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Streptococcus Mutans 6715 Wild Type and Non-Plaque

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Streptococcus Mutans 6715 Wild Type and Non-Plaque STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS 6715 WILD TYPE AND NON-PLAQUE FORMING MUTANTS: LIPID COMPOSITION AND EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS FATTY ACIDS AND TRIGLY'cERIDES by Daniel Gerard McChesney Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Graduate Studies of the Medical College of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 25 1978 S. MUTANS 6715 WILD TYPE AND NON-PLAQUE FORMING MUTANTS: LIPID COMPOS IT ION AND EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS FATTY ACIDS AND TRIGLYCERIDES This dissertation submitted by Daniel Gerard McChesney has been examined and approved by an appointed committee of the faculty of the School of Graduate Studies of the Medical College of Georgia. The signatures which appear below veri~y the fact that all required changes have been incorporated and that the dissertation has received final approval with reference to content, form and accuracy of presentation •. This dissertation is therefore accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (Date) To Diana ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Thomas Di'rksen, Dr. Sam Singal, Dr. James McPherson and Dr. Gary Best for serving as committee members and for their suggestions and constructive criticisms. of this project.· I would also like to thank Ms. Linda Levkulich without whose talented fingers the many drafts and final copy of the dissertation would not have been possible. I would especially like to thank Dr• George Schuster, my advisor, for his assistance and continual encouragement and ~upport with this project. i -TABLE OF CONTENTS ·page .ACKNOWLEDQEMENTS • i TABLE OF CONTENTS .. : .(\ ./\ . ii LIST OF TABLES • • • . .. v LIST OF FIGURES . ..c . vii· LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii LIST OF FATTY ACID NOMENCLATURE . •· ,, •' ix GLOSSARY OF TERMS X I. INTRODUCTION • 1 A. Statement of the Problem • . .- 1 Review of the Literature • .- • • • 2 1. Theories of Caries Production 2 2. Dental Plaque • • ., • • • • 5 3. Role of Streptococci in Caries • 10 4. Relation of Dietary Lipids to' Caries . .. 16 5. Bacteria:;__' and ·.Lipids • _• . • • • • • • • ")• 17 a. Effects of Fatty Acids on Bacterial Growth and Products • 17 b. Use of Fatty Acids in Bacteria~ Tax9nqmy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 c. Effects of ~nvironment on Bacterial ·Fatty Acids • • • , ._- • • • • • • • • . 24 d.-· __ Fatty Acid Synthesis and Degradation •.•. 27 II. MATERIALS AND -METHODS .• -•• . .. 29 A. Propagation of_Streptococcus Mutans 6715 arid Mutants of 6 715: • • • •. • • • • • _• • • • -29 B. Determination of Minimal Inhibitory-Concentration and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ._ • • • • • _30 C. In Vitro Plaque Production and the Effects of.Free -F_a tty Acids -and Triglycer{des • • • • • • • • • • 31 ii iii Page D. Lipid Extraction • • . ·• . 32 E. Paper Chromatography and Quantitation of Individual 9lycolipid and Phospholipid Classes • • 36 F. Column Chromatography 38 G. Determination ·af Hexoses Present in the Glycolipid Fractions of S. mutans 6 715 Lipids· • · • 40 H. Radioactive Labeling. of Ba'cterial Lipids 41 I. Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl· Esters for Gas Chromatography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 42 J. Gas Chromatography of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters • 44· III. RESULTS . .. '. .. 46 A. Determination of Minimal Inhibitory·Concentration and Minimal Bactericidal. Concentration • • ·• .• • • 46 ·B. In Vitro Plaque Production and the Effect of Free Fatty Acids and Triglycerides • • • • • • • 48 c. Quantitation of the Neutral Lipid,. Glycolipid and Phospholipid-Fractions from Column · .Chromatography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55 D. Quantitation of Individual Glycolipid and Phospholipid Classes • • • • • 58 E. Determination of Fatty Acid Profiles ;for S. mutans 6715, 6715 in ·the Presence of Free Fatty-Acids. or Triglycerides and for Non-Plaque Forming Mutants of 6715 •••••••••••• 62 F. Determination of the Fatty Acid Profile of the Neutral Lipid, Glycolipid and Phospholipid F.ractio.ns for ~ mutans 6 715, 6 715 in the P'res ence of Free Fa tty Acids or Tr.iglycerides and for Non-Plaque Forming Mutants of 6 715 ·•• 77 IV. DISCUSS ION • • • ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • 92 v. SUMMARY 107 iv Page VI. REFERENCES 111 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Concentrations for S. mutans 6 715 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 47 2. Plaque Inhibitory Concentrations of Various Fatty Acids and Triglycerides • • • • • • • • • 53 3. Bacteriostatic, Bactericidal and Plaque Inhibitory Concentration of Fatty Acids and Triglycerides for S. mutans 6 715 • • • • • • • •. • • • • • • • • • 54 4. Percent .of Total Lipid Comprising the Neutral Lipid, Glycolipid and Phospholipid Fractions . 