly dirtier water, Golden Age(1600-1800) located at the center of large shipping network. At that the fresh water from the river will be discharged into time, the canals in Rotterdam functioned as the open the canals to flush the waste. (De Greef, P., 2005) ● Rotterdam was the center of large shipping sewers for the household and industrial wastes. The During the industrial revolution, the technical network ● Reclamation of peat soil reclamation of peat soil was used for embankments and invention were used largely in production and ● The canals as the open sewers for the household polder system, while the surface water level in polders transport. New channels, ports, railways and paved and industrial wastes was so low that it needed the extra drainage facilities. roads were built. In Rotterdam, the big and bold plan So the mills were used to discharge the water. Against of the new waterways constructed to ensure the water accessibility. The new technology were developed to enhance the water management both from the Industrial revolution(1800-1945) quantity and quality perspective. There were more quays built outside the dike, more pump stations to ● New waterways plan: more quays and pump provide better opportunities for the reclamation of station deeper polders with better management level, and ● Water plan made by Willem Nicolaas Rose the drinking water was introduced. So the water ● Start to construct the municipal sewage system plan(Figure 4.11) was made by Willem Nicolaas Rose in 1841 to pursue the clean and comfortable water. The plan was an integral renewed city water system, which also was combined with the urban expansion Reconstruction(1945-1973) process, the walking path in a park environment and improvement of the livability. The central points of ● Water system recovery, growth and expansion the plans were the two new canals with the separate ● The flood disaster happened in 1953 device at the edge of polder, which were ended at a ● The Delta works pumping station. The fresh water was introduced from Nieuwe Mass, and flushed through the canals to the lower level, and then it would be pumped back to the canals and eventually to the river Nieuwe Mass. Besides, at that time, various watercourses were filled in for hygienic reasons and also to make room for the The period of crisis (1973-1993) increasing road traffic. And in 1883, the municipality

● Focuses was shifted from the water quantity to started to construct the municipal sewage system. (De water quality Greef, P., 2005) ● The environmental standards were established After the second world war, there were the need ● Preserve nature and ecology Figure 4.11 Water plan made by Willem Nicolaas Rose in 1841. (Redactie, 2017)

New Rotterdam junctures(1993-Now)

● Build attractive living environment with water ● Reintroduc the concept of natural water system ● Connections between the green and water structures ● Improve the entire outdoor environment Rotterdam Urban Water System Development

Future-Policy and Planning Program Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation The Regional Green Blue Structure 2(RGSP2) Waterstad 2035 Rotterdam Waterplan 2 Groenplan Rotterdam Natuurkaart Rotterdam ...... Figure 4.10 Historical developement of Rotterdam urban water system.(Made by Author)

Figure 4.12 The primary water system of Rotterdam. (De Greef, P., 2005) 48 49 04 ROTTERDAM 04 ROTTERDAM

for water system reconstruction. This period was average sea level. The water in the polder area could characterized as recovery, growth and expansion. The be transported to the river, while in the dry period, port was growing in size and scale, and the ground the process can be reversed. The river can supply level was also being raised quite above the high water the water to the polder water system to maintain the line. The city was also developing systematically water quantity and quality.(Van der Brugge, 2009) with neighborhoods constructed within the greener The polder system in Rotterdam has long history. environment. The flood disaster happened in 1953 Long time ago people started to reclaim the soggy peat leading to a comprehensive approach to protect the land, and the boggy areas were used by embanking land from sea level. The Delta works were constructed and drainage. The pattern of the polder is decided to permanently protect the city from the threat of by topography, soil type and administrative rules water. And the water formed as part of the green together. However, the large reclamation caused bad spaces. (De Greef, P., 2005) outcomes. The drainage of the peat areas resulted in In this period of Crisis, the focused point was shifted the oxidization of the peat and soil subsidence. Before from the water quantity to water quality, from reclamation, the peat areas were 1 to 3 meters higher expansion to the transformation in response to the than the sea level, while later the land had gradually deterioration of environment. The environmental dropped to 1 or 2 meters lower than the sea level, standards were established with the view to preserve which caused big problems to drain the extra surface nature and ecology. The attention to the water water in the polder areas. Now most of the water need quality was shown in the treatment of sewerage and to be drained out by the pump stations. (De Greef, P., industrial water. And the Delta works also showed 2005) more attention on ecology. (De Greef, P., 2005) Now, there are also differences of the polder system Figure 4.13 The regional water system of Rotterdam. (De Greef, P., 2005) Now, in new Rotterdam, more and more attentions are between the water system of the north and the south put on the attractive living environment. The working of Rotterdam. In the north of Rotterdam, the water to reinforce the dikes is still continued, while more will be transported to the river through the boezems spaces is given to water. And the concept of natural at a higher level than the polder areas. There are two water system is also reintroduced. The urban renewal important subsystems: the Schie and the Rotte. The is underscored, in terms of water quantity and quality, Schie region is vulnerable to reach the peak storage ecology and nature. And there are more connections capacity since it allows the excess water to be drained between the green and water structures, to improve directly to the boezems. While the southern area is the entire outdoor environment. And there is the actually a large polder with waterways, so the water trend to facilitate the multi-functionality of the space can be directly discharged to the Mass without the to solve water issues or other climate risks in a higher boezems.(Figure 4.13) (Van der Brugge, 2009) cost-performance. (De Greef, P., 2005) 4.2.4 Urban water system 4.2.2 Primary water system And the surface water and sewer system are the The sea and the rivers form the primary water system important components of urban water system. of Rotterdam. (Figure 4.12) The river Nieuwe Maas in the Rhine and Meuse delta runs through the city, 4.2.4.1 Surface water system dividing the city into the northern and southern part. The canals are the important components of the urban And the Oude Mass comes from the south of Rotterdam, surface water system, which also play the important and meets the Nieuwe Mass at Het Scheur and goes to roles in the urban drainage process. The canals are not the North Sea. (Hua, & Liu, 2012) connected with each other directly, most of them are separate drainage units that have their own targeted 4.2.3 Regional water system direction and water level. In the highly dense-building environment, the percentage of surface water system The polder system plays the important role in the is quite limited. (De Greef, P., 2005) regional water system, which can function as the drainage medium between the local water system 4.2.4.2 The sewer system and primary water system, and also as the secondary The main sewer system is a combined system which dike. The lands in the inner-dike are divided into transports the urban run-off and waste water in hydrological units called polders, and the surface water combined pipelines to the waste water treatment level will be managed artificially at the fixed level. The plants. Now, the sewerage system in Rotterdam polder water system is lying 1 or 2 meters below the consists of 30 facilities to collect the wastewater and Figure 4.14 The sewer system of Rotterdam. (De Greef, P., 2005)

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storm water and send to 5 treatment plants by 30 under the surface soil layer when it is separated with time to explore the innovative measures which can be services is a win-win solution. (RCI, 2012) pumping stations. And the control of all the pumping the combined sewer system. So the stormwater can implemented in Rotterdam. (RCI, 2012) stations is centralized. The wastewater and storm infiltrate into the soil, or become the attractive visible The climate change adaptation involves more than 4.3.2 Green-Blue structure water from the northwestern will be transported to environment on the surface. Thirdly, it is important to just the water system. To become adaptive, extra Dokhaven through a pressure pipe under Nieuwe Maas. develop the circulation of water system by mimic the space will be created in both the public and private Rotterdam developed a new green vision in 2009 (Hua, & Liu, 2012) The combined sewer system does natural hydrological cycle. (Van der Brugge, 2009) areas, which means that climate change adaptation and emphasized to integrate another development not have sufficient capacity to transport the rainwater is the responsibility of many other parties, from program together with the green area within the city, during extreme precipitation and the overflow from 4.3 Policy and urban planning program the individual inhabitants to social organizations. such as climate, water, child-friendly neighborhoods combined sewer system will be exchanged into So there are the needs to work together with other or ecology. The Green-Blue areas, rather than only the surface water system. In the recently building 4.3.1 Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation organizations. And the climate change adaptation is open water areas, can also play an important role in residential areas, the sewer system are designed to also asked to work together with other urban programs climate adaptation contribute to a cooler, cleaner and transport the water runoff to the urban surface water The Rotterdam Climate Initiative(RCI) is one of the and projects such as the design or maintenance healthier city, and also emphasizing the physical and system and transport the waste water to the treatment most important organizations within the Rotterdam, of public spaces. However, working together for a social benefits to the local people. (Beumer, 2012) plant. (Van der Brugge, 2009) (Figure 4.14) which is joined by the Rotterdam City Council, the Port climate proof Rotterdam is still not enough, since The Regional Green Blue Structure 2(RGSP2) passes of Rotterdam, DCMR and Deltalinqs. (Beumer, 2012) Rotterdam want to use the opportunities provided by vision for the development of a coherent Green- 4.2.4.3 Problem and strategy to the urban water system The RCI is mainly worked on investing in sustainability climate change to creating added values for the city. Blue structure for Rotterdam region and creates the The urban water system in Rotterdam has some specific and adaptation to climate change in order to make So the Rotterdam climate change adaptation strategy framework for the implementation. (Figure 4.16) The water-related problems. Firstly, the water quality of the Rotterdam healthy and resilient. The objectives is also asked to work together with other topics: vision gives the overview of the tasks to integrate the urban surface water is poor because the rain event include enhancing water safety and quality, building Environment, Society, Economy and Ecology, and the landscape, cultural heritage, water, nature, recreation will lead to sewer overflows because of the combined more green spaces, job creation and so on. (RCI, 2012) combination of the themes can add the extra values and agriculture into the coherent vision of the green- sewerage system.(Van der Brugge, 2009) While in Making Rotterdam Climate Proof (RCP) is one of the to RCP and make Rotterdam attractive and beautiful. blue structure on the regional level. (Stadsregio review of the economic issues, complete replacement main goals of RCI. (RCI, 2012) (Figure 4.15) Rotterdam, 2005) of the sewage system is not the sufficient solution to The Rotterdam climate change adaptation strategies Environment: The climate change adaptation provides There are some regional green policies are already improve the water quality in a short time. (Hua, & Liu, are developed to enable Rotterdam to adapt the opportunities to reinforce the images of Rotterdam under implementation, such as the Regionale 2012) Secondly, the amount of surface water is limited climate change. Rotterdam is aimed to be 100% as an attractive city and improve the environmental Groenbeleid (Stadsregio Rotterdam, 2002), and there is also lack of the room for water storage. climate proof until 2025, which is also the prior quality, such as the dikes can be integrated with the Provinciale Ecologische Hoofdstructuur (PEHS), the In Rotterdam, the intensive land use, the increase of goal of the Rotterdam climate change adaptation urban structure, and designing spaces for water Groenakkoord and so on. Some green projects are impervious pavement results in the lack of space for strategy. Besides, Rotterdam also wants to take the retention can also create attractive public spaces. (RCI, quite successful, while there are also a number of water storage. (Hua, & Liu, 2012) For Rotterdam, it advantages to improve the economy, environment, 2012) new challenges for the presented spatial policy. The needs the amount of 900,000 m3 of the extra water natural resources and to increase the involvement Society: Dealing with the climate issues can also major new challenges are the water issues, and the retention capacity before 2050. (Van der Brugge, of the inhabitants. Rather than just fighting with it, it facilitate the community building of Rotterdam since increasing focus on landscape and cultural heritage, 2009) Thirdly, now the groundwater leakage into the becomes more essential to transform to an adaptive individuals can implement the initiatives in their own the changes in recreation and the demand for green pipes cause the groundwater flow to the treatment approach, which is to be prepared to live with the street or neighborhood. And the active participation of living environments. So the social statement asks for plant. If the sewer system is replaced, leakage will be climate change. (RCI, 2012) the activities can improve the relationships between a more integrated approach to the green and water. reduced, which will lead to higher groundwater level When it comes to adapting the city to face the climate the community. Besides, the indirect benefits consist (Stadsregio Rotterdam, 2005) and possibility of flooding. (Van der Brugge, 2009) change, Rotterdam can still rely on the current robust of the creation of new jobs. (RCI, 2012) The water issues offer the interesting opportunities to Focused on Rotterdam, there are several strategies system. The system will continue to be kept in good Economy: To keep the strong economic development, develop and strengthen the Green-Blue structure, and used to improve the urban water system. Firstly, it is shape with necessary maintenance and improvement. it is important to protect the business districts and the water can take a more leading position in the spatial important to disconnect stormwater system from the However, only relying on the system is far not enough. essential infrastructure from the flooding or other development. With the development of the green- sewer system. So the sustainable urban water system The adaptation means to make the city less vulnerable climate issues, especially for the port areas. Besides, blue structure, it provides more changes to integrate aims to provide the alternative way to manage the and more resilient and flexible, and it is not only investing in climate adaptation now will pay off in the development of the ecological network. With the stormwater instead of flowing into the sewer system, relied on techniques but also making use of nature’s the long-term, which is much lower than the costs of realization of the coherent Green-Blue structure, it also such as building water square, bioswale, and permeable own potential to adapt Rotterdam. There is still much repairing the flood damages. Combining the climate can satisfy the large demands of recreation activities. pavement. Secondly, the stormwater can flow on or adaptation with other investments in the city and (Stadsregio Rotterdam, 2005) linking in with other projects is also profitable. (RCI, Within the field of the city, the river Nieuwe Maas 2012) forms the most important open space. In the north Ecology: The climate change adaptation can easily side of the Nieuwe Maas, the Schie, the Rotte, and the be combined with improving the ecological quality of Ringvaartlint are the main carriers of the Green-Blue Rotterdam. More water and green will make the city structures, which provide the important connections more resilient during the extreme rainfall or period of from the urban center to the countryside. The south drought. The adaptation can also lead to the increasing of Nieuwe Maas has different situations with large biodiversity in Rotterdam, and the city can become a South Park and the green areas along the A15 as the more attractive place to live at the same time. Making main Green- Blue structures. The coherent Green- better use of ecological solutions and ecosystem Blue structure can contribute to the identity of the city Figure 4.15 The strategy should work together with other topics.(RCI, 2012) 52 53 04 ROTTERDAM 04 ROTTERDAM

Figure 4.17 Water city 2035 plan. (De Greef, P., 2005)

Figure 4.16 The vision of the regional Green-Blue structure in Rotterdam. (Stadsregio Rotterdam, 2005)

and the quality of life, and it could deal with part of design approach. The project has big influences on the water issues. Besides, the restructuring task of the the course of urban water management in Rotterdam. residential areas must leave sufficient space for water The Rotterdam Waterstad 2035 design argues that storage. (Stadsregio Rotterdam, 2005) the surface water can contribute to solving the urban challenges of the gentrification of degraded 4.3.3 Water policy and plan program neighborhoods, by creating a high diversity of social environments and attracting educated residents. And Nowadays, the Rotterdam City has worked on the also the water can improve the connection of the city improvement of the water system management, with with the surrounding areas and contribute to the the publications of Waterstad 2035 and Rotterdam attractive city center. (Van der Brugge, 2009) Waterplan 2. These plans make the concrete The design is divided the city into 3 parts: the River development strategies and spatial plans of the city in the port, the Water network city in the south Rotterdam city, and the water plans will be implemented and Canal city in the North. (Figure 4.17) In the river to different city districts, such as Stadshavens, Polder city, the old port areas are transformed into the place Schieveen or Zuidpark. Some specific adaptations had with various economic activities combined with been implemented that provide multi-functions and nature preservation and floating houses. In the water contribute to water storage, purification, and building network city, the south of the area is changed into of green public spaces. (Beumer, 2012) the attractive living environment with rich water and nature resources to attract residents. And the water 4.3.3.1 A new vision: Rotterdam Waterstad 2035 network is connected to the surroundings directly. In The project Rotterdam Waterstad 2035 marks the the canal city, the design aims to enlarge the existing Figure 4.18 Water plan 2.(Gemeente Rotterdam, 2007) first step to a more adaptive and water sensitive water ways of canals and polders. And the square

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will be redesigned to become the retention square Quantity of water: The Rotterdam will have to store to store extra water, and the green roofs are also more rainwater than the current situations. The recommended to be developed on the flat roofs. (Van sewerage system needs to be improved. And it is also der Brugge, 2009) suggested to create more open water space, which is possible particularly in the neighborhoods needed to 4.3.3.2 The second urban water plan: Rotterdam be reconstructed. For the areas only with little space, Waterplan 2 the innovative and alternative ways of retention need The Rotterdam Waterplan 2 (Figure 4.18) is the co- to be developed. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2007) production of the three municipal departments and Quality of water: The approach of improving the three water boards, and the philosophy is similar to the quality of water will particularly be used in the project Rotterdam Waterstad 2035. (Van der Brugge, municipal districts. The water ways need to match the 2009) The Rotterdam Waterplan 2 is a comprehensive minimum criteria: as little floating waste, the dead fish, joint approach of the spatial planning and water and stench as possible. The ecological value of water management. In this plant, Rotterdam will use water ways is also the focused point. (Gemeente Rotterdam, as the opportunities, not only focus on the water safety 2007) management strategies but also improve the cityscape to attract people. The Rotterdam water city 2030 plan 4.3.4 Green Policy is developed. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2007) There are several important aims of Rotterdam In the Stadsvisie Rotterdam 2030, the green can play an Waterplan 2.(Gemeente Rotterdam, 2007) important role in making the realization of attractive Protection: Rotterdam needs to be protected against living environments of Rotterdam city, which can Figure 4.19 The Natuurkaart Rotterdam of the core areas and main corridors.(Gemeente Rotterdam, 2014) flooding, both inside and outside the dike. The spaces appeal to new residents and business. need to be reserved for enforcing the flood defenses in In 2005, the Groenplan Rotterdam and Regionaal a long-term way. The urban designers and engineering Groenblauw Structuurplan 2 are published, which will work together to enhance the multi-functionality show that more attentions need to be put on the of the dike as a park, cycle route and so on. (Gemeente improvement of green quality, enhancing the diversity Rotterdam, 2007) of green spaces in the city, adding more green Clean water: The clear and plant-rich water is the around the city, and making them better connections. general objective for the almost all the water ways in (Beumer, 2012) According to the Groenonderzoek Rotterdam. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2007) Rotterdam(2008), the good quality of neighborhood Attractive city: How the city can be designed as the green spaces is important than the green quality attractive place for living, working, spending leisure in city and region for the local people within the time, and solving the water issues at the same time is a neighborhood. In next future years, the focuses will new and significant question. The traditional solutions remain as building more green spaces with high are not enough to answer this question. So it needs the quality, such as the construction of green roofs, and innovative ways to solve the water issues and increase also the implementation of the Rotterdamse Stijl and the attractiveness. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2007) the Bomenstructuurvisie projects. (Beumer, 2012) Sewers: The increasing rainfall in Rotterdam has led In 2014, Rotterdam made the Natuurkaart Rotterdam to the problems of the existing sewage system. So it to highlight the ecological core areas and routes of the is important to separate the clean rainwater and dirty city. The main objectives of the Natuurkaart Rotterdam wastewater, to collect the rainwater and allow it to are to outline the nature structures within Rotterdam. drain away in another system instead of the sewers. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2014) However, the system should not have bad influences • Where are the existing core areas with the on the groundwater and public health. (Gemeente large natural site in the context of Rotterdam region Rotterdam, 2007) and which can be further managed and developed? To achieve the aim, the Rotterdam Waterplan 2 also • Where are the existing corridors and the give the strategies to adapt the urban water system. missing links in the ecological structure in the context (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2007) of Rotterdam? Safety: The safety consists of two main themes: the • Where are the neighborhoods potential to dikes and building outside the dikes. The dikes do not increase the ecological values? meet the current standards will be reinforced. For the The Natuurkaart Rotterdam is actually two maps. areas outside the dikes, new building and design must One map is about the core areas and main corridors, be taken of the risks of flooding. (Gemeente Rotterdam, (Figure 4.19) another map is about the nature in the Figure 4.20 The Natuurkaart Rotterdam of the neighborhood area.(Gemeente Rotterdam, 2014) 2007) neighborhoods. (Figure 4.20) (Gemeente Rotterdam,

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2014) The ecological core areas provide the living spaces for significant concentrations of special plants and animals species as the characteristic of Rotterdam, which is essential to enhance or keep the biodiversity. The target for the core areas is to maintain the stable ecosystem. The corridors are also important routes for animals and plants to move. Through the corridors, the core areas can be connected with each other and the landscape around Rotterdam. By designing the new corridors or improving the existing connections, it can prevent the species isolated with each other. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2014) Besides, the ecological value of the neighborhoods is also important to be focused. The nature developed in the neighborhoods can be designed to connect the private gardens, public space or parks. The appropriate management of the biodiversity at the district level can contribute to the ecological values at the city scale. So the Natuurkaart Rotterdam developes the second map for the natural values in neighborhoods, which gives the potential ecological values in the residential areas and industrial areas. There are three different management levels about the green spaces at the neighborhood level: natural, cultural and exclusive. The “natural” area means that the management will be done in a more natural and dynamic way, with rich plantings, natural images, and high ecological values. The “cultural ”area has less species richness, while it still remains the ecological opportunities available. The “exclusive” management category is intended for the crowded places in the city, with more fixed and complete measures.(Gemeente Rotterdam, 2014)

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Based on the previous analysis, the Green-Blue space of Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel are selected as the case study area. The Heemraadssingel is located in between the Nieuwe Westen and Middelland, and the Essenburgsingel is located in the north of the neighborhoods. The Nieuwe Westen and Middelland are located in Delfshaven. (Figure 5.1) There are several reasons to improve the Green-Blue spaces in Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel. Firstly, the two canals are located in the neighborhoods with high building density. According to the figure 5.2, the Nieuwe Westen and Middelland are the vulnerable areas of the flood risk because of little open space. And it will have more serious potential water quantity 05 problems with the development of climate change. (RCI, 2012) Figure 5.2 The two canals are located in the neighborhoods Secondly, there are already some water issues existing with highly building density (Adapted from RCI, 2012) in the areas. (Figure 5.3) The water quality is quite SITE ANALYSIS poor because of the sewer overflow, which leads to the eutrophication and some ecological issues, such as fish killing. And the water quality issue will become more serious with more extreme rainfall events occur in this place. Then, obviously, the current Green-Blue space cannot deal with the existing water quantity and quality issues by themselves, so there is the need to adapt the SuDS measures to deal with the existing problems and the challenges of climate change. Besides, the water system in Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel, and building environment in Nieuwe Westen and Middelland are connected with each other. So the SuDS measures need to be adapted to both kinds of environment. At the same time with solving the water issues, the biodiversity and amenity values also need to be enhanced by implementing SuDS. The Heemraadssingel Figure 5.3 The TEWOR score of Heemraadssingel and and Essenburgsingel have the potentials to protect or Essenburgsingel. (Adapted from Bes, & Kemeling, 2006) increase the local biodiversity, which can contribute to the overall ecological network building. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2014) (Figure 5.4) Since the areas are the important public spaces for the people living in the surrounding neighborhoods, it is also important to involve the amenity values when solving the water issues. The SuDS is a good way to adapt the Green-Blue spaces of Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel and the neighborhood environment in Nieuwe Westen and Middelland, to solve the water problems and also increase the biodiversity and amenity values at the same time.

