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(With Redescription of the (Horak, 1968: 221) Ever Published. Inspired By PERSOONIA Published by the Rijksherbarium, Leiden Volume Part 6, 2, pp. 231-248 (1971) Studies on the genus Descolea Sing. E. Horak Swiss Forest Research Institute Birmensdorf, Switzerland (With ten Text-figures) Eight species of Descolea, four of which—D. pallida, D. majestatica, D. and D. and described. phlebophora, pretiosa —are new, are keyed out fully The area of distribution today stretches from S. America over New Zealand and Australia to India and Japan. According to present knowledge the ofthe be in New Zealand but specific centre genus seems to (three species), it is presumed that more species occur in the surrounding Pacific area. The of Descolea is discussed and with related generic range compared closely the genera belonging to Cortinariaceae. The Descolea is based Descolea antarctica medium- genus Sing, on Sing. (1951: 257), a Pholiotina sized, brown agaric which in some respects resembles Rozites P. Karst. or found Leucocorti- Fayod. The primarily monotypic genus has its systematic place near narius (J. E. Lange) Sing, and Gymnopilus P. Karst. and despite additional data (Singer, 1962: 630) its position has remained unchanged. his studies Australian Kew detected During on types at Singer (1955: 407) a second species, D. recedens, conforming to the current taxonomic concept of the genus Descolea. Together with another, undescribed, species from Patagonia, probably distribution then known the southern representing D. pallida, the area of was to cover of S. America and the southeast of Australia This part corner (Victoria). particular pattern of distribution encouraged Singer (1955: 407) to speculate: "I have no doubt that it [Descolea] also occurs in New Zealand." This was subsequently con- firmed. of of Descolea Apart from a full redescription the type species (Horak, 1968: 221) further taxonomic information about this no ecological or genus was ever published. Inspired by Singer's remarks the author explored the Nothofagus forests of New of Descolea recorded and Zealand in 1967-1969. Two new species were (D. majestatica D. phlebophora). Thus the number of known species rose to five, all confined to the in the southern area of distribution of Nothofagus (Fagaceae) hemisphere. From the descriptions of Rozitesflavo-annulata (Moser, 1953: 169; Hongo, 1966: 58) it appeared that this species belongs to Descolea rather than to Rozites. A thorough investigation of material kindly sent by T. Hongo (Japan) verified this. Later the author was lent excellent material of an unidentified agaric collected by R. A. Maas Geesteranus in a coniferous forest in the foothills of the Himalayas (India). It was illustrated by a water-colour and also accompanied by detailed notes 231 Persoonia Vol. Part 2, 1971 232 6, Descolea. of species the of distribution of Area 1. Fig. Horak: On Descolea 233 by C. Bas; it finally permitted the taxonomic position ofDescolea to be determined. from The above mentioneddata seem to indicate that the genus Descolea migrated its endemic habitat in the southern Nothofagus forests to the northern hemisphere (see Fig. i). Mycorrhizal associations According to field observations made in S. America (Singer, I.e.; Horak, unpubl. data), New Zealand, and Australia species ofDescolea represented in these countries This is seem to form a facultative mycorrhiza with different host trees. opinion substantiated the in stands of by the finding that same species occurs pure trees which are not closely related, for example in New Zealand Nothofagus (Fagaceae) and Leptospermum (Myrtaceae); in Japan Pinus, Larix (Pinaceae) and Quercus, Cas- tanopsis (Fagaceae). No known studies the characters of this have been on microscopic mycorrhiza yet made. Nor has a synthesis of mycorrhiza in pure culture been attempted. The my- corrhizal relationships of Descolea species are shown best in the following table. TABLE I MYCORRHIZAL RELATIONSHIPS OF DESCOLEA SPECIES \ Fagaceae Myrtaceae Pinaceae Host Nothofagus (N) Eucalyptus (E) Abies (A) Quercus (Qu) Leptospermum (Le) Picea (P) Castanopsis (C) Pinus (Pi) Larix (La) Country \ Taxus (T) S. America D. antarctica (N) — — D. pallida (N) New Zealand D. gunnii (N) D. gunnii (Le) D. majestatica (N) — D. phlebophora (N) Australia D. recedens (? N) D. recedensrecedens (? E) — D. spec. (E) IndiaIndia — — D. pretiosa (A, P, Pi, T)T) Japan, D. flavo-annulata D. flavo-annulata S.E. Siberia (Qu, C) (Pi, La) Persoonia Vol. Part 234 6, 2, 1971 Horak: On Descolea 235 Taxonomy Singer (1951: 555; 1962: 630) in his classification placed Descolea between the two cortinariaceous genera Leucocortinarius and Gymnopilus, despite the lack of any evident relationships. Leucocortinarius and Descolea, although considered to have the same ochraceous colour of the in spore print, differ so widely microscopic and macroscopic characters that no connection can be shown. There is apparently also no connection between Descolea and The latter has rust brown Gymnopilus. a deep spore print, warty spores with a plage, and cheilocystidia often encrusted or filled with a brown resinous pigment. Like