57 5. Percent of Total Glucose in Individual Lipids of the Glycolipid Fraction . 59 6. Percent of Total Phosphorus in the Lipids of th~ Phospholipid Fraction • • • • • • • • • • • 61 7. Fatty Acid Composition of S. mutans 6 715 an·d Non-Plaque Forming Mutants • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 63 8. Fatty Acid Composition of S. mutans 6715 Grown in Increasing Concentrations of Eicosadienoic Acid • 65 9. Fatty Acid Composition of.s. mutans 6715 at a High and Low Concentration of Specific Fatty Acids • 67 10. Fatty Acid Composition of~ mutans 6715 and S. mutans 6715 Grown in the Presence of Fatty A~ids or Triglycerides 70 11. Comparison of th.e Fatty Acid Composition of S. mutans 6715 Grown in the Presence of Triglycerides or Their Component Fatty Acid • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 72 12. Fatty Acid Composition of S. mutans 6715 and Non-Plaque Forming Mutants or 6715 Grown in the Presence of Palmitic Acid • • • • • · •· • • •. •· • • • • • • • • • • • 74. v .-:·. Page 13. Fatty Acid Composition of~ mutans 6715 and Non-Plaque ·Forming Mutants of 6 715 Grown in the. Presence of Linoleic Acid • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 75 14. Fatty Acid Content of the Neutral Lipid Fraction of S. mutans 6715 Grown in the Presence or Absence of Fatty Acids or Triglycerides • • • • • • 78 15. Fatty Acid Content of the Neutral Lipid Fraction of S. mutans. 6 715 and o·f Its Non-Plaque Forming Mutants 80 16. Fatty Acid Content of the Glycolipid Fraction of S. mutans 6715 Grown in the Presence and Absence of Fatty Acids or Triglycerides • • • • • • • • • • • • • 82 17. Fatty Acid Content of the Glycolipid Fraction of S. mutans 6715 and Its Non-Plaque Forming Mutants • 83 18. Fatty Acid Composition of the Phospholipid Fraction of S. mutans 6715 Grown in the Presence or Absence of Fatty Acids or Triglycerides • • • • • • • • • • 85 19. Fatty Acid Composition of the Phospholipid Fraction of S. mutans 6715 and Its Non-Plaque Forming Mutants 87 20. Fatty Acid Content of the Neutral Lipid, Glycolipid a~d Phospholipid Fractions of S. mutans 6715 Grown in the Presence or Absence of Triglycerides • • • • 88 21. Fatty Acid Content of the.Neutral Lipid, Glycolipid and Phospholipid Fractions of~ mutans 6715 Grown in the Presence of Fatty Acids • • • • • • • • • • • 89 22. Fatty Acid Content of the Neutral Lipid, Glycolipid and Phospholipid Fractions of the N.on~Plaque Forming Mutants of S. mutans 6715 •••••••••••••• 90 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Visual Plaque Score Versus Plaque Dry Weight in the Presence of Varying Concentrations of Lauric Acid 50 2. Visual Plaque· Score 51 3. Visual Plaque Score 51 4. Visual Plaque Scored O, 1+, 2+, 3+ and 4+ 52 5. Column Chromatographic Separation of Glycolipids and Phospholipids • • • • • • • • • • • • • 56 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations frequently used in the text include the following: DGDG Diglucosyl Diglyceride DPG Diphosphatidyl Glycerol GM Growth Medium GTF Glucosyltransferase HDA Heptane, Diisobutyl Ketone, Acetic Acid LPC Lysophophatidyl Choline MBC Minimal Bactericidal Concentration MIC Minimal. Bacteriostatic Concentration MGDG Monoglucosyl Diglyceride PA Phos-phatidic Acid PC Phosphatidyl Choline PG Phosphatidyl Glycerol PIC Plaque Inhibitory Concentration SEB Staphylococcus Enterotoxin B T Trace TMS Trimethylsilate Tween 20 Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Monolaurate - Tween 80 Polyo~e thylene Sorbitan Monooleate WT Wild Type viil. FATTY ACID NOMENCLATURE Name Carbon Number:Number of Double Bonds Lauric Acid 12 Myristic Acid 14 Pentadecanoic Acid 15 Palmitic Acid 16 Hexadecenoic Acid 16:1 - Heptadecanoic Acid 17 Stearic Acid 18 Octadecenoic Acid 18:1 Oleic Acid 18:1 cis-9 Vaccenic Acid 18:1 cis-11 Nonadecanoic Acid 19 Eicosanoic Acid 20 Eicosenoic Acid 20:1 Eicosadienoic Ac'id 20:2 Docosanoic Acid 22 ix GLOSSARY OF TERMS CARIES - A ~ocalized, progressively destructive disease of the teeth that starts at the external surface with the apparent dis­ solution o'j: the enamel by organic acids.· DENTAL CALCULUS - Dental plaque that has undergone mineralization of the matrix and microorganisms. DENTAL PLAQUE - Microorganisms embedded in an extracellularI matrix. consisting of products of bacterial metabolism and substances from serum, saliva and diet. DENTINE - The substance forming the mass of the toot;h. About 20% is organic matrix, the inorganic fraction is mainly hydroxy­ apatite. ENAMEL- The hard substance.covering the exposed portion of the tooth. It is composed chiefly of hydroxyapatite, with an organic­ matrix comprising 0.5.%. MATERIA-ALBA- An accumulation of microorganisms, dead exfoliated epithelial cells and food debris loosely_ adhereing to teeth. PELLICLE - A film or scum on· the surface of teeth. · SMOOTH SURFACE CARIES - Occurs on the non-biting surfaces of the teeth • . x I. ·INTRODUCTION A. Statement of the .Problem Dental caries is a.multifactorial disease that can be found in human skulls dating
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