5.1 Delfshaven Figure 5.4 The potential to develop the natural values. The Delfshaven is located in the west of Rotterdam (Adapted from Natuurkaart Rotterdam, 2014)

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through the same pipelines and be discharged to the south. There are the north-south roads along the purification. This will lead to the problems of sewer Heemraadssingel on both sides for cars. And also the overflow during the rainfall period. If the rain is too street Essenburgsingel is also for cars. Along the street hard, the water cannot be stored, then the overflow Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel, there are filled occurs. Too much water will cause the flooding issues with the parking places on both sides of the street. on streets, and the water will be discharged into the (Figure 5.7) canals and lead to the pollution. (Lankester, 2007) The Heemraadssingel is the widest canal in Delfshave. At the beginning, the canal mainly provided the 5.2 Case study: Heemraadssingel and functions such as groundwater management, water Essenburgsingel drainage and storage. While now it also plays important roles in improving the quality of environment and 5.2.1 Introduction neighborhood livability. The curved waterline and green lawn bank shows great inspirations from the The Heemraadssingel is located in between the English-style landscape. (Lankester, 2007) And the Nieuwe Westen and Middelland, the Essenburgsingel Heemraadsplein is also located near to the canal, which is situated in the north of the Nieuwe Westen and is an elongated square surrounded by green spaces. Middelland, and in the north of the Essenburgsingel Recently, there are some new play grounds built in the is the railway. In the north of the railway, there are north of the square along the Heemraadssingel. several green spaces, such as Roel Langerakpark, Different with Heemraadssingel, the Essenburgsingel Vroesenpark, and the Diergaarde Blijdorp. The south of looks more like a ditch, especially the western part Heemraadssingel is the Coolhaven and the Delfshaven. of the canal. The east of the Essenburgsingel has the (Figure 5.6) same managed water level with Heemraadssingel. The The public traffic like tram and bus in the areas is going southern bank of Essenburgsingel East is same with west-east. And the Heemraadssingel is also divided the Heemraadssingel, while the northern bank is more into several parts by the west-east traffic line, which natural without the curved artificial waterline. There is Beukelsdijk, 2e Middellandstraat, Mathenesserlaan, are many shrubs and trees planted on the northern Figure 5.1 The locations of the Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel. and Rochussenstraat respectively from north to bank, with a trail going through the green spaces. The center, with the area of 5.80 km²and more than 70,000 canals, drains, dikes, pumping stations and other inhabitants. The Delfshaven was used to connect to resources to manage it, and the management of the city of Delft from Rotterdam. There are several the water system is owned by various parties. The districts made up of Delfshaven, such as Delfshaven, sewage, main waterways, and other waterways Schiemond, Bospolder, Tussendijken, Spangen, Oud- are managed by Gemeentewerken Beheer Mathenesse, Nieuw-Mathenesse, Nieuwe Westen, buitenruimte, Waterschappen, and Gemeentewerken Middelland. (Wikipedia, 2017) deelgemeentewerf respectively. (Lankester, 2007) The Delfshaven is a densely built center-towns area The current Delfshaven was constructed in 1389. Since of Rotterdam, with the density of over 100 dwellings then, there are ships transported from Delft to Nieuwe per hectare. Recently the districts have been much Maas through the Delfshavense Schie. Until now, the restructuring, and lots of squares, sports fields and Delfshavense Schie is still playing an important role playground were built. While the traffic and parking in shipping connections between Leiden, The Hague pressures are still the dominant problems, and there and Nieuwe Maas. (Lankester, 2007) According to the are few green areas on the street, which is normally water resources, Delfhaven can be divided into three very gritty. The Vreelust is the green heart but the parts: the Polders, Boezemland and Outsides Area. insulation by the busy Tjalklaan and the railway The Polders area includes the neighborhoods of Oud limited people’s usages and experiences. (Lankester, Mathenesse, Spangen, Nieuwe Westen and Middelland 2007) with the quite low position compared with river In Delfshaven, the water is an important part of the Nieuwe Maas. (Figure 5.5)The Boezemland consists urban structure and it will influence the outdoor of Coolhaveneiland, Tussendijken and Bospolder. This space plans. Delfshaven had developed the new spatial area is elevated relative to the Delfshavense Schie development and water plan to solve the water issues, with almost no surface water excepting the Schie. such as improving the water storage capacity and The outside areas are Schiemond, Lloydkwartier and water quality, while also enhancing other functions Müllerpier. (Lankester, 2007) like ecology or water experience. (Lankester, 2007) The sewerage in Delfshaven is a combined system, The water system in Delfshaven consists of which means the waste water and rain water will go Figure 5.5 The height map of Delfshaven.(Adapted from Figure 5.6 The surroundings. 62 GIS data) 63 05 SITE ANALYSIS 05 SITE ANALYSIS

Figure 5.7 The traffic situations. Figure 5.8 The functional map. 64 65 05 SITE ANALYSIS 05 SITE ANALYSIS

1 2 9 10

There are some companies or factories located in This mosque is the Mevlana Moskee Rotterdam, The southern bank of the Essenburgsingel East is the The northern bank of the Essenburgsingel East is the this area, like Hofrijn BV. But there are also several which is built by the Turkish-Dutch community English Style with curved water lines, big green lawn natural bank with different planting layers, such as private houses. in 2001. In 2006, it awarded as the most beautiful and trees. grass, shrubs and trees. The species are diverse in building in Rotterdam. this area.

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The new pump station is built on the head of the The sports field is the Sportvereniging Jai-Hind. There The square is located at the east end of the This water area connect Heemraadssingel with Essenburgsingel and carries the excess rainwater are 2 standard football field and a small one. Essenburgsingel East, with a beautiful art works in Essenburgsingel East, which is located in front of a from Schie, and also it keeps the water levels in the the centre. residential building. So it also functions as a green surrounding neighbourhoods. space.

5 6 13 14

DE PLUKTUIN is an urban farm garden which is The educational garden Essenburgsingel provide the The Heemraadssingel is the widest canal in this The new playground is built along with the west side open to everyone. Different volunteers from the garden lessons to school to participate in various areas. The whole park is filled with the English style of Heemraadssingel. There are many recreational neighbourhoods will work here for green activities. garden programs. But it is open to the public, and inspirations, with artificially curved water line and facilities for children to play. Now it has become a visitors can enjoy the garden working as well. green lawns. very popular place in the neighborhoods.

7 8 15 16

This is a sport area for basketball and other activities, This area is also for urban farming activities. The This area is also for recreation with a basketball The Heemraadsplein is a central square with which is also surrounded by the green spaces with plants are arranged in the beautiful patterns. place and a skateboard site. The skateboard have the green surroundings. This area have been used some facilities for children. However it is not clear who will manage this area. potentials for water storage function with the form of for marketing or holding activities, such as the groove Rotterdam harvest festival. Figure 5.9 The pictures on site.(Photos from author) 66 67 05 SITE ANALYSIS 05 SITE ANALYSIS

west of the Essenburgsingel is the land with more The soil structure has large variation within the city of shallow surface of the groundwater. The upper layer south of the Heemraadssingel is much higher than different functions instead of a park, such as the sports Rotterdam. Generally speaking, the Rotterdam city is is usually an anthropogenic layer used for the urban the northern area, since it is more close to the river field, factory, and the urban farm lands. built on the deep sand package. Above this layer, it is construction, which normally consists of sand, clay, Schie. Besides, it also shows that there are quite large The specific functions of different places are described the layer called “Holocene Coating”, which is also just a and debris.(Figure 5.10) In the urban area, there is a variations between different points even there are in figure 5.8 and figure 5.9. few meters below the ground level. This layer consists strong variation in the shallow soil, and the thickness close to each other, such Point 6 and Point 4, Point 9 of deposits of clay, peat and sand soil. Due to the of the layer can range from several decimeters to and Point 10. The reason for this situation could be the 5.2.2 Soil and groundwater analysis property of poor water permeability. This layer forms meters.(Lankester, 2007) difference of the soil structure, sewer system, and other a barrier between the deeper sand package and the The section A-A’ is from the west end of Essenburgsingel factors. Besides, basically speaking, the groundwater canal to the east end of the water. As you can see from level shows the periodic changes, which is mainly the figure 5.11, the soil under the first anthropogenic influenced by the periodic change of climates, such as layer is the peat soil in Essenburgsingel West, while the change between rain season and dry season. When in the Essenburgsingel East, the soil under the the rainy season is coming, in the months from Oct. to anthropogenic layer is clay or peat soil. The section Feb., the groundwater level will rise, and vice versa. B-B’ is from the north to the south of Heemraadssingel (Lankester, 2007) canal. According to the figure 5.12, at the north Besides, the groundwater level is also influenced by the of 2e Middellandstraat, the soil layer under the surface water. When the surface water is lower than anthropogenic layer is clay and peat soil. At the south the groundwater level, it functions as a supplement of 2e Middellandstraat, most of the soil under the agent to the groundwater, vice versa. However, with anthropogenic layer is mainly the clay soil. little surface water in the neighborhoods, this area The groundwater level also has the large variation, has limited influence on the overall groundwater which is determined by the soil structure, the surface system. However, the groundwater nearby the canal water system, and precipitation. Generally speaking, will keep the same level with the surface water. the neighborhoods have the local problems with Also, the old sewer system also has influences on the insufficient dewatering of the groundwater because of groundwater level. since it also works as a drainage for the too much hard surface area. When the groundwater the groundwater to leak in. So the groundwater level Figure 5.10 The hydrological section of groundwater in Rotterdam city.(Adapted from Bes, & Kemeling, 2006) level is much lower, the water will rise from the first will arise if the old sewer system is replaced. (Van der water supply package to supply the freatic groundwater Brugge, 2009) level. (Lankester, 2007) The figure 5.13 shows the average, maximum and minimum groundwater level 5.2.3 Water quantity analysis in the area. Obviously, the groundwater level in the

Figure 5.11 The section A-A'of the soil layers in Essenburgsingel.(Adapted from Dinoloket, 2017) Figure 5.12 The section B-B'of the soil layers in Heemraadssingel.(Adapted from Dinoloket, 2017) 68 69 05 SITE ANALYSIS 05 SITE ANALYSIS

Table 5.1 The detailed information of the surface water. (Adapted from Bes, & Kemeling, 2006) Area Target level Surface(ha) Drainage surface(ha) Surface relative Drainage capacity (m t.o.v.NAP) drainage callous(%) Heemraadssingel(a) ‐2.4 2.8 133.3 2.7(c) 300(b) Essenburgsingel ‐2.7 0.85 ‐‐600(b) a) The water of Essenburgsingel East is included with the Heemraadssingel, since they belong to the same target level. So the area Essenburgsingel in this table only refer to the Essenburgsingel West. b) The discharge of the Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel takes place by means of a weir. The mentioned discharge capacity will take place when the water in Heemraadssingel have the increase of 0.10m. c) The water surface refers to the joint surface of Essenburgsingel and Heemraadssingel.

Figure 5.13 The information of groundwater level within the area. (Adapted from GIS data) Figure 5.14 The surface water of Heemraadssingel to Essenburgsingel.(Adapted from Bes, & Kemeling, 2006) 70 71 05 SITE ANALYSIS 05 SITE ANALYSIS

5.2.3.1 Surface water surface water in Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel. The surface water system in Nieuwe Westen and Generally speaking, there are 3 possible ways of the Middelland consists of 2 main waterways. One inlet of the surface water: precipitation, sewer system, is Heemraadssingel and the eastern part of the pumping the water from Coolhaven, besides there are Essenburgsingel, another one is the western part also 2 possible ways of the outlet of the surface water: of the Essenburgsingel, which have the levels of the evaporation and pumping station. (Figure 5.15) -2.40 and -2.70 meters NAP respectively. Part of Excepting the natural activities, the surface water in the water in Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel is influenced East is coming from the Coolhaven. The water by 3 artificial systems or measures: the sewer system, between Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel water from Coolhaven, the new pumping station at the East does not have real flow with the targeted western end of Essenburgsingel. direction. They are just connected with each other. The Heemraadssingel(included Essenburgsingel 5.2.3.2 Sewer system East) and Essenburgsingel West are connected by There is one sewer pumping station located in the means of a weir. Only when the water level in Heemraadsplein. (Figure 5.16) The pumping station Heemraadssingel rises by 0.10m, the water will flow here will receive the water from its own environment from Heemraadssingel to Essenburgsingel West. and convey the waste water to the treatment plant in (Figure 5.14) (Lankester, 2007) the Doklaan. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2017) The table 5.1 shows the detailed information of the The table 5.2 shows the detailed information of the sewer system in this area. In Rotterdam, the sewer system is connected to the surface system. And one of the important functions of the surface water is to serve as the drainage surface of the sewer system or rain water collection pipes. (Lankester, 2007) In Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel East, there are several outflow points connected between the sewer system with surface water. However, in Essenburgsingel West there are no outflow point connected between the sewer system and surface

Figure 5.16 The sewer pumping station located in Heemraadsplein.(Photo from Author)

Table 5.2 Detailed information of the sewer system. (Adapted from Bes, & Kemeling, 2006) Item Westen area(a) Storage(mm) 6.4 Storage(m3) 7147 Pump over capacity(mm/h) 0.56 Pump over capacity(m3/h) 642 overflow drainage capacity capacity(mm/h) 2.34 overflow drainage capacity capacity(m3/h) 2786 a) The Wester area refers to the neighborhood Nieuwe Westen and part of Middelland, since they are located in the west of the centrum Figure 5.15 The inlet and outlet of the surface water. area. Figure 5.17 The sewer system (Adapted from GIS data) 72 73 05 SITE ANALYSIS 05 SITE ANALYSIS

Table 5.3 The precipitation and evaporation and precipitation surplus on the monthly base from 1981 to 2010. ("Weerstatistieken KNMI - Actuele weergegevens", 2017) 1981‐2010 Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Sum 1981Precipitation‐2010 Year 69.1Jan. 58.3Feb. 64.9Mar. 42.6Apr. 58.3May 65.2Jun. 74.0Jul. 81.0Aug. 87.1Sep. 90.1Oct. 87.1Nov. 78.3Dec. 856.0Sum PrecipitationEvaporation 69.18.4 15.158.3 33.664.9 58.442.6 85.358.3 91.065.2 94.874.0 80.381.0 48.487.1 26.890.1 10.887.1 6.178.3 559.0856.0 EvaporationP‐E 8.460.6 15.143.2 33.631.4 58.4‐15.9 85.3‐27.1 91.0‐25.8 94.8‐20.8 80.30.7 48.438.7 26.863.3 10.876.3 6.172.2 559.0297.0 P‐E 60.6 43.2 31.4 ‐15.9 ‐27.1 ‐25.8 ‐20.8 0.7 38.7 63.3 76.3 72.2 297.0 TableClimate 5.4 scenario The precipitation W(H) Jan. and Feb.evaporation Mar. and Apr. precipitation May Jun. surplus Jul. on the Aug. monthly Sep. base Oct. on the Nov. W(H). Dec. Sum ClimatePrecipitation scenario W(H)72.5 Jan. 61.2Feb. 68.2Mar. 44.7Apr. 61.2May 68.5Jun. 77.7Jul. 85.1Aug. 91.5Sep. 94.6Oct. 91.5Nov. 82.3Dec. 898.8Sum EvaporationPrecipitation 72.59.0 16.161.2 35.968.2 62.544.7 91.361.2 97.468.5 101.477.7 85.186.0 91.551.8 94.628.6 91.511.6 82.36.5 598.1898.8 EvaporationP‐E 9.063.5 16.145.1 35.932.2 62.5‐17.8 91.3‐30.1 97.4‐28.9 101.4‐23.7 86.0‐0.9 51.839.7 28.666.0 11.679.9 6.575.7 598.1300.7 P‐E 63.5 45.1 32.2 ‐17.8 ‐30.1 ‐28.9 ‐23.7 ‐0.9 39.7 66.0 79.9 75.7 300.7 for the futures, which was officially opened on 2016. deficit will cause the decrease of the surface water ("Nieuw gemaal Essenburgsingel", 2017) level. However, since the surface water itself have the ability of water storage, so it is not very necessary to add the extra surface water area only for the water 5.2.3.4 Water storage assignment body. And for green space, the soil will lose much Seasonal storage moisture to the air, so there is the need to use the extra To realize the self-sufficient water balance during the water to water the plant growth. However, it will not Figure 5.18 The overflow between the sewage system and the surface system.(Adapted from Bes, & Kemeling, 2006) summer time, it means that the water body cannot have too much influence on the building environment. receive and send out any water. The amount of water (Qian, 2011) from precipitation and the amount of water consumed Here is the calculation for the needed areas for system, so this area do not function as the drainage is an inlet point for the water from Coolhaven to the by the evaporation within the selected area can reach seasonal storage. surface directly. The figure 5.17 shows the area that canal. (Figure 5.19) In general, this inlet point will a balance. (Qian, 2011) •The average water needed around 2050: Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel East serves as only slightly open so that the canal is continuously Considering the situations of Heemraadssingel and 17.8+30.1+28.9+23.7 +0.9=101.5mm the drainage surface. (Bes, & Kemeling, 2006) supplied with fresh water. Based on the observation, Essenburgsingel, to realize the self-sufficient water •The area of selected Green-Blue space: 241230 According to the figure 5.17, in the southern end of it is roughly estimated that the inlet flow is around balance, there are several assuming conditions. Firstly, m^2 Heemraadssingel, there are two outflow points to inlet 20m^3/hour in the daily situation. After the taking since the surface water area is much small compared •The water loss during the summer time in this the water from Coolhaven, which is aimed to flush place of sewage overflow, Heemraadssingel will be with the overall neighborhoods, so it will not have big area: 101.5 mm*241230 m^2 =24484.8 m^3 the water in the canal to make it clean. The part of flushed as soon as possible to mix the overflow water influences on the groundwater level. In the calculation •The existing water storage volume in selected Heemraadssingel between Nieuwe Binnenweg and 2e and the fresh water, and the intake of the fresh water model, it is assumed that the groundwater level area: 36500 m^2 *0.5m=18250m^3 Middellandstraat have two outflow points connected from Coolhaven will be up to 60m^3/hour. (Lankester, is relatively stable throughout the year. Secondly, •The extra needed water for seasonal storage: with the sewer system. Similar to the part between & Otten, 2009) without the water in and out of the surface water, so 24484.8 m^3-18250m^3=6235 m^3 Beukelsdijk and 2e Middellandstraat, there are two The new pumping station is located at the western it assumed that the inlet pipe from Coolhaven is closed So to realize the seasonal storage based on the outflow points connected with the sewer system and end of the Essenburgsingel. With the capacity of and the pump station is also closed, and the overflow climate scenario W(H) 2050, there are still need extra another two points only connected with the rainwater 38m^3, the pumping station can discharge or supply of the sewer system is also ignored. 6235m^3 provided for the seasonal water storage. collection pipes. At the Essenburgsingel East, there are water of 38m^3/minutes. The pump station replaced The formulation used for calculation of the need for (Figure 5.20) two outflow points connected with the sewer system the temporary pumping station located on the the season storage: The needed seasonal storage volume calculation and one point connected with the rainwater pipes. The Stadhoudersweg (north side of Rotterdam Zoo), so The amount of water deficit in 2050= Precipitation is also done to the Heemraadssingel(including outflow points connect the sewer system with surface the excess water will be directly discharged to the amount (scenario W(H))- Evaporation amount Essenburgsingel East) and Essenburgsingel West. water, which also leads to the overflow issues during river Schie. This new pumping station can keep the (scenario W(H)) (Qian, 2011) •Essenburgsingel West: 89417.9839*0.1015- the extreme rainfall event. water level in North Rotterdam and Delfshaven. The The precipitation and evaporation are different 8500*0.5=4826m^3 The sewage system and the surface system are pumping station is one of the measures of Waterplan between the seasons. Based on the data used in the •Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel East: interconnected. (Figure 5.18) The thresholds of the 2 to make Rotterdam climate proof and preparing climate change research, the table 5.3 shows the 151813.5209*0.1015-28000*0.5=1409m^3 overflow are at an altitude of NAP -2,2 meters(0.2m precipitation, evaporation, and precipitation surplus So in Essenburgsingel West, there are 4826m^3 needed above the normal single level). If there is a large rise on the monthly basis from 1981 to 2010. Now, the for the seasonal storage, and in Heemraadssingel and in the sewage system, the water will overflow into the averagely 15.9+27.1+25.8+20.8=89.6mm’s water is Essenburgsingel East, there are 1409m^3 needed. canals. If the water level in canals also rises to above the needed from April to July. threshold, it will allow the free exchange of the water According to the KNMI scenario W(H) 2050, the Peak storage between both systems. So the drainage capacity of the average precipitation will increase by 5% and the The extreme rainfall events have much bigger sewage system is hampered. With the rising of water potential average evaporation will increase by 7%. influences on the sewage system than the surface level in canals, the discharge of the rainwater to the The table 5.4 shows the precipitation, evaporation, water system. And for the Green-Blue space, it is less surface water is also not possible, then the rainwater and precipitation surplus based on the W(H) model. urgent to build the peak storage areas than for the will remain on the street. (Bes, & Kemeling, 2006) In the urban area, there are mainly 3 different land sewer system. uses: the surface water, green space and the building It is the truth that the overflow between sewer system 5.2.3.3 Other measures environment. In the dry summer, the precipitation and the surface system is connected, which means the On the southern end of the Heemraadssingel, there Figure 5.19 The waterfall at the south of Heemraadssingel. 74 (Photo from author) 75 05 SITE ANALYSIS 05 SITE ANALYSIS

Table 5.5 The current situations and forecasted extreme rainfall event.(Qian, 2011)

Table 5.6 The water amount needed for the peak storage based on the climate scenarios W(H) 2050.

water from sewer system can flow to the surface water bank, with 3.97ha along the canal. Also considering while the surface water can also flow back to the sewer the interception ability of the trees and grasses, it system, with the threshold of -2.2NAP water level. assumes only 75% of the precipitation on the green (Lankester, 2007) However, the overflow activities space will flow into the canal. (Canopy interception, from sewer system to surface water more often occur 2017) So it will lead to the small extra rising of than the overflow activities from surface water to surface water, which is : 39700m^2 * 0.00205m * sewer system. 0.75/36500m^2=16.7mm. So the surface will rise The extreme rainfall activity is the most common to around -2.383m NAP, which is far lower than the reason for the sewer overflow. During the extreme threshold of -2.2m NAP. rainfall events, the sewer system will be easier and The simple calculation model could have much earlier to achieve the threshold than the surface difference with the real situation, however, it also system. Assume an extreme rainfall event during the shows the big difference of the possibilities between summer time with 24 hours. the two different overflow activities. So for the green- The overall drainage surface of Heemraadssingel blue space itself, it does not have the urgent need and Essenburgsingel is around 131.4ha. To some to build the space for peak storage. While the peak extent, the rainwater falling on the surface water storage areas used to reduce the water flowing into system(including the green bank along the water) will the sewer system or increasing the sewer storage be stored on the site, which means it will also not flow capacity, are much necessary to build to face with the into the sewer system. Different with surface water climate changes. and the green bank, most of the rainwater falling on To prevent the overflow from sewer system to the the hard surface will be collected and discharged surface water, the calculation formula for the peak through the sewer system. So the hard surface in storage assignment for the extreme rainfall: the area is the effective area for the sewer system, The amount of water needed storage= Precipitation which is around 110ha within the drainage surface. amount(scenario W(H))-Existing Sewer Storage (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2017) The sewer storage amount-Sewer Discharge amount. (Qian, 2011) capacity: 7147m^3, and the sewer pump capacity is Based on the climate scenarios W(H), in 2050, the 642m^3/h. Theoretically, when the amount of rainfall amount of the extreme rainfall event will increase, is beyond the sewer storage and pump capacity, the by 25% per hour and with 22% per day. (Tank et al., sewer overflow will happen. Assuming the sewer 2014) The table 5.5 shows the current situations and storage capacity is all used for the rainwater. The expected situations around 2050. After the calculation, threshold of the precipitation(24 hours) that the the table 5.6 shows the water amount that is needed overflow will take place is : (7147m^3+642m^3/ for the peak storage based on the climate scenarios h*24h)/1,100,000m^2=20.5mm. W(H) 2050. During the same rainfall event, the increase in the Using the extreme 24-hour precipitation with water level of the surface water is also around 20.5mm, the return period of 100 years as an example, the without considering the pumping activities and the calculation process is followed. inlet water from Coolhaven. However, the surface •The precipitation amount needs to be treated: water also receives part of the water from the grass 0.0964m*1100000m^2=106018m^3. Figure 5.20 The Seasonal storage assignment. 76 77 05 SITE ANALYSIS 05 SITE ANALYSIS