Leucocortinarius it never has a double veil. Furthermore neither of the mentioned Leucocortinarius and is characterized two genera ( Gymnopilus) by a cuticle while in Descolea hymeniform (Horak, 1968: 222) a double veil is always and least in bodies. clearly developed visible, at young fruiting The structure of the cuticle and the douole veil are characteristic features of which Descolea, must accordingly be placed near Rozites. The data presented and further unpublished material (Moser & Horak, 1972; Horak, in prep.) show that as far as the structure of the cuticle is converned the two taxa could be linked by the intermediate species Descolea majestatica. This impression is also verified from data about undescribed of in the on ten as yet species Rozites occurring mainly Nothofagus forests of S. America, New Zealand, and Australia. Further proof of the relationship Descolea—Rozites is found in the limoniform with broad, amygdaliform or spores isolated these found in Leucocortinarius other warts; are never Gymnopilus, or any cortinariaceous genus. The main difference the is well revealed however in separating two genera the structure of the cuticle; in (typical) Descolea this is epithelium-like, but in Rozites it consists of always repent cylindrical hyphae. At first sight several characters in Descolea and Pholiotina Fayod are strikingly similar, e.g. the striate, permanentannulus and the hymeniform cuticle. By contrast the which spores of Pholiotina (except for P. verrucispora Sing., probably belongs to smooth and have obvious but there is double veil. Descolea) are an germ pore, no Paradoxically Singer (1969: 220), in spite of these data, remains inclined to place Descolea close to Pholiotina (Fam. Bolbitiaceae). Based the additional material the Descolea be on gathered genus can now typified as follows: DESCOLEA Sing. em. Horak Descolea Sing, in Lilloa 23: 256. "1950" [1951]. to Spore print ochraceous; spores amygdaliform limoniform, always distinctly without mucronate, germ pore or plage (occasionally present in D. majestatis), EXPLANATION OF FIGURE 2 Habit sketches of the D. — b. D. — Fig. 2. species of Descolea.— a. antarctica. pallida. c. D. — d. — — f. majestatica. D. gunnii. e. D. phlebophora. D. pretiosa. (All natural size.) Persoonia Vol. Part 236 6, 2, 1971 warted, with well developed and coloured perispore. Basidia clavate, 4- and 2- spored. Typical cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia absent. Lamellae adnexed or emarginate-adnate. Pileus convex to expanded, dry or viscid; cuticle consisting of clavate cells covered forming an epithelium-like structure, by the cylindrical hyphae of the outer veil, strongly encrusted with pigment; clamp connections present. Stipe cylindrical or tapering upwards, central, dry; velum partiale forming a per- sistent, striate, rarely smooth, annulus; velum universale consisting of scaly, patchy volva-like or remnants on the lower parts of the stipe and fine floccose squamules especially near the margin of the pileus. No specific chemical reactions. Smell and not rotten taste distinctive. On humus, litter or on wood in forests. Area of distri- bution: S. America, New Zealand, Australia, India, southeast Siberia, Japan. of the Descolea antarctica Type genus: Sing. (1951) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DESCOLEA viscid 1. Pileus or slimy 2 1*. Pileus dry 4 brown well 2. Pileus > 30 mm (-70 mm) diam., robust, dark with olive tinge; annulus 8 New developed; spores (12-) 12.5-15 x 7 p; under Nolhofagus ; Zealand D. 3. majestatica in S. America 2*. Pileus smaller; under Nothofagus 3 with white scattered veil 3. Spores 12-15 X 6.5-8.5 p; pileus brown, remnants 1. D. antarctica 3*. Spores 10-13 x 5—6.5 pr; pileus yellow-brown to ochraceous, often pallid; veil remnants ochraceous 2. D. pallida 4. Spores > 12 p long, coarsely warted; India, Siberia, Japan 5 Zealand 6 4*. Spores < 12 p long, mostly minutely warted; Australia, New . Base of with under 5. stipe several girdles ofscales; spores 12-14.5 X 7-8 p; D. Abies, Picea, Taxus; Himalaya (India; 7. pretiosa Base volva-like veil under 5*. ofstipe with remnants; spores 14-16 X 8-9 p; Larix, Pinus, Quercus, Castanopsis ; E. Siberia, Japan 8. D. flavo-annulata 6. Pileus liver brown or dark brown, conspicuously wrinkled; veil under remnants white; spores 8-11.5 X 5-6 p; Nothofagus (and Leptospermum); New Zealand 6. D. phlebophora 6*. or veil remnants ochraceous Pileus ochraceous yellow-brown; . 7 Base of with under 7. stipe conspicuous, sharp-pointed scales; and New Zealand D. Nothofagus Leptospermum; . 5. gunnii Base of without Australia D. recedens 7*. stipe glabrous, scales; 4. 1. DESCOLEA ANTARCTICA Sing.—Figs. 2a, 3 antarctica in Descolea Sing, Lilloa 23: 257. "1950" [ 1951]. This species was fully described by Singer (I.e.) and Horak (1968: 221). COLLECTIONS EXAMINED: ARGENTINA Tierra del Estancia Fuego: Nueva Argentina, 11 Feb. 1950, R. Singer, "sub Nothofagis in terra" (holotype, LIL 144a); Ushuaia, Valle del Glaciar Martial, 1 March 1963, E. Horak, under Nothofagus pumilio (Herb. HK., ZT 64/98). Horak: On Descolea 237 Descolea antarctica.
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