•To prevent the taking place of sewer overflow, in the water, and another is the ecological status. May 2017 Oct. 2016 all these amounts of water need to be stored on (Lankester, 2007) the surface or treated with the sewer system. The The sewer system also has big influences on the water existing sewer system storage capacity: 7147m^3, quality. Generally speaking, the area with the outflow and the sewer pump capacity is 642m^3/h. point connected to the sewer system have a higher risk •For the 24 hours event, the amount of peak of sewer overflow, which also means the bad influences water needed storage: 106018m^3-7147m^3- of the overflow will be more serious than other places. 642m^3/h*24=83463 m^3. The TEWOR test that had done for Heemraadssingel So for the overall sewer drainage area, there are 83463 and Essenburgsingel also shows the similar results. m^3 needed for the peak storage to prevent the sewer The TEWOR test is displayed for various watercourses overflow happening during the 1/100 year extreme in the center of Rotterdam. The TEWOR stands for rainfall event. “Impact assessment on the water quality of the deposits from sewer system”. With a water quality 5.2.4 Water quality model, it mainly calculates the effects of the discharges on the oxygen balance. (Lankester, 2007) According to The water quality can be described from two table 5.7, the water quality of part of Heemraadssingel perspectives, one is the level of relative chemicals located in the north of Nieuwe Binnenweg and

Table 5.7 The TEWOR score of Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel.(Adapted from Bes, & Kemeling, 2006) Location Description Tewor scores Heemraadssingel (South of Binnenweg) Tewor Class II, moderate chance fish mortality 2.5‐5.0 Heemraadssingel (North of Binnenweg ) Tewor Class III, high probability fish mortality 5.0‐7.5 Essenburgsingel East Tewor Class III, high probability fish mortality 5.0‐7.5 Essenburgsingel West Tewor Class II, moderate chance fish mortality 2.5‐5.0 Table 5.8 The level of relative chemicals in the water at Heemraadssingel(Adapted from Lankester, & Otten, 2009) Column1 Unit Concentration MTR(norm) P(Summer average) mg/l 0.37 0.15 N(Summer average) mg/l 1.7 2.2 CL mg/l 63 200 O2(Summer average) mg/l 6.5 5 PH 8 6.5‐9

Figure 5.21 The existing water quality status. (Photos in May 2017 from author, photos in Oct. 2016 from Google Map) Figure 5.22 The low level of ambition: cloudy water, litter Figure 5.23 The high level of ambition: clear water, rich 78 plant, with Snoekbaars, Brass and Carp fish. (Adapted plant, with Pike and Roach fish. (Adapted from Lankester, 79 from Lankester, 2007) 2007) 05 SITE ANALYSIS 05 SITE ANALYSIS

Essenburgsingel East is bad with the scores between the water can switch from cloudy to clear. And the Table 5.9 The difference between the two habitats.(Adapted from Lankester, 2007) 5.0 and 7.5, and the part of the Heemraadssingel located removal of the litter and introduction of shore plants Item The artificial bank habitat The natural bank habitat in the south of Nieuwe Binnenweg Essenburgsingel can increase the habitats for many animals. The low The edge Hard egde by using timber Soft edge with plants and soil West is with the scores between 2.5 and 5.0. (Bes, & level of ambition is the existing situation of turbid Vegetation layer Trees, lawns, and a few shrubs in the artificial pattern Trees, shrubs, grasses, in natural form Riparian vegetation Almost no Much Kemeling, 2006) water with lots of bream and carp. (Figure 5.23) The overflow of the sewer system is the main reason According to the plan, 80% of the canals will achieve for the eutrophication in the surface water. In 2006, the high level of ambition of the water quality images Table 5.10 The existing tree species in Heemraadsingel and Essenburgsingel. a measurement was been done in Heemraadsingel in Rotterdam.( Gemeente Rotterdam et. al, 2007) Name Latin Name Height Flowering Soil type Paving Ecology value to investigate the water quality. According to the Dutch Linde Tilia x europaea 15‐30m June/July, All Tolerates partial Valuable for bees (honey plant), table 5.8, the concentration of P(0.37mg/l) during 5.2.5 Biodiversity analysis fragrant flowers paving valuable for butterflies the summer time is more than twice of standard Sycamore Platanus 30‐35 m May Rich, preferably Tolerates paving humid soil concentration(0.15mg/l). And the concentration The water and green environments in Heemraadsingel Hawthorn Crataegus 6‐8 m May / June with Oamy soil, Tolerates no Provide food and shelter for many of O2(6.5 mg/l) is also a little higher than the and Essenburgsingel provide the space for numerous highly fragrant sandy soil, paving species of birds and mammals, the standard(5mg/l). The concentration of N and CL is plants and animals. For example, the bank provides flowers nutrient‐poor flowers are important for many limited within the normal level. (Lankester, 2007) the environment for birds, smaller organisms, insects, soil nectar‐feeding insects. On the May of 2017, the author had done the field and the waterfowl and fish can live in the water. Weeping willow Salix 12 ‐ 15 m April/May Moist to wet, Tolerates no Willows are an important supplier of work on the site, to explore the existing water status. babylonica preferably paving pollen for insects ,valuable for bees calcareous (honey plant) As you can see from figure 5.21, the water has started 5.2.5.1 Existing habitat and species Black pine Pinus nigra 20 ‐ 25 (40) m April All Tolerates no Provides food for birds to become cloudy with the visible bloom of algal in the In this area, there are two kinds of existing habitat White Betula utilis 10 ‐ 15 m April All, loose soil, Tolerates partial Valuable for butterflies water. And there are also much garbage floating on the for the plants and animals. One is the natural bank Himalayan birch requires little paving water surface. Looking back to Oct. 2016 by Google habitat(Figure 5.24), another one is the artificial moisture Map on the same position, the algal bloom was much bank habitat(Figure 5.25). The table 5.9 shows the Norway maple Acer 20 – 30 m April, before Any, apart from Tolerates partial Valuable for bees (honey plant), more serious than May 2017. Almost all the surface difference between the two habitats. platanoides leaf growth, peaty soil paving valuable for butterflies fragrant flowers were covered by the algal bloom. All in all, the issue of And the table 5.10 shows some tree species and table Sweet cherry Prunus avium 15 ‐ 20 m April Limy, fertile, Tolerates no Valuable for bees (honey plant), algal bloom still exists in this area, which has seriously 5.11 shows the existing animals in Heemraadsingel sandy soil paving valuable for butterflies, provides bad influences on the ecological status and visual and Essenburgsingel. food for birds experience. Gray poplar Populus 20 ‐ 25 m March Moist nutritious Tolerates paving In Heemraadsingel and Essenburgsingel, the current 5.2.5.2 Targeted development images canescens soils Elm Ulmus 6 ‐ 10 m March/April Moist and light, Tolerates no Valuable for butterflies appearance is with turbid water, hard edging bank, The achievement of the targeted water quality 'Camperdownii' favours paving little plant in water with lots of bream and carp. The images also needs the help of the improvement of the calcareous soils water is rich in food, which stimulates the bloom of existing habitat and biodiversity. Based on the plan Black alder Alnus glutinosa 10 ‐ 20 m March/April Moist to wet, Tolerates no algal, so the water is cloudy. Then there is insufficient that the municipality made, there are several target not too poor paving light for submerged vegetation. The species like bream, approaches which can enhance the existing water Cherry plum Prunus 6 ‐ 8 m March/April, Fertile and Tolerates partial Valuable for bees (honey plant), pike and carp are dominated since they do not depend ecological quality. Firstly, there is a need to introduce cerasifera fragrant flowers humid paving provides food for birds Flowering ash Fraxinus ornus 8 ‐ 15 m May/June, Drier calcareous Tolerates paving on the shore vegetation. The food search behavior of the riparian vegetation. The riparian vegetation can veryfragrant, soils these fish can also contribute to turbidity. (Lankester, serve as the food, shelters, breeding place for fishes or fragrant flowers 2007) birds, which can also improve the kinds and numbers Bald cypress Taxodium 18 ‐ 30 (50) m June Moisture‐ Tolerates partial To solve the existing water issues, the municipality of of the species. Secondly, by reducing the nutrients distichum retentive to paving Rotterdam develop the goals and models to improve in the water, there is the opportunity to develop the swampy,modera tely dry the water quality images. According to the Waterplan underwater vegetation reasonably, which can supply Yew Taxus baccata 10 ‐ 15 (20) m April Well‐permeable Tolerates no Valuable for bees (honey plant), 2.0, the overall objective for optimum water quality in oxygen, restrict algae bloom and provide the food paving provides food for birds Rotterdam is briefly summarized as “clear water plant and shelter to water lives. Then, the fish community, Maclura Maclura 10 ‐ 15 (20) m June Fertile, Tolerates no kingdom”. And it also provides two target levels of such as Pike and Roach, can get more opportunities to pomifera pomifera calcareous paving water quality. ( Gemeente Rotterdam et. al, 2007) compete with Brass and Carp. (Lankester, 2007) Ash Fraxinus 25 ‐ 30 (40) m April Suitable for wet Tolerates no The water quality image at the high level of ambition To improve the overall natural and ecological values excelsior soil, withstand paving short flood is stable clear and plant-rich water with the fishing of the Green-Blue spaces, the Natuurkaart Rotterdam Waknut tree Juglans regia 15 ‐ 30 m May/June Calcareous and Tolerates no community. (Figure 5.22) The feasibility of the high also gives some suggestions for the development. humid soil paving water quality image is determined by the possibility Firstly, from the perspective of the ecological network, Aspen Populus tremula 25 ‐ 30 m April, May All Tolerates no Valuable for butterflies of the substantial reduction in the nutrient-rich of the the area Heemraadsingel and Essenburgsingel have paving water, which requires considerable management and the potential to be connected with the northern areas, Japanese Prunus serrulata 8 ‐ 10 m late April, early Does not stand Tolerates paving flowering cherry May up to wet soil. investment. In this situation, the nutrients in water such as Roel Langerakpark, Vroesenpark, and the Park Sycamore Acer 25 ‐ 30 (40) m April Any soil Tolerates partial Valuable for bees (honey plant) will be reduced, which can be achieved by reducing Zestienhoven. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2014) maple pseudoplatanus paving sewage spillages, removing the nutrient-rich soil Secondly, some parts of the Essenburgsingel West Metasequoia Metasequoia gl 25 ‐ 35 m May Moisture‐ Tolerates paving sludge, leaving less nutrient-rich water inlets. Then have the potential to be developed as the “The Green yptostroboides retentive and well‐permeable 80 81 05 SITE ANALYSIS 05 SITE ANALYSIS

Table 5.11 The existing animal species in Heemraadsingel and Essenburgsingel. (Photo from author and websites) Species Habitat Behavior Species Habitat Behavior The Jackdaw(Corvus Jackdaws are omnivores: As the cleaners of dog pee, Rose-ringed Parakeets The food consists of seeds, Ring-necked Parakeets is the monedula) is truly a city bird, insects, snails, worms, buds, they also provide us a service. (Psittacula krameri) are bright fruits and especially peanuts. resident birds in Netherlands. which belongs to the crows. seeds, berries and animal You can find Jackdaws green and noisy birds, native However, they are largely Without the help of the carcasses. They normally seek everywhere in the city. In to India and Central Africa. dependent on supplementary feeding, they will not survive the food on the ground. the Netherlands, the jackdaw They are just around 40cm feeding. The nest is made in a the food storage in the winter. The habitats that they love are stays in the country all-year- length. solitary tree, often in old trees So there are not commonly the lanes with big trees and round. at considerable height. live outside of urban areas. open ground, especially in the urban areas.

Duck is the common name for The specie is omnivorous and Most of the ducks living in the v The Egyptian Goose The Egyptian goose eats seeds, The Egyptian goose will be many species of birds of the eat what is available. They eat Netherlands with a temperate (Alopochen aegyptiaca) is a leaves, grasses and stalks. aggressice during the breeding duck family. In most species, grasses, aquatic plants, fish, climate are mainly sedentary. duck-like bird, which belongs Occasionally this animal eats season. The nests are mainly the males have a colorful insects and bread, and prefer However, the Ducks from to the family Anatidae. After grasshoppers, worms and in holes or on the trunk of breeding suit, the females the fresh water. northern region may move to a number of the species had other small animals. They large trees. hiding colors. The wild duck( Normally the nest is made the south when the weather escaped in 1967, the Egyptian lives mainly on land, such as Anas platyrhynchos) is the near water, under bushes, start to get cold. goose is already quite swamp, moor and agricultural common water bird found in between plants, in tree holes. common here. land, although they can swim many parks and ponds. The water should be no more well. than 1m deep.

Bat are mammals that can fly. The European bats are mostly They hang down there during There is almost no park, canal Coots eat mostly ripairan The Coots that breed in the There are over 1100 species insectivores. Some overwinter the daytime. In the evening or ditch in the Netherlands plants, but the youngsters Netherlands, and usually will worldwide. In the Netherlands in tree caves and houses. They bats fly out, so many people without coots(Fulica atra). also eat all kinds of also stay in the Netherlands in there are mainly the Vesper are loyal to their status and have never seen a bat in the The numers are the largest in invertebrates such as snails winter. One part of the coots bats(Myotis myotis) and wintering place. wild. The bat breeds at a low the Netherlands. and fish. The also eat grass. will fly to Spain and Portugal. horseshoe bat(Rhinolophus rate with no more than one The nest is mostly located In the Netherlands there are hipposideros). pup one time. in the riparian vegetation also many coots comming with freshwater, especially from the northeastern regions. the areas with hefty bank vegetation are much popular.

Seagulls are seabirds within The specie is omnivorous, The Dutch herring There are different species The food is mainly the Most of the dove is the the family of truffles. In the from the seafood fish, gulls mainly stays in the of the dove in this area, such vegetation and consists of sedentary birds, but a small Netherlands, we see the Black-shellfish, to human leftovers Netherlands. In winter there as Feral Pigeon(Columba seeds and other plant parts, part will fly to France and headed Gull(Croicocephalus like fries, beard, and also the are also some visiting herring livia),Stock Dove(Columba and also some urban foods like Spain. In winter there are also ridibundus), European chicks of other shorebirds. gulls from Northern and oenas), and Common Wood bread and fries. Urban pigeons the doves from Germany and Herring Gull(Larus The gulls most live in the Eastern Europe country. Pigeon(Columba palumbus). are mainly in the urban area the Scandinavian countries, argentatus) or storm coastal areas, in colonies Because the foxes often rob The wood pigeon is the largest where they mainly nest on who will remain in the gull(Larus canus) the most. in dunes, salt marches and the nests, they are pushed to and also the most common ledges, edges of buildings and Netherlands until April. On the site most of the dykes, and also breed on the nest on the rooftops in some bird in the Netherlands. bridges, and trees. seagulls are the European roofs. area within the cities. Herring gull.

Swans(Cygnus olor) belong to The food consists of aquatic The swans prefer to remain The blue heron(Ardea cinerea)Blue herons eat all that can be Frost is problem for blue the larger waterfowl. They can plants. In the absence of this, in their territory during the is the best known member of found in shallow water (fresh, herons, so many herons reach a span of 2.3 meters and the swan also eats small mild winter. If the winter the heron family and occurs in brackish and even salt) ,such thereby will leave in winter, weigh up to 13 kg. The white aquatic animals. With their is cold, with more birds Europe and Asia. Nowadays, as small and large fish, also to England, southern France swan is the most common long necks they specialize in comming from the east to the the blue herons are around the moles and mice if they can or other area. Only a few of here. dabbling to the aquatic plants Netherlands, there is a tension every city and they visit the catch them. The habitats are the blue herons remains in the ar depths. for the space. green spaces with a pond as the shallow water that can Netherlands during winter, Swans are everywhere with the regular basis. offer the sufficient food, and and roams around the place fresh water. They breed in the trees are also important to where the supplement is low-lying areas, with the open breed. aplenty. grasslands along the water. 82 83 05 SITE ANALYSIS 05 SITE ANALYSIS

Clusters”. The Green Cluster refers to the green spaces The canals are the icon for Rotterdam. The Rotterdam spread in the city, such as the sports field, cemeteries, canal has the representative traditional images. urban farms. For the sports field, the fast species (Figure 5.26) The water and green are shaped as a like poplar can function as the important residence coherent style, which is the Rotterdam style. The and forage areas for the fauna. In the urban farming waterways are 10 to 20 meters wide, with straight area, it can have the largely different species, such as or sloping shabby shores and smooth lawns on both varied shrub plantation, various old trees from oak sides of the water. The ratio of green and water is often to conifers, mushrooms, and flowers on the ground. 2:1. There is a little vegetation visible in water with And there are also many insects, small garden birds, the sporadic spread, which hardly affects the shore and butterflies which can be attracted. Generally, the structure. All these typical features show the spirits of Essenburgsingel has the potential to be developed as a the English style landscape. The Heemraadssingel best forest park. The park can have monumental trees, tall- fits the image, while the Essenburgsingel West is the age trees, ferns, flowery smoldering, banks, grasslands least, which looks just like a ditch. (Lankester, 2007) with flowering plants, and aquatic plants in the water. Now the recreational activities in Heemraadsingel are The park trees have a wide variety of forest and park mainly about walking, especially with the dogs, playing Figure 5.24 The natural bank habitat.(Photo from Author) birds, also butterflies and insects. In the water area, in the playground, or just sitting on the lawn to enjoy the freshwater fish and some amphibians like Green the sunshine(Figure 5.27). So the current recreational Frog can be visible. And even some mammals occurs, activities are quite simple. In Essenburgsingel East, the such as rabbits, bats, mouses. (Gemeente Rotterdam, northern bank is also a much popular place for people 2014) to walk with the dogs(Figure 5.28), and the natural As for the Heemraadsingel, improving the water experience makes this space different with other quality images is one of the most important targets, parks. And it also has the place for urban farming. In and it is also recommended to add more ecological Essenburgsingel West, it is not a pleasant place for values at the same time. However, different with people to walk since there is not a real path for people Essenburgsingel, It has the limited potentials to be to walk along the water. Besides, in this area, there developed as a forest park because of the preserving are 2 organizations for the urban farming activities. of some amenity values. Firstly, the Heemraadsingel One is the educational organization and another one is much more used by the local people for the daily is open to all the communities. Both of them have high activities. Secondly, the Heemraadsingel has the educational values of the urban farming activities. standard English style, which is regarded as a kind of The Heemraadssingel has a quite long history, which representative of the Rotterdam Style. Also, the green is originated around 1900 and was completed in style is also connected with the historical and cultural 1915. The canal was a part of the expansion plan of values. So for Heemraadsingel, it is important to keep GJ de Jongh. The Second World War was a particularly the balance between the ecological values and cultural eventful period of the canal, due to the establishment values.(Lankester, 2007) of the Security Service. In the years from 1940-1950, Figure 5.25 The artificial bank habitat. (Photo from Author) there were more and more companies and institutions 5.2.6 Amenity analysis located along the canal. Around 1970, there were some urban problems appeared, such as prostitution, The amenity values of Heemraadsingel and crime, and drug usage. After years of the decline due to Essenburgsingel can be analyzed from the visual the inconvenience and insecurity, a reversal occurred values, the recreational values, and cultural values. around 1996. Since then the Heemraadssingel was

Figure 5.26 The typical Rotterdam style for the canal. Figure 5.27 People enjoy the sun on the bank.(Photo from Figure 5.28 People walk with dog in natural environment. 84 Author) (Photo from Author) 85 05 SITE ANALYSIS 05 SITE ANALYSIS

increasingly in demand, and the business premises a vivid meeting point instead of an empty plain, which was converted to the apartment. (Heemraadssingel.nl, was only used to cross to the other side. In 1999, the 2017) redevelopment started, and it took around one year. The construction of Heemraadssingel at that time Nowadays, only by organizing activities the square had many debates. Because of the overly luxurious can have the increased attraction. However, the daily construction of the Heemraadssingel, there were organizing of these activities is subjected to a price too many costs paid by the municipality. However, tag that the municipality will not be willing to pay. So this argument was also countered by the fact that during the daily time without activities, it is still not an these additional costs are worthy since the higher attractive place. (Heemraadssingel.nl, 2017) expenses were returned to the higher price of the In 2005, the Singel Plan Rotterdam was carried out building lots sold by the municipality with the fast sale. to improve the old canals in Heemraadssingel. One of (Heemraadssingel.nl, 2017) the objectives was to improve the water quality and The Heemraadssingel(Figure 5.29) is also constructed green space, while it also emphasized the importance in parts, in 1900 it was built from Rochussenstraat to keep the English landscape style, with loose trees to the Fruinstraat and C.P. Tielestraat, in 1906 until and tree groups in a sloping lawn without bushes. 2e Middellandstraat and in 1916 to the Beukelsdijk. (Heemraadssingel.nl, 2017) In 1900, there was a bridge at the junction with Generally speaking, the Heemraadssingel has the high the Mathenesserlaan in the plan(Figure 5.30), historical and cultural values. And the current English which is purely for the ornamental values. And the landscape style is not only just a style but also a label Heemraadsplein(Figure 5.31) was constructed in 1903. that stands for the historical and cultural spirits of the In 1930, the connection between Heemraadssingel city Rotterdam. and Coolhaven was built(Figure 5.32), which would Different with Heemraadssingel, the Essenburgsingel be formed by the waterfall and would carry water does not have many historical and cultural values. The from Coolhaven to Heemraadssingel when necessary. Essenburgsingel was named after the farm Essenburg. (Heemraadssingel.nl, 2017) This farm was located here and then gave away due However, the municipality officially built a to the urban expansion. The current buildings on Figure 5.29 The construction of Heemraadssingel.(Heemraadssingel.nl, 2017) neighborhood park since 1976. The starting point the street were mainly constructed from the early was to quickly connect the Heemraadsplein with 20th century. (Geenbouwessenburgsingel.nl, 2017) the greening of the Heemraadssingle. The plan came Besides, as for the landscape style, only the southern out from the Working Group Heemraad and was bank of Essenburgsingel East have the similar English fallen well with the municipality. The published style with the Heemraadssingel. So it has higher neighbourhood newspaper also stated that “We want potential to be developed as a quite natural area. a real neighbourhood park, where you can walk, play, sit, ride a bike and a lot more, nearly home.” Then around 1978, the first actions were taken for the Heemraadspark. However, there was also some objection during the construction. Based on the survey done on whole Heemraadssingel, it had shown that the inhabitants of the Heemraadssingel did not accept the Figure 5.30 The brideg on the Mathenesserlaan built in 1900.(Heemraadssingel.nl, 2017) values of Heemraadspark. Of the 253 respondents, only 20% of people were appeared to be in the park. The remaining 80% thought that building a park at that time was socially completely irresponsible. One of the residents said, “The Heemraadssingel is a beautiful canal which has been around 3 quarter of a century, and that must remain.” However, the Working Group Heemraad chose to ignore the opinions since they thought one cannot always pay attention to the money and ignored the approaches to improve the situations that need to spend the money. (Heemraadssingel.nl, 2017) In 1995, there was a plan to improve the Heemraadsplein to reduce the drug disturbance in and around the square. In a long term plan, this square would become Figure 5.31 The Heemraadsplein built in 1903. Figure 5.32 The waterfall built in 1930.(Heemraadssingel. 86 (Heemraadssingel.nl, 2017) nl, 2017) 87 06 STRATEGY

6.1 SuDS model on whole area environment. (Lankester, 2007) In the new SuDS model, each block within the neighborhood will have The water system in the building environment of the ability to hold the water on site, and the public Nieuwe Westen and Middelland is interconnected with space located between different blocks will collect the the Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel. The main excess water that the block cannot hold. By using the reason for the low water quality issue is the sewer SuDS design criteria, the building environment in the overflow. During the rainfall event, too much hard SuDS model can be designed in following ways to deal surface pavement in Nieuwe Westen and Middelland with the water issues and increase other values.(Table means that the rainwater can only be discharged 6.1) by the sewer system. However, with a little storage capacity of the sewer system, the sewer system cannot 6.2.1 Design strategies hold and deal with all the water, so the water will be discharged from sewer system to the surface water as 6.2.1.1 Water quantity the emergent solution. Because of the combined sewer During the rainfall event, it is important to hold the 06 system in the neighborhoods, the water discharged water in the first place within the building areas, to to the surface water is the combination of rainwater prevent the water directly flowing into the sewer and household waste water, with the high nutrition system. (Figure 6.3) loading, which leads to the low water quality of the When the water exceeds the maximum volume that STRATEGY surface water. the place can hold, the excess water needs to be Obviously, to solve this problem, it is important discharged to another place by the conveyance system. to deal with the water quantity and quality issues And it should also consider the storage capacity of the both in the building environment in Nieuwe receiving catchment. (Figure 6.4) Westen and Middelland (within the drainage area The rainwater falling in the neighborhood can be of Heemraadssingel), and the Green-Blue space of collected on site and reused, by using rainwater Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel. And also the harvest facilities, green roofs, water square and so on. biodiversity and amenity values can also be enhanced The collected water can be used for irrigation, flushing in both environments. toilets, or recreation. (Figure 6.5) To solve the water issues, a SuDS model is developed And the rainwater can also be used to preserve the in the building environment and Green-Blue space. natural hydrological system. Normally there are (Figure 6.1)Within the building environment, it two ways: increasing the infiltration or evaporation. can also be divided into 2 part: one is the block and another is the public space. During the rainfall event, the block will hold the water on site firstly. If the water exceeds the capacity that the block can hold, the water will be drained to the public space nearby. Normally the building environment has the enough space for holding the water by using the block and public space. However, if the building environment cannot hold the water, the excess water will be discharged to the nearby canal as an emergent solution. So the overall system is a rainwater drainage system, which is separate with the sewer system. At the same time, the system can also provide other values such as improving the water quality, increasing biodiversity and amenity values.

6.2 Building environment

The drainage area of Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel East is shown in figure 6.2. Currently, within this area, the collected rainwater by the sewer system will be discharged to Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel East if the overflow happened. The Essenburgsingel West does not serve as the direct drainage area of the building Figure 6.2 The drainage area of Heemraadssingel. 88 (Adapted from GIS data) 89 90 Figure 6.1 The SuDS model for the whole area.(Made by Author) 91 06 STRATEGY 06 STRATEGY

Table 6.1 The application possibility of the SuDS design criteria within the building environment. Design Criteria Application Possibility Manage flood risk on site and the receiving catchment ++(N)

Use surface water runoff as the resource +

Water Quantity Preserve the natural hydrological systems +

Protect from drought + Design in system flexibility and adaptability .

Support the water quality on site and the receiving water +(N) Water Quality Design system resilience .

Support and protect natural local habitats and species + Figure 6.3 Hold the water on site.(Made by Author) Figure 6.4 Drain the excess water to the other areas. (Made by Author) Contribute to the local biodiversity objectives + Biodiversity Contribute to habitat connectivity .

Create diverse and resilient ecosystems +

Enhance visual aesthetic values ++

Amenity Maximize multi-functionality ++

Develop safe surface water system +(N)

++ Highly positive + Positive . Neutral - Negative -- Highly Negative N Necessary

However, the soil condition in this area is not suitable in the storage facilities for a short time(normally no for the infiltration because of the low permeability more than 48 hours to prepare for next rainfall event, Figure 6.5 Reuse the water on site.(Made by Author) Figure 6.6 Infiltration is impossible within the area. of the clay and peat soil. (Figure 6.6) The only way which can also have some contributions to prevent the (Made by Author) to change this situation is to improve the existing site from drought. Besides, the green roofs are good soil conditions. (Hua, & Liu, 2012) Another way to opportunities to prevent from drought, which also has preserve the natural hydrological system is to increase high potential to be realized in this area. the evaporation. During the dry season, the part of the The current design and construction should consider rainwater can be stored on the surface for evaporation. the influences of climate change. By applying the (Figure 6.7) design strategies, the system can have more flexibility To prevent from drought, the realization of the and adaptability to buffer the water issues. seasonal storage area can be an approach. However, it has limited opportunities to be achieved in this area. 6.2.1.2 Water quality Firstly, within this area, there is little extra public The first step is to prevent the water runoff mixed space that can be used for long-term seasonal water with each other directly, especially the water with storage because of the existing highly dense building heavy contaminants. In this area, the rainwater falling environment. Besides, This area also needs to achieve on the road is not recommended to be mixed with the the peak storage assignment. The space used for rainwater falling on the side walk or roofs. Only the seasonal storage has limited potential to be used by water after some treatments can be mixed. So it is peak storage, while there is more important to match also recommended to treat the water on site. Because the peak storage assignment than the seasonal storage of the limited available space within the highly dense since the sewer overflow issue is the most serious building environment, only some simple treatment problem in this area. (Figure 6.8)However, similar to measures, such as green roof, filter strip, and filter Figure 6.7 Keep water on site for evaporation Figure 6.8 The space for peak storage and seasonal the way to increase the evaporation, the rainfall can be drain, can be adapted at the connection node that during summer time.(Made by Author) storage competes. (Made by Author) preserved on site for evaporation and another usage the water goes together. For example, the water from

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green roof and vegetation can be relatively clean, which can be mixed with water runoff from the side walk. (Figure 6.9) (Woods Ballard, 2015)

6.2.1.3 Biodiversity The building environment also has quite high potentials to provide the biodiversity values in different layers of space. (Figure 6.10) The construction of green roofs can provide the opportunities to add the biodiversity values, with the usage of native species of grasses, herbs or shrubs. And especially for the birds or bats, the green roof can provide the space for them to find food and settle. The trees along the street can provide the space for many birds and insect species, and also some small Figure 6.9 The pretreatment facilities need to be installed at the connection node.(Made by Author) boxes can be added on the trees for birds to settle. The public space can also function as living space for plants and animals, with clusters of trees, shrubs, and grasses. And the less intensively used grassland can be transformed into colorful flower meadows with various herbs, grasses and flowers, which can attract more birds and butterflies. And the green space can be managed in an extensive way, which provides more Figure 6.12 The extensive green roof structure. (Potz, opportunities for the happening of natural processes, 2016) Figure 6.13 The rainwater tank. (Potz, 2016) such as selecting the native species, leaving the leaves and old trees on the ground. (Woods Ballard, 2015) for short or long time. (Woods Ballard, 2015)

6.2.1.4 Amenity Green roofs The redesigned area should provide higher visual Green roofs are increasingly built in Rotterdam. aesthetic values, new passive or active recreational Basically, there are two kinds of green roof, one is activities, such as playing with water and nature, extensive green roof and another is intensive green urban farming, sporting. And it can also be used for roof. (Potz, 2016) The extensive roof is more easily to Figure 6.10 The increasing of biodiversity can be realized community environmental learning activities, such as be realized on the existing buildings. (Figure 6.12) on different layers.(Made by author) learning the risks of climate change and how to make The Rotterdam city also sees the potentials of the private space more adaptive to climate change. developing green roofs to support the climate change Besides, the water should be safe enough for the adaptation. According to the rules provided by recreational activities, especially for children. (Figure Gemeente Rotterdam, the water storage capacity of 6.11) the green roof should be at least 25 litres per m^2, which means the green roof can make sure no water 6.2.2 SuDS management train will flow into the sewer system during the rainfall event<25 mm. ("Stad : Lopende projecten", 2017) To solve the water issues in the neighborhood area, However, to some extent, the green roofs and rainwater there is the need to use different technical measures. harvesting system cannot be adopted at the same time And the technical measures can be connected with on one roof. Since the green roofs can buffer most of each other to form a complete system, which is a SuDS the daily rainfall event, so there will not be much water management train. (Woods Ballard, 2015) The SuDS can be harvested and reused for the daily life activities. management train in this area is made up of 3 systems: (Potz, 2016) harvest and storage system, conveyance system, and Figure 6.14 The home system for collection of rainwater. treatment system. Rainwater harvest (Potz, 2016) Figure 6.11 Build multifunctional space.(Made by author) As a rule, the rainwater treated wastewater, from the roofs can be collected and reused. There are 6.2.2.1 Harvest and storage system groundwater or surface water can be used for these many different ways to harvest the rainwater. The The harvest and storage system are used to capture the purposes. The quality of rainwater is determined rainwater tanks are the simplest systems for homes rainwater and reuse it within the local environment. largely by the surface where the runoff happened. to harvest rainfall. The commonly used rainwater The water can be collected and stored in the system Normally, the runoff from roofs have the higher tanks is around 224litres. (Figure 6.13) Besides, a quality than rainwater from roads. So the rainwater 94 95 06 STRATEGY 06 STRATEGY

home system for using precipitation can also be a good also quite flexible and adaptive to the local situations. choice. The overall system consists of the elements of a reservoir, a pump, a connection to points of use, an Based on the SuDS design criteria, the table 6.2 shows overflow and a top-up system. (Figure 6.14) Generally the degree of the values of applying the harvest and speaking, every 100m^2 of roof surface can have the storage measures within the case study area. reservoir of 5m^3. (Potz, 2016) 6.2.2.2 Conveyance system Water square Gutter Water squares are placed in the urban areas where The gutter is a simple form of above-ground drainage the high groundwater levels make the infiltration facility on streets and squares, which is used to impossible. The water square can largely connected transport the water. (Figure 6.18) When designing the with the urban functions, such as sporting areas, green open gutter used for draining rainwater, it is important areas and residential functions. Normally, the square is to consider the local topography. The gutter along the dry and can be used for different activities. During the road is usually with the width of 30cm and 5cm deep. rainfall event, the water square can receive the water If the gutter following the sloped road, the slope must from the surrounding neighbourhoods by open drains be at least 0.5 cm/m.(Potz, 2016) or rainwater drainage system. Later the water can be transported to the nearby water bodies. (Figure 6.15) Swale The aesthetic and recreational values can be enhanced The swale is the green ditch that have the drainage pipe with careful design. Normally, the lowest part of water underneath. (Figure 6.19) Water from surrounding square is lower than the groundwater level, so the roofs, gardens and streets can be transported to the materials need to be waterproof. (Potz, 2016) swale by the open gutter. The top layer of swale is the plants with soils. Below that layer is the layer of gravel, Geocellular system scoria or baked clay pellets packed in geotextile. A Figure 6.15 The water square in the sunny day and raining day. (Potz, 2016) They are the modular plastic system with high void drain pipe is located under the second layer. And the ratio to contain water, constructed underground to bottom of the whole structure should keep at least 0.5m either facilitate infiltration or increase storage volume. up than the average groundwater level. The swale is a (Figure 6.16) And it has higher flexibility because of conveyance method with the infiltration function. And the modular nature. In Rotterdam, the construction of it can also provide the treatment performance during this system should also match an important criteria the conveyance and infiltration process. The flat grass , which is "the weight of the soil over the top of the area should be 0.5m-2.0m width. (Woods Ballard, units is greater than uplift force of the buoyancy of the 2015) groundwater" to prevent systems from floating. And Compared with gutter, normally the swale needs more the horizontal flow can happen between the individual space both in the horizontal and vertical dimensions. modular boxes if they are built next with each other. Within the building environment, the swale has limited Besides, it is able to withstand traffic loads, which is opportunities to be implemented. Firstly, the street is safe to be installed under roads. (Woods Ballard, 2015) The biggest shortage of the system is the lack of Figure 6.16 The Geocellular system.(Potz, 2016) Figure 6.17 The section of water tank structure.(Hua, & process of water quality treatment,so there is the need Liu, 2012) to include a sediment sump or other pre-treatment Table 6.2 The evaluation of the SuDS harvest and storage measures. measures near the water inlet. The size of a single modular box can be 0.8m(length)*0.8m(width)*0.35m, which is based on the previous researches. (Hua, & Liu, 2012)

Water tank under parking lots The water tank under the parking lots can be the good option to collect and store the rainwater. The water tank can be connected with other system to receive the water. Besides, it is also possible to place permeable media on top of water tanks if the structure allows. (Hua, & Liu, 2012) Perforated pipes can be installed in the bottom of the filter media and connected to the water tank. (Figure 6.17)The size of the water tank is Figure 6.18 The open gutter on street.(From website) 96 97 06 STRATEGY 06 STRATEGY

filter strip. A perforated pipe should be provided near 6.2.3 The block model the base of the filter drain to collect and convey water to downstream drainage water system. Within one neighborhood block, the objective is to achieve the decentralized storage system, which means during the rainfall event it can store the rainwater

Figure 6.19 The section of bioswale.(Potz, 2016) already quite narrow without extra space for swale. spaces, because of the contaminants, especially the Secondly, the groundwater level in this area is around heavy metals. However, due to the lack of space in the -2.4m NAP, which is around 1 meter below the hard building environment, there is limited opportunity surface area. So there is not enough space to adopt the to use the whole treatment measure with medium- whole structure of the swale. Thirdly, the soil with clay or large- scale. Only some small- scale pre-treatment and peat in this area is not suitable for swale natively. measures can be adopted. (Woods Ballard, 2015)

6.2.2.3 Treatment system Filter strips Normally, the treatment system can be combined with Filter strips are the gently sloping strips of grass or the harvest, storage, and conveyance system, and some other dense vegetation that are designed to treat water technical measures have the treatment performance runoff from adjacent impermeable areas by promoting naturally, such as green roofs, rain gardens, and sedimentation and filtration. (Woods Ballard, 2015) bioswale. It is usually used as a pre-treatment method. (Figure The rainwater is relatively clear, so it does not need 6.20) much attention on the treatment before mixing the rainwater together. However, the first flush of the Filter drain rainwater after long period of drought needs the Filter drain are the shallow trenches filled with stones treatment process since it includes more contaminants or gravels that can support the filtration of surface than the normal situation. Besides, the rainwater water. (Woods Ballard, 2015) (Figure 6.21) Filter drain runoff from the traffic road should be treated before can receive the water from the impermeable areas being mixed with rainwater from roofs or green which is already pretreated by using the vegetated

Figure 6.20 The filter strip.("Filter strips", 2017) Figure 6.21 The filter drain.("STONEmaster - Carnell", 2017) Figure 6.22 The model of the SuDS management train developed on the neighborhood area.(Made by Author) 98 99 06 STRATEGY 06 STRATEGY

Table 6.3 The application possibility of the SuDS design criteria within the Green-Blue space. on site as much as possible, instead of draining the system, it will be pretreated by the filter strips or filter Design Criteria Application Possibility rainwater to the sewer system. If the block cannot drains. However, within the neighborhood there is hold the extra rainwater, there is the need to transport no place for secondary and tertiary treatment. The Manage flood risk on site and the receiving catchment +(N) them to other blocks or the public space. And the on- collected water can be transported to the other open + site pre-treatment should also need to be combined place for the further treatment. Use surface water runoff as the resource into the system. (Figure 6.22) Water Quantity Preserve the natural hydrological systems ++ Harvest and Storage 6.3 Green-Blue space: Heemraadssingel and Within the block, the green roof and rainwater harvest Essenburgsingel Protect from drought ++ system can be used on the roof. However, the green Design in system flexibility and adaptability + roof can only provide the storage and pre-treatment In the SuDS model, the Heemraadssingel and functions within certain rainfall volume. Essenburgsingel plays a more important role to solve Support the water quality on site and the receiving water ++(N) The geocellular system can be constructed under the the seasonal storage issues. The peak storage issues Water Quality side walk area around the buildings. The geocellular in the Green-Blue space is relatively small naturally, Design system resilience + system combined with pipes can be used as the compared with the building environments. What’s conveyance system as well. more, the Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel can Support and protect natural local habitats and species ++ And the water tank can be installed under the parking provide more values on improving water quality, spots, and the surface can be transferred into the biodiversity, and amenity values, which have high Contribute to the local biodiversity objectives ++ permeable pavement to collect the water runoff from contributions to improve the livability for the local Biodiversity the road. The water tank can also be connected to the people living in the neighborhoods. (Table 6.3) Contribute to habitat connectivity + sewer system, serving as the extra storage area. The gutter system is designed inside and outside the 6.3.1 Design strategies Create diverse and resilient ecosystems + block. The gutter in the side walk is designed to collect the rainwater from the side walk area, and the gutter 6.3.1.1 Water quantity Enhance visual aesthetic values ++ inside the block is used to collect redundant water Use surface water runoff as the resources from the green roof, rainwater harvest system, and The rainwater can be harvested directly from the Amenity Maximize multi-functionality ++ the inner garden. The gutter will guide the rainwater ponds, small detention basins or other green space flowing into the geocellular system for the short-term that have the similar shape to hold the water. The Develop safe surface water system ++(N) storage. collected rainwater can be used for urban farming With some blocks closed to the public space, the water activities, water recreation, and infiltration on site. ++ Highly positive + Positive . Neutral - Negative -- Highly Negative N Necessary square can be built to receive the redundant rainwater from the surroundings, if the block cannot hold all the Manage flood risk on site and the receiving To prevent the space from drought, it is necessary to the sewer system. water on site. catchment use the measures of seasonal storage. The principle of In short, to achieve the seasonal storage assignment, The tree line is important on the street to intercept The Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel themselves seasonal storage is to store the extra water in winter realizing the extra long-term water storage area part of rainwater and also provide other values, such have much water storage capacity, so they have lower and compensate for the summer shortages. There are in Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel East is a as reducing the heat stress, providing the shades and flood risks on the site and the receiving catchment. two possible ways to realize it, one is by adding the possible solution. In Essenburgsingel West, there is the habitats. However, the most serious reason for the rising of extra surface area, another one is by adding the extra the opportunity to realize the extra water fluctuation. Conyevance water level in the surface water is the overflow from storage height. (Potz, 2016) In Heemraadssingel and The connection between different blocks is mainly the sewer system. To reduce the flooding risk when Essenburgsingel East, the second solution by adding the Design in system flexibility and adaptability to realized by the underground connection, by using the the overflow happening, it is still recommended to extra storage height is not recommended. The surface cope with future change. geocellular system and pipes. Firstly, Since there is relatively improve the existing water storage capacity. water in Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel East is Facing with the climate change, the design is asked to limited space on the street, so the gutter will be the interconnected with the sewer system. The level of the match with the future climate situations, so there is main conveyance system. The gutter is quite shallow, Preserve the natural hydrological systems surface water is managed around -2.4m NAP. When the need to use the climate scenarios as the reference which is normally 5cm depth, so it is not possible to The Green-Blue areas have the good natural the water level rises to -2.2m NAP, the water will flow during the designing process. Besides, facilitating realize the direct connection cross the road since hydrological system, so it is recommended to keep the back from surface system to the sewer system. So it the natural hydrologic system can also improve the normally the height difference between the side walk current situation as the minimum level. Besides, the is not a good solution to increase the water level to flexibility and adaptability of the design. (Woods and road is around 10cm. Secondly, if the gutter is adding of the riparian vegetation can also be used to realize the seasonal storage in Heemraadssingel and Ballard, 2015) Also, the system could be designed with built to cross the road, then it will receive the water improve the natural hydrological values. And adding Essenburgsingel East. However, in the Essenburgsingel the flexibility and in the way that allowing to increase from the road. However, the rainwater runoff from more space that can hold the water on the ground for West, there is the possibility to realize the water the water capacity later. the road for traffics has more contaminants than the the evaporation is another way to improve the natural level fluctuation. Firstly, the managed water level in water runoff from side walk, so it is recommended to hydrological cycle. For example, by designing the micro Essenburgsingel West is around -2.7m, which have the 6.3.1.2 Water quality mix them directly. So the underground connection by topography, the area is lower than the surroundings higher capacity to stand the fluctuation of water level. Support the management of water quality on site geocelluar system or pipes is a possible option. can serve as the short-term storage facilities. Secondly, the Essenburgsingel West is not connected and the receiving surface water and groundwater Treatment to the sewer system directly, so the changes of water Firstly, It is important to stop the contaminants mixed Before the water from gutter flowing into the geocelluar Protect from drought level in the surface water will not have influences on with runoff, so there is also the need to increase the

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disconnection of the different surface runoff types, breeding purpose. extent, the style of Heemraadssingel is not only a 6.3.2.1 Pond design such as the water runoff from the road for vehicles or landscape style but also a representative character of The Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel can be parking areas need to be disconnected with the green Contribute to the development of local biodiversity the cityscape with cultural values. (Lankester, 2007) recognized as a pond. The ponds are the features runoff. (Woods Ballard, 2015) objectives During the design process, there is the need to find the with the permanent pool of water that provide Secondly, in Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel, it Based on the water plan of Delfshaven, there are two balance between the cultural and natural values. So both attenuation and treatment of surface water is important to use the treatment measures to reduce important biodiversity objectives within the area of at the same time with dealing with the water issues runoff. The primary pollutant removal measure is the nutrient load to achieve the clean water. From Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel. One is the and enhancing the biodiversity values, it is essential to the setting of suspended sediments. The uptake of the beginning, the source of the water flowing into application of riparian and aquatic vegetation, another take the current style into considerations. pollutant, particularly nutrients, also occurs through Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel should be as is introducing new fish communities in the water. Different with Heemraadssingel, the Essenburgsingel the biological activity of the pond to some extent. good as possible. (Woods Ballard, 2015) To improve (Lankester, 2007) can be developed as the area with higher natural Emergent and submerged aquatic vegetation along the water quality, the primary solution is to reduce To build the riparian vegetation area, the measures values based on the current situations with almost no the shoreline support the active microbial community the happening of sewer overflow. Also, the quality of partly removing the hard edges and using the images of Rotterdam style. to consume the constituents in the water. The design and quantity of the water inlet from Coolhaven should gentle slopes are recommended. (Lankester, 2007) of ponds should consider different zones. (Woods be considered. And the pollution should be managed The numbers and locations of the plants need to Maximize multi-functionality Ballard, 2015) close to the source, for example, there is recommended be considered carefully. The widest part of the Now, Heemraadssingel functions as the park which is The sediment forebay area is the effective pre- to arrange the pre-treatment facilities around outflow Heemraadssingel can allow some floating leaf plants. mainly used for recreation, hiking, cycling or watching treatment area used to remove the sediments and point that connects the sewer system together and The water plants can provide the shelter for young the water. Both of the banks consist of lawn with floating things. The pond can be divided to allow the surface water system. Besides, the introduction of fish, place for food and breeding, trees and several trails, with little bushes close to sediments to settle in the forebay area before the riparian vegetation and wetland plants can also help The application of riparian and aquatic vegetation can the water. The future target image of the functions of runoff enters the permanent pool. And the forebay to improve the water quality. contribute to the replacement of fish community. In Heemraadssingel is going to strengthen the recreation area should be easily approached for management the target image of the Heemraadssingel, the species functions of “Nature as recreation”. (Potz, 2016) Since activities. Design system resilience to cope with future Pike and Roach are desired. (Lankester, 2007) it is an important recreational axis, it should increase The permanent pool is the area where the water will change Based on the Natuurkaart Rotterdam, the some active and desirable recreational activities, such remain in the pond throughout the year, which can During the design process, it should take account of the Essenburgsingel has the potential to be developed as fishing, canoeing and playing with water. also serve as the main treatment zone to purify the potential impacts of climate change on the system. The as the Green Clusters or the forest park, which have And the recreational values of Essenburgsingel water. (Woods Ballard, 2015) longer period of drought in Rotterdam will increase higher biodiversity values. also need to be enhanced. The concept of “nature The aquatic bench is the area with shallow water along the salinization of the water. (Hua, & Liu, 2012) When as recreation” can also be adopted in this area, with the edge of the permanent pool that supports riparian the level of salinization is too high, the inlet water Contribute to habitat connectivity adding more recreational spaces. And the activities vegetation, functioning as the biological filter zone pipe from Coolhaven has to be closed to prevent the The Heemraadsingel and Essenburgsingel have the of urban farming can also be facilitated as one of the and providing the biodiversity and amenity values. local habitats. Similarly, when the inlet pipe is closed, potential to be connected with the northern areas, main selling points. (Woods Ballard, 2015) the salinization of the water in Heemraadssingel and such as Roel Langerakpark, Vroesenpark to form an Since the Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel are Essenburgsingel will also be increased. And the higher overall ecological network. And the railway plays an located between different neighborhoods, it provides Design consideration temperature and reduced rainfall climate can lead important role in the building of the connections, as the opportunities for environmental learning for Where the sediment forebay is only possible at the to the water shortage of the current surface water, one of the most important ecological corridors in the different communities. The area that people have site, the pond area can be divided to allow heavier because the amount of evaporation will be bigger city context. interaction with water can help people to understand sediments to drop out of suspension before the runoff than precipitation. And this will lead to the increasing the natural hydrological system, and be aware of the enters the main body of the system. The sedimentation concentration of some chemical materials in the water, Create diverse and resilient ecosystems climate change and how it could influence our lives. bay should be at least 10% of the total basin area, so the water quality will also be changed. And the high To create the diverse and resilient ecosystem, the And for the current urban farming areas, it is also the which could consist of a separate basin or an earth salinization and long period of drought will also have plant group in Heemraadsingel should be improved good opportunities to educate the students and local berm, stone or rock filled gabion or rip-rap across the bad influences on the local flora and fauna. to some extent. Instead of only trees and lawns, the people how to harvest the rainwater used for the upstream portion of the basin. For the system with So it is important to buffer the drought and salinization introduction of shrubs and riparian vegetation can private activities. (Woods Ballard, 2015) several inlets, the pretreatment should be provided of water, and protect the local flora and fauna. enhance the structural diversity. for each inlet. (Woods Ballard, 2015) Especially for the riparian vegetation, it should have Besides, It is important to consider the natural Develop safe surface water management system The maximum depth of the permanent pool should high resistance capacity to stand the drought and evolvement of the habitat. The designed space can When developing the extra storage space in not exceed 1.2m. However, too shallow water may salinization. have the diverse and resilient ecosystem to allow Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel, it is important be at the risk of the algal blooms and high biological the happening of natural processes. With dispersal to make the slope safe for people to access. And the activities during summer time. So the depth of water 6.3.1.3 Biodiversity distance for plants, different groups of plants can edges where the water meets the land need the should be between 0.5-1.0m. (Woods Ballard, 2015) Support and protect natural local habitats and species emerge over time, and the natural colonization also special care. Besides, the water in Heemraadssingel The aquatic bench should be planted inwards from the It is important to know the existing habitat and species takes place. (Woods Ballard, 2015) and Essenburgsingel used for recreational activities normal pond edge, with the maximum depth of 0.4m in Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel, designing should be safe enough and will not bring the harms to below the normal water level. The width of riparian the supportive habitat to facilitate the existing species, 6.3.1.4 Amenity people. (Woods Ballard, 2015) vegetation can be different based on the size of the such as adding more riparian vegetation to provide the Enhance visual aesthetic values ponds, and the aesthetic or safety values. (Woods food, shelter, and the underwater shelter, considering The Heemraadssingel is a part of the ongoing canal 6.3.2 Measures Ballard, 2015) the habitat that the local species needed for the system with highly standard Rotterdam style. To some Where the groundwater table is close to the bottom of

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Table 6.4 The pond design criteria.(Woods Ballard, 2015) Design Criteria Multiple treatment pathways by using multiple cells

Treatment Longer water flow paths Performance Complex micro topography

Avoid the dead zones caused by corners

Provide both covered and open approaches to the water area for wild lives

Provide vary water depths, which will provide different habitats

Provide bay area for waterfowl, islands should be more than 3m from the pond edge Biodiversity Creating small pools around the margin of large ponds

The habitat should NOT be exposed to the main pollutant burden

Realize the habitat structural diversity and plant diversity

Dense planting of marginal floating-leaved and aquatic plants should be avoided.

Nature as recreation

Amenity Ponds can provide the educational resources for local schools and community Figure 6.23 The structure of the free water surface wetland(FWS).(Potz, 2016)

Plants should not restrict visibility of the water edge or hinder adult supervision Table 6.6 The water plants can be used in free water surface wetland(FWS).(Crites, 2014) Table 6.5 The removal process in constructed wetland.(Crites, 2014) Plant type Species name Common name Range of depths(m) Item Description Emergent Typha spp. Cattail >0.1 to <1 BOD removal Soluble BOD is removed by biological activity and adsorption on the plant and detritus surfaces and in the water Scripus spp. Bulrush >0.1 to <1 column. The low velocities and emergent plants facilitate flocculation/sedimentation and entrapment of the Juncus spp. Rushes >0.1 to <0.3 particulate BOD. Carex spp. Sedges >0.1 to <0.3 Total suspended solids removal Flocculation and sedimentation in the bulk liquid, and filtration(mechanical straining, chance contact, impaction, and interception) in the interstices of the detritus. Optimal removal of TSS requires a full stand of vegetation to facilitate Phragmites spp. Reeds >0.1 to <1 sedimentation and filtration and to avoid regrowth of algae. Submerged Potamogeton spp. Pond Weeds >0.5 Nitrogen removal The removal of nitrogen depends on the process of nitrification and denitrification. The plant uptake accounts for only Vallisneria spp. Tapegrass, wild celery >0.5 about 10 percent of the nitrogen removal. The nitrifying organisms require oxygen and an adequate surface area to Ruppia spp. Widgeongrass >0.5 grow on, which is not present in much numbers and in either heavily BOD loading systems or in new constructed systems without enough plant cover. Nuphar spp. Spatterdock >0.5 Phosphorus removal The phosphorus removal depends on the process of adsorption, chemical precipitation and plant uptake. The plant Elodea spp. Waterweed >0.5 uptake of inorganic phosphorus is rapid, however, as plants die, they release phosphorous, so the long‐term removal Floating Lemna spp. Duckweed Flooded is limited. The removal depend on the soil interaction and detention time. In system with no discharge with long Eichhornia crassipes Water hyacinth Flooded detention times, phosphorus will be retained in the soil or root zone. Petroleum hydrocarbons It mainly depends on the volatilization and bio‐degration. It can be attached to the stems and leaves of the wetland Hydrocotlye umbellata Water pennywort Flooded removal plants, and the underlying soil. Azolla spp. Water fern Flooded Sediments and trash removal They are removed mainly depending on the trash rack and sedimentation basin. Wolffia spp. Watermeal Flooded the pond, the hydraulic connectivity between the water flow wetland(SSF), and the vertical flow wetlands(VF). sedimentation zone, the large trash will be eliminated leaves can serve as the support medium for the growth in the pond and the groundwater should be prevented, The FWS is similar to the natural marsh because the before the water flowing into the marshland zone, and of attached bacteria. Leaves above the water surface unless the water quality matches the requirements for water surface is exposed to the atmosphere. The water the storm water filter with gravel layer can be used shade the water and reduce the potential for algal infiltration. (Woods Ballard, 2015) depth in this type of constructed wetland might range for this purpose. The normal structure of constructed growth. Oxygen will be transported from the leaves The table 6.4 shows more design criteria about the from 0.05m to 0.8m. Wetland system can effectively wetland is shown in the figure 6.23. down into the root zone, which supports the plant treatment performance, biodiversity, and amenity. treat high levels of BOD, TSS, nitrogen, phosphorus, The vegetation is an important component of the growth. A limited oxygen may leak out of the submerged metals and so on. (table 6.5) wetland. There are mainly three different types of stems to support attached bacterial growth. The table 6.3.2.2 Constructed wetland The constructed wetland always consists of inflow, plants in the wetland: the emergent plants, submerged 6.6 shows the plants that are normally used in the free There are three types of constructed wetlands in sedimentation and marshland zones combined plant, and floating plants. The plants in the system can surface water wetland. general: free water surface wetland(FWS), subsurface with a pond or other water area. In the inflow and provide different functions. The stems and submerged

104 105 06 STRATEGY 06 STRATEGY

Table 6.7 The differences between the four fish-water types.(Zoetemeyer & Lucas, 2007) 6.3.2.3 Fish community and aquatic plants surface in the urban area. (Figure 6.25) (Zoetemeyer Fish water type RU‐SN SN‐BV BV‐BR BR‐ SB Based on the water plan in Rotterdam, the different & Lucas, 2007) (ruisvoorn snoek) (snoek blankvoorn) (blankvoorn brasem) (brasem snoekbaars) plants fish community will occur based on the different The Pike-Roach fish water has 20%-60% aquatic Emergent plants Much Moderate Moderate Little‐Moderate percentage of aquatic plants. There are four different plants with emergent plants, flowering plants and Floating plants Much Moderate‐veel Little‐Moderate No‐Little fish water types. The table 6.7 show the difference some submerged plants in the water. The depth of between the four fish water types. (Zoetemeyer & water can be varied from 40cm to 70cm. The green Underwater Much Little No No Cover% 60‐100% 20‐60% 10‐20% 0‐10% Lucas, 2007) algae will occur sometimes from April to October. Fish species With the Broom-Pike fish water type, it has the 10% (Figure 6.26) (Zoetemeyer & Lucas, 2007) aal(Eel) ++++ aquatic plants in the water. The fish living in this water The Rudd-Pike fish water type has more than 60% baars(perch ) +/‐ ++ + + type is not tied to the aquatic plants. The green and aquatic plants, especially with the characteristic of a bittervoorn(Bitter Roach)* ++ ++ +/‐‐ blue algae bloom happened seasonally. (Figure 6.24) good environment of the submerged aquatic plants. blankvoorn(roach) +/‐ ++ ++ + brasem(bream) +/‐ + ++ ++ (Zoetemeyer & Lucas, 2007) The depth of water can be more than 1 meter. Algae grote modderkruiper(loach) ++ + +/‐‐ The Roach-Bream fish water type have 10-20% aquatic bloom does not occur regularly. The young pike is Snoek-blankvoornkarper(Carp) ondiep viswatertype ++ ++ +/‐‐ plants in the water. The depth of water can fluctuate highly dependent on the aquatic plants. (Figure 6.27) 'HZDWHUHQYDQGLWYLVZDWHUW\SHZRUGHQJHNHQPHUNWGRRUJHPLGGHOGH]LFKWGLHSWHQLQGH kleine modderkruiper( spined loach) ++ Ruisvoorn-snoek++ ondiep viswatertype+/‐‐ from 40cm to 60cm. This type of water mainly occurs (Zoetemeyer & Lucas, 2007) ]RPHUYDQWRWFHQWLPHWHU,QGHSHULRGHYDQDSULOWRWRNWkolblei(white bream) +/‐ REHUYDOWUHJHOPDWLJHHQ++ + + EHKRRUOLMNHJURHLYDQJURHQDOJHQZDDUWHQHPHQ'HZDWHUYHJHWDWLHEHVODDWWRWYDQ:DWHUHQGLHWRWKHWUXLVYRRUQVQRHNW\SHEHKRUHQ]LMQKHWKHOHMDDUKHOGHU'H]LFKWGLHSWH kroeskarper(Crucian carp) ++ + +/‐‐ in the water where the dense vegetation with water GHZDWHURSSHUYODNWH+HWVQRHNEODQNYRRUQW\SHNHQPHUNW]LFKGRREHGUDDJWPHHUGDQPHWHU$OJHQEORHLWUHHGWQLHWRSHQGHEHGHUYRHGVHOULMNHUH NNLQJPHWZDWHUSODQWHQ kwabaal(Burbot)* +/‐ EHGUDDJWGRRUJDDQVPHHUGDQYDQGHWRWDOHZDWHURSSHUYODNWH+/‐ +/‐‐9RRUDOHHQJRHGH RPVWDQGLJKHGHQ YHUPHVWLQJ GDQKHWUXLVYRRUQVQRHNW\SH$OVJHYROJKLHUYDQ]LMQGH plants are not possible, such as the ponds and lakes 6.3.2.4 Nature as recreation RQWZLNNHOLQJYDQGHRQGHUJHGRNHQZDWHUSODQWHQLVNHQPHUNHQG.HQPHUNHQGHYLVVRRUWHQLQ ZDWHUSODQWHQXLWGHGLHSHUHGHOHQYHUGZHQHQHQLVHUHHQYHUDQGmeerval(catfish) +/‐ HULQJLQGH++ ++ +/‐ with a small ratio between shore length and water Playing outdoors has estimated values for children’s GLWYLVZDWHUW\SH]LMQVQRHNUXLVYRRUQHQ]HHOW'DDUQDDVWNRPHQEODQNYRRUQEDDUV VRRUWHQVDPHQVWHOOLQJRSJHWUHGHQ=R]XOOHQNUDQVZLHUHQGLHLQKpos +/‐ HWUXLVYRRUQVQRHNW\SHRQGHU+ ++ ++ NURHVNDUSHUJURWHHQNOHLQHPRGGHUNUXLSHUHQDDOYRRU%UDVHPLVVOHFKWVVSRUDGLVFKLQRSHQ YRHGVHODUPHRPVWDQGLJKHGHQNXQQHQYRRUNRPHQLQKHWVQRHNEODQNrivierdonderpad(bullhead)* +/‐ YRRUQW\SH]LMQ+/‐ +/‐‐ ZDWHUDDQZH]LJHQYHUWRRQWLQGLWYLVZDWHUW\SHHHQVQHOOHJURHL'HYRHGVHONHWHQVLQKHW riviergrondel(Gudgeon )++++/‐ YHUGZHQHQ%LMHHQQRJJURWHUHYHUPHVWLQJYDQKHWZDWHUYHUGZLMQHQGHRQGHUJHGRNHQUXLVYRRUQVQRHNW\SH]LMQYDDN]HHUNRUWRPGDWGHZLWYLVVHQ]RDOVUXLVYRRUQHQEODQNYRRUQ ZDWHUSODQWHQXLWJURWHGHOHQRI]HOIVXLWKHWJHKHOHZDWHU%LMruisvoorn(Rudd) ++ SHUPDQHQWHDIZH]LJKHLGYDQ RQGHUELM]RQGHUHRPVWDQGLJKHGHQ SODQWDDUGLJPDWHULDDOFRQVXPH++ +/‐‐UHQ'H]HYLVVHQZRUGHQ RQGHUJHGRNHQYHJHWDWLHLVGHMRQJHVQRHNRSQDWWHRHYHUHQGULsnoek(pike) ++ MIEODGSODQWHQDDQJHZH]HQRSKXQEHXUWGRRUVQRHNGHEHODQJULMNVWHURRIYLVLQGLWYLVZDW++ + +/‐ HUW\SHRSJHJHWHQ8LWHUDDUG 'LWUHVXOWHHUWDODDQKHWEHJLQYDQKHWJURHLVHL]RHQLQHHQDIQsnoekbaars(zander ) ‐ DPHYDQGHDDQWDOOHQOHYHUHQKHWGLHUOLMNSODQNWRQ RQGHUDQGHUHZDWHUYORRLHQ HQGH+/‐ ++ ++ PDFURIDXQDHYHQHHQVHHQ HHUVWHMDDUVVQRHNGRRUNDQQLEDOLVPH+LHUGRRU]DOGHSUHGDWLHGUXstekelbaars(stickleback )(3d) ++ NRSKHWZLWYLVEURHGEHODQJULMNHELMGUDJHDDQKHWYRHGVHOYDQGHYLV'HDDQZH]LJHP++ +/‐‐DFURIDXQDLVDOVYRHGVHOPHW YHUPLQGHUHQ(HQNOHLQHUHSODQWHQULMNHRHYHU]RQHHQPHWQDPHKHWYHUGZLMQHQYDQGHFiguur 1: : Illustratie van de brasem – snoekbaarsviswatertypen. Kenmerkend is de hoeveelheid brasem en stekelbaars(stickleback )(10d) ++ QDPHEHODQJULMNYRRUYLVVRRUWHQDOV]HHOWHQNURHVNDUSHU++ +/‐‐ RQGHUJHGRNHQZDWHUSODQWHQOHLGW]RWRWYHHOMRQJHZLWYLV snoekbaars die aanwezig is en de troebelheid (weinig doorzicht) van het water (Zoetemeyer & Lucas, 2007). vetje(Smee) ++++ /‐  'HELRPDVVDDDQVQRHNLQKHWZDWHULVGLUHFWJHNRSSHOGDDQGHDTXDWLVFKHYHJHWDWLH3HU zeelt(tench ) ++ + +/‐‐3 'HKRHYHHOKHLGZDWHUSODQWHQHQGHRPYDQJYDQGHGDDULQDDQZH]LJKHFWDUHEHJURHLGZDWHUDUHDDOLVSODDWVYRRUPD[LPDDONLORJUBlankvoornHVQRHNSRSXODWLHVNDQ – brasemviswatertype DPVQRHNYDQWRW ]RGDQLJ]LMQGDWGH]HOIGHYLVVRRUWHQYRRUNRPHQDOVLQKHWUXLVCarrying capacity 100‐350kg/ha YRRUQVQRHNW\SH'HFHQWLPHWHU9DQEHODQJKLHUELM]LMQYRRUQDPHOLMNJRHGRQWZLNNHOIn de300 blankvoorn‐500kg/ha – brasem watertype350‐600kg/ha zijn er meer waterplanten450‐800kg/ha aanwezig.GH]RQHVYDQPRHUDVHQ Vooral in de ondiepe DDQWDOVULMNGRPYDQKHWppQ]RPHULJHZLWYLVEURHGLVHFKWHUYHOHPDOHQKRJHU'LWOHLGWHUWRHRHYHUSODQWHQGLHYRRUVQRHNWRHJDQNHOLMN]LMQ0HWQDPHGHMRQgedeeltes komen waterplanten voor. Dit is meestal in de oeverzone. DeJHVQRHNLVVWHUNDIKDQNHOLMN bovenwaterplanten en Trees for climbing Place for resting Building fire pits GDWYRRUDOYDQDIHLQGMXQLGHZHJYUDDWYDQJURIGLHUOLMNSODQNWRQKRRJLV'LWNDQ]LFKYHUWDOHQYDQZDWHUSODQWHQ,QZDWHUHQPHWYHHORQGHUJHGRNHQZDWHUSODQWHQdrijfbladplanten nemen ongeveer 10-20% in van het wateroppervlak(Hyper) eutrophic bij ditQHHPWLHGHUQDMDDUQD type. LQHHQVWHUNHJURHQNOHXULQJYDQKHWZDWHUDOVJHYROJYDQDOJHQJFood riches (Oligo) mesotrophic foodURHLLQGH]RPHU=RDOVKHWDIVWHUYHQYDQGHZDWHUSODQWHQGHRPYDQJULMNHVWDQGDDQMRQDe zichtdiepte varieert in de periode april tot oktober van Very40 – food60 cm. rich InJHVQRHNVWHUNDI'LWLVKHW de periode juni – oktober DDQJHJHYHQLVGHVRRUWHQVDPHQVWHOOLQJYDQGHYLVJHPHHQVFKDSJURJHYROJYDQZHJYUDDWGRRUJURWHUHVRRUWJHQRWHQ,HGHUYRRUMDDUZkanWHQGHHOVJHOLMNDDQGLHYDQ er een bloei van groenalgen ontstaan. Ook kan er soms een bloei vanRUGWGRRUGHH[SORVLHYH blauwalgen optreden. Phosphate content arm <0.01 mg P / L > 0.1 mg P / L KHWUXLVYRRUQVQRHNW\SH3ODQWHQPLQQHQGHVRRUWHQDOVUXLVYRRUQHQ]HHOW]XOOHQHFKWHULQRQWZLNNHOLQJYDQGHRQGHUJHGRNHQZDWHUSODQWHQHHQQLHXZRSJURHLDit type water komt vooral voor in wateren waar een dichte begroeiing metKDELWDWYRRU MRQJH VQRHN waterplanten niet tot de NOHLQHUHDDQWDOOHQYRRUNRPHQ1DDVWJHQRHPGHVRRUWHQ]LMQEODQNYRRUQEDDUVHQNROEOHLJHYRUPG+HWVWHUNHYRRUWSODQWLQJVYHUPRJHQYDQVQRHNUHVXOWHHUWmogelijkheden behoord. In stadsvijvers, meren en plassen is dit vaak het LQGHUJHOLMNHVLWXDWLHVgeval. Dit zijn wateren NHQPHUNHQGHYLVVRRUWHQ$QGHUHYLVVRRUWHQGLHLQKHWVQRHNEODQDevelopment opportunities: NYRRUQW\SHNXQQHQMDDUOLMNVLQJURWHDDQWDOOHQMRQJmet een kleine verhouding tussen HVQRHNHQ9DDNEHVWDDWPHHUGoeverlengte en wateroppervlak. HierdoorDQYDQKHWWRWDOHJHZLFKW is er weinig oeverzone YRRUNRPHQ]LMQEUDVHPNDUSHUNOHLQHPRGGHUNUXLSHUELWWHUYRR‐ Hardly or none UQHQDDO%ODQNYRRUQHQDDQVQRHNXLWHHUVWHMDDUVVQRHNMHVGLHWXVVHQHQFHQWLPHWHom vegetatie te kunnen ontwikkelen. UJURRW]LMQ'HZHJYUDDWYDQ EDDUVNXQQHQLQGLWYLVZDWHUW\SHGRRUHHQDDQYDQNHOLMNHJURWHE+/‐ limited HVFKLNEDDUKHLGYDQGLHUOLMNKHWZLWYLVEURHGLVRQGHUGH]HRPVWDQGLJKHGHQPD[LPDDOppQVQRHDe visstand is bijna hetzelfde als in het brasem – snoekbaarstype. De kenmerkendeNHHWLQ]LMQHHUVWH soorten zijn OHYHQVMDDUWRWZLWYLVMHV'HJURWHZHJYUDDWKHHIWWRWJHYROJGDWGHDDQZDVYDQ SODQNWRQWRWHHQJURWHDDQZDVNRPHQ+HWLVVWHUNDIKDQNHOLMNY+ Enough DQGHJH]DPHQOLMNHZHJYUDDWbrasem en snoekbaars, maar ook blankvoorn (zie figuur 2). Er komen weinig begeleidende soorten ZLWYLVEURHGWRWYROZDVVHQYLVJHULQJLV3DVELMHHQWHUXJJDQJYDQZDWHUSODQWHQEHQHGHQKHW YDQZLWYLVGRRUVQRHNHQEDDUVRIGHGRPLQDQWHYLVVRRUWHQLQGL++ Optimally WYLVZDWHUW\SHHHQJHPLGGHOGHvoor die plantenminnend zijn, maar altijd nog meer dan in het brasem – snoekbaars type. RIVQHOOHJURHLYHUWRQHQ%DDUVVSHHOWKLHULQHHQEHODQJULMNHURO6ODDJWEDDUVHULQGHZHJYUDDWQLYHDXYDQWRWRSSHUYODNWHEHGHNNLQJYHUDQGHUWGHVDPHQVWHOOLQJYDQGH VQRHNSRSXODWLH]RGDQLJ PLQGHUNOHLQHVQRHN GDWGHDDQZDVYDQDe draagkracht van het water is 350 tot 600 kilogram per hectare. Dit is ZLWYLVQLHWPHHUGRRUVQRHNafhankelijk van de bodem. GRRUZLWYLVYDQKHWGLHUOLMNSODQNWRQNOHLQWHKRXGHQGDQ]DOGHEDDUV]HOIHHUGHUYLVHWHQG bittervoorn: Presence of freshwater DOOHHQLQGHKDQGNDQZRUGHQJHKRXGHQ'HWRWDOHYLVELRPDVVDEHmussels necessary for propagation. GUDDJWDIKDQNHOLMNYDQGH ZRUGHQ%DDUVNDQLQGDWJHYDOVDPHQPHWVQRHNGHDDQZDVYDQZLWYLVLQVWDQGKRXGHQ%DDUV kwabaal: Connection with deep clearVDPHQVWHOOLQJYDQGHZDWHUERGHP water is necessary. WRWNLORJUDPKHFWDUH LVDIKDQNHOLMNYDQHHQJRHGHYHUKRXGLQJYDQSODQWHQULMNHRHYHU]RQHHQRSHQZDWHU9DQGH rivierdonderpad: Depending on rocky substrate in combination with water turbulence (eg flow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hildren shape the water stream 'HZDWHUERGHPEHVWDDWELMGHSODQWHQULMNHRHYHU]RQHQDPHOLMNXLWYULMJURYHGHHOWMHV]RDOVPHUHQGHHOYDQGHVSRUWYLVVHUVGLWYLVZDWHUW\SHQLHWLQWHUHVVDQWLV'HYOLHJYLVVHULMYRUPW Running through the grass SODQWHQUHVWHQ0HW]LMQILMQHUHNLHXZERJHQKHHIWEUDVHPLQGLWYLVZDWHUW\SHYHHOPRHLWHRPKLHURSXLW]RQGHULQJ9RRUPHWQDPHGHYLVVHULMRSUXLVYRRUQPHWGHGURJHYOLHJLVGLW VXFFHVYROPXJJHQODUYHQXLWGHERGHPWH]HYHQ,QHHQVLWXDWLHZDDULQPLQGHUKRJHUHYLVZDWHUW\SHSRSXODLU2RNNDQGHJHVSHFLDOLVHHUGHYLVVHULQGH]HZDWHUHQYDDNJURWH]HHOWWH ZDWHUSODQWHQHQGXVVQRHNYRRUNRPHQLVKHWEHVWDQGDDQPHHUMDUYDQJHQ$OVLQGHKHUIVWHQZLQWHUGHPHHVWHSODQWHQ]LMQDIJHVLJHZLWYLVUHODWLHIJURRW WRUYHQNDQHYHQHHQVGRRUGH +LHUGRRULVGHELRPDVVDDDQYLVJURWHUGDQELMKHWUXLVYRRUQVQRHNW\SHHQEHGUDDJWURRIYLVYLVVHURSVQRHNZRUGHQJHYLVW'HVQRHNVWDQGEHVWDDWHFKWHUYRRUQDPHOLMNXLWNOHLQH DIKDQNHOLMNYDQGHVDPHQVWHOOLQJYDQGHZDWHUERGHPNLORJUDPKHFWDUHH[HPSODUHQGLHYRRUGHVSRUWYLVVHULMPLQGHUDDQWUHNNHOLMN]LMQ  Figuur 1:Figure : Illustratie 6.24 van Broom-Pikede brasem – snoekbaarsviswatertypen. fish-water type. Kenmerkend is de hoeveelheid FiguurbrasemFigure 2:en Illustratie 6.25 Roach-Bream van de blankvoorn – fish-waterbrasemviswatertypen. type. Kenmerkend is de blankvoorn en snoekbaars(Zoetemeyer die aanwezig is & en Lucas, de troebelheid 2007) (weinig doorzicht) van het water (Zoetemeyer & Lucas,(Zoetemeyer 2007)brasem.. Daarnaast & isLucas, er meer doorzicht2007) en vegetatie aanwezig(Zoetemeyer & Lucas, 2007). Blankvoorn – brasemviswatertype3 In de blankvoorn – brasem watertype zijn er meer waterplanten aanwezig. Vooral in de ondiepe gedeeltes komen waterplanten voor. Dit is meestal in de oeverzone. De bovenwaterplanten en drijfbladplanten nemen ongeveer 10-20% in van het wateroppervlak bij dit type. De zichtdiepte varieert in de periode april tot oktober van 40 – 60 cm. In de periode juni – oktober 3 kan er een bloei van groenalgen ontstaan. Ook kan er soms een bloei van blauwalgen R.B. & B.J. optreden. Lucas, 2007. Basisboek Visstandbeheer. Sportvisserij Nederland, Bilthoven Dit type water komt vooral voor in wateren waar een dichte begroeiing met waterplanten niet tot de mogelijkheden behoord. In stadsvijvers, meren en plassen is dit vaak het geval. Dit zijn wateren 10 met een kleine verhouding tussen oeverlengte en wateroppervlak. Hierdoor is er weinig oeverzone om vegetatie te kunnen ontwikkelen. Sand and Water Micro topography De visstandFigure is bijna hetzelfde6.26 Pike-Roach als in het brasem fish-water – snoekbaarstype. type. De kenmerkende soortenFigure zijn 6.27 Rudd-Pike fish-water type. Figure 6.28 The possible activities of using nature as recreational resources.(Photos from websites) brasem en snoekbaars,(Zoetemeyer maar ook& Lucas, blankvoorn 2007) (zie figuur 2). Er komen weinig begeleidende(Zoetemeyer soorten & Lucas, 2007) 39 voor die106 plantenminnend zijn, maar altijd nog meer dan40 in het brasem – snoekbaars type. 107 De draagkracht van het water is 350 tot 600 kilogram per hectare. Dit is afhankelijk van de bodem.

Figuur 2: Illustratie van de blankvoorn – brasemviswatertypen. Kenmerkend is de blankvoorn en brasem. Daarnaast is er meer doorzicht en vegetatie aanwezig(Zoetemeyer & Lucas, 2007).

3 R.B. & B.J. Lucas, 2007. Basisboek Visstandbeheer. Sportvisserij Nederland, Bilthoven

10 06 STRATEGY 06 STRATEGY

development. The play area in urban centers generally 6.3.3 Strategy has a standard appearance, with some playground equipment on the ground, sometimes featuring a Based on the design criteria and measures, meadow and some trees. The vegetation is not for various design strategies are developed from the playing, but serves merely as decoration. four perspectives: water quantity, water quality, If children were in charge, they would prefer free nature biodiversity and amenity.(Figure 6.29 to Figure 6.37) for playing in, rather than the fenced-off playground with some man-made playground equipment. Many studies have shown that children prefer natural environment to play with, with trees for climbing, sand and water for playing, a meadow with higher and lower areas for rolling in. The natural area offers the good opportunities to not only let children contact with nature but also learn to love nature. (Potz, 2016) The essential principle in the design of natural playground is designing different space with multiple functions, such as space with dense vegetation for Figure 6.29 Water quantity: Expand the existing water Figure 6.30 Water quantity: Allow the water level hiding, places with loose branches for building huts, a surface.(Made by Author) fluctuation.(Made by Author) fire pit, flowing water and a sandpit, and also place to rest and daydream. It is important to create spots with different experiences, such as dry and muddy, cool and warm. The spots can be connected by the routes. And it should also provide different spots for different age groups. For example, the preschool children need the supervision and they can only play in a shallow water, while the older children can play by themselves in the deeper ponds. (Potz, 2016) The micro topography with higher and lower spots is a way of making natural playgrounds more interesting. It offers possibilities for movement and creates rises with views and hollows for hiding. For small children, 50cm is already a challenge, for older children the height differences need to be more challenged. (Potz, 2016) Besides, creating the possibility for children to change Figure 6.31 Water quantity: Use micro-topography to Figure 6.32 Water quality: Add the pretreatment facility the areas is also an important design principle. create temporary water storage basin around the surface around the inlet.(Made by Author) Waterways can be given in the shape that children water area.(Made by Author) can build dams to divert the stream. Sand presents possibilities for creative construction play. Loose branches in a clump of trees can be used for building huts and bridges over the waterway. (Potz, 2016) And some areas of the recreational areas can also be combined with the concept of urban agriculture by planting berries, fruit trees, and even fishing. So the urban farming activities could also become one of the recreational activities and provide the educational functions at the same time. (Potz, 2016) Besides, the design of playgrounds can be integrated into urban green facilities, and the natural play areas can be combined with facilities for rainwater drainage or retention systems. (Potz, 2016) The possible design elements is showed in figure 6.28. Figure 6.33 Water quality: Introduce 20-60% wetland Figure 6.34 Water quality: Lengthen the treatment path. plants, soft edge and fish community.(Made by Author) (Made by Author)

108 109 06 STRATEGY 06 STRATEGY

Figure 6.35 Biodiversity: Increase the structural diversity and allow the natural development.(Made by Author)

Figure 6.36 Biodiversity: Add the bay area, small ponds and path for animals around the pond.(Made by Author)

Figure 6.37 Amenity: Use nature as recreation.(Made by 110 Author) 111 07 DESIGN

7.1 Function in Rotterdam city

The design of the case study area can contribute to solve the water issues and improve the biodiversity and amenity values on the city scale. The canal in Rotterdam city is not always connected with each other directly. For example, the Heemraadssingel is connected with Essenburgsingel, however, both of them are not connected with other canals directly, for example, Westersingel. So in the normal situation, the changes of water level in Heemraadssingel will not influence the water level in Westersingel. (Lankester, 2007) To solve the water issues in Rotterdam city, one of the 07 important principles is to realize the self-sufficient decentralized drainage system, which means that each area should have the ability to buffer the water issues by themselves. If all the different areas can realize DESIGN the self-sufficient water balance, then the whole Rotterdam city can achieve the targets to be climate change proof. However, obviously, within the whole city, the ability to buffering climate change varies from area to area, because of the differences of soil, land use, and other site specific conditions. So the connection between different area is also essential to balance the difference, while the decision to make the connections needs full consideration and strict verification. In the selected area, the design is aimed to realize the self- sufficient water balance, while it has limited ability to solve the water issues from the other areas. However, different with dealing with water issues, increasing the connection between different areas can achieve higher biodiversity and amenity values, which is recommended. The design of the selected area can improve the biodiversity values by functioning as the ecological corridor. And the improved canals and green spaces are also connected with other green spaces as some specific routes for the local people and visitors. Besides, the route can also improve the green connections between the canal and natural space, which contributes to the increasing of biodiversity values The figure 1, 2 and 3 show more detailed information and elaborate explanation.

112 113 04 ROTTERDAM 04 ROTTERDAM

The selected area is a highly dense building environment with a few public spaces. So there is limited space that can be used to buffer the water issues naturally. So within the selected area, the primary design aim is to realize the self-sufficient water balance, instead of taking responsibility to solve water issues from the other areas or the whole Rotterdam city. The realization of self-sufficient water balance needs to transform the existing urban water system into sustainable urban drainage system. As a emergent solution, the excessive water within this area will be pumped to river Schie at the western end of Essenburgsingel. Based on the realization of self-sufficient water balance within the selected area, it may receive the excess water from other areas, such as the water from centrum building environments, however the potential is very limited.

Figure 7.1 The self-sufficient water balance within the context of Rotterdam city.(Made by Author)

114 115 04 ROTTERDAM 04 ROTTERDAM

Within the building environment in Nieuwe Westen and Middelland, the adaptation of green roofs and tree line can highly enhance the biodiversity values in the neighbourhood, and also provide the connection area for birds or bats to move within the city. The Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel are already the existing green spaces. With adding more habitats and plants, the area can attract more animals to settle and bread, so the inner biodiversity values are increased. And it also provides the connection between the north and south green infrastructure, which can enhance the overall biodiversity values on the city scale.

116 117 Figure 7.2 The ecological connection within the context of Rotterdam city.(Made by Author) 04 ROTTERDAM 04 ROTTERDAM

Green Paint

As for the amenity values, the Rotterdam Canal Fountain Route and the Rotterdam Natural Route can be developed. The canal is the important component of the green infrastructure in Rotterdam city, which also has high cultural values since it is also considered as the representative of Rotterdam style. The Rotterdam Canal Route for the biking or walking connects the important canal within the Rotterdam central area: the Westersingel, Heemraadssingel, and Essenburgsingel. And all these canals have different characteristics. The Essenburgsingel Westersingel is a canal with strong urban features with the hard pavement along the water. So different urban activities normally happen here. The Heemraadssingel has more natural features with a clear English landscape structure, with using the natural elements as a recreation. And the Essenburgsingel will have less artificial structures and look more like a natural and wild space, with high biodiversity values. The Rotterdam Canal Heemraadssingel Route shows the local people or tourists an overall picture of Rotterdam Canal style. Besides, the Canal Route can also be expanded and connected with other green space to be developed as a Rotterdam Natural Route. The route goes through the Westersingel, Museumpark, Het Park, Heemraadssingel, and Essenburgsingel. And it can also be connected with the Vroesenpark, Dakpark Rotterdam and parks in the North of Rotterdam. And in some important nodes(normally the busy Westersingel traffic crossroads), there will be some iconic elements to highlight the routes, such as the green paint on the road to guide people, or the fountains in the surface water to attract the attentions. And these measures can also improve the liveability in the city context.

118 119 Figure 7.3 The Rotterdam Canal Route and Natural Route.(Made by Author) 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

7.2 Building environment the water drained from Area 1 to this square are 1623 m^3, then the square A can provide extra 5479m^3 Within the building environment, the primary design storage volume. Different with this situation, the aim is to realize the buffering of peak rainfall event. square B cannot provide enough storage space for the Based on this, the biodiversity and amenity values extra water from Area 2, so there are still 1335 m^3 could also be improved to some extent. To solve the needed to be discharged to other places. Similar to water issues, the model developed in the strategies will Square E, there are 1245m^3 needed to be drained be adopted within this area. To see whether the model out.( Table 7.2) can solve the water issues within the neighborhood, Based on the calculation and the topography within some calculations need to be done. balance between different areas to realize the storage the SuDS measures and if these spaces are enough to assignment.this area, different Simply connecting groups are all made the areas to find is not the matchThe first the steppeak isstorage to calculate assignment. the available area for advisable. Connecting all the areas without serious Within the building environment, it has the 28.1ha calculation means that the water will naturally follow the topography and be collected at the lowest position places, 17.0 ha of side walking areas, and 4.4ha public within the whole area. However, this situation will of flat roofs, 12.0ha of sloping roofs, 4.8ha of parking available to develop the SuDS measures. The measure Besides, it cannot take full advantage of every area spaces.(figure 7.4) It is assumed that all the spaces are tohighly store increase the water, the since flooding the rainwater risk in the will lowest be quickly area. rainwater harvest facilities can be adopted on the discharged to the lowest areas. slopingof the green roof area. roof Thecan waterbe used tank on can the be flat installed roof, and under the the parking place, and the geocellular system can be principle of grouping different areas is proximity, used under the side walking area. And the public space whichTo arrange means the the water water flows is preferred in the right to be way, discharged the first can be transformed into water square. The detailed to the square as near as possible. The second basis is taking the existing topography into consideration. Based on the calculation, on the whole area, the total Besides, excepting the normal drainage route, the potentialcalculation available is shown water in figure storage 7.5. quantity is around emergent path should also be designed based on the 89489.7m^3, which can satisfy the storage assignment previous two principles. of 83463m^3. drainage direction and volume between different the block to block. Although the whole area can realize areas.The figure The Area 7.7 shows1,2,4 are the one different group. groups,The extra and water the theObviously, buffering the ofspecific extreme situation rainfall can event, be different it does from not from Area 1,2,4 will be discharged to the square A. The mean that every area itself can also buffer the extreme Area 3 can realize the enough water storage assignment rainfall event, and the situation can be different from on itself. The Area 5 and 6 are one group, the extra blocks to block based on the location, the size, or the water from Area 6 will be discharged to square F. The elevation. (Qian, 2012) Area 7 is the lowest part in the selected area, so the water in this area cannot be drained naturally back to into 11 areas based on the current situation. So the south, then the excess water will be drained into the tableAccording 7.1 showsto the figurethe calculation 7.6, the whole of available area is dividedstorage Essenburgsingel West directly. The Area 8 can provide enough water storage space. And the Area 9,10,11 of them. Obviously, all the area cannot provide enough form one group. And the extra water from Area 9,10,11 storagevolume, volumerainfall volumeto buffer on the each extreme block andrainfall the deficitevent. Then the extra rainwater falling on the area need to be the emergent drainage direction of different groups. discharged to the nearby public space. Basedwill be on drained the calculation to square and I. The plan, figure the whole7.7 also selected shows Generally speaking, almost every area owns one or two area can provide enough water storage space to buffer small water square in or nearby the area. The water the 1/100 year extreme rainfall event to realize the from the area is primarily to be discharged to the nearby water square. However, in this situation, there are still some areas cannot fully match with the storage self-sufficient water balance. assignment, while some areas can provide more space to store the rainwater. For example, assuming the average depth of water square is 0.5m, the water square A can provide 8374m^3 water storage volume. The rainfall volume on the square A are 1271 m^3 and Figure 7.4 The adaptation of the measures in the designed area.(Made by Author) 120 121 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

Green Roof water storage quantity Assuming the green roof can store the rain water 25L/m^2 28.1 ha 7046.5m^3

Rainwater Harvest Roof Area: water storage quantity Assuming the rainwater harvest can store the rain water 50L/m^2 12.0 ha 6021.5m^3

Water Square: water storage quantity Assuming the average depth of water square 0.5m 4.4 ha 22497.2m^3

Water Tank: water storage quantity Assuming the average depth of water tank 0.5m 4.8 ha 24138.8m^3

Geocellular System: water storage quantity Assuming the average depth of Geocellular system 0.35m ha m^3 17.0 (Not every street can install the 29785.5 system, assuming 50% are suitable)

Total potential availabe water storage quantity: Storage assignment to buffer the 1/100year event: 89489.7m^3 > 83463m^3

Figure 7.5 The calculation of water storage volume in the designed area.(Made by Author) Figure 7.6 The blocks and public spaces within the designed area.(Made by Author) 122 123 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

Table 7.1 The water deficit in blocks. Space for storage(m^2) Water Deficit in Area Green Rainwater Water Geocellular Storage Rainfall Roof Harvest tank System Block(R-S)

1 24740 14245 4588 18134 6798 8422 1623

2 41134 7844 5395 14191 6602 8768 2166

3 10005 15193 2714 12225 4506 4901 395

4 37089 15094 6930 21978 8993 10600 1607

5 40256 12965 6233 25346 9207 9817 610

6 25151 4304 2294 13235 4307 5838 1531

7 25822 7331 4411 14156 5695 7632 1937

8 7914 6926 1228 5545 2128 2912 784

9 5859 13066 2999 8951 3866 4041 175

10 36041 11441 6503 25312 9154 9466 312

11 27849 12019 4983 11130 5736 7673 1937

Table 7.2 The water deficit within the blocks and public spaces. Defict(water storage volume- Water storage volume(m^3) Sqaure Area(m^2) Rainfall Rainfall volume on sqaure- (assuming the depth is 0.5m) Volume water deficit in the block)

A(Area 1) 16747 1271 8374 5479

B(Area 2) 1959 149 980 -1335

C+D(Area 3) 1929 146 965 423

E(Area 4) 853 65 427 -1245

F(Area 5) 4519 343 2260 1307

G(Area 6) 2361 179 1180 -530

H(Area 7) 1302 99 651 -1385

I(Area 8) 2455 244 1607 579

Non(Area 9) 0 0 0 -175

J(Area 10) 10890 826 5445 4307 K(Area 11) 1218 92 609 -1420

Figure 7.7 The grouping of blocks and water flow direction and volume.(Made by Author) 124 125 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

7.2.1 Block design Green Roof are designed as the pretreatment elements to remove Rainwater Harvest The design of the block can be used as an example to partunderground of large sedimentations.(Figure pipes. And the filter strip 7.10) and filter drain understand how the block can store the rainwater on site and discharge the water to the other blocks. The storage measures in design. The green roof can provide m^3 table 7.3 shows the evaluation of the block design 70.6m^3The figure water 7.9 shows storage the structurevolume, andand arrangementthe rainwater of 78.1 based on the SuDS design criteria. The design has harvest can provide 7.6m^3 storage volume. The high values to solve the water quantity issues, while parking lots and side walk area can provide 187.4m^3 the ability to improve water quality is limited. And and 203.8m^3 water storage volume respectively. also because of the lack of space on the ground, the Within this block, it could provide 469.2 m^3 water biodiversity and amenity values are quite limited. storage volume in total. However, during the 1/100 Geocellular System: However, the green roof can contribute to enhancing return year rainfall event, the total rainfall volume is the biodiversity values to some extent. 543.1 m^3, which is still beyond the available storage The selected block is located near to the volume within the block. So 73.6m^3 of rainwater Heemraadsplein. (Figure 7.8) According to the existing needs to be discharged to the other blocks or the water 203.8 m^3 situation, the block has limited space on the ground. square through the conveyance system. The street along the building is only around 2 meters wide, which has very limited space to adapt the measures above the ground, such as bioswale, rain garden. Based on this situation, to realize the storage assignment, the adaptation of underground measures Water Tank: will be the main solution. The measures used in design for water storage is the green roof, rainwater harvesting system, water tank and geocellular system. The conveyance elements are the gutter and 187.4 m^3 Figure 7.8 The location of the block. Table 7.3 The evaluation of the block design based on the SuDS design criteria. Design Criteria Evaluation Manage flood risk on site and the receiving catchment ++ Gutter: Use surface water runoff as the resource + 30cm(wide) Water Quantity Preserve the natural hydrological systems . * Protect from drought . 0.5cm(depth) Design in system flexibility and adaptability .

Support the water quality on site and the receiving water + Water Quality Design system resilience . Total amount: Storage assignment:

Support and protect natural local habitats and species 469.4 543.1m^3 + > Contribute to the local biodiversity objectives + Biodiversity Contribute to habitat connectivity + Create diverse and resilient ecosystems - 73.6 m^3 Enhance visual aesthetic values + rainwater need to be discharged

. Amenity Maximize multi-functionality out of the block Develop safe surface water system .

++ Highly positive + Positive . Neutral - Negative -- Highly Negative Figure 7.9 The calculation of water storage volume of the block.(Made by Author) 126 127 04 ROTTERDAM

Figure 7.10 The plan drawing of the block. (Made by Author) 128 129 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

Figure 7.11 The section of the block.(Made by Author)

grasses will be planted to block the sedimentation and water on the street and then transport it to the lowest measures. From A to A’, the water tank is built under also increase the biodiversity and amenity values. rainwater within the block. In the inner area, the corner. At the lowest position, there is a pretreatment theThe parking figure 7.11area showsalong the detailedroad, and design the parking of the rainwaterThe figure falling 7.12 on shows the roof the will drainage be drained direction through of spot is covered by permeable pavement material. the pipes to the gutter along the building basis. And the The width and height of the water tank are 1.8m and rainwater falling on the hard pavement area and private theelement underground which is geocellular the combination system of through filter strip it. The and 0.5m respectively. Then under the side walk area, the garden will be drained into the gutter. The gutter will filter drain, and the water in the gutter will flow into geocellular system is constructed, and the height of the tank through the permeable pavement on the parking box is 0.35m. And the gutter is located on the surface spots.rainwater And runoff the geocellular from the road system will flowis also into connected the water of side walk area, with the width of 0.3m and depth of geocellulartransport the system. water The to thegeocellular pretreatment system facility(filter in the inner with the water tank. Besides, through the geocellular areastrip isand connected filter drain) with and the the geocellular water will system flow into in the system and pipes, the water can be transported to the inner block area, the measures of gutter, geocellular street. The gutter on the street area is located in the other blocks if this area cannot hold all the rainwater. 0.05m. The green roof is built on the flat roofs. In the middle of the street, and it follows the natural slope of the existing side walk area. So the gutter will collect the system are also used. Besides, there is a filter strip 130 located in the middle of the inner area. Some flowering 131 04 ROTTERDAM 04 ROTTERDAM

Figure 7.12 The water drainage flows on the block during the rainfall event. (Made by Author) 132 133 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

between the blocks by geocelluar system and pipes. The underground figure 7.13 shows pipe is the across details the of road, the connectionand above the pipe, the road is a little bit raised. This is to leave enough space for the construction of pipes and it also can help to slow down the car speed in the

connections between geocelluar system and water neighborhoods. The figure 7.14 shows the detailed stored in the geocelluar system. The excess water in thetank. geocelluar The rainwater system falling will be on discharged the street intowill thefirstly water be tank. And the extra water in water tank will be drained

to the existing sewer system. The figure 7.15 shows Figure 7.13 The connection between the different blocks.(Made by Author) withthe details high permeabilityof the filter strip to keep and filterthe drainage drain. Above smooth. the filter is the layer of gravel, and the filter is the material the water into the geocelluar system. Under the filter is the perforated outlet pipe to drain

Figure 7.14 The connection between geocellular system, water tank, and sewer system.(Made by Author)

Figure 7.15 The connection between filter strip, filter drain, and geocellular system.(Made by Author)

134 135 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

The gutter is one of the most visible elements in the design of the block, which is made up of red bricks. The straight gutter highlights the existing neighborhood structure. The using of the red bricks is to highlight the gutter on the side walk since the old pavement is gray, and the red bricks are also fitting with the building environment and the main street. During the raining, the gutter will be filled with rainwater, so children can step on the water to just have fun.

Figure 7.16 The impression of the block during the rainfall event.(Made by Author) 136 137 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

7.2.2 Water square Basically, the square can be divided into 2 parts. The left part of the square is redesigned as the peak storage The Heemraadsplein is located between the street basin, which can provide 6111.6m^3 storage volume Nieuwe Binnenweg and Mathenesserlaan, which is also to buffer the extreme rainfall event. And the right part situated along the Heemraadssingel. In the design, the is the long-term storage basin, it can also provide the Heemraadsplein will be transformed to a water square 1109m^3 storage volume for the seasonal storage that can provide the space both for peak storage and within the area. The peak storage basin will receive the seasonal storage. water from the surrounding neighborhoods. During The table 7.4 shows the evaluation of water square the rainfall event, the rainwater falling on this area will design based on the SuDS design criteria. The design be collected by the gutter and transported to the two has high values to solve the water quantity issues, basins. And the water falling around the basins will be while the ability to improve water quality is limited. collected into the basins directly. (Figure 7.18) And it has high amenity values because of holding different recreational activities or events. However, the biodiversity value is limited, since solving the water issues and providing recreational spaces are the more important functions for this area, based on the existing situation. Based on the previous planning, the water square will receive the excess water from the surrounding neighborhoods, so totally 5747m^3 storage volume is needed to buffer the 1/100 year rainfall event.

Table 7.4 The evaluation of the water square design based on the SuDS design criteria.

Design Criteria Evaluation Manage flood risk on site and the receiving catchment ++

Use surface water runoff as the resource +

Water Quantity Preserve the natural hydrological systems +

Protect from drought ++ Design in system flexibility and adaptability +

Support the water quality on site and the receiving water . Water Quality Design system resilience .

Support and protect natural local habitats and species .

Contribute to the local biodiversity objectives . Biodiversity Contribute to habitat connectivity .

Create diverse and resilient ecosystems -

Enhance visual aesthetic values ++

Amenity Maximize multi-functionality ++

Develop safe surface water system +

++ Highly positive + Positive . Neutral - Negative -- Highly Negative

138 139 04 ROTTERDAM

Figure 7.17 The plan drawing of the water square. (Made by Author) 140 141 04 ROTTERDAM

Figure 7.18 The water drainage flows on the water square during the rainfall event, and the water storage volume. (Made by Author) 142 143 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

Figure 7.19 The water flow between peak storage basin and seasonal storage basin during the raining and sunny day.(Made by Author)

NAP, so if the water exceeds the level, the extra water to Heemraadssingel. After the rainfall event, the water also be discharged to Heemraadssingel through the rainfall event within the water square. At the starting of will be drained to the seasonal storage basin through stored in peak storage basin need to be discharged open gutter. This measures can refresh the water in the theThe extremefigure 7.19 rainfall shows event, how thethe peakwater storage flows during basin willthe the underground pipes. The normal water level in away within 48 hours to prepare for the next rainfall seasonal storage basin and Heemraadssingel, which receive the excess water from the surrounding blocks. seasonal storage basin is -1.2m NAP. As the rising of event during the rainy season. During the summer can relatively improve the water quality. So the water level will increase in the peak storage water level in seasonal storage basin, the excess water time, the water can be drained to the seasonal storage basin. The designed maximum water level is -1.1m will be drained through the open gutter on the ground basin to replace the old water, and the old water will

144 145 0407 ROTTERDAMDESIGN 07 DESIGN

Figure 7.20 The section of water square.(Made by Author) right side of the square, which can also be divided into functions of the whole square. The peak storage basin 2 parts: deep water zone and shallow water zone. The consistsThe figure of 2 7.20parts: showsthe green the retention different pond zones and andthe normal water depth of the deep water zone is around 1m, while the shallow water zone is around 0.1m. water depth of 1m and 0.75m respectively. Before the And the seasonal storage pond is designed with 10cm design,have pavement the green field,space is with the lawn the maximumwith trees, possiblewhich is an important place for people to rest or have different activities. Following the old shape of the green space, fluctuation. the designer lowers the space to acquire the retention water zones. The deep water zone can be used as a The figure 7.21 shows the details of these two Figure 7.21 The seasonal storage basin.(Made by Author) pond. And the trees are preserved as much as possible swimming area for the children who can swim, and and protected by the concrete planting square. The the shallow water area is the area for young children

pond. In the situation without rainfall events, it can be of the connection between the peak storage basin and usedsquare for of the the basketball hard pavement or other field sports, is also or recreational a retention seasonalto play with storage water. basin. The figure 7.22 shows the details activities. Since the current main function of the square is used to hold the marketing and festival events, though it may only take place one or two times a year. So between the peak storage basin and seasonal storage basin, a part of the square is left for holding the events. Besides, the seasonal storage basin is located on the Figure 7.22 The connection between peak storage basin and seasonal storage basin.(Made by Author) 146 147 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

During the sunny days, the square can be used to hold different activities, such as marketing, basketball game, the outdoor concert and so on. And the Food harvesting festival is one of the biggest events occurred on this place. The events and newly designed square can attract more people from the whole city to join the festival, which activates this old place and the surrounding neighborhoods. The local people will also be proud of the square and spend more time on the outdoor activities. The livability of whole neighborhood is also improved.

Figure 7.23 The impression of the festival event on the water square.(Made by Author) 148 149 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

During the rainfall event, the overflow from the seasonal storage basin to Heemraadssingel will occur. The visible water flow will hinder people’s actions and attract the attentions, which can make people be aware of the effects brought by climate change, and see how it has changed our daily lives. Besides, the water basin also provides the opportunities for people to play with water, especially in the summer time, which can also remind people the significance of water in our daily lives.

Figure 7.24 The impression of the seasonal storage basin during the rainfall event.(Made by Author) 150 151 07 DESIGN

7.3 Green-Blue space 7.3.1 Seasonal storage assignment

The whole area of Heemraadssingel and Based on the previous site analysis, in the existing Essenburgsingel will be improved based on the SuDS Green-Blue space, it needs to achieve the seasonal design criteria, to become a multi-functional Green- storage assignment of 6235 m^3. In the design for Blue space that can solve the water issues and enhance Heemraadssingel, the measure used to add more storage the biodiversity and amenity values. space is to expand the existing surface water area. And In the design, the area is developed into different at the same time, the bank edge is also transformed zones based on the existing characters and from hard edges to soft edges. In Essenburgsingel possible development potentials.(Figure 7.26) In Heemraadssingel, the Heemraadspark is the main the changes of the surface water system. Totally, the recreational area, since it is already one of the changesWest, a newof the pond surface is settled.water system The figure can offer 7.27 6963.9 shows most popular spots in the neighborhoods because m^3 of extra long-term storage volume, with 2463.9 of different recreational facilities, such as the new m^3 in Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel East, 4500m^3 in Essenburgsingel West. site. And the square Heemraadsplein is also located inbuilding this area, playgrounds, which is basketballtransformed field, to anda water skateboard square to provide peak storage and seasonal storage space. And the design also highlights the amenity values of Heemraadsplein. Besides, the area between the Rochussenstraat and Nieuwe Binnenweg and the area located between 2e Middellandstraat and Beukelsdijk are the main areas that provide the habitats to the local lives in Heemraadssingel. However, instead of designing the areas in a fully wild way, and the design still keeps and reinforces the English landscape style to some extent. Since the Rotterdam Style image of Heemraadssingel is quite strong and the canal has already become a symbol of the Rotterdam canal style. Different with the design of Heemraadssingel, the Essenburgsingel does not have strong images of English landscape style naturally, and the current situation is that this area is more like a wild natural environment, especially in the north of Essenburgsingel East, which is already covered with a plenty of trees, shrubs and wild grasses. So the Essenburgsingel is designed in the way that is much wilder and more natural than the Heemraadssingel, with high biodiversity values, with the natural experience as the main attraction point. Besides, a new treatment pond is located in the north of Essenburgsingel West. The new treatment pond is used to purify water in Heemraadssingel and

happens. Besides, a new route for the walking with dogsEssenburgsingel, is also designed especially in the whennorth theof Essenburgsingel sewer overflow West, which is connected with the existing routes in Essenburgsingel East by a new bridge.

Figure 7.25 The master plan of the whole Green-Blue space. (Made by Author) 152 153 04 ROTTERDAM

Figure 7.26 The zones of the Green-Blues spaces. Figure 7.27 The newly developed water surface for (Made by Author) the seasonal storage within the Green-Blue space. 154 (Made by Author) 155 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

7.3.2 Heemraadspark grass, and wetland plants, though the intensive human

The Heemraadspark will be developed into a the site. main recreational area that people can play with activities will influence the behaviors of the animals on natural elements, such as water, wild grasses, micro the site. On the left side of the park, there is a slope topography, branches and trees. naturallyThe figure from 7.29 the shows south theto north. drainage There direction are several on The table 7.5 shows the evaluation of the design of peak storage basins located on the north. During the Heemraadspark based on the SuDS design criteria. rainfall event, the rainwater falling on the south area The design has much some positive effects to solve the will be drained to the peak storage basin on the north. water quantity issues. While the site itself does not The size of the green space area is around 4593m^2. have serious water quantity issues, and the potential During the 1/100 year event(96.4mm), the volume to expand the surface water is limited, considering of the rainwater falling on this space are 442.7m^3, the existing topography and people’s usage. Only a which means that the peak storage basin at least peak storage basin is added in this area to collect can provide 442.7m^3 space to buffer the extreme the rainwater. And the design can contribute to the rainfall event. In this design, the average depth of the improvement of the water quality, which is mainly peak storage basin in dark blue is around 1.5m, while based on the adding of wetland plants in the water. the basin with light blue is only 0.5m. The basin is However, the percentage of the coverage of wetland connected with each other by the underground pipes. plants is limited considering the other amenity values. Totally the peak storage basin can provide 521.2m^3 Besides, the Heemraadspark can provide high amenity water storage volume, which can match the storage values for adding many new recreational activities. assignment. Besides, the excessive water in the basin And the biodiversity values could also be improved will be discharged to the canal by using the open gutter relatively with the introduction of new forests, wild on the ground. And the water falling on the street and Table 7.5 The evaluation of the Heemraadspark based on the SuDS design criteria. Design Criteria Evaluation Manage flood risk on site and the receiving catchment +

Use surface water runoff as the resource +

Water Quantity Preserve the natural hydrological systems ++

Protect from drought + Design in system flexibility and adaptability +

Support the water quality on site and the receiving water + Water Quality Design system resilience +

Support and protect natural local habitats and species +

Contribute to the local biodiversity objectives + Biodiversity Contribute to habitat connectivity +

Create diverse and resilient ecosystems +

Enhance visual aesthetic values ++

Amenity Maximize multi-functionality ++

Develop safe surface water system +

++ Highly positive + Positive . Neutral - Negative -- Highly Negative

156 Figure 7.28 The plan drawing of the Heemraadspark. 157 (Made by Author) 04 ROTTERDAM 07 DESIGN

Figure 7.30 The pre-treatment facility in Heemraadspark.(Made by Author)

Figure 7.31 The section of the pre-treatment measure.(Made by Author)

serve as the emergent path. The pretreatment facility canthe bankhave will pretreatment flow into the effects canal todirectly. the water. And the Besides, green isthrough surrounded the stones. by wetland And an plantsoverflow in thepath water is designed and also to therelawns are and also plants two canpretreatment also serve facilities as a filter added strip, around which shrubs on the ground, which is to prevent the access from the animals and people. While a management route is left on the ground for the normal management intothe outflowthe main point pond. from the sewer system, which can activities. prevent some large sedimentations directly flowing information of the pretreatment facility. The berm The figure 7.30 and 7.31 show more detailed some large sedimentations can be blocked within is built by the mesh wire box filled with stones. So

Figure 7.29 The water drainage flows in the Heemraadspark the pretreatment pond, while the water still can flow 158 during the rainfall event, and the water storage volume.(Made 159 by Author) 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

Figure 7.32 The section of the Heemraadspark.(Made by Author)

On the left side of the park is the peak storage basin water depth and the arrangement of the stones. The withThe figure the new 7.32 forests. shows theThe different micro topography zones and functions. can also fishes moving in the water, because of the sufficient be used as the recreational facilities for children both islands and stepping stone in the water. figure 7.33 and figure 7.34 shows the details of the that children can pick up the branches in the forest to when it has water or not. And there is also a fire place space is the large lawns with adding new trees around it.build Then the the fire pathspots. goes And throughthe southern the park part ofand the divides green the peak storage basin and green banks. On the green

Figure 7.33 The section of the stone islands area.(Made by Author) grasses, which can be more than 1.5 meters high. And therebank, arepart the of thenarrow area paths is planted going with through the flowering the grass, wild and children could walk around in the plants. Continually to the east, there is an area with many islands made by lots of stones. The water depth in the area with islands is around 0.2m, considering the safety issues. Besides, this is also a path made by bigger stones crossing the canal to another side of the water. And the basis for the stepping stone is also lifted, so the water depth in this area is only 0.3m. Similarly, the edges of the basis are also highlighted by using the wetland plants. Besides, the stepping stones will not block off the ways that the Figure 7.34 The section of the stepping stones in the water.(Made by Author) 160 161 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

Little children can walk, hide or chase in the flowering meadows. And some old children can climb the trees. Only the children can swim are allowed to play on the stone islands. The islands are made by movable small stones, so the children can move the stones by themselves to change the waterways. And the edges of the island area are highlighted by using the wetland plants because of the safety issues. And the stepping stone can guide people from the other side of the bank to the island. Fishes can also move freely in the water.

Figure 7.35 The impression of the stone islands and the stepping stone in the water.(Made by Author) 162 163 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

During the rainfall event, the peak storage basin will be filled with the water from surroundings. The storage pond is divided by the routes. As the water level rising in the basin, different activities could happen. In the drawing, the two basins in front have the maximum water level of 1.5m, which can be used as temporary swimming ponds for the children who can swim. Another basin is more shallow than the others, with the maximum water level of 0.5m, which can be used by little children.

Figure 7.36 The impression of the peak storage basin in Heemraadspark.(Made by Author) 164 165 07 DESIGN Area between Rochussenstraat and Nieuwe Binnenweg

7.3.2 Ecological areas in Heemraadssingel resources for the educational activities.

The area between Rochussenstraat and Nieuwe for wildlife and humans. Basically, there are several Binnenweg, and the area between 2e Middellandstraat spotsThe figure that are7.38 left and for 7.40 human show activities the zones in of both the areas.space and Beukelsdijk are the main areas that can enhance And in the area for wildlife, some wild grasses with the biodiversity values in Heemraadssingel. The table 7.6 shows the evaluation based on the SuDS design habitat. And the wetland plants also provide the food, criteria. Similar with Heemraadspark, the areas do not settlementflowers, shrubs, and breadand trees area are for introduced the waterfowls. to form And the have serious water quantity issues on the site itself. The some sand dune areas are also added to provide more diverse habitats. And also some paths are designed water quality because of the wetland plants. Besides, to access to the water, especially for the wildlife. theareas areas have havepositive high influences biodiversity on the values improvement since they of (Woods Ballard, 2015) Generally, to highlight the provide more spaces as the habitats to the local lives. English landscape style, the old structure is preserved Different with Heemraadspark, there are not many in some spots. And the new design also uses the human activities happened on the site, excepting similar structures to match with the whole style and walking along the canal or just resting on the lawn. The atmosphere. areas are divided into the different space for animals However, there is also the difference between the two and humans, to prevent animals disturbing from areas. Within the area between 2e Middellandstraat human activities. And the introduction of new plants and Beukelsdijk, the old structure is fully kept, and can enhance the visual values, while the recreational only the hard edges will be transformed into the soft values may be limited within this area to some extent. edges because the water surface in this area is already However, the biodiversity values can be used as the quite big. And also there are less new plants added

Table 7.6 The evaluation of the ecological areas based on the SuDS design criteria. Design Criteria Evaluation Manage flood risk on site and the receiving catchment +

Use surface water runoff as the resource .

Water Quantity Preserve the natural hydrological systems ++

Protect from drought + Design in system flexibility and adaptability +

Support the water quality on site and the receiving water ++ Water Quality Design system resilience +

Support and protect natural local habitats and species ++

Contribute to the local biodiversity objectives ++ Biodiversity Contribute to habitat connectivity ++

Create diverse and resilient ecosystems +

Enhance visual aesthetic values +

Amenity Maximize multi-functionality ./+

Develop safe surface water system .

++ Highly positive + Positive . Neutral - Negative -- Highly Negative Figure 7.37 The plan drawing of the area between Rochussenstraat and Nieuwe Binnenweg.(Made by 166 Author) 167 Area between04 ROTTERDAM Rochussenstraat and Nieuwe Binnenweg Area between 2e Middellandstraat and Beukelsdijk

Figure 7.38 The zones of the area between Figure 7.39 The plan drawing of the area between 2e Rochussenstraat and Nieuwe Binnenweg. (Made by Middellandstraat and Beukelsdijk. (Made by Author) 168 Author) 169 Area between04 ROTTERDAM 2e Middellandstraat and Beukelsdijk 07 DESIGN

to the green bank because the bank is more narrow surroundings. The islands are the important bay areas compared with others, and too many shrubs will for the waterfowls to settle and breed. shrink down the space that people can have activities. Besides, because of the wide surface water, some islands for the waterfowls can be realized in this area. These islands are at least 3 meters away from shore, or some are protected by plenty of wetland plants in the

Jackdaw Coot

Egyptian Goose

Coot Kingfisher Wood Rose-ringed Bat pigeon Parakeets Wild duck Seagulls Swans Blue heron Jackdaw

Forest Bush & Meadow Wetland Dune

Figure 7.41 The possible developed habitats within the ecological areas.(Made by Author)

A A'

Name Height Flowering Period Light Environment Soil Native Wildlife values Note Iris pseudacorus 40‐120 cm May, June during July Sunny to slightly shaded food‐rich soil Y Emergent plant

Schoenoplectus 50‐275 cm June, July, August, Sunny places silty soil (clay, silt, and sand Y Emergent plant tabernaemontani September and October Nymphaea alba 80 to 175 cm May, June, July, August Sunny places almost all soil types except Y Floating plant and September clay Bidens cernua 15‐90 cm July, August, September Sunny, open areas almost all soils Y and October Viola arvensis 5‐30 cm April, May, June, July, Sunny, open mostly churned soil Y August, September and Hippophae rhamnoides 2‐4 m suitable for dry soil clay soil, loamy soil,sandy N soil, nutrient‐poor soil Cornus sanguinea 1‐3 meters June Sunny to slightly shaded limestone, clay, loess, sandy Y locations clay, and light river clay Figure 7.40 The zones of the area between 2e Value for bee Value for butterfly Value for bird Value for waterfowl Value for mammal Middellandstraat and Beukelsdijk. (Made by Figure 7.42 The section A-A’ in the area between Rochussenstraat and Nieuwe Binnenweg.(Made by Author) 170 Author) 171 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

B B' D D'

Name Height Flowering Period Light Environment Soil Native Wildlife values Note Name Height Flowering Period Light Environment Soil Native Wildlife values Note Sparganium erectum 30‐180 cm June, July, August and Sunny to half shaded places clayey to sandy or peaty soil Y Emergent plant Schoenoplectus 75 cm to350 cm June, July and August, Sunny places bottom layer of peat, clay, Y Emergent plant September lacustris sometimes in September sand or stony ground Juncus effusus 20‐140 cm June, July and August Sunny to slightly shaded sand, clay and peat Y Emergent plant Hydrocharis morsus‐ 15‐30 cm June, July and August Sunny places in shallow with a bottom of peat, river Y Floating plant locations ranae clay, sand or loam Caltha palustris 15‐50 cm April and May, sometimes Sunny to mid‐shaded places silt, sand, sandy clay, clay Y Emergent plant Carex acutiformis 0.3‐1.2 meters May and June Sunny to moderately shaded peat bogs, river clay, sandy Y Emergent plant in August and September light (no clay), and layer of places clay, loam, loess and sand Cerastium arvense 5‐30 cm April, May, June and July Sunny sandy clay Y Butomus umbellatus 30 to 150 cm June, July, August and Sunny a base of sand, loam, sandy Y Emergent plant September clay, peat or clay Silene dioica 30‐90 cm May, June, July, August, Sunny to mostly lightly often calcareous, peaty, Y Lamium album 30 to 60 cm April, May, June, July, Sunny various soil types Y September, October and shaded places sandy soil (sand, clay and August and September Aesculus parviflora 3 ‐ 5 m July/August suitable for shadow few soil requirements N Ranunculus acris 30‐90 cm April, May, June, July, Sunny places on mois almost all soil types Y August, September and Lindera benzoin 2‐4 m March suitable for shadow clay soil, loamy soil, sandy N Geranium robertianum 10‐60 cm May, June, July, August, Usually lightly shaded all soil types, except bog Y soil September and October Hippophae rhamnoides 2‐4 m suitable for shadow clay soil, loamy soil, sandy N Prunus padus 3‐15 meters April and May Sunny to lightly shaded slightly acidic, peaty soil Y soil, nutrient‐poor soil locations Viburnum opulus 1.5m to 3m June Sunny to slightly shaded peaty soil (sand, loam, loamy Y Value for bee Value for butterfly Value for bird Value for waterfowl Value for mammal locations sand and sandy clay) Figure 7.43 The section B-B’ in the area between Rochussenstraat and Nieuwe Binnenweg.(Made by Author) Value for bee Value for butterfly Value for bird Value for waterfowl Value for mammal Figure 7.45 The section D-D’ in the area between 2e Middellandstraat and Beukelsdijk.(Made by Author)

Since the native species are more easy to be adapted the areas: forest, bush & meadow, wetland, and dune. to the local environment. Thirdly, the plants on the BasedThe figure on the 7.41 previous shows analysis the available of the habitatswildlife on within site, same site should have the similar living conditions, the current existing wildlife has different preferences for example, the soil type. Besides, the grouping of the of the habitat. These four targeted habitats can not only match the preferences of the existing wildlife, but also attract more wildlife species, such as bees plants is trying to maximize the flowering period. C C'

Name Height Flowering Period Light Environment Soil Native Wildlife values Note Acorus calamus 60‐120 cm June and July Sunny places having a base of sand, peat, Y Emergent plant Service,and butterflies, 2003) and the targeted protect species or not too heavy clay Hydrocharis morsus‐ 15‐30 cm June, July and August Sunny places in shallow with a bottom of peat, river Y Floating plant Besides,of Kingfisher there are within four thissections(Figure area. (U.S. Fish7.42, &7.43, Wildlife 7.44, ranae clay, sand or loam 7.45) also made to show the detailed habitat design Nuphar lutea 60‐200 cm May, June, July, August Sunny places muddy bottom Y Floating plant within the areas. And the selections of the plans are Typha latifolia 100‐250 cm June and July Sunny, rarely light shaded practically all types of soils Y Emergent plant also made combined with the sections. The selection locations Juncus effusus 20‐140 cm June, July and August Sunny to slightly shaded sand, clay and peat Y Emergent plant locations Butomus umbellatus 30 to 150 cm June, July, August and Sunny a base of sand, loam, sandy Y Emergent plant design criteria in the theoretical framework. Firstly, the September clay, peat or clay selectedand configuration plants have of higher plants wildlife mainly values depend to different on the Geranium robertianum 10‐60 cm May, June, July, August, Usually lightly shaded all soil types, except bog Y September and October kinds of species. All the plants have the wildlife values Caltha palustris 0:15 to 0:50 meters April ‐ May, August ‐ Sunny to mid‐shaded places layer of peat Y to provide the shelter or breeding place. The higher s. palustris November on wet Hippophae rhamnoides 2‐4 m suitable for dry soil clay soil, loamy soil,sandy N wildlife values of the plants refer to the values of the soil, nutrient‐poor soil fruits, seeds or nectar used as food for wildlife. (U.S. Value for bee Value for butterfly Value for bird Value for waterfowl Value for mammal Fish & Wildlife Service, 2003) Secondly, the selected plants are mainly native species, combined with Figure 7.44 The section C-C’ in the area between 2e Middellandstraat and Beukelsdijk.(Made by Author) several non-native species with high wildlife values. 172 173 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

The island dunes with wetland plant surrounded are good habitat for the wildlife breeding, since it prevents people or foxes accessing to their nests. Besides, this area can also be used as the educational spot. Children from school visiting here can observe wildlife, which can enhance their interests to learn more knowledge about nature, and also learn to love nature. And it is also similar to the local community and people.

Figure 7.46 The impression of the dune islands with diverse wildlife species.(Made by Author) 174 175 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

7.3.3 Essenburgsingel been covered by lots of plants. And the introduction of wetland plants, shrubs, and sand area can provide The design for Essenburgsingel is divided into 3 more diverse habitats to attract the wildlife. And the part: Essenburgsingel East, Essenburgsingel West development of the walking routes cross the natural and the new connection between them. The design area can also increase the amenity values. for Essenburgsingel East is mainly to improve the biodiversity and amenity values. A new treatment pond and the forest areas are located in Essenburgsingel

the water quantity and quality issues within the whole Green-BlueWest, which space. has significant Besides, a contributions new bridge is to built solving to increase the connections between Essenburgsingel East and Essenburgsingel West, which contributes to the improvement of the livability of the neighborhood.

7.3.3.1 Essenburgsingel East The Essenburgsingel East is also the space with high natural values. The table 7.7 shows the evaluation based on the SuDS design criteria. Firstly, the area does not have serious water quantity issues. Secondly, the improvement of the water quality is also limited because of the narrow water surface. Besides, this area can provide high natural values and it has already

Table 7.7 The evaluation of the Essenburgsingel East based on the SuDS design criteria. Design Criteria Evaluation Manage flood risk on site and the receiving catchment .

Use surface water runoff as the resource .

Water Quantity Preserve the natural hydrological systems ++

Protect from drought . Design in system flexibility and adaptability +

Support the water quality on site and the receiving water + Water Quality Design system resilience +

Support and protect natural local habitats and species ++

Contribute to the local biodiversity objectives ++ Biodiversity Contribute to habitat connectivity ++

Create diverse and resilient ecosystems +

Enhance visual aesthetic values ./+

Amenity Maximize multi-functionality ./+

Develop safe surface water system .

++ Highly positive + Positive . Neutral - Negative -- Highly Negative

176 177 Essenburgsingel04 ROTTERDAM East

Figure 7.47 The plan drawing of the Essenburgsingel East.(Made by Author) 178 179 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

Figure 7.48 The sections within Essenburgsingel East.(Made by Author) D D' Figure 7.52 The section D-D’ of the route.(Made by Author)

A A' Figure 7.49 The section A-A’ of the route.(Made by Author)

E E' Figure 7.53 The section E-E’ of the route.(Made by Author) There are dynamic experiences showed in the route. arrangement of the different layer of plants, such as The existing topography is already complicated with the wetland plants, wild grasses, shrubs and trees. quite big height differences. And the route also shows Generally, this route will be popular for walking the the dynamic changes of the distances away from the dogs, experiencing the natural atmosphere, and having water, and the surrounding plants also change along recreational activities. the route. All these elements can contribute to the dynamic experiences when people walk on the route. B B' Figure 7.50 The section B-B’ of the route.(Made by Author) peopleThe figure have 7.49a more to close figure distance 7.53 show to the the water, different while walking experiences. In the figure 7.49 and 7.50, the place where people are close to the water, normally thein figure plants 7.51, will peoplenot block are people’s far always views from to theanother water. side In of the bank, which can provide the safety experiences and the opportunities to have different activities. For

sands is added along the water, which is open to all example, in figure 7.53, a fire place with stones and or playing with water. And sometimes people are different activities such as making a fire or barbecue, to climb up to a higher level. And the place left will far away from the water(figure 7.51), so they need C C' become the habitat area for the wildlife, with the fully Figure 7.51 The section C-C’ of the route.(Made by Author) 180 181 Essenburgsingel04 ROTTERDAM West

Figure 7.54 The plan drawing of the Essenburgsingel West.(Made by Author) 182 183 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

7.3.3.2 Essenburgsingel West walking on the route and the water is not highlighted The Essenburgsingel West is also one of the most in this area. One reason is that the steep slope does not important natural environment in this whole area. allow the connections considering the safety issues. A new route with forests and a treatment pond is Another reason is that the water in the treatment pond located in Essenburgsingel West. The table 7.8 shows may not be safe enough to have the direct contacts with the evaluation results based on the SuDS design criteria. The area has the high values to solve the designed forest area. Different routes go through the water quantity issues because of the new setting of people. The figure 7.56 shows the section of the newly treatment pond, which can provide extra 4500m^3 route, while some spots are left open for the occurring water storage volume. And the treatment pond can forests. Some areas are filled with trees along the also contribute to the improvement of water quality shows the degree of the sloping is increasing from the of different activities. From figure 7.57 to figure 7.58, it value is quite high naturally. The amenity value is not thesignificantly. same highlighted With plenty as the of plants,Heemraadspark, the biodiversity while impossibleeast to west. because In figure of the7.57, steep the accessslope. to water is still the routes and forests can also allow the happening of possible, however, in figure 7.58, the access is almost many activities.

Route design The route in Essenburgsingel West is connected with Essenburgsingel East by a bridge, and the route is also along the railway. The height differences of the topography are bigger than the route in the Essenburgsingel East. The connection between people Figure 7.55 The sections within Essenburgsingel West.(Made by Author) Table 7.8 The evaluation of the Essenburgsingel West based on the SuDS design criteria. Design Criteria Evaluation Manage flood risk on site and the receiving catchment ++

Use surface water runoff as the resource .

Water Quantity Preserve the natural hydrological systems ++

Protect from drought ++ Design in system flexibility and adaptability +

Support the water quality on site and the receiving water ++ Water Quality A A' Design system resilience + Figure 7.56 The section A-A’ of the forests.(Made by Author) Support and protect natural local habitats and species ++

Contribute to the local biodiversity objectives ++ Biodiversity Contribute to habitat connectivity ++

Create diverse and resilient ecosystems +

Enhance visual aesthetic values ./+

Amenity Maximize multi-functionality ./+

Develop safe surface water system +

++ Highly positive + Positive . Neutral - Negative -- Highly Negative B B' Figure 7.57 The section B-B’ of the route.(Made by Author) 184 185 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

C C'

Figure 7.58 The section C-C’ of the treatment pond.(Made by Author) relatively clean after the treatment. Besides, at the West. The middle area is the main wetland zone that right side of the wetland zone, there is the forest area canThe provide figure 7.58 high shows treatment the zonesperformance. of Essenburgsingel And at the with the routes passing through. end part of the main wetland zone, the surface water is divided into several small ponds, and the small ponds are connected with each other by underground pipes. The division can help to increase the treatment performance. And on the left side of the small ponds, there is the outlet zone where the water has become

186 187 Treatment pond while in the winter it need to be extended to 10 or 14 A new treatment pond is designed in the days. (Crites, 2014) 07 DESIGN Essenburgsingel West, with around 9500m^2 area. Besides, the treatment pond is protected by07 the DESIGN weir if The normal water level is around -2.7m NAP. And the water level in the pond have achieved -2.4m NAP, at the normal water level, the total water storage volume is around 4900m^3. The treatment pond can The treatment pond can be used to treat the surface be divided into 4 part: inlet zone, ephemeral zone, the excess water will drain through the overflow path. wetland zone and outlet zone. The inlet zone is mainly water after treatment can be pumped back to the used for sediment removal, so the depth of the inlet water after the sewer overflow happened. The zone is around 1 meter to achieve the sedimentation dirty water. Besides, the treatment pond can also be performance. Then the ephemeral zone serves as the usedHeemraadssingel to treat the wastewater and Essenburgsingel from the neighbourhood to flush the berm to remove the other organic things with 0.2m during the time with the low frequency of the depth of water. The wetland zone is the biggest zone Figure 7.59 The treatment pond can treat the water from the surface water and the neighborhood, and send the clean compared with the other zones, which is around should be used to prevent the waste water contacting water back for different functions. (Made by Author) 8000m^2. This zone is the main area that can provide withhappening the surface of sewer water overflow. directly. In thisAfter situation, the treatment, a weir the treatment performance. The normal water level the water can be drained directly to the surface water or be reused for irrigation or car washing activities in area is the outlet zone with open water of 0.3m depth. the neighbourhood. is around 0.5m, with the fluctuation of 0.3m. The last to drain the excess water. (Potz, 2016) ToAnd achieve in front ofthe the good inlet zone,treatment there isperformance, an overflow paththe intended detention day of water is 7 days in summer

Figure 7.60 The structure of the treatment pond.(Made by Author) 188 189 07 DESIGN 07 DESIGN

Except providing the treatment performance and storing water, the treatment pond is also a place with high biodiversity values and amenity values. The introduction of new forests, bushes, meadows and wetland plants can provide diverse habitats for the wildlife. Besides, the treatment pond is also combined with the routes for walking or running. People can walk through different small treatment ponds and get close to the plants and wildlife. Also, this area can be used as the education spots for schools or people living in the neighbourhoods, to let people know the importance of water resources and be aware of the influences of the climate change.

Figure 7.61 The impression of the treatment pond.(Made by Author) 190 191 Connection04 ROTTERDAM between Essenburgsingel East and West

Figure 7.62 The plan drawing of the bridge.(Made by Author) 7.3.3.3 Connection between Essenburgsingel East and away from the edges of the bridge, considering the West safety issues. And some fences are also designed The new bridge is built to connect the route in between the plants and the wall of the bridge, with the Essenburgsingel East and West. In the current situation, climbing plants. And the climbing plants will hang over the Essenburgsingel East and West are strongly the wall to cover the gray concrete. From a distance, separated by the road without direct connection. And the bridge will look like green corridor crossing over people who want to go from the East to West have to the road. Besides, the bridge is also an important sign element of the Rotterdam Canal Route and Rotterdam of the bridge provides the opportunities to connect Natural Route. thesecross thetwo traffic places circle as one in wholeBeukelsdijk. area, and The also construction improves the livability within the neighbourhoods.

bridge, there are the areas for the plants along the side ofThe the figure path. 7.63 Since shows both the routes section in Essenburgsingel of the bridge. On East the

the plants on the bridge can keep the experiences continually.and West are And filled the with plant natural can also and help green to atmosphere,keep people

192 193 Figure 7.63 The section of the bridge.(Made by Author) 04 ROTTERDAM 08 EVALUATION

8.1 Discussion interview is mainly used to the local people living in the neighborhood to gather some information The significance of the study about how they experience the space. The limitation The climate change has been highlighted gradually of the using of methods is that the overall research from these years since it brings more and more process is too much dependent on the single method of the literature review. And the process of reference drought, more intensive rainfall event, higher sea level. study is also mainly based on the literature review, Especiallyinfluences for in ourpeople daily living life, in such Rotterdam, as longer people period are of instead of visiting the reference case on site. Though facing more serious challenges directly compared the researcher tries the best to gather as much as with the others. One of the most serious results of knowledge as possible in a short period of time, the the climate change is the water issues, such as sewer single usage of the literature review may still lead to some prejudices about the projects and lack of the

ofoverflow, climate streetchange flooding, is a hot which topic havein Rotterdam brought city, bad mainly because of the limited time of the overall thesis 08 andinfluences different on people’sorganizations daily lives.and theBuffering municipality the results are process.reflections Besides, on the theinformation interview collected. can also While,be improved this is working together to make the development principles, to gather the information in a more strict way and and the Rotterdam municipality want to use the provide more information that can contribute to the climate change as the opportunity to transform the city building of the theoretical framework. EVALUATION into an attractive water city, (Gemeente Rotterdam, The theoretical framework consists of three parts: 2007) which can improve the ecological and amenity the Green-Blue space, the urban drainage system values at the same time. To realize these visions, the and the sustainable urban drainage system(SuDS). sustainable urban drainage system(SuDS) is a good The connection between the green and water way to adapt the Rotterdam city. Some projects have infrastructure is the Green-Blue space, which can been implemented in Rotterdam while most of them provide multiple functions to buffer the climate are focusing on the natural space on the large scale. change. The urban drainage system is the basis to However, not many concrete projects have been develop the SuDS within the urban context. The design constructed in the building environment in Rotterdam. criteria and practical approaches are also described. So this study can provide the design approaches, The overall theoretical framework explains the basic principles and experiences to implementing the knowledge and design guidelines of implementing SuDS especially within the context of the urban SuDS to adapt the Green-Blue space. The construction environment in Rotterdam city. Academically, the of the theoretical framework is mainly based on the study provides the general design principles about method of literature review, while the methods of how to create and transform the Green-Blue space by reference study and interview do not have much implementing SuDS, to buffer the results of climate contribution. Besides, the sources of the knowledge change in Rotterdam urban context. And the design can be more diverse. For example, the knowledge made in Heemraadssingel and Essenburgsingel can be of the SuDS design criteria is only mainly depending used an example to show the concrete approaches and on 2 books: The SuDS Manual, C753(Woods Ballard, experiences, since there are many similar highly dense 2015) and Groenblauwe netwerken handleiding voor building neighborhoods within the Rotterdam city. So veerkrachtige steden(Potz, 2016). Though the two the outcomes of the study can be applicable to other books have very rich knowledge about the SuDS, it still similar neighborhoods to buffer the climate change will limit the authenticity of the theoretical framework, issues. to some extent. The analysis of Rotterdam is served as the background Reflection on research process of the research and design process. It consists of three The research of the thesis mainly consists of 2 parts: parts: the results of climate change, the existing water the building of theoretical framework and the analysis system of Rotterdam, and the policy and planning of Rotterdam context and selected case. And the program developed for adapting Rotterdam city. methods used for the research process is the literature The sources of the knowledge are mainly from the review, reference study and interview. literature review. The climate change is one of the The literature review is the main method that most important elements needed to be considered in used in this study to gather the knowledge and the every step of the research and design process. information of Rotterdam context and site situation. The site is analyzed from 4 perspectives: water And the reference study is used to offer some detailed quantity, water quality, biodiversity and amenity. knowledge and inspirations for design. And the The titled case study area is Heemraadssingel and

194 195 08 EVALUATION 08 EVALUATION

Essenburgsingel, while the actual case study area also the large scale based on the Rotterdam context, and recommended to involve more communities within the space in the city of Rotterdam, in particular the includes the surrounding neighborhoods environment the local scale on the site. The hydrological function of design process as early as possible. Or the workshop Heemraadsingel and Essenburgsingel with their within the drainage area of Heemraadssingel, the design to the Rotterdam city is limited because of can be organized for the local communities to let them surrounding neighborhoods? because the water issues in Heemraadssingel and the limited space that can be used on the site, while the design their own neighborhoods by using the design Essenburgsingel are caused by the low buffering biodiversity and amenity values in the Rotterdam city criteria of SuDS, which can also contribute to the The designs made for Heemraadssingel and ability of the extreme rainfall event in the surrounding can be facilitated. community learning of climate change and increase Essenburgsingel can be divided into two parts. One neighborhood environment. One of the most important Within the neighborhood environments, the the awareness. part is the building environment where the sewer analysis processes is the calculations of the seasonal calculations are also made to make the groups of the system uses the Heemraadssingel as the drainage storage and peak storage assignment. The knowledge block. Similar to the calculation in the site analysis, 8.2 Conclusion system, another part is the Heemraadsingel and of the seasonal storage and peak storage calculation Essenburgsingel themselves. And an overall drainage is mainly based on the previous master theses which situation. In the practical situation, it needs to The thesis will be concluded by answering the design system is also developed on the whole selected Green- have done the similar calculations(Qian, 2011, and considerthe calculation more elements is also a into scientific the calculation, guess in while the ideal the question. In order to answer the design question, Blue space. The characteristics of the improved Chang & Ji, 2012). However, the calculation can only be processes are almost the same. A block design is made different spaces will be elaborated in the following on the site. However, the results of the block design paragraph. Ji, 2012), because of the lack of concrete data, and the are not the same “green” as the expectation. Only the RQ1:several What research is the questions concept ofwill Green-Blue be answered space? firstly. The overall drainage system connects the hydrologicala kind of scientific knowledge. guess inSo an in ideal the practical situation(Chang situation, & The Green-Blue space is the node that the urban water neighborhood environment and the Green-Blue space. the elaborate calculations are recommended to be other measures, such as gutter, geocelluar system, system is overlapped with green infrastructure, which done by people who are specialized in the hydrology, filter strip and green roof are the green measures, and is the component of Green-Blue city. (Potz, 2016) The then the excess rainwater from the neighborhoods will and the most important job for landscape architect is infrastructure. However, on the ground level, only city is made up of four major networks: blue, green, beBoth discharged of the spaces to the will Green-Blue hold the space. water And on sitethe excessfirstly, to know how to integrate the results of the calculations water tank are still filled with the feelings of the gray gray and red network. The nodes of the overlap of the rainwater in Green-Blue space will be pumped out. into the designs. Besides, the analysis from the networks can provide multiple ecosystem services. Within the neighborhood environment, the rainwater biodiversity and amenity perspectives are only focused Thethe filterbiggest strip limitation and gutter of the is visible.design Sois that the itonly does green not The Green-Blue space can provide the functions, such will be collected and stored on site, because the on the Green-Blue space, while less analysis has been fullyelement show that the can rainwater be visible system on street to the is public. the filter Then strip. the as water storage, water drainage, wave attenuation, done on the surrounding neighborhood environments. values of the design are reduced. The reason for this heat stress reduction, water quality improvement, the rainwater can be used as resources. The excess One reason can be that the current biodiversity and results is the limited public space on the block, and improving the livability. All the functions can be seen waterinfiltration on site is will impossible be shared in by this other area. places And because part of amenity values in the building environments are quite also considering the assignment to realize the certain as the most important needs in the city of Rotterdam. the drainage systems are interconnected. After the low naturally because of the large percentage of the volume of the water storage assignment. To realize the So creating and improving the Green-Blue space have rainfall, the water can be stored on site to buffer the hard pavements. So the results of the analysis will also water storage assignment, if the green measures are heat stress especially in summer. Besides, there are the adopted, almost every piece of the public space in the within the Rotterdam city.(Chapter 3) pretreatment facilities located at the connection node blocks need to be transformed into the water basin. significant meanings to buffer the climate change Reflectionnot influence on the design designs process too much. While then it does not have space for people to walk. RQ2: What are the concept and design principles of is adopted in this area. The harvest and storage system Generally, the design part consists of 2 parts: the So there is the need to explore more creative ways Sustainable urban Drainage System? consistsof the different of the watergreen flows.roof, rainwaterA SuDS management harvest system, train design strategies and concrete design. to solve the water issues and also can highlight the Generally, the surface water drainage system the water tank, geocelluar system and water square. A SuDS model is developed in the design strategies system to the public. Besides, the Heemraadsplein is developed with the ideas of sustainable development The gutter and underground pipes are the main based on the site analysis and theoretical framework. transformed into a water square. One of the advantages are collectively referred to as the Sustainable urban components of the conveyance system. The treatment And to both of the environments, the concrete design of the square is that it realizes both the peak storage Drainage System. And the objectives of SuDS are strategies are also developed. The SuDS model is a and seasonal storage assignment at the same time. to minimize the impacts from the water runoff rainwater drainage system that connects the building While the biodiversity values can be developed further quantity and quality issues, and maximize amenity system is also made up of the green roof, filter strip and environment and the Green-Blue space to solve the based on the existing design. and biodiversity opportunities. (Woods Ballard et improvefilter drain. the Besides, biodiversity the using values. of Andthe greensome measures,measures water quantity and quality issues on both sites, and Within the Green-Blue space, the design divides al.,2015) So the design criteria are also developed such as as green green roof roof, and trees water and square filter can strip maximize can help the to increasing amenity and biodiversity values. There the space into different zones. The Heemraadspark from the 4 perspectives: water quantity, water quality, multi-functionality of the space. are some limitations existed in the design strategies. is the main recreational zone in the middle of the biodiversity and amenity. Besides, the SuDS is made up Within the Heemraadsingel and Essenburgsingel, Within the neighborhood environment, the design Heemraadssingel, and other areas of Heemraadssingel by the management train, which consists of different the surface water is expanded to provide more water strategies to improve the water quality, amenity, have higher biodiversity values. And the systems and measures. Different systems can be storage space. And also part of the surface water system and biodiversity values are not much highlighted as Essenburgsingel is developed to a forest park with connected, by implementing the design criteria, to form solving the water quantity issues. The reason could diverse values. By implementing the SuDS design a management train to deal with certain issues. In the topography on the green space, it can serve as the peak be that the water quantity issues are the most serious criteria, the Green-Blue space can buffer the extreme practical situations, the design criteria can provide the storagecan allow basin the to water buffer fluctuation. the rainfall By event. using And the the micro- inlet problems within the building environment area, while rainfall event and improve the water quality, and also water quantity and quality need more considerations, there is still space for the improvements from that facilitate the biodiversity values and amenity values. results mainly depend on how the designers decide to so the pretreatment facilities are located around three perspectives. Besides, in the Green-Blue space, However, the public acceptance of the design results framework for the designers to work with, but the final the water quality, biodiversity and amenity values are is not tested in this study because of the limited time considering the site characteristics, design objectives transformed into the soft edge with soil and plants, facilitated highly because of the green characters of the of the research process. In the practical situation the andapply the the background. design strategies (Chapter on 3)a specific location, with andthe the inlet riparian points. plants Besides, are also the introduced old artificial to improve edge is site. public acceptance is one of the important elements the water quality and biodiversity values. And the The concrete designs can be elaborated from 2 levels: RQ3: What are the characteristics of the green-blue wetland plants in the water are arranged in a way that that will influence the processes and results. So it is 196 197 08 EVALUATION 08 EVALUATION

While it is also suggested that every site have different treatment performance. What’s more, the bay areas advantages when implementing the SuDS. The withcan lengthenplants are the also water designed flow in paths the area to achieveto provide better the advantages should be highlighted to achieve better habitats for the wildlife. The realization of structural results. For example, in the design for Heemraadsingel diversity of the planting groups and the allowance of and Essenburgsingel, the Heemraadspark facilitates natural processes can improve the biodiversity values. the water quantity and amenity values, because it is Different activities can happen in the newly designed already a popular place for different activities within space by using the idea of “nature as recreational”. the neighborhood. While the water quality values and All these characteristics of Heemraadsingel and biodiversity values are limited considering the daily Essenburgsingel with their surrounding neighborhood activities and the impressive Rotterdam Style images. While the Essenburgsingel West is not limited by the within the Rotterdam city. same reasons as Heemraadspark since it is already a highlight the new profiles of the Green-Blue space natural place, then the water quality and biodiversity DQ: How can the green-blue space in the city of values are largely enhanced in this areas. Rotterdam be designed by implementing the To sum up, it is important to know what kind of values principles of sustainable urban drainage systems is necessary to be enhanced and also suitable to be (SUDS)? mainly depended on the results of climate change, Based on the answers to the research questions and thehighlighted site characteristics, on the specific and site. the And best the decisionsdevelopment are the overall research and design process, the main potentials. The SuDS design criteria can be used to design question can be answered. evaluate the potentials and also the design outcomes.

of climate change is important to design the Green- 8.3 Recommendations BlueWithin space. the Rotterdam The design city, should considering consider the influenceshow the climate will change on the sites in future based on the In the further studies, the public acceptance of the KNMI14 climate scenarios, and use the information adaptation of the Green-Blue space can be researched. to calculate the seasonal storage assignment, peak Generally, the adaptation of the Green-Blue space storage assignment or other targets. tends to facilitate the natural environment, so the Secondly, the analysis should be done on the sites. The images will be different with the current urban images. soil and groundwater situations are the basis to adapt So it is important to know how the public will treat this the SuDS. Besides, the selected sites can be analyzed transformation and to what kinds of the extent they from the 4 perspectives: water quantity, water quality, could accept the changes. While this research should biodiversity and amenity values. The existing water also consider the development of people’s cognition, system on the site needs to be studied. Within the since the results of the climate change will have more Rotterdam city, some old areas use the combined sewer system, while some new building areas use people will also be more aware of the situations that the dual sewer system. And the relative calculations theyand are more involved direct in. influences on our daily lives, and also need to be done based on the background of the Besides, based on the conclusion, the site climate change. Besides, the water quality situation characteristics are the most important elements that can be judged from the levels of the chemicals and the ecological status of the water. And also the biodiversity further research could be to explore and categorize and amenity situations can also be observed from the somewill influence representative the implementing characteristics of of SuDS. the site Then within the the Rotterdam context, and to see what kinds of SuDS Then, it needs to evaluate the possible application design criteria and measures can be adopted based offield different work. design criteria and suitably select the on the different kinds of the characteristics. For SuDS measures based on the previous analysis of climate change and site situation. It is important to is not suitable for the selected area because of the consider how to maximize the SUDS design principles clayexample, and peatin this soil. research, Excepting it shows this, therethat the may infiltration be more from 4 perspectives: water quantity, water quality, characteristics that can have the strong suggestions biodiversity and amenity within the selected sites. of implementing the SuDS measures. By researching on this topic, it will give the more clear and straight maximize all the values on one site. One of the reason principles on the selection of the SuDS design criteria isHowever, mainly duringbecause the almost practical every situation, site have it is difficulttheir own to and measures, within the Rotterdam context. limitations naturally when implementing the SuDS